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The article considers analysis of technologies and equipment used for dispersion of micro and nanoparticles. Various methods of preparation of disperse suspensions and colloidal solutions containing nano-particles are described. A summary of the performance of the methods, i.e. the size of the particles after treatment by a method, is presented. Advantages and technological possibilities of methods on specific scientific and applied tasks are considered. Specific attention is paid to the statistical data on the number of methods and their application in research, which is important for the formation of their priority list on the criterion of demand. Separately, the article considers a new method of ultrajet dispersion, which can take its place in the questions of obtaining suspensions and solutions with specified particle sizes. The article is an overview and may potentially be of interest to a wide range of readers addressing the issue of liquids dispersion, as it contains some background data and experience f previously conducted studies.

The article provides a rationale for the synthesis of environmentally friendly water-soluble polymers based on N-vinyl amide, used in various technological processes. The relevance of the work is associated with solving environmental problems of creating biodegradable materials and minimizing the negative impact of polymer materials on the environment. The aim of the work was to synthesize and characterize polymers based on N-vinylamide. The conditions for the synthesis of poly-N-vinylpyrrolidone, poly-N-vinylcaprolactam, poly-N-vinylformamide and polyacrylamide, including the temperature and time of synthesis, have been developed. Alcohols of various structures, hexane and distilled water were used as solvents; thermal initiation was carried out using dinitrile azo-bis-isobutyric acid. The viscosity average molecular weight and intrinsic viscosity of the obtained polymers were calculated. Polymers with molecular weights from 10,000 to 94,000 were obtained by radical polymerization. Polymers of the poly-N-vinylamide series are characterized by the presence of a hydration shell consisting of several layers. The structure of the hydration shell of poly-N-vinylcaprolactam, in which water molecules form hydrogen bonds with the carbonyl group of the polymer, is presented. To characterize the polymers, the IR spectra of their aqueous solutions were obtained, and the assignment of absorption bands in the obtained spectra was given. The synthesized polymers have good complexing ability, which expands the possibilities of their application for the extraction of inorganic and organic substances.

