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The aim of the present work was to compare the microbial communities of a mesophilic and a thermophilic pilot scale anaerobe sludge digester. For studying the communities cultivation independent chemotaxonomical methods (RQ and PLFA analyses) and T-RFLP were applied. Microbial communities of the mesophilic and thermophilic pilot digesters showed considerable differences, both concerning the species present, and their abundance. A Methanosarcina sp. dominated the thermophilic, while a Methanosaeta sp. the mesophilic digester among Archaea. Species diversity of Bacteria was reduced in the thermophilic digester. Based on the quinone patterns in both digesters the dominance of sulphate reducing respiratory bacteria could be detected. The PLFA profiles of the digester communities were similar though in minor components characteristic differences were shown. Level of branched chain fatty acids is slightly lower in the thermophilic digester that reports less Gram positive bacteria. The relative ratio of fatty acids characteristic to Enterobacteriaceae, Bacteroidetes and Clostridia shows differences between the two digesters: their importance generally decreased under thermophilic conditions. The sulphate reducer marker (15:1 and 17:1) fatty acids are present in low quantity in both digesters.

In the course of the study the photopolimerizating filling materials (Visiomolar, Heliomolar, Heliosit, Silux, P-50, Prismatic) and the glass ionomer cements (Ketacfil, Ketac-silver) served as supposed sources of carbon for Ps. aeruginosa. All the examined materials have shown a suitable resistance to the studied bacterium species. If sunflower oil has been absorbed onto the surface of the examined materials, then a limited increase of the living germ counts has been observed. Ketac-silver was proved to be bactericidal in every case.

The authors intend to contribute to the solution of the problems posed by the inconsistency of thermodynamics with the classical theory of chemical kinetics. It is, however, mainly intended only to clarify the basic question of linear theory, i.e., trivial and real satisfaction of the Onsager reciprocity relations (ORR). To this end, the thermodynamic basic equations of homogeneous closed chemically reacting systems are presented and direct transformation of a stoichiometrically equivalent independent system is given. Nonlinear constitutive equations of reaction kinetics equivalent to the Guldberg–Waage equations are presented and a method is given for their derivation. It has been proven that in stoichiometrically independent systems the ORR’s are always trivially satisfied in a linear approximation. A real satisfaction of the ORR’s occurs only in the case of independent fluxes and affinities that equivalently represent dependent systems.

After the description of the general structure of non-equilibrium (irreversible) thermodynamics, the local (or differential) principles developed previously are outlined in all the representations. Hereafter the universal form of the integral principle of thermodynamics is given from which transport equations governing irreversible processes are derived within the framework of a general “Γ” formalism. The derivation of the transport equations is followed by the discussion of the partial and alternative forms of the integral principle previously developed by us and by others. We demonstrate that the “local potential method” can be founded also in an exact manner by means of the partial form of our integral principle. In the following, the types of tasks and theories of non-linear thermodynamics are classified, further on, the general proof of a supplementary theorem is given, which has already been confirmed for the case of heat conduction. This theorem allows extension of the validity of the universal form of the integral principle to certain types of non-linear problems. Finally the relation of our integral principle to VOJTA's functional variational principle is discussed and it is stated that the two different formulations are the alternative representations of a single general principle, for which the name: “governing principle of dissipative processes” would be most appropriate.

The genuine variational principle of macroscopic dissipative continua is generalized to complex scalar fields in the universal form of GAUSSian type. The generalization makes it possible to extend the validity of the principle to the PS field of the non-relativistic SCHRODINGER equation, and to certain types of non-linear problems. Following MORSE's and FESHBACH's sequence of thoughtful ideas in reverse direction the fundamentals of an “abstract” transport theory, isomorphic with one-particle quantum theory, are developed and the possibility of interpreting the quantum theory by classical models is discussed. On the basis of new arguments, the impossibility of interpreting quantum mechanics in terms of classical transport theories (hydrodynamical model, diffusional and stochastic models) is established.

The resistance to bacteria of composition filling materials (Evicrol, Isopast, Micromix and Superlux), of acrylic base-plate used for removable dentures and of acrylic (Medident) teeth has been examined. Out of the 6 samples tested with Pseudomonas aeruginosa in accordance with the Hungarian standard, Evicrol, Superlux and the base-plate proved to be resistant; Isopast was attacked moderately and Medident teeth and Micromix showed intermediate results.

Inertia in labour could be more often observed and the number of intra-uterine foetal distress signs increased in case of bacterial infection of the maternal uropoietic and urinary system. Consequently, stimulation of labour pains and surgical termination of the delivery were required several times. The data in concert with those mentioned in the first part of the study indicate that the clinical pictures associated with the bacterial infections of the urine constitute a significant part of the pathological aspects of pregnancy.

The qualitative and quantitative changes in the bacterial flora of the duodenal juice after truncal vagotomy have been studied in self-control experiments in dogs. The intervention was followed by a rise in the bacterial count without a change in qualitative composition. It is suggested that the accumulation of microorganisms might contribute to the development of postoperative diarrhoea. The role of several partly clarified pathophysiological processes are pointed out.

The cause of nosocomial infections and their possible solutions, according to the chemical compounds of rubber and plastic equipments are shortly summarized. Compounds of rubbers and plastics act as culture medium for bacteria and fungi being causative agents in nosocomial infections and because of their long-term persistence they can be source of such infections. This problem needs cooperation between experts and specialists from different scientific fields working in both industry and medicine. Only "united forces" can make steps in order to find solutions to these emerging questions and problems.