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Dynamical response of water exposed to x-rays is of utmost importance in a wealth of science areas. We exposed isolated water isotopologues to short x-ray pulses from a free-electron laser and detected momenta of all produced ions in coincidence. By combining experimental results and theoretical modeling, we identify significant structural dynamics with characteristic isotope effects in H2O2+, D2O2+, and HDO2+, such as asymmetric bond elongation and bond-angle opening, leading to two-body or three-body fragmentation on a timescale of a few femtoseconds. A method to disentangle the sequences of events taking place upon the consecutive absorption of two x-ray photons is described. The obtained deep look into structural properties and dynamics of dissociating water isotopologues provides essential insights into the underlying mechanisms.

A wear-resistant surface is achievable via the surface treatment of various sources such as laser, water-jet, ion beam, and plasma. This paper investigates the parameters of water-jet shot-peened H13 tool steel for minimum surface roughness and maximum hardness properties. Water jet processing parameters are significant in determining the surface roughness as well as hardness properties. Water-jet shot-peened (WJSP) was used in this experiment to improve the surface properties of H13 tool steel. The parameters are pressure and feed rate of 172 MPa to 310 MPa and 2600 mm/min to 10000 mm/min. The shot-peened samples were characterised for surface topography, surface roughness, and hardness properties. A laser confocal microscope was used to determine the dimension of the modified surface from shot peening and average surface roughness. Hardness properties were measured using the Vickers scale. From topography analysis, the surface roughness reading on the shot-peened surface was measured as much as 6.88 µm to 14.06 µm. Minimum surface roughness measured was 6.88 µm on sample processed at pressure and feed rate 172 MPa and 2600 mm/min. The hardness properties of the shot-peened subsurface were between 196 HV and 227 HV. The resulted hardness properties were due to plastic deformation from abrasive particle bombardment during shot peening. The findings are important to designing enhanced surface properties for mould and die applications.

The rapid advancement of the welding technology has simultaneously increased the demand for the online monitoring system in order to control the process. Among the methods that could be possibly used to assessthe weld condition, an air-borne acoustic method grasps the attention from scholars due to its ability to provide a simple, non-contact, and low-cost measurement system. However, it is still lack of resources involving this subject in an attempt to deeplyunderstand the emitted sound behaviour during welding especially when dealing with a complete deviation of a process parameter, welding types, workpiece material as well as the noise from the surrounding. This paper reviews the application of the acousticmethod in monitoring the welding process. Specifically, this review emphasized the source of both structure-borne and air-borne acoustic during the welding process and the significance of applying the acoustic method in more detail. By focusing on the liquid state welding process, the scope of discussion converged on the arc and laser welding process. In the last part of this review, the potential future advancement of this method is pointed out before the overall conclusion is made.

This paper questions how to respond to the publication of political dreams in relation to efforts to reduce radicalism in Indonesia according to Sadd al-Dzari'ah's study. This research is qualitative in nature and its presentation uses descriptive analysis method. Publication of dreams is a common thing in society, moreover dreams that are disseminated are good dreams. However, sometimes the publication of a dream, according to people who experience it, is suitable for public consumption, on the other hand it may have an impact on the emergence of radicalism in a country. An example that recently occurred was the dream of Haikal Hassan who met Rasulullah SAW regarding the shooting of the Islamic Defenders Front (FPI) laskar by the police in Mega Mendung, West Java. The publication of this dream seemed to have political nuances and caused turmoil among the FPI, because in this dream Rasullullah SAW seemed to blame the police for handling the FPI laskar and on the contrary defending the FPI laskar who was killed. This paper concludes that the act of publishing dreams which was previously immutable is not permitted if the publication creates a radicalism movement that may threaten the integrity of the country. In the study of siyasah syar'iyyah, security and public order (maslahah) is a very important part of state politics. Therefore, according to Sadd al-Dzari'ah's study, the legal position of publishing dreams, which has so far been converting, can become haram if it causes harm to a country.

Abstract The antidiabetic and hepato-renal protective effects of Citrullus colocynthis and Momordica charantia ethanol extracts were investigated in streptozotocin (STZ) induced diabetic male albino rats. Diabetic rats were treated with C. colocynthis, M. charantia or C. colocynthis + M. charantia mixed extract at a dose of 250 mg /kg body weight per oral per day for 21 days. The mean body weight of all the diabetic rat groups on day 1 of treatment (day 10 of diabetes) was significantly lower than the normal control rat group (P 200 mg/dl) than the normal control rat group (95.5 ± 2.7). At the end of treatment (day 21), the diabetic rats treated with plant extracts showed significant increase (P

Abstract Hole cleaning is always a problem, particularly during drilling operations, and drilling fluid plays an important role in transporting drill cuttings through an annular section of wellbore to the surface. To transport the cuttings, a water-based mud with added polypropylene beads was selected since it is environmentally friendly and cost efficient. The polypropylene beads help to transport cuttings by providing an additional buoyancy force that lifts the cuttings to the surface via the influence of collision and drag forces. This experiment was performed using a 20 ft test section, 10 ppg drilling mud and 0.86 m/s annular velocity in a laboratory scale rig simulator, and the concentration of polypropylene beads was varied from 0 to 8 ppb. As the concentration of polypropylene increases, the cutting transport ratio also increases. It was observed that the fewest cuttings are lifted at a critical angle of 60°, followed by 45°, 30°, 90° and 0°. Additionally, cutting sizes had moderate effects on the cutting lifting efficiency, where smaller cutting sizes (0.5–1.0 mm) are easier to lift than larger cutting sizes (2.0–2.8 mm). Furthermore, a study of buoyancy force and impulsive force was conducted to investigate the cutting lifting efficiencies of various concentrations of polypropylene beads. This lifting capacity was also assisted by the presence of polyanionic cellulose (PAC), which increases the mud carrying capacity and is effective for smaller cuttings. The results show that in the presence of pipe rotation, the cutting lifting efficiency is slightly enhanced due to the orbital motion provided by the drill pipe for better hole cleaning. In conclusion, polypropylene beads combined with pipe rotation increase the cutting transport ratio in the wellbore.

Carbon dioxide CO2 is one of the major gases of concern in ethane feeder pipeline since it presence will induce corrosion which then damage the pipeline. The purpose of this study is to determine the corrosion rate using NORSOK M-506 commercial software prior to comparing corrosion rate with international standard, identify optimum level to control corrosion rate, and analyse the relationship of moisture content towards H2CO3 impact and its pH level for variety of CO2 concentration, temperature, pH and moisture content in the ethane feeder pipeline. Evaluation impact was done for CO2, temperature and pH value using average value and is categorised as moderate between 0.025 to 0.12 mm/year as per an International Standard – National Association of Corrosion Engineer (NACE). Corrosion rate for CO2 is 0.055 mm/year while for temperature and pH are 0.054 mm/year and 0.055 mm/year respectively. Based on the average corrosion rate of 0.05 mm/year, the simulation results produce the optimum corrosion control level when CO2 concentration is 1.40 mole percent at temperature of 21.5 °C and pH of 4.7. Since NORSOK M-506 software has the limitation of pH coverage within 3.5 – 6.5, moisture effect is analysed using chemistry equation approach. It was found that the concentration of H2CO3 increases with moisture content. More H2CO3 formation in pipeline will definitely promote a more serious internal corrosion.

Seventeen bacterial isolates have been successfully isolated and purified from soil rhizosphere samples collected from different agricultural areas Buhayra, Sharqia and Alqilyubia of Egypt, and screened for production of chitinase enzymes had the highest chitinolytic activities amongst those investigated. Isolate S3-C and S1-C were Identified by biochemical, physiological tests and 16s rRNA gene primer as Bacillus cereus S3C, Gene Bank NCBI accession MK185696 and Bacillus cereus S1C accession MK185697. The production of chitinase by B.cereus S3C and Bacillus cereus S1C was optimized using colloidal chitin medium amended with 1% colloidal chitin at 30°C after five days of incubation. B.cereus S3C had potential for cell wall lysis of many phytopathogenic fungi tested such as Fusarium oxysporum and Rhizoctonia solani Potato phytopathogenic fungi by in vitro antagonistic test. The addition of B. cereus S3C chitinase was more effective than that of B.cereus S1C in increasing the resistance of Potato plants infected with various Soil- borne phytopathogenic fungi.

The ultrafast structural dynamics of water following inner-shell ionization is a crucial issue in high-energy radiation chemistry. We have exposed isolated water molecules to a short x-ray pulse from a free-electron laser and detected momenta of all produced ions in coincidence. By combining experimental results and theoretical modeling, we can image dissociation dynamics of individual molecules in unprecedented detail. We reveal significant molecular structural dynamics in H_{2}O^{2+}, such as asymmetric deformation and bond-angle opening, leading to two-body or three-body fragmentation on a timescale of a few femtoseconds. We thus reconstruct several snapshots of structural dynamics at different time intervals, which highlight dynamical patterns that are relevant as initiating steps of subsequent radiation-damage processes.

The effect of incorporating different loadings of oil palm bio-ash nanoparticles from agriculture waste on the properties of phenol-formaldehyde resin was investigated in this study. The bio-ash filler was used to enhance the performance of phenol-formaldehyde nanocomposites. Phenol-formaldehyde resin filled with oil palm bio-ash nanoparticles was prepared via the in-situ polymerization process to produce nanocomposites. The transmission electron microscope and particle size analyzer result revealed that oil palm bio-ash nanoparticles had a spherical geometry of 90 nm. Furthermore, X-ray diffraction results confirmed the formation of crystalline structure in oil palm bio-ash nanoparticles and phenol-formaldehyde nanocomposites. The thermogravimetric analysis indicated that the presence of oil palm bio-ash nanoparticles enhanced the thermal stability of the nanocomposites. The presence of oil palm bio-ash nanoparticles with 1% loading in phenol-formaldehyde resin enhanced the internal bonding strength of plywood composites. The scanning electron microscope image revealed that phenol-formaldehyde nanocomposites morphology had better uniform distribution and dispersion with 1% oil palm bio-ash nanoparticle loading than other phenol-formaldehyde nanocomposites produced. The nanocomposite has potential use in the development of particle and panel board for industrial applications.

This research aimed to develop a STEM-based virtual lab as an alternative media in improving scientific literacy of junior high school students on the theme of water pollution. Development is done by using 4D methods: Define, Design, Develop, and Disseminate. After the implementation was done, it’s effectiveness in increasing scientific literacy was examined using one group pretest-posttest design. At the define stage problems from PISA 2012, KDs, and STEM characteristics were analyzed. Design of flowcharts, storyboards, and user interface were done on design phase. Phases of develop includes the creation of virtual labs and validation by media expert and a science teacher. Phases of disseminate this research is to implement limited to two classes of junior high school students. The results from media expert validation and science teachers validates that STEM-based virtual labs that have been developed shows very decent used in the feasibility study by percentage according to media expert at 86.24% and 82.71% according to science teacher. The results show that the implementation of the STEM-based virtual lab that has been developed can improve scientific literacy of students with a large increase (N-gain) in the class 7B of 0.46 which falls in to medium category and class 7D of 0.29 with medium category.

Conventionally, panel boards are produced with material flex or microparticle with P.U. or U.F. as adhesives. However, in this study, nanoparticle with epoxy resin as an adhesive was used to produce nanoboard. Coconut shell nanoparticle composite with epoxy resin as an adhesive was prepared using a compression molding technique. The coconut shell particles were originally 200 mesh size and then milled mechanically with a ball mill for the duration of 10, 20, 30, and 40 h (milling times) to produce nanoparticles. The composition ratio of the composite is 85 vol.% of coconut shell and 15 vol.% of epoxy resin. The formation of nanoparticles was observed with transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The mechanical, physical, and microstructure properties of the composite were examined with X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, and universal testing machine. The results established that the properties of the composite (microstructures, mechanical, and physical) are influenced by the duration of milling of coconut shell particles. The modulus and flexural strength of the composite improved with an increase in the milling time. The density, thickness swelling, and porosity of the composite were also influenced by the milling times. The result suggested that the composite properties were influenced by the particle size of the coconut shell. The coconut shell nanoparticle composite can be used in the manufacturing of hybrid panels and board.

Drilling operation produces two major wastes which are produced water and drilling waste. The drilling waste must be properly managed to ensure no impact to the environment and human. The environmental and human effects of the exposure to drilling waste are discussed in the paper. Different type of drilling fluids has different composition, which influence the environmental impact of the drilling fluid. Due to the potential impact to environment and human, there are regulations by the host government and international conventions for drilling waste management. Generally, oil based drilling fluid is not permitted for offshore disposal and drill cuttings require treatment before disposal. However, water based drilling fluid is allowed for disposal. Synthetic based drilling fluid is preferred due to its technical performance and minimum environmental effects. Main regulations related to environmental and waste management in Malaysia is Environmental Quality Act and Exclusive Economic Zone Act. There are three options of drilling waste disposal, which are offshore disposal, onshore disposal and drill cutting re-injections. Offshore disposal is limited by the regulations while onshore disposal can give additional liability at the disposal site. Drill cuttings re-injection can be a good option of disposal, with zero discharge to the site. However, not all formation is feasible for the re-injection.