The infant mortality rate in Ukraine has been progressively decreasing over the past decade, but remains very high compared with the countries of the European Union. The mortality rate of infants in the first year of life in Ukraine is 2.5–3 times higher than in the EU countries, while the mortality rate of newborns during the first month of life exceeds the average European level by 6.6 times. This indicates a significant backlog of our country in the implementation of modern standards of medical care for both pregnant women and newborns using modern diagnostic and treatment methodologies.One of the most effective way that allowed to reduce significantly infant mortality and disability rates in the developed countries of the world proved to be introduction of expanded newborn screening as a tool of early detection of wide spectrum of inherited metabolic disorders (IMD) – orphan diseases caused by genetic defects of particular enzymes leading to alterations in specific metabolic pathways. As a rule, IMDs occurrence cannot be established during medical examination of newborns due to the absence of clinical symptoms. Therefore, IMDs are diagnosed in two ways: (i) with clinical manifestation in the form of “neonatal catastrophes” and/or sudden infant death syndrome, (ii) according to the results of a biochemical examination of the blood of all (asymptomatic) newborns (i.e. screening). Delays or errors in the diagnosis of these diseases often lead to irreversible damage of many organs, first of all, the brain (neurological deficits, mental retardation, oligophrenia). Newborn screening – measurement in dried blood spots, sampled in asymptomatic newborns, concentrations of a specific set of substances which characterize key processes of protein, carbohydrate and lipid metabolism as a tool of early IMDs identification and prompt treatment initiation of affected children to prevent metabolic decompensation episodes and disability development was started in the 1960s in the United States with just one disease – phenylketonuria.By now, newborn screening programs have been implemented in more than 50 countries of the world and provide diagnostics of more than 45 IMDs. A significant (8–10 times) expanding the spectrum of IMDs that can be detected upon examination of dried blood spots on filter paper has been achieved by application of a high-throughput quantitative bioanalysis method – tandem mass spectrometry (TMS) in the late 1990s. Unlike routinely applied immunofluorimetric method allowing to measure just one biochemical agent in one blood sample, TMS allowed to analyze concentrations of several dozen substances in one dried blood spot.Currently, in Ukraine newborn screening is carried out for 4 diseases: phenylketonuria, congenital hypothyroidism, congenital adrenal hyperplasia, and cystic fibrosis using the low-throughput immunofluorimetric method. In some cases, expanded newborn screening using TMS method is performed on a commercial basis in foreign laboratories. At the same time, according to the Law of Ukraine No. 2461 “On ensuring the prevention and treatment of rare diseases” dated April 15, 2014, and the Orders of the Ministry of Health of Ukraine No. 778 dated 10.27.2014, No. 919 dated December 30, 2015, and No. 731 dated June 29, 2017, “The list of rare (orphan) diseases, that lead to a reduction of patient’s lifespan or their disability, and for these diseases there are well-established methods of treatment" comprises more than 60 inherited metabolic disorders.This indicates a significant backlog of our country in the issue of not only ethical and medical significance, but great social and economic importance.The key issue of the expanded newborn screening implementation using high-throughput and accurate TMS method in Ukraine is the absence of modern analytical instruments and supplementary equipment in the state medico-genetic laboratories, as well as analysts with sufficient level of training. TMS is a technically complex method based on application of expensive vacuum and chromatographic equipment, special software, isotopic labeling reagents, high-purity gases, instruments maintenance with the aid of foreign experts, as well as qualified lab staff.Such private clinical diagnostic laboratory, where TMS-measurements are performed routinely at site and biomaterials are not transferred abroad exists in Ukraine. This laboratory is capable to perform the full range of measurements at the initial stage of newborn screening (TMS-analysis) and the secondary confirmatory testing using gas-chromatography/mass-spectrometry (GC/MS) and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) methods, as well as enzymes activity assessment and molecular-genetic studies. On the basis of reached agreement in September 2017 it was started the development of the Program of improving the diagnostics of inherited metabolic diseases in newborns and older children in Ukraine. This Program has been initiated by the National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine with the participation of “Association of Pediatricians of Ukraine” and “Association of Neonatologists of Ukraine”, as well as membership of the “Institute of Pediatrics, Obstetrics and Gynecology named after academician O.M. Lukyanova of NAMS of Ukraine”, medical universities and regional health-care providers.The purpose of the Program is to expand up to 29 the list of inherited metabolic disorders to be diagnosed in newborns and older children that allows early start of treatment and follow-up of affected patients. Wide implementation of the Program allows reducing the levels of neonatal, infant and child mortality and disability.The Program is based on the following principles: (i) a clear distribution of the responsibilities between participants considering newborn screening procedures and processes; (ii) implementation of electronic document management system to register transferring of biomaterial from the moment of sampling to presentation of laboratory measurement results, it’s expert evaluation and medical recommendations for further actions; (iii) documented customer feedback to report the results and it’s expert evaluation; (iv) creation of the database for calculating the threshold concentrations of biochemical markers and its’ ratios (cut-off) for the Ukrainian population in order to reduce the number of false-negative and false-positive results.Financing of the Program have relied on funding of regional budgets, extra-budgetary funds and own funds of parents.The implementation of the preparatory phase of the Program was launched in Spring, 2018. The launch of the pilot part of the Program in 5 regions: Kiev, Kiev Region, Lugansk and Donetsk Regions, and the city Chernivtsi is scheduled for April 2019. The program is planned to be expanded throughout Ukraine at the end of 2020.

ObjectivesThe aim of the study is to increase the effectiveness of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) in the context of destabilising meteorological factors on the basis of an identification of links and patterns of unmanned aerial vehicles operating in difficult weather conditions.MethodsIn this work, in order to account for the effect of meteorological factors on the effectiveness of unmanned aerial vehicles, the methods of system analysis, mathematical modelling of atmospheric phenomena and processes, as well as probability theory and statistical assessment, were applied.ResultAn analysis of open literature sources devoted to the issues of operation and practical application of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) under the influence of environmental factors was carried out. A classification of destabilising influences (DI) affecting the performance of a UAV flight mission is developed and presented. The dynamic probabilistic indicator, which, in characterising the dynamics of UAV functions as a complex technical system is referred to as “time efficiency of the UAV flight mission”, is substantiated. A methodology for estimating the dynamic efficiency indicator of the UAV’s functionality during the performance of a flight mission (FM) underDI conditions is developed on the basisof a probabilistic model of the conflicting interaction between UAV and DI. Strategies for selecting the trajectories of flights around local zones in which UAVs can be influenced by DI are given. To estimate the DI intensity and determine the size of the local disturbance zone, a mathematical model is proposed, whose application makes it possible to improve the UAV functioning under complex meteorological conditions (CMC) by taking into account the information on the space-time variability of dangerous for UAV weather-related phenomena (DWP). In the process of constructing the UAV functioning model, the use of conflict theory methods permitted adequate models for the analysis and evaluation of the dynamic efficiency indicator of the UAV functioning during the performance of FM in DI conditions to be developed, as well as the patterns of meteorological factors influencing the effectiveness of the UAV application to be revealed.ConclusionThe methodology proposed in the article makes it possible to increase the effectiveness of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) under complex meteorological conditions by a time index of 20-30% as compared with traditional approaches.

The article shows that clouds and their elements are formed in the atmosphere in the form of large ensembles of quantum-structural (QS) clusters, which are able to radically change the radiation characteristics of the Earth’s atmosphere and other planets. The unique abilities of large ensembles to form fluxes of high-energy particles, antiparticles, and gamma rays (dark lightning) in the atmosphere are explained. Theoretical studies are supported by the results of field and laboratory experiments with quantum-structural filaments (QSF).

The analytical dependencies modeling the stress-strain state of the vertical shaft support for the porous structure materials whose compressed skeleton has simultaneously elastic and plastic properties are obtained. The spatial stability of the ground state of the considered cylindrical support of mine working is explored within the framework of the exact three dimensional equations of stability. The realization of the given models ensures the increase of efficiency and ecological safety of mine works.

The article presents the results of analysis of the pharmaceutical market and economic availability of medicines with the neuroprotective action. Neuroprotection is one of the important directions of the differentiated pharmacotherapy during the acute period of the cerebral circulation impairment (ACCI). It has been found that the maximum achievable therapeutic effect of neuroprotectors could be obtained only in case of observan of three basic principles of evidence based medicine: to prescribe medicines, which efficiency has been proven in large randomized clinical trials or in meta-analyses; to start the treatment as soon as possible (during the first hours from the moment of the ischemic stroke attack); the appropriate efficiency of these medicines can be reached only at the background of the optimal level of the cerebral blood circulation. The volume of neuroprotectors consumption in Ukraine is rather high, and it leads to considerable expences for ACCI pharmacotherapy. At the modern pharmaceutical market of Ukraine medicines with the neuroprotective action used in the treatment of ACCI are widely provided by 26 International Nonproprietary Names (INN) in the form of 85 trade names (TN) produced in different countries of the world. The ratio of domestic and foreign medicines is 1:1.4. The prices of medicines vary in the broad range from 0,68 UAH to 4286,65 UAH, and it gives the opportunity to choose medicines considering their clinical efficacy and cost. Among the INN medicines with the neuroprotective action only 5 medicines (19%), namely glycine, GABA, piracetam combinations with cinnarizine and GABA, and vinpocetine proved to be the most available to consumers. It has been determined that the rate of prices elevation for the majority of the neuroprotectors analyzed are higher than the rate of the wage growth during the period studied. It raises a question of choosing the optimal neuroprotective medicines on the basis of the pharmacoeconomic assessment results., Приведены результаты анализа фармацевтического рынка и экономической доступности лекарственных средств нейропротекторного действия. Нейропротекция является одним из важных направлений дифференцированной фармакотерапии в острый период нарушений мозгового кровообращения (НМК). На максимально достижимый терапевтический эффект нейропротекторов можно рассчитывать только при соблюдении трех основных принципов доказательной медицины: назначение препаратов, эффективность которых доказана в крупных рандомизированных клинических исследованиях или мета-анализах, при максимально раннем их назначении (в первые часы с момента развития ишемического инсульта), их эффективность может быть достигнута только в условиях оптимального уровня церебрального кровотока. Объемы потребления нейропротекторов в Украине значительны, что приводит к высоким затратам на фармакотерапию. На современном фармацевтическом рынке Украины ЛС нейропротекторного действия, применяемые для лечