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The article presents an assessment of the cost-effectiveness from the introduction into the production of the developed method of producing a layered cookie based on a cracker enriched with food fibres and a fruit lipstick mass with amaranth dyes. Based on the analysis of the current state of the regional market and consumer preferences for enriched flour confectionery products, as well as based on innovative trends in the development of the bakery and confectionery industries, it is proposed to expand the range of enriched cookies by introducing non-traditional components from domestic vegetal raw materials obtained using resource-saving technology, namely: for baked semi-product - finely dispersed powder from squeezes of pumpkin pulp of Muscat grade dried by low-temperature vacuum evaporation; for finishing semi-product (lipstick mass) - water-and-alcohol extract from leaf mass of amaranth of Valentine grade. Theoretically justified and experimentally confirmed the positive effect of the use of technological solutions in the production of layered cookies, there was an improvement in the chemical composition and consumer properties of layered cookies, which allows to more fully satisfy market needs, increase the competitiveness of finished products along with reducing production costs. The calculation of economic efficiency from production of traditional and developed technology of enriched layered cookies is presented. Economic calculations show the profitability of layered cookies such as the cracker “Custom New”.

As shown by hydrodynamic, electrooptical, and computer-simulation studies, film-forming addition silicon-substituted polynorbornene and silicon-substituted poly(1-trimethylsilyl-1-propyne), which have close gas-permeability parameters, possess similar conformational properties of chains. The molecules of the these polymers are characterized by a heterogeneous microstructure due to energetically favorable spiralization of regular sequences of monomer units with the interrelated linear sizes of helical fragments and the equilibrium rigidity of chains. Despite different chemical structures, both polymers have the statistical Kuhn segment A = (44–47) × 10−10 m and a much smaller ((10–15) × 10−10 m) kinetic fragment freely orienting under application of an electric field. The hydrodynamic and electrooptical properties of silicon-substituted polynorbornenes synthesized from the same monomer (5-trimethylsilyl-2-norbornene) via addition and metathesis mechanisms are compared. It is found that there is a significant difference in the conformational characteristics of addition and metathesis analogs. This finding gives insight into the earlier observed difference in the properties of films based on these polymers.

The hydrodynamic and conformational properties of silicon-containing polynorbornene prepared by metathesis polymerization of 5-trimethylsilylnorbornene in the presence of Grubbs Ru carbene complex were studied by viscometry, isothermal translation diffusion, and centrifugal sedimentation. For the ten-sample homologous series of the polymer, Mark-Kuhn-Houwink relationships correlating the hydrodynamic characteristics of the molecules in toluene with their molecular weight were obtained.

Seven polynorbornene samples containing trimethylsilyl side groups that were prepared by the addition polymerization of 5-trimethylsilyl-2-norbornene in the presence of catalytic systems (π-C5H9NiCl)2-methylaluminoxane and nickel naphthenate-methylaluminoxane have been studied by translational isothermal diffusion and viscometry. The molecular masses of the polymer samples are measured. Kuhn-Mark-Houwink equations for diffusion coefficient D and intrinsic viscosity [η] are determined in toluene at 25°C: D = 6.94 × 10−4M−0.61 and [η] = 1.53 × 10−3M0.82. The equilibrium rigidity of polymers chains is estimated as A = 47 ± 9 A. The conformational features of the silicon-containing polynorbornene are analyzed by the PM3 quantumchemical semiempirical method on the basis of simulation of its decamer chain fragments. In terms of microstructure and equilibrium rigidity, the above-described addition poly(trimethylsilylnorbornene) is close to poly(trimethylsilylpropyne) synthesized using niobium pentachloride as a catalyst. This finding explains similar membrane gas-separation properties of these polymers.

The conformational properties of macromolecules of chitosan and its copolymers with acrylamide in a mixed solvent 0.33 M CH3COOH + 0.3 M NaCl have been investigated by means of translation diffusion and viscometry. The copolymer macromolecules in a solvent suppressing polyelectrolyte effects possess a higher intracoil density (ρav = 0.010 g/cm3) than the chitosan macromolecules (ρav = 0.006 g/cm3), even though the hydrodynamic radius Rh of chitosan is smaller by a factor of ∼1.5.

Spontaneous birefringence in films prepared by free evaporation of a solvent from solutions of sulfated phenyl-containing polymers has been investigated in relation to the thickness of films and the incidence angle of a polarized light beam. It has been demonstrated that not only the value but also the sign of the coefficient of surface birefringence depends on the mode of incorporation of benzene rings into a polymer chain. The structural and orientation factors determining the spontaneous birefringence in the films have been distinguished. The results are compared with the data available for the films of water-soluble polysaccharides. The degree of order in the near-surface layers of polymer films cast from solutions is determined by the statistical segment length of macromolecules and is independent of the chemical nature of chains in the number of water-soluble polymers under consideration.

The molecular mass and hydrodynamic dimensions of molecules of two fullerene-containing polymers which differ in the preparation procedure and the mode of fullerene C60 binding were determined by means of static and dynamic light scattering and transport techniques (diffusion, sedimentation, gel permeation chromatography). It was established that the molecular masses of polymeric C60 derivatives determined by means of static light scattering are substantially above those measured by means of the transport techniques. Using as an example a polystyrene specimen containing 6.2 wt % C60 prepared according to the widespread technique of solvent evaporation from a mutual fullerene and polymer solution, it was shown that the multicomponent nature, the compositional inhomogeneity, and a lack of coincidence in the signs of refractive index increments for structurally different components of fullerene-containing polymers may cause anomalies in the intensity of light scattering by solutions of these compounds.

The molecular properties and composition of fullerene-containing polystyrenes prepared through evaporation of solvent from the combined solution of a polymer and C60 in benzene have been studied by viscometry, translational isothermal diffusion, GPC, UV spectroscopy, and electrooptical Kerr effect measurements. With this procedure of C60 introduction into the polymer, a partial depolymerization of the parent polystyrene takes place. It has been shown that the composites contain fullerene in two forms: a smaller part of C60 is bound to macromolecules, while a larger part of C60 is incorporated into the composition of low-molecularmass adducts—the products arising from the interaction of fullerene with fullerene-induced depolymerized polystyrene.

Samples of sodium polystyrenesulfonate of molecular weights varying in a 20-fold range were synthesized. The hydrodynamic behavior of the samples was studied in a 0.2 M NaCl solution in which the initial polyelectrolyte effects are suppressed. Relationships between the molecular weight and the translational friction coefficient and intrinsic viscosity were obtained. The theory describing the hydrodynamic behavior of wormlike chains with taking into account both the percolation effects and the excluded-volume effects was applied to estimation of the length of the statistical segment and the cross section of the sodium polystyrenesulfonate molecules in 0.2 M NaCl solution.

Comparative analysis of the methods for determination of the intrinsic viscosity of both neutral and polyelectrolyte molecules is made.

Star-like water-soluble macromolecules with fullerene as the branching site were synthesized by the reaction of fullerene C60 with polyvinylpyrrolidone whose molecules contain one terminal primary amino group. The initial and C60-containing polymers were studied by UV spectroscopy, thin-layer chromatography, centrifugal sedimentation, translation diffusion, and viscometry in aqueous buffer solutions. Diffusion-sedimentation and sedimentation two-detector analyses of the initial and fullerene-containing samples were performed. The molecular weights of the polymers were estimated by the Svedberg equation. The proportion of the fullerene-containing segment in the samples synthesized was determined, and the number of the branches in the fullerene-containing macromolecules was estimated.

The birefringence of thin films of poly(1-trimethylsilylpropyne) with 55 : 45 ratio of units with transand cisconfigurations of the -C = C- bonds was studied by the method of an oblique polarized beam. The surface birefringence coefficients were determined for films of various thicknesses. A theory of birefringence in the surface layers of polymer films was suggested, based on the assumed exponential decrease in the orientation order parameters of the molecular chain fragments with increasing distance from the film surface.

Samples of a disubstituted polyacetylene, poly(1-trimethylsilyl-1-propyne), containing on the average 60% of cis-C=C bonds and prepared with NbCl5 as catalyst were studied by means of Kerr effect measurements in solution and molecular hydrodynamics methods. The resulting data were correlated with the properties of the sample prepared with another catalytic system, TaCl5/BuLi. Samples prepared under different catalytic conditions were found to have much different electrooptical properties. It was concluded that the TaCl5/BuLi catalyst allows preparation of polymers with longer continuous sequences of monomeric units of the same isomeric structure as compared with those obtained with NbCl5.

The methods of the Kerr effect and solution hydrodynamics were applied to study the electrooptical and hydrodynamic properties of samples of disubstituted polyacetylenes, poly(1-trimethylsilyl-1-propynes), prepared by polymerization of 1-trimethylsilyl-1-propyne with NbCl5 and TaCl5/BuLi as catalysts. The experimental electrooptical characteristics of polymers were compared with those calculated by PM3 semiempirical quantum-chemical method.