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Nocturnal enuresis is the most common functional disorder of the urinary system in children, significantly reducing the quality of life of both patients and their parents. There are several hypotheses for the development of this disease, none of which can be taken as dominant. In this regard, Nocturnal enuresis is considered as a polyetiological condition. This review details the main factors that are associated with the development of nocturnal enuresis in children. These include hereditary predisposition, bladder dysfunction, sleep and awakening disorders, delayed maturation of central nervous system structures, disruption of the circadian rhythm of antidiuretic hormone and aquaporin-2 production. Despite many publications on nocturnal enuresis in children, many aspects of the pathogenesis of the disease remain unclear and require further study.

The paper describes two clinical cases of treatment of patients with noma. This disease is extremely rare in the Russian Federation, and therefore its diagnosis causes difficulties, and incorrect routing of patients, due to diagnostic mistakes, leads to an increase in the time before the start of specialized care. Rapid progression of wet gangrene, in the absence of timely diagnosis and qualified treatment, leads to extensive defects of the maxillofacial region, severe intoxication, sepsis. In the first case, after surgical treatment of noma, the patient developed an extensive tissue defect of the left half of the face, which in the future will require reconstructive surgical treatment. In the second case, after surgical treatment, the patient had an extensive tissue defect in the middle zone of the face, and systemic disorders against the background of intoxication led to the death of the patient on the 7th day after hospitalization. Both clinical cases confirm the role of immunosuppression in the etiology of noma.

The involvement of oxylipins, metabolites of polyunsaturated fatty acids, in cancer pathogenesis was known long ago, but only the development of the high-throughput methods get the opportunity to study oxylipins on a system level. The study aimed to elucidate alterations in oxylipin metabolism as characteristics of breast cancer patients. We compared the ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) oxylipin profile signatures in the blood plasma of 152 healthy volunteers (HC) and 169 patients with different stages of breast cancer (BC). To integrate lipidomics, transcriptomics, and genomics data, we analyzed a transcriptome of 10 open database datasets obtained from tissues and blood cells of BC patients and SNP data for 33 genes related to oxylipin metabolism. We identified 18 oxylipins, metabolites of omega-3 or omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids, that were differentially expressed between BCvsHC patients, including anandamide, prostaglandins and hydroxydocosahexaenoic acids. DEGs analysis of tissue and blood samples from BC patients revealed that 19 genes for oxylipin biosynthesis change their expression level, with CYP2C19, PTGS2, HPGD, and FAAH included in the list of DEGs in the analysis of transcriptomes and the list of SNPs associated with BC. Results allow us to suppose that oxylipin signatures reflect the organism’s level of response to the disease. Our data regarding changes in oxylipins at the system level show that oxylipin profiles can be used to evaluate the early stages of breast cancer.

The current article analyzes the parental defensive styles, codes and types of upbringing in families with children diagnosed with asthma in comparison with families of healthy children. The study involved 80 families. Of these, 41 families with children with asthma (41 mothers and 37 fathers) and 39 families with children without chronic diseases (39 mothers and 38 fathers). It was revealed that the fathers of children with asthma differ in educational insecurity, and mothers have persistent educational stereotypes that interfere with effective interaction with the child. In mothers of children with asthma, non-adaptive protective styles predominate, and fathers distort, whereas in the parents of healthy children adaptive protective styles are expressed. With the cluster analysis, three groups of families with children with asthma are distinguished, differing in the level of effectiveness of family functioning. The conjugation of violations of family functioning and the severity of the asthma in a child was determined. Based on the data obtained, differentiated directions of psycho-correction for families with children with asthma are described, depending on the severity of the child's disease and the level of effectiveness of family functioning. A trial program of psychological correction was conducted, according to the described directions. The analysis of the results of the second study showed the effectiveness of the proposed program of psychological correction for families with children suffering from bronchial asthma.

This article focuses on (1) the analysis of the structural-functional organization of bone marrow niches of the hematopoietic stem cells, (2) the role of the intercellular contact interactions and humoral regulation factors in these niches, in particular CXCL12, SCF and TGFβ, and (3) the intracellular signal pathways: Notch, Wnt and Shh. The two types of niches, switching from one into another: endosteal niches located on the endost surface at the borderline with bone marrow cavity and the vascular niches included into bone marrow parenchyma. It is emphasized that the main role in the formation of the niches of both types is ascribed to the multipotent stromal cells, which serve as a base for differentiation of the osteoblasts, spindle-shaped N-cadherin+CD45– osteoblasts (SNO-cells), nestin-expressing cells (Nes+ cells), cells with leptin receptor (Lepr+ cells), abundant producing CXCL12 reticular cells (CAR-cells) and NG2-pericytes. The endothelial cells are no less important. Also, the adipocytes, osteoclasts, macrophages and megakaryocytes, regulatory T-cells and neuronal cells are involved in the niche functioning. It is postulated that osteoblasts and CAR-cells play a crucial role in the genesis of immune system cells: common lymphoid precursors, B-lymphocytes, natural killer and dendritic cells.

In a biomembrane modeling system, reverse micelles, somatic ACE forms dimers via carbohydrate-mediated interaction, providing evidence for the existence of a carbohydrate-recognizing domain on the ACE molecule. We localized this putative region on the N-domain of ACE using monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) to seven different epitopes of ACE. Two mAbs, 9B9 and 3G8, directed to distinct, but overlapping, epitopes of the N-domain of ACE shielded the CRD. Only "simple" ACE-antibody complexes were found in the system. Five mAbs allowed the formation of "double" antibody-ACE-ACE-antibody complexes via carbohydrate-mediated interactions. The results were confirmed using the ACE N- and C-domains. Testicular ACE was unable to form carbohydrate-mediated ACE dimers in the reverse micelles, while the N-domain of ACE, obtained by limited proteolysis of the parent full-length ACE, retained the ability to form dimers. Furthermore, mAb 3G8, which blocked ACE dimerization in micelles, significantly inhibited ACE shedding from the surface of ACE-expressing cells. Galactose prevented ACE dimerization in reverse micelles and also affected antibody-induced ACE shedding in an epitope-dependent manner. Restricted glycosylation of somatic ACE, obtained by the treatment of CHO-ACE cells with the glucosidase inhibitor N-butyldeoxynojirimycin, significantly increased the rate of basal ACE shedding and altered antibody-induced ACE shedding. A chemical cross-linking approach was used to show that ACE is present (at least in part) as noncovalently linked dimers on the surface of CHO-ACE cells. These results suggest a possible link between putative ACE dimerization on the cell surface and the proteolytic cleavage (shedding) of ACE.

A concept of the solar corona and the solar wind resulting from the interaction between the solar primary high speed mass emanation and over-photospheric magnetic fields is outlined and developed. The model arises from the recent view of the solar corona spatial structure and Ulysses solar wind measurement data. The initial solar fast outflow is found out to be able to provide the energy and mass transfer from the Sun into the corona and the solar wind. Number density and velocity of the primary plasma outflows are estimated on the basis of the solar wind data and the corona energy balance requirement.

Overproduction of the Nla X DNA methyltransferase (M· Nla X) in an Escherichia coli host conferred resistance to Sso II restriction endonuclease (R· Sso II) digestion. This suggested an overlap of sequence specificity between M· Nla X and M· Sso II, the latter of which modifies the internal cytosine of the target sequence 5′-CCNGG-3′. A variant of M· Nla X (M· Sso/Nla ), containing an N-terminal extension from M· Sso II, was also enzymatically active. Using deletion analysis, the N-terminal 71 amino-acid residues of M· Sso II were shown to be essential for modification activity.

Item does not contain fulltext BACKGROUND: The effect of intensified platelet inhibition for patients with unstable angina or myocardial infarction without ST-segment elevation who do not undergo revascularization has not been delineated. METHODS: In this double-blind, randomized trial, in a primary analysis involving 7243 patients under the age of 75 years receiving aspirin, we evaluated up to 30 months of treatment with prasugrel (10 mg daily) versus clopidogrel (75 mg daily). In a secondary analysis involving 2083 patients 75 years of age or older, we evaluated 5 mg of prasugrel versus 75 mg of clopidogrel. RESULTS: At a median follow-up of 17 months, the primary end point of death from cardiovascular causes, myocardial infarction, or stroke among patients under the age of 75 years occurred in 13.9% of the prasugrel group and 16.0% of the clopidogrel group (hazard ratio in the prasugrel group, 0.91; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.79 to 1.05; P=0.21). Similar results were observed in the overall population. The prespecified analysis of multiple recurrent ischemic events (all components of the primary end point) suggested a lower risk for prasugrel among patients under the age of 75 years (hazard ratio, 0.85; 95% CI, 0.72 to 1.00; P=0.04). Rates of severe and intracranial bleeding were similar in the two groups in all age groups. There was no significant between-group difference in the frequency of nonhemorrhagic serious adverse events, except for a higher frequency of heart failure in the clopidogrel group. CONCLUSIONS: Among patients with unstable angina or myocardial infarction without ST-segment elevation, prasugrel did not significantly reduce the frequency of the primary end point, as compared with clopidogrel, and similar risks of bleeding were observed. (Funded by Eli Lilly and Daiichi Sankyo; TRILOGY ACS ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00699998.).

We analyze, generalize, and interpret the data for the permanent solar wind (PSW) velocities measured on board of Ulysses (SWOOPS). A finding of a principal importance extracted from Ulysses’ observations is a discovery of the clear-cut inverse coupling between the SW velocities and the solar magnetic fields (SMF) (the stronger close MF, the slower SW, and vice versa), which points to the solar wind plasma deceleration by the SMFs below the source surface. Taking SMF into consideration leads to the alternative paradigm of the SW: flow deceleration instead of the acceleration. In such a case, both the SW and solar corona are converted into products of the interaction of an initial high-velocity plasma outflow ejected from the photosphere by solar magnetic fields. The latter not only divide initial fluxes into fast and slow parts, but also create and heat the corona through capture and stoppage of plasma in magnetic traps and the subsequent plasma heating. Observational arguments are presented in favor of the suggested idea.

Shklovsky's contribution to the study of the solar corona considered in the light of recent findings coronal physics.

Bovine atrial angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) was purified to electrophoretic homogeneity. The purification procedure included ion-exchange chromatography on DEAE-Toyopearl 650M, affinity chromatography on lisinopril-agarose and gel filtration on Sephadex G-100. The bovine atrial ACE exhibited similar sensitivities to inhibition by lisinopril and captopril as lung ACE (the Ki values for the atrial and lung enzymes differed insignificantly). However, the kinetic parameters of hydrolysis of some synthetic tripeptide substrates (FA-Phe-Gly-Gly, FA-Phe-Phe-Arg, Cbz-Phe-His-Leu, Hip-His-Leu) catalyzed by bovine atrial and lung ACE varied to a greater extent. The enzymes were also characterized by some differences in activation by chloride, nitrate, and sulfate anions. These data support the hypothesis of tissue specificity of ACEs.

A method for preparation of a catalytically active fragment of bovine lung angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) has been developed. It includes limited proteolysis of the full-length somatic form of the enzyme by trypsin. The resulting fragment corresponds to the N-terminal domain of angiotensin-converting enzyme. The influence of chloride and sulfate anions on the enzymatic activity of this fragment has been investigated, and kinetic parameters for hydrolysis of synthetic tripeptide substrates catalyzed by the N-domain of ACE have been determined. Comparison of these parameters with those obtained for full-length somatic bovine ACE suggests that in the bovine somatic ACE molecule active centers located in various domains may function interdependently.

Inhibition of bovine lung and testicular angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) by some well-known ACE inhibitors (lisinopril, captopril, enalapril), new substances (Nalpha-carboxyalkyl dipeptides PP-09, PP-35, and PP-36), and phosphoramidon was investigated using Cbz-Phe-His-Leu and FA-Phe-Phe-Arg (C-terminal analogs of angiotensin I and bradykinin, respectively) as the substrates. The somatic (two domains) and testicular (single domain) isoenzymes demonstrated different kinetic parameters for hydrolysis of these substrates. All of the inhibitors were competitive inhibitors of both ACE isoforms, and the Ki values were substrate-independent. The relative potencies of the inhibitors for both enzymes were: lisinoprilcaptoprilPP-09enalaprilPP-36PP-35phosphoramidon. The inhibition efficiency of PP-09 was comparable with those of the well-known ACE inhibitors. Captopril was more effectively bound to the somatic ACE (Ki = 0.5 nM) than to the testicular isoform (Ki = 6.5 nM).

The catalytic activity and quaternary structure of soluble (s) and membrane (m) forms of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) were studied in reversed micelles of ternary system Aerosol OT--water--octane. The profile of the dependence of the catalytic activity of the two enzyme forms on the degree of surfactant hydration (micellar size) had several optima corresponding to the function of various active oligomeric enzyme forms; the curves for the s- and m-forms of ACE were different. Data of sedimentation analysis prove that in reversed micelles, s-ACE can exist as monomers, dimers, or tetramers depending on the hydration degree, and the m-form is present as dimers and tetramers only. The values of the kinetic parameters for the hydrolysis of the substrate furylacryloyl-Phe-Gly-Gly by all the enzyme forms were determined, and the data indicate that the activity of the m-form is enhanced by oligomerization. The ACE activity strongly depends on the medium; it is higher when ACE is in contact with matrix or other enzyme molecules.

The regulation of the Sso II restriction-modification system from Shigella sonnei was studied in vivo and in vitro . In lacZ fusion experiments, Sso II methyltransferase (M. Sso II) was found to repress its own synthesis but stimulate expression of the cognate restriction endonuclease (ENase). The N-terminal 72 amino acids of M. Sso II, predicted to form a helix-turn-helix (HTH) motif, was found to be responsible for the specific DNA-binding and regulatory function of M. Sso II. Similar HTH motifs are predicted in the N-terminus of a number of 5-methylcytosine methyltransferases, particularly M. Eco RII, M.dcm and M. Msp I, of which the ability to regulate autogenously has been proposed. In vitro, the binding of M. Sso II to its target DNA was investigated using a mobility shift assay. M. Sso II forms a specific and stable complex with a 140 bp DNA fragment containing the promoter region of Sso II R-M system. The dissociation constant (Kd) was determined to be 1.5x10(-8) M. DNaseI footprinting experiments demonstrated that M. Sso II protects a 48-52 bp region immediately upstream of the M. Sso II coding sequence which includes the predicted -10 promoter sequence of M. Sso II and the -10 and -35 sequences of R. Sso II.

Soluble and membrane forms of angiotensin-converting enzyme were purified by cascade affinity chromatography. The enzyme forms were completely separated from each other using their different affinity to the hydrophobic matrix phenyl-silochrome. The enzymes was further purified on affinity sorbent prepared by immobilization of the enzyme inhibitor N-[1(S)-carboxy-5-aminopentyl]glycylphenylalanine on agarose. The procedure yielded electrophoretically homogeneous soluble and membrane forms of angiotensin-converting enzyme containing only active molecules as demonstrated by titration with the reversible inhibitor lisinopril. According to phase separation in the presence of Triton X-114, the membrane enzyme is more hydrophobic than the soluble form. The catalytic characteristics of the enzyme forms differed from each other in the system Aerosol OT-water-octane (reversed micelles) which is model for the membrane environment of the enzymes in vivo.

Solar magnetic field polarity reversal (SMFPR) happens every 10-11 years. However untill now there is no clear understanding in what way this process is carried out. Results represented here are a by-product of the coronal hole study based on taken from Web-archive XUV corona images (Yohkoh and EIT/SOHO), white-light corona pictures(SOHO/LASCO) and Kitt Peak coronal hole (CH) 1083 nm maps. Observations used cover the minimum, maximum and a part of declining phase of 23-d cycle (1996-2004).To search for other articles by the author(s) go to: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html

A program package "Electromagnetics" in twelve parts has been developed. It is intended for computer aided learning (CAMI) with making use of animated graphics of fields and waves which are simulated during the study.

A program package called "Electromagnetic Waves" in seven parts has been developed. It is intended for computer aided learning (CAL) with widely making use of animated graphics of fields and waves which are simulated during the study.

Temperature inhomogeneities of the plasma in the active and undisturbed solar corona are investigated on the basis of ground eclipse observations of coronal spectra and monochromatic images. It is shown that the lower solar corona is a mixture of near isothermal fine structures of different temperatures. Fine multi-temperature structuring of the coronal plasma has to be taken into account in theoretical developments of the heating mechanisms.

A new discretization method L-MAD is developed. Its efficiency is numerically verified. The programs package is made for modeling of waveguide structures including metallic, dielectric and ferrite (gyrotropic) elements. Discontinuities can be localized in near (multimode) fields of each other. Various results of modeling were obtained.

A series of 31 large scale spectra of the spicules near H8-Heζ lines λ 3889 A has been photographed at different heights (1500–5000 km) with 53-cm coronagraph. The solar image was 121 mm in diameter, dispersion and spatial resolution were respectively 0.647 A mm−1 and 1–2″. Equivalent widths of both lines have been measured and ratio R = EWHeζ/EWH8 was obtained. Te(h) distribution in the averaged spicule deduced differs from that in the recent spicule model by Beckers (1972): the spicules are colder greatly than it was accepted hitherto (Te ⩽ 10000 K). The electron temperature in the quiescent prominence which occurred in the spectra was also estimated: Te ⩽ 6000 K at h = 4000 and 5000 km.

The swelling of gelatin films exposed to β-rays was studied. The irradiation caused the destruction of gelatin films, which increased their swelling and made them soluble depending on the degree of destruction. Two latter processes were yet more enhaced with proteolytic enzymes, which has been suggested to use for detection of radiation.

Slit spectrograms of a quiescent prominence and the inner corona (h⩽2.5 arc min) in the range λλ3400–7000 A (dispersion 6–10 A/mm) were obtained. From an analysis of the Stark effect on the Balmer lines (up to number 36) the electron density in the prominence n e = (7 ± 3) × 1010 cm−3 was deduced. The kinetic temperature T k and the non-thermal velocities υ t, found from a simultaneous consideration of the Balmer and metal lines, are T k ≈ 10 000 K and v t≈6 km/s. Also the emission measure of the prominence along the line-of-sight was found: ME = 1031 cm−5. In the coronal spectrum 24 coronal lines were found. Thirteen of these lines were identified and measured photometrically to get their absolute intensities, profiles and halfwidths. For nine lines the intensities as a function of the height were studied and on this basis the coronal lines were divided into a few groups. The line-of-sight and non-thermal velocities are υ r ⩽ 10 km/s and υ t≈ 25 km/s. The coronal lines originate in at least three types of regions with different temperatures. The emission measure as a function of the ionization temperature was determined. The abundances of four elements of the iron group (V, Cr, Mn, Co) were estimated. The abundances of the other elements of the same group (A, Ca, Fe, Ni), found from EUV-data, are in a good agreement with our observations. The degree of inhomogeneity in the corona was estimated: $$\overline {n_e^2 } /(\overline n _e )^2 \approx 3 - 10$$ .

The multiplicity of bacterial DNA methylases has been shown for new microorganisms, Mycobacteria and Shigella, by a double-step procedure including column chromatography followed by isoelectric focusing of the total methylase fraction. The profiles of the DNA methylating activity of Sh. sonnei 47 and M. butyricum strains were studied. Sh. sonnei 47 cells were found to contain five different proteins responsible for DNA methylation and having pI 4.2, 5.3, 6.2, 8.4 and 9.2. Four M. butyricum methylases were represented by proteins with pI 4.2, 6.0, 8.0 and 9.0.

Five individual DNA-cytosine methylases differing in pI (isoelectric point) values are present in Shigella sonnei 47-cells. The sequence specificity of each of those was determined 'in vitro' by a highly efficient combined approach that included pyrimidine tract (isostic) analysis, identification of the immediate neighbourhood of the methylated base within the recognition sequence and the calculation method. The enzyme with pI 5.3 (MSso5.3) is the counterpart of the RSso 47 II in the Sso 47 II restriction-modification system and methylates the internal cytosine residue of the 'palindromic' 5'-C-C-N-G-G-3' sequence. The enzymes with pI 6.2 (MSso6.2) and 7.4 (MSso7.4) exhibit identical specificity upon methylation of the 'palindromic' 5'-Py-C-N-G-Pu-3' sequence, but differ in the pI values of the proteins. The enzyme with pI 4.2 (MSso4.2) recognizes the unique tetranucleotide 5'-C-C-C-C-3' sequence and methylates the second cytosine residue at the 5'-end of the sequence. The enzyme with pI 8.4 (MSso8.4) methylates the central cytosine residue within the degenerative trinucleotide 5'-(PuC)-C-C-3' sequence. MSso5.3, MSso6.2, and MSso7.4 are presumed to belong to the 'family' of sequence-specific (Eco RII-like) enzymes. These DNA-cytosine methylases are likely to be evolutionary related to Eco RII and to have undergone a sufficient genetic drift so as to recognize similar (but more degenerative) nucleotide sequences.

The physical properties in the coronal disturbance (CD) (W90, N25°) associated with an active prominence are investigated on the basis of the intensities and profiles of λ 5694 A Caxv and λ 6702 A Nixv lines and continuum measured in the eclipse coronal spectra of 31 July, 1981. The spectrograms have been taken with a dispersion of between 7 to 10 A mm-1 and a solar image of 15 mm in diameter. The following characteristics of the CD have been deduced. The CD occurred cospatially with an active prominence and consisted of two discrete regions with different temperatures penetrating each other. (1) Caxv region: Te= 3.8 × 106 K, the length along the slit of the spectrograph Z ≈ 65000 km, the effective line-of-sight length L ≈ 20000 km, the average electron density \(\bar n_e {\text{ = }}\left( {0{\text{.}}3 - 1.0} \right) \times 10^9 cm^{ - 3} \), nonthermal velocities Vt= (20–32) km s-1. (2)Nixv-Caxiii region: Te= 2.3 × 106 K, Z ≈ 37000 km, L ≈ 35000 km, ne≈ 1 × 109 cm-3, Vt= (23–30) km s-1. A macroscopic mass motion has been discovered within the Nixv region of the CD from the Doppler shifts of the λ 6702 A Nixv line: Vr= + 27 km s-1 on the lower and Vr= - 12 km s-1 on the upper border of the CD. The average height of the CD was H ≈ 0.08 R⊙. The radial velocities in the prominence found from the emission line tilts are + 12 and - 8 km s-1 on its lower and upper borders. A similar picture of the mass motion in the CD and the prominence speaks in favour of an intimate relation between them.

The methylating activity of the four mycobacterium strains Mycobacterium phlei, Mycobacterium smegmatis strain Butyricum, Mycobacterium smegmatis strain Rabinowitz, lysogenic Mycobacterium smegmatis strain Rabinowitz was studied in vitro. All the four strains were found to have methylating activity; enzyme containing extracts of M. smegmatis strain Butyricum and M. phlei showed a stronger activity than those of M. smegmatis strain Rabinowitz and the lysogenic Rabinowitz strain. The methylases of all the four strains methylated the adenine and cytosine residues of the acceptor DNA-forming 5-methyl-cytosine and 6-methyl-aminopurine. The mycobacterial DNAs were methylated by the corresponding mycobacterial methylases in vitro only to 25-30% as compared to the methylation on phage Sd-DNA. This is comparable with the low in vivo methylation of mycobacterial DNAs. The kinetics of methylation indicated a low non-specific nuclease content of the mycobacterium cells.