Search

Vertically aligned silicon nanowires (Si NWs) with (111) orientation were developed using the vapor–liquid–solid growth mode with control of the interface between the In nanodroplets (In NDs) and the Si substrate. We found that the contact angle of the In NDs is critical for the growth of vertically aligned Si NWs. The diameter of the Si NWs was also scaled down to 18 nm.

Charm data from 360 GeV/c π− p interactions are used to give results on D-meson branching ratios. The analysis is based on 114 charm events containing 183 observed charm particle decays. We present topological branching ratios and decay multiplicities, as well as the following inclusive branching ratios of D-mesons: B( D ± → K ∓ + anything ) = 0.16 −0.07 +0.08 , if B( D 0 → K ± + anything ) = 0.44 −0.10 +0.11 , ifB( D ± → e ± + 2,4 (rmcharged hadrons) = 0.07 −0.05 ++0.08 , B( D 0 → e ± + anything ) = 0.17 −0.06 +0.08 .

Pronounced ultrastructural changes in vessels and mast cells were observed in duodenal lamina propria of Wistar rats 1 year after single whole-body gamma-irradiation in a dose of 7.5 Gy. Inhibition of adrenocortical function with methopyrone reduced structural damage and improved animal survival.

Electron microscopy showed that whole-body gamma-irradiation in sublethal doses led to the appearance of injuries in pinealocytes, glial cells, and vessels of the pineal gland in rats. Limitation of the nonspecific effect of gamma-irradiation via inhibition of adrenocortical function with metopirone in physiological doses reduced the radiation-induced ultrastructural damage to the pineal gland.

Soil and water samples were collected from the Susaki area of Korinthos and analysed for heavy metals in order to evaluate their environmental impact. The geology of the studied area includes ultrabasic rocks and Neogene and Quaternary deposits whereas magnesite veins are found within the ultrabasic rocks. In the north part of the studied area post volcanic emissions of H2S, CO2 and H2O vapor continue to the present day. All the samples were analysed for heavy metals by the ICP method. The element ranges (in μ g g−1) for soil samples are: Cu 11–63, Pb 5–256, Zn 21–604, Ni 183–2665, Co 12–124, Mn 456–1434, As 5–104, Sr 44–730, V 21–84, Cr 163–2346, Ba 48–218, Zr 3–41, Y 3–13. The metals Pb, Zn, Ni, Co, Cr, Fe, Cu, Mn, As and Sr are enriched in the Susaki soils. The element ranges for water samples are: Cu 65–103 ppb, Pb

The present lead (Pb)-isotopic database of over 200 analyses from nearly 90 samples of non-mare basalt, lunar highland rocks (>3.9 Ga) delineate at least three isotopically distinct signatures that in some combination can be interpreted to characterize the systematics of the entire database. Two are fairly new sets of lunar data and are typical of Pb data from other solar-system objects, describing nearly linear arrays slightly above the “geochron” values, with 207Pb/206Pb values

In this paper a combination approach of two heuristic-based algorithms: genetic algorithm and tabu search is proposed. It has been developed to obtain the least cost based on the split-pipe design of looped water distribution network. The proposed combination algorithm has been applied to solve the three well-known water distribution networks taken from the literature. The development of the combination of these two heuristic-based algorithms for optimization is aimed at enhancing their strengths and compensating their weaknesses. Tabu search is rather systematic and deterministic that uses adaptive memory in search process, while genetic algorithm is probabilistic and stochastic optimization technique in which the solution space is explored by generating candidate solutions. Split-pipe design may not be realistic in practice but in optimization purpose, optimal solutions are always achieved with split-pipe design. The solutions obtained in this study have proved that the least cost solutions obtained from the split-pipe design are always better than those obtained from the single pipe design. The results obtained from the combination approach show its ability and effectiveness to solve combinatorial optimization problems. The solutions obtained are very satisfactory and high quality in which the solutions of two networks are found to be the lowest-cost solutions yet presented in the literature. The concept of combination approach proposed in this study is expected to contribute some useful benefits in diverse problems., {"references":["E. Alperovits and U. Shamir, Design of optimal water distribution\nsystems, Water Resources Research, vol. 13, no. 6, pp. 885-900, 1997.","P.R. Bhave and V.V. Sonak, A critical study of the linear programming\ngradient method for optimal design of water supply networks, Water\nResources Research, vol. 28, no. 6, pp. 1577-1584, 1992.","M.D.C. Cunha and J. Sousa, Water Distribution Network Design\nOptimization: Simulated Annealing Approach, Journal of Water\nResources Planning and Management ASCE, vol. 125, no. 4, pp. 215-\n221, 1999.","M.D.C. Cunha and L. Ribeiro, Tabu search algorithms for water network\noptimization, European Journal of Operational Research, vol. 157, pp.\n746-758, 2004.","G.C. Dandy, A.R. Simpson, and L.J. Murphy, An improved genetic\nalgorithm for pipe network optimization, Water Resources Research,\nvol. 32, no. 2, pp. 449-458, 1996.","G. Eiger, U. Shamir, and A.B. Tal, Optimal design of water distribution\nnetworks, Water Resources Research, vol. 30, no. 9, pp. 2637-2646,\n1994.","O. Fujiwara, B. Jenchaimahakoon, and N.C.P. Edirisinghe, A modified\nlinear programming gradient method for optimal design of looped water\ndistribution networks, Water Resources Research, vol. 23, no. 6, pp.\n977-982, 1987.","O. Fujiwara and D.B. Khang, A two-phase decomposition method for\noptimal design of looped water distribution networks, Water Resources\nResearch, vol. 26, no. 4, pp. 539-549, 1990.","O. Fujiwara and D.B. Khang, Correction to \"A two-phase decomposition\nmethod for optimal design of looped water distribution networks\" by\nOkitsugu Fujiwara and Do Ba Khang, Water Resources Research, vol.\n27, no. 5, pp. 985-986, 1991.\n[10] F. Glover, J.P. Kelly, M. Laguna, Genetic algorithms and tabu search:\nhybrids for optimization, Computers Operations Research 22(1) (1995)\n111-134.\n[11] F. Glover and M. Laguna, Tabu Search, Kluwer Academic Publishers,\nDordrecht, 1997.\n[12] D.E. Goldberg, Genetic Algorithms in Search, Optimization, and\nMachine Learning, 2nd edn. Addison-Wesley, Reading, Mass, 1989.\n[13] I.C. Goulter, B.M. Lussier, and D.R. Morgan, Implications of head loss\npath choice in the optimization of water distribution networks, Water\nResources Research, vol. 22, no. 5, pp. 819-822, 1986.\n[14] A. Kessler and U. Shamir, Analysis of the linear programming gradient\nmethod for optimal design of water supply networks, Water Resources\nResearch, vol. 25, no. 7, pp. 1469-1480, 1989.\n[15] S. Kirkpatrick, C.D. Gelatt, and M.P. Vecchi, Optimization by Simulated\nAnnealing, Science, vol. 220, no. 4598, pp. 671-680, 1983.\n[16] G.V. Loganathan, J.J. Greene, and T.J. Ahn, Design heuristic for\nglobally minimum cost water-distribution systems, Journal of Water\nResources Planning and Management ASCE, vol. 121, no. 2, pp. 182-\n192, 1995.\n[17] A.H. Mantawy, S.A. Soliman, and M.E. El-Hawary, The long-term\nhydro-scheduling problem - a new algorithm, Electric Power Systems\nResearch, vol. 64, pp. 67-72, 2003.\n[18] Z. Michalewicz, Genetic Algorithms + Data Structures = Evolutionary\nPrograms, 3rd edn. Springer-Verlag, New York, 1996.\n[19] P. Montesinos, A.G. Guzman, and J.L. Ayuso, Water distribution\nnetwork optimization using a modified genetic algorithm, Water\nResources Research, vol. 35, no. 11, pp. 3467-3473, 1999.\n[20] D.R. Morgan and I.D. Goulter, Optimal urban water distribution design,\nWater Resources Research, vol. 21, no. 5, pp. 642-652, 1985.\n[21] G.E. Quindry, E.D. Brill, and J.C. Liebman, Optimization of looped\nwater distribution systems, Journal of the Environmental Engineering\nDivision ASCE, vol. 107, no. 4, pp. 665-679, 1981.\n[22] G.E. Quindry, E.D. Brill, J.C. Liebman, and A.R. Robinson, Comment\non ÔÇÿDesign of optimal water distribution systems- by E. Alperovits and\nU. Shamir, Water Resources Research, vol.15, no. 6, pp. 1651-1654,\n1979.\n[23] D.A. Savic and G.A. Walters, Genetic algorithms for least-cost design of\nwater distribution networks, Journal of Water Resources Planning and\nManagement ASCE, vol. 123, no. 2, pp. 67-77, 1997.\n[24] A.R. Simpson, G.C. Dandy, and L.J. Murphy, Genetic algorithms\ncompared to other techniques for pipe optimization, Journal of Water\nResources Planning and Management ASCE, vol. 120, no. 4, pp. 423-\n443, 1994.\n[25] A. Thesen, Design and evaluation of tabu search algorithms for\nmultiprocessor scheduling, Journal of Heuristics, vol. 4, pp. 141-160,\n1998.\n[26] J. Tospornsampan, I. Kita, M. Ishii, Y. Kitamura, Optimization of\nMultiple Reservoir System Operation Using Combination of Genetic\nAlgorithm and Discrete Differential Dynamic Programming, A Case\nStudy in Mae Klong System, Thailand, Journal of the International\nSociety of Paddy and Water Environment Engineering 3(1) (2005) 29-\n38.\n[27] J. Tospornsampan, I. Kita, M. Ishii, Y. Kitamura, Split-Pipe Design of\nWater Distribution Networks Using Simulated Annealing, (Submitted\nfor publication to WASET together with this manuscript).\n[28] K.V.K. Varma, S. Narasimhan, and M. Bhallamudi, Optimal design of\nwater distribution systems using an NLP method, Journal of\nEnvironmental Engineering ASCE, vol. 123, no. 4, pp. 381-388, 1997.\n[29] C. Zheng, P. Wang, Parameter structure identification using tabu search\nand simulated annealing, Advances in Water Resources, vol. 19, no. 4,\npp. 215-224, 1996."]}

In this paper a procedure for the split-pipe design of looped water distribution network based on the use of simulated annealing is proposed. Simulated annealing is a heuristic-based search algorithm, motivated by an analogy of physical annealing in solids. It is capable for solving the combinatorial optimization problem. In contrast to the split-pipe design that is derived from a continuous diameter design that has been implemented in conventional optimization techniques, the split-pipe design proposed in this paper is derived from a discrete diameter design where a set of pipe diameters is chosen directly from a specified set of commercial pipes. The optimality and feasibility of the solutions are found to be guaranteed by using the proposed method. The performance of the proposed procedure is demonstrated through solving the three well-known problems of water distribution network taken from the literature. Simulated annealing provides very promising solutions and the lowest-cost solutions are found for all of these test problems. The results obtained from these applications show that simulated annealing is able to handle a combinatorial optimization problem of the least cost design of water distribution network. The technique can be considered as an alternative tool for similar areas of research. Further applications and improvements of the technique are expected as well., {"references":["E. Alperovits and U. Shamir, Design of optimal water distribution\nsystems, Water Resources Research, vol. 13, no. 6, pp. 885-900, 1997.","A. B├írdossy, Generating precipitation time series using simulated\nannealing, Water Resources Research, vol. 34, no. 7, pp. 1737-1744,\n1998.","P.R. Bhave and V.V. Sonak, A critical study of the linear programming\ngradient method for optimal design of water supply networks, Water\nResources Research, vol. 28, no. 6, pp. 1577-1584, 1992.","M.D.C. Cunha, On Solving Aquifer Management Problems with\nSimulated Annealing Algorithms, Water Resources Management, vol.\n13, pp. 153-169, 1999.","M.D.C. Cunha and J. Sousa, Water Distribution Network Design\nOptimization: Simulated Annealing Approach, Journal of Water\nResources Planning and Management ASCE, vol. 125, no. 4, pp. 215-\n221, 1999.","M.D.C. Cunha and L. Ribeiro, Tabu search algorithms for water network\noptimization, European Journal of Operational Research, vol. 157, pp.\n746-758, 2004.","G.C. Dandy, A.R. Simpson, and L.J. Murphy, An improved genetic\nalgorithm for pipe network optimization, Water Resources Research,\nvol. 32, no. 2, pp. 449-458, 1996.","D.E. Dougherty and B.A. Marryott, Optimal groundwater management,\n1. simulated annealing, Water Resources Research, vol. 27, no. 10, pp.\n2493-2508, 1991.","G. Eiger, U. Shamir, and A.B. Tal, Optimal design of water distribution\nnetworks, Water Resources Research, vol. 30, no. 9, pp. 2637-2646, 1994.\n[10] O. Fujiwara, B. Jenchaimahakoon, and N.C.P. Edirisinghe, A modified\nlinear programming gradient method for optimal design of looped water\ndistribution networks, Water Resources Research, vol. 23, no. 6, pp.\n977-982, 1987.\n[11] O. Fujiwara and D.B. Khang, A two-phase decomposition method for\noptimal design of looped water distribution networks, Water Resources\nResearch, vol. 26, no. 4, pp. 539-549, 1990.\n[12] O. Fujiwara and D.B. Khang, Correction to \"A two-phase decomposition\nmethod for optimal design of looped water distribution networks\" by\nOkitsugu Fujiwara and Do Ba Khang, Water Resources Research, vol.\n27, no. 5, pp. 985-986, 1991.\n[13] D.E. Goldberg, Genetic Algorithms in Search, Optimization, and\nMachine Learning, 2nd edn. Addison-Wesley, Reading, Mass, 1989.\n[14] I.C. Goulter, B.M. Lussier, and D.R. Morgan, Implications of head loss\npath choice in the optimization of water distribution networks, Water\nResources Research, vol. 22, no. 5, pp. 819-822, 1986.\n[15] A. Kessler and U. Shamir, Analysis of the linear programming gradient\nmethod for optimal design of water supply networks, Water Resources\nResearch, vol. 25, no. 7, pp. 1469-1480, 1989.\n[16] S. Kirkpatrick, C.D. Gelatt, and M.P. Vecchi, Optimization by Simulated\nAnnealing, Science, vol. 220, no. 4598, pp. 671-680, 1983.\n[17] S.F. Kuo, C.W. Liu, and G.P. Markley, Application of the Simulated\nAnnealing Method to Agricultural Water Resoures Management, J.\nagric. Engng. Res., vol. 80, no. 1, pp. 109-124, 2001.\n[18] G.V. Loganathan, J.J. Greene, and T.J. Ahn, Design heuristic for\nglobally minimum cost water-distribution systems, Journal of Water\nResources Planning and Management ASCE, vol. 121, no. 2, pp. 182-\n192, 1995.\n[19] A.H. Mantawy, S.A. Soliman, and M.E. El-Hawary, The long-term\nhydro-scheduling problem - a new algorithm, Electric Power Systems\nResearch, vol. 64, pp. 67-72, 2003.\n[20] R.A. Marryott, D.E. Dougherty, and R.T. Stollar, Optimal Groundwater\nManagement; 2. Application of Simulated Annealing to a Field-Scale\nContamination Site, Water Resources Research, vol. 29, no. 4, pp. 847-\n860, 1993.\n[21] Z. Michalewicz, Genetic Algorithms + Data Structures = Evolutionary\nPrograms, 3rd edn. Springer-Verlag, New York, 1996.\n[22] P. Montesinos, A.G. Guzman, and J.L. Ayuso, Water distribution\nnetwork optimization using a modified genetic algorithm, Water\nResources Research, vol. 35, no. 11, pp. 3467-3473, 1999.\n[23] D.R. Morgan and I.D. Goulter, Optimal urban water distribution design,\nWater Resources Research, vol. 21, no. 5, pp. 642-652, 1985.\n[24] S.G. Ponnambalam and M.M. Reddy, A GA-SA Multiobjective Hybrid\nSearch Algorithm for Integrating Lot Sizing and Sequencing in Flow-\nLine Scheduling, Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol, vol.. 21, pp. 126-137,\n2003.\n[25] G.E. Quindry, E.D. Brill, and J.C. Liebman, Optimization of looped\nwater distribution systems, Journal of the Environmental Engineering\nDivision ASCE, vol. 107, no. 4, pp. 665-679, 1981.\n[26] G.E. Quindry, E.D. Brill, J.C. Liebman, and A.R. Robinson, Comment\non ÔÇÿDesign of optimal water distribution systems- by E. Alperovits and\nU. Shamir, Water Resources Research, vol.15, no. 6, pp. 1651-1654,\n1979.\n[27] D.M. Rizzo and D.E. Dougherty, Design Optimization for Multiple\nManagement Period Groundwater Remediation, Water Resources\nResearch, vol. 32, no. 8, pp. 2549-2561, 1996.\n[28] D.A. Savic and G.A. Walters, Genetic algorithms for least-cost design of\nwater distribution networks, Journal of Water Resources Planning and\nManagement ASCE, vol. 123, no. 2, pp. 67-77, 1997.\n[29] A.R. Simpson, G.C. Dandy, and L.J. Murphy, Genetic algorithms\ncompared to other techniques for pipe optimization, Journal of Water\nResources Planning and Management ASCE, vol. 120, no. 4, pp. 423-\n443, 1994.\n[30] R.S.V. Teegavarapu and S.P. Simonovic, Optimal Operation of\nReservoir System Using Simulated Annealing, Water Resources\nManagement, vol. 16, pp. 401-428, 2002.\n[31] J. Tospornsampan, I. Kita, M. Ishii, Y. Kitamura, Optimization of\nmultiple reservoir system using simulated annealing: a case study in the\nMae Klong system, Thailand, Paddy and Water Environment, Vol. 3,\nNo. 3, pp.137-147, September, 2005.\n[32] K.V.K. Varma, S. Narasimhan, and M. Bhallamudi, Optimal design of\nwater distribution systems using an NLP method, Journal of\nEnvironmental Engineering ASCE, vol. 123, no. 4, pp. 381-388, 1997."]}

After the Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake, researchers have generally agreed that a disaster prevention plan should take into account a strong seismic motion which exceeds the maximum past level and destroys the city or region. However, many of the issues discussed remain on the methodology of how to determine the reasonable level. This study proposes a methodology to determine the level from a socio-economic viewpoint by focusing the level of remaining functions for reconstruction. Through numerical examinations on the model performance under several kinds of utility functions and loss functions, the usefulness of the proposed model is confirmed. The proposed model gives a framework for further detailed discussion, including an introduction of a policy mix of seismic improvement and inter-regional seismic insurance.

The emptying of gastric and colonic conduits following esophagectomy was evaluated. Ten consecutive patients who underwent esophagectomy for malignant diseases were divided into two groups as follows: Group I which consisted of 5 patients who underwent pyloroplasty and in whom the gastric greater curvature was used for reconstruction; and Group II which consisted of 5 patients in whom the colonic conduit was used because of previous gastrectomy. The conduits were placed in the retrosternal spaces in all the patients. The radiopaque markers swallowing test and digestive tract scintigraphy were performed to evaluate emptying two months after surgery. The radiopaque markers swallowing test demonstrated that marker rings quickly disappeared from the gastric conduits but remained in the colonic conduits for as long as three hours. Digestive tract scintigraphy demonstrated that there was no significant difference in the 60-minute clearance rate of 99mTc-DTPA from the conduits between the two groups. The results suggested that tiny food fragments remained in the haustral pockets of the colonic conduits, which may be a disadvantage of these conduits.

We studied behavior of the subcutaneously implanted pancreatic tumors and the process of metastasis using syngeneic Syrian golden hamsters.HaP-T1, a cell line derived from nitrosamine-induced pancreatic cancer in Syrian golden hamsters was used for this experiment. Thirty-five animals were divided into two groups: subcutaneous cell inoculation and subcutaneous tissue implantation. The tumor tissue was obtained from subcutaneously implanted cancer cells. One month after implantation, the tumors were resected and studied histopathologically. The animals were followed-up weekly by palpation of the peripheral lymph nodes in order to identify local recurrence. After death, necropsy was performed. Liver, lungs and pancreas specimens were taken for histopathogical study and detection of K-ras point mutation using the PCR/RFLP method.The mean survival time in the subcutaneous cell inoculation group was 151+/-17.5 days, and in the subcutaneous tissue implantation group was 137 +/-12.9 days. During the follow-up, 13 subcutaneously cell inoculated hamsters (86.7%) had right axillary lymph node metastasis while subcutaneously tissue implanted hamsters did not show any palpable lymph nodes. After necropsy, 10 of the 20 subcutaneously tissue implanted animals (50%) showed metastases in the lungs at the histopathological level. However, 16 of the 20 subcutaneously tissue implanted animals (80%) showed K-ras point mutation in the lung specimens. The lungs of the animals of the subcutaneous cell inoculation group did not show any metastases. No metastases were found in the liver or the pancreas in either group.This study suggests that homologous subcutaneous cell inoculation and subcutaneous tissue implantation models showed completely different patterns of metastasis. These models may aid further research to clarify the mechanisms of metastasis in pancreatic cancer.

We examined changes in the concentrations of serum progesterone (P4), estradiol-17beta (E2), FSH, LH, prolactin (PRL), and inhibin to determine their interaction and their effect on the reproductive endocrine controls of pregnant and nonpregnant female Japanese black bears. Fourteen female bears were used in this study over a 2-yr period. In the first year, six of the bears were divided into two groups; a pseudopregnant group and a nonpregnant group. In the second year, the remaining eight bears were also divided into two groups; a pregnant group and a nonpregnant group. Pregnant and pseudopregnant bears had similar P4 trends with both groups exhibiting a significant increase in December, which is the suspected time of implantation in pregnant bears. These trends correlated with an increase in PRL levels, whereas low levels of LH were maintained throughout the year. Nonpregnant bears maintained low concentrations of P4, and compared with pregnant and pseudopregnant bears, they also exhibited a delayed elevation in PRL. Luteinizing hormone activity varied among individual animals, but regardless of reproductive status, fluctuation patterns of E2, FSH, and inhibin did not differ among bears. Our results suggest that PRL may play a luteotropic role in both pregnant and pseudopregnant bears, and is possibly responsible for inducing reactivation of the dormant corpus luteum that precedes implantation in the Japanese black bear.

This study characterized semen collected from the Japanese black bear, Ursus thibetanus aponicus, to provide information on semen cryopreservation for artificial breeding. Preliminary studies using a beagle dog as the model species showed that sperm concentration and total sperm count were lower in semen collected by electroejaculation than in semen collected by digital manipulation, but that sperm motility, viability and morphology were similar. Characterization of semen obtained from Japanese black bears by electroejaculation under general anesthesia revealed that semen volume and total number of spermatozoa collected were lower; but that sperm concentration, motility, viability and morphology were equivalent to those reported in other ursids. When semen was collected via a catheter inserted into the urethra during the stimulation for ejaculation, the sperm concentration, total sperm count and motility were relatively higher than when semen was collected directly in a test tube. Specific normal semen characteristics (mean +/- SEM) were pH, 7.6 +/- 0.0; volume, 0.212 +/- 0.038 mL; sperm concentration, 361 +/- 100 x 10(6)/mL; total sperm count, 84.0 +/- 32.2 x 106; +++ motility, 30 +/- 5%; motility, 77 +/- 3%; viability 77 +/- 2%; and abnormal morphology, 11+/- 2%. These results suggest that semen can be collected from Japanese black bears by electroejaculation.

We analyzed the clinical response, toxicities, out-patient and overall survival time among 41 gastric cancer patients with peritoneal metastasis to evaluate chemotherapies and drug delivery routes. Sixteen patients were treated by arterial infusion (AI) and 25 by systemic therapy (ST), with either 5-FU/MTX (FMTX) therapy or 5-FU/CDDP (FP) therapy. Partial response was observed in 8 patients (50%) among 16 with AI and in 6 (24%) among 25 with ST (p = 0.09). There were no differences in the incidence of side effects (or = grade 2 according to WHO criteria) between AI and ST group, at 25% and 36%, respectively. No significant differences were observed in either survival time or home care duration among patients with AI chemotherapy and those with ST procedure.

We analyzed the clinical response, toxicities, ambulatory and overall survival time among 51 patients with inoperable gastric cancer, to evaluate chemotherapies and drug delivery routes. Twenty-nine patients were treated by Methotrexate/5-FU (FMTX) therapy and 22 by 5-FU/CDDP (FP) therapy. Twenty-five patients were treated by intra-arterial (IA) route and 26 by intra-venous (IV). The response rate of IA therapy was higher than that of IV therapy (p0.05), 48% and 19%, respectively. Median survival times of FMTX and FP were 361 and 289 days, respectively, and the 1-year survival rates of FMTX and FP were 44% and 33%, respectively, with no significant differences. Duration of home chemotherapy with FMTX was longer than that with FP, at 130 and 85 days, respectively. There was no difference between duration of home chemotherapy of IA and that of IV. IA chemotherapy showed a higher response rate than IV, but there were no differences in the incidence of side effects and ambulatory and overall survival time.

The response of gastric cancer to intravenous application of low-dose CDDP plus 5-fluorouracil (FP) was assessed by changes in DNA indices (DIs) and PCNA labeling indices (LIs) by flow cytometry, and by the thymidylate synthetase inhibition rate (TSIR). Pretherapy samples were compared to specimens resected at operation. FP therapy was performed in 10 of 26 specimens and not in the others (C). There was no difference between change in DIs of FP group and that of C group. In FP group, PCNA LI of resected specimen was higher than that of biopsy, although they showed almost the same values in C group. Change in PCNA LIs correlated to TSIR in FP group. These results suggest that FP therapy affects gastric cancer cells in PCNA LIs and TSIR, and that PCNA LIs could be an indicator of the effect of FP therapy as TSIR.

1. The retrograde labelling study revealed that there are at least two independent descending pathways from the limbic system to the ventral medulla, i.e., the hypothalamo-medullary pathway and the amygdalo-medullary pathway. 2. The stimulation in the lateral hypothalamic area produced parasympathetic excitation and vocalization response: the recruited motor unit of CT muscle occurred in the late expiratory phase. By contrast, the stimulation at the medial part of the amygdala evoked sympathetic excitation and expiratory braking: the recruited motor unit of CT muscle occurred in the early expiratory phase or in the post-in-spiratory phase. 3. The present physiological study provided further important information on dual innervation of the cricothyroid muscle of the larynx: one motor unit with inspiratory firing is generated in the medulla, whereas the other motor unit with expiratory firing is evoked by a descending input from the limbic system.

The purpose of this study was to obtain functional and morphological information concerning neuronal connections between the respiratory center in the ventral medulla and the areas of the limbic system such as the amygdala and the hypothalamus.

Two cases of hepatic metastasis of colorectal cancer were treated effectively by intrahepatic-arterial infusion immunotherapy using OK-432 (2 KE/week or 2 weeks), recombinant IL-2 (35 x 10(4) JRU or 40 x 10(4) JRU/week or 2 weeks), MMC (4 mg/week or 2 weeks) and 5-FU (250 mg/day during admission, 250 mg/week or 2 weeks during outpatient treatment). The levels of CEA were decreased from 17.2 ng/ml to 2.4 ng/ml after 8 weeks in the first case (50 y. o. male) and from 521 ng/ml to 66 ng/ml after 8 weeks in the second case (36 y. o. female), respectively. Abdominal CT revealed a partial response for 11 months in the first case and 6.5 months in the second case.

Eighteen patients with gastric cancer with peritoneal metastasis were treated with methotrexate/5-fluorouracil sequential therapy. In four patients, a partial response was obtained and in another four, symptomatic relief was obtained by the therapy. As side effects, BM suppression was seen in 9 and GI symptoms in 6 patients. Intraaortic, low-dose and 3-hour-interval procedure are recommended in the therapy.

A cellular association demarcated by two perpendiculars which were drawn between adjacent bundles of elongate spermatids from the tubular lumen to the basement membrane, was made the unit of histometrical observation in this study (provisionally called a "column"). Cell counting revealed that the average numbers per column of various types of germ cells do not show any significant differences among 5 fowls and between paired testes. The frequency of spermiogenic steps (numbered 1-8) was investigated in each column. A definite and common pattern was found in the frequency distribution in the 5 fowls observed. A relationship between spermiation and younger spermatid steps was also investigated in each column. The spermiation was found at different steps, but most frequently at step 2 (30.6%). Based on these observations and referring to other author's information, an average time interval between two successive spermiations was calculated roughly at 3.3 +/- 1.2 days. Theoretically, this value is equal to an average length of one epithelial cycle. Such a variable cycle may have caused irregular cellular associations in this species.

It was investigated in the domestic fowl, whether a mechanism for a synchronous start of the proliferation of the differentiating spermatogonia in a transversely cut seminiferous tubule (called the "co-ordination" between germ cell association) operates effectively in this species. A trapezoid-shaped cellular association demarcated by two perpendiculars from the tubular lumen to the basement membrane was the unit of observation (provisionally called a "column" Each column is composed of a bundle of elongate spermatids and the neighbouring, various types of germ cells). The extent of closeness of the co-ordination was examined in a total of 2,650 columns, based on the continuity of the spermiogenic step-number of the youngest generation of spermatids within adjacent columns. In no case did all columns in a tubular cross section show the same-step spermatids. In most cases (50.2% of 2,650 columns), the same number was kept in only 2 to 6 adjacent columns. The arrangement of different but consecutive numbers (e.g., 1-2-3 or 1-2-1) was observed in a total of 882 columns. The co-ordination mechanism, therefore, is considered to work, albeit incomplete, among a limited number of adjacent columns in this species.

Sixteen patients with recurrent or unresectable gastric cancer were treated by intraarterial infusion chemotherapy. The tip of the catheter was located at the 9-10th Th level in the aorta of 14 patients and in the common hepatic artery of two. The drug combination was methotrexate + 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), cisplatin, mitomycin C (MMC) + etoposide and MMC + 5-FU. Side effects such as bone marrow suppression, diarrhea and appetite loss were seen in 63% (10/16). The response rate was 36% (4/11) in those who were evaluated, and another three showed relief from symptoms. Median survival time was 11 months, and the one year survival rate was 41%, while two patients showing PR have been alive for more than one year.

This study was undertaken in order to evaluate the effect of intraoperative intraperitoneal (IP) administration of cisplatin (CDDP) and/or mitomycin C (MMC) on patients who underwent an operation for gastric cancer, compared with an untreated group. There were no differences between the effect of CDDP and that of MMC. No differences were found between the survival rate of IP and untreated group in no liver and no peritoneal metastasis cases, nor in non-resection cases. However, the median survival time was longer at 377 days in IP group than at 213 days in the untreated group (p less than 0.1). The free CDDP levels in the serum after 50 mg IP injection remained effective for 15-30 min. On the other hand, the MMC levels in the serum after 20 mg IP proved in effective.

The fungicide for corn PF-70 contains 21% of sulphur, 8.4% of mancozeb, and 0.6% of triadimefon . The aim of the study was to determine the effect of the fungicide on the gastric mucosa electrolyte barrier in rats. Mucosa lesion is known to be one of the risk factors of chronic peptic ulcer disease. The experiments were carried out on 80 rats of Wistar strain. The animals were divided into 5 groups--males and females, separately. The fungicide was given for 13 weeks, at the following doses: 100, 400, 1600, and 6400 mg of active substance per 1 kg of fodder. The gastric mucosa electrolyte barrier was examined by determining the transmural electric potential differences (PD) in mucosa before and after treatment with 150 mmlo of hydrochloric acid and 40 mmol of acetylsalicylic acid solutions. No changes in general condition of the animals were observed. An increase in fodder consumption was observed in males receiving the fungicide at doses of 1600 and 6400 mg per 1 kg of fodder. Females exhibited a decrease in body mass after intoxication at concentration of 6400 mg/kg fodder. A decrease in PD was found in all groups intoxicated with the fungicide, irrespective of the animal sex.

An ultrasonic hydrogen bubble chamber has been constructed. The optimum temperature for the chamber operation is found by measuring the ultrasonic visible cavitation in liquid hydrogen. The observed values of the cavitation threshold under irradiation by gamma-rays from 60Co are the same order of magnitude as the values estimated on the basis of the thermal spike theory and the discrepancy between them can be reasonably explained. A high energy electron beam has been injected to the chamber and straight tracks have been successfully photographed.

Charm-charm correlation properties are studied in detail for the first time using a sample of D D pairs produced in 360 GeV/c π−p interactions. The data are compared with various models of charm production.

Correlations among identically charged pions were measured for pions produced inp p collisions at 360 GeV/c using the EHS spectrometer. The effective radius for pion production was determined to be 1.02±0.20 fm with a chaoticity factor 0.32±0.08. We attempted to obtain the radii in the directions parallel and perpendicular to the beam axis and found no difference between them. No multiplicity dependence of the radius was observed at this energy. A peak near zero in the four momentum transfer distribution showed significant deviation from a single Gaussian. The results of an analysis of the three like pion enhancement were consistent with those for two pions.

We present Feynman- and Bjorken-variable distributions for the diffraction dissociation ( d d )π ± p →π ± (π N ) d d at 6 and 16 GeV/c. The Bjorken variable averaged over a certain (π N ) mass interval slowly decreases as the (π N ) mass increases. The magnitude of is considerably small, namelv ∼0.1 at M (π N )=1.5 GeV as compared with the value obtained in the lepton-hadron scattering. We found that the usual slope-mass correlation of dd was closely related with the mass dependence of the Bjorken variable.

The differential cross sections of p p elastic scattering at 0.7 GeV/c were obtained in the range 0.0018

n p annihilations with ⩾ 3 prongs with an incident antineutron momentum between 0.5 and 0.8 GeV/c are analysed. We present the topological branching ratios and cross sections, the resonance production rates and possible ϱ-ω interference effects.

Based on a sample of about 3500 events, we have measured the total and differential cross sections of p p → n n in the 700–760 MeV/c incident momentum region. It is found that σCE = 10.7 ± 0.2 mb at the average momentum of 730 MeV/c. The differential angular distribution is characterised by a sharp peak and a dip in the forward direction followed by a secondary maximum. The position of the dip corresponds to |t| ≈ mπ2. These results are compared with the predictions of the model of Bryan-Phillips. On the other hand, this dip-bump structure can be well understood on a simple picture involving a π exchange and a constant background (for |t| ≲ 3 mπ2).

The polarization for the\(\bar pp\) elastic scattering was measured as a function of the centre-of-mass angle of scattering between 17° and 90° at the average incident momentum of 0.7 GeV/c by using doublescattering events in a bubble chamber. The average value of the polarization was found to be 0.23 ± 0.05. The angular dependence of the polarization obtained in this experiment was interpreted by the strong absorptive potential model for\(\bar {\mathcal{N}}{\mathcal{N}}\) interactions recently proposed.

A study of the reaction π - p →π - π + n at 6 GeV/c incident momentum has been made using the prism plot analysis (PPA) to reject multineutral contaminations and to separate various reaction channels (ρ 0 n , f 0 n , g 0 n , π - Δ + , π - (π + n ) DD ). We can improve separability of PPA by incorporating decay angular distributions of resonances. Cross sections, invariant mass distributions, and production and decay angular distributions are presented.

A 75 cm hydrogen bubble chamber with 220 liters of liquid and its refrigerator were constructed. In the latest run the chamber was successfully operated and the tracks of cosmic rays and Compton electrons from Cobalt-60 gamma rays were seen and photographed. This chamber has several grand features for the improved characteristics of operation and the precision photographs of tracks. Some of those essential features and the results of the operations are reported.

Reactions p p → p p and p p → n n were studied at the kinetic energy 230 MeV of incident p by using bubble chamber films. Total cross sections for both of the reactions were found to be 51.2 ± 1.6 mb and 9.1 ± 0.6 mb, respectively. Differential cross sections are well explained by the phenomenological theory given by Bryan and Phillips.

The polarization of recoil protons from proton Compton scattering has been measured at an angle of 90° c.m.s. in the region of the second nucleon resonance. The scattered photons were detected by a telescope which consisted of a lead plate converter, scintillation-counter hodoscopes and a Cerenkov counter, The angles and momenta of recoil protons were analyzed by a magnet with four spark chambers. The polarization of protons was obtained from the asymmetry in the elastic scattering of protons on carbon in a spark chamber. The polarization of recoil protons from proton Compton scattering are − 0.36 ± 0.29 and − 0.13 ± 0.29 at incident photon energies of 700 ± 50 and 800 ± 50 MeV, respectively. The polarization of recoil protons from neutral pion photoproduction is also obtained and the results are in good agreement with the previous data. A calculation of the polarization of recoil protons in the proton Compton scattering has been made by using an isobar model. The results of the calculation are consistent with the experimental data.

A 1kW refrigerator-liquefier for the Japanese Hydrogen Bubble Chamber was constructed and test operations with the chamber have been carried out for three times. In the first run, the refrigerator-liquefier which is Simple Linde type was confirmed that it could afford about 60 liters of liquid hydrogen per hour or the equivalent refrigerant. In the later two runs, the bubble chamber was cooled down to the liquid hydrogen temperature at the rate of less than 5°K per hour and filled up with 220 liters of liquid hydrogen. Many bubble chamber photographs were taken under the various thermodynamical conditions. An automatic bubble chamber temperature control system which regulates the direct two-phase hydrogen flow from the refrigerator-liquefier is now under testing.

The polarization of scattered antiproton in $$\bar pp$$ elastic scattering has been measured at the kinetic energy of 220MeV by means of double scattering in a bubble chamber. The polarizations obtained are 0.28±0.11, 0.46±0.12, 0.51±0.19 and 0.38±0.31 at the scattering angles 28°, 42°, 56° and 73° in the c.m. system, respectively. These results do not seem to be in good agreement with a prediction given by Bryan and Phillips. We have also compared these data with a modified diffraction model.

Chwastox D--herbicide for killing dicotyledonous weeds was evaluated toxicologically, basing on studies on the mass and morphological picture of internal organs of rats receiving, over 13 weeks, 15, 60, 240 and 960 mg/kg of feeding stuff containing this herbicide. The animals exposed for 13 weeks to different doses of Chwastox D were found to develop inspecific pathomorphotic changes, like disturbed circulation, retrogressive, progressive and inflammatory changes. The pathomorpohologic changes were found to be increased with 240 and 960 mg of stuff. The observations indicated that the maximum allowable dose for rats is 60 mg/kg of the feeding stuff.