Micro fine sized palm oil fuel ash (POFA) is a new supplementary cementitious material that can increase the strength, durability, and workability of concrete. However, production of this material incurs high cost and is not practical for the construction industry. This paper investigates a simple methodology of producing micro fine sized POFA by means of a laboratory scale wind tunnel system. The raw POFA obtained from an oil palm factory is first calcined to remove carbon residue and then grinded in Los Angeles abrasion machine. The grinded POFA is then blown in the fabricated wind tunnel system for separation into different ranges of particle sizes. The physical, morphological, and chemical properties of the micro fine sized POFA were then investigated using Laser Particle Size Analyser (PSA), nitrogen sorption, and Scanning Electron Microscopy with Energy Dispersive X-Ray (SEM-EDX). A total of 32.1% micro fine sized POFA were collected from each sample blown, with the size range of 1–10 micrometers. The devised laboratory scale of wind tunnel production system is successful in producing micro fine sized POFA and, with modifications, this system is envisaged applicable to be used to commercialize micro fine sized POFA production for the construction industry.

Quần thể lúa ở thế hệ F3 gồm 400 cá thể con từ tổ hợp lai Kalarata và Azucena được sử dụng để lập bản đồ liên kết gene với tổng cộng 100 chỉ thị phân tử SSR được sử dụng. Bản đồ liên kết thu được bao phủ 1.405 cM với khoảng cách trung bình giữa các locus là 14,05 cM. Sau khi đánh giá trong môi trường dinh dưỡng Yoshida với độ mặn 12 dSm-1 bằng cách bổ sung NaCl, tổng cộng 8 tính trạng số lượng (Quantitative Trait Loci -QTL) liên kết chặt với khả năng chịu mặn của lúa ở giai đoạn mạ đã được xác định thông qua 5 tính trạng khảo sát và các QTL này tập trung chủ yếu ở phần đầu của nhiễm sắc thể số một. Những QTL được phát hiện trong nghiên cứu này là tiền đề cho những nghiên cứu tiếp theo nhằm phục vụ cho công tác lai tạo giống kháng mặn có sự trợ giúp của các chỉ thị phân tử.

Polycrystalline samples with the chemical formula CaCu3Ti4-xZrxO12 (x=0, 0.02, 0.1, 0.2, 0.5, and 0.1) CCTZO were synthesized from metal nitrate solutions by the sol-gel method, followed by conventional and microwave heat treatments. The X-ray diffraction pattern of powder calcined at 800°C in conventional furnace for 3 h showed formation of a single phase. The crystal structure did not change on doping with zirconium and it remained cubic in the five studied compositions. The surface morphology of samples sintered at 1000°C in microwave furnace for 10 min was observed using a high resolution scanning electron microscope (HR-SEM). The grain sizes were in the range of 250 nm–5 μm for these samples. HRSEM results show that doping with Zr enhanced grain growth or densification. Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) confirmed the presence of Zr. The dielectric characteristics of Zr doped CCTO were studied with an LCR meter in the frequency range of 50 Hz–1 MHz. A very high dielectric constant 21,500 was observed for the sample doped with Zr (0.02 mol%) at 50 Hz.

In order to study the response of human breast cancer cells' exposure to nanoparticle, iron oxide (α-Fe2O3) nanoparticles were synthesized by a simple low temperature combustion method using Fe(NO3)3·9H2O as raw material. X-ray diffraction studies confirmed that the resultant powders are pure α-Fe2O3. Transmission electron microscopy study revealed the spherical shape of the primary particles, and the size of the iron oxide nanoparticles is in the range of 19 nm. The magnetic hysteresis loops demonstrated that the sample exposed ferromagnetic behaviors with a relatively low coercivity. The cytotoxicity of α-Fe2O3 nanoparticle was also evaluated on human breast cancer cells to address the current deficient knowledge of cellular response to nanoparticle exposure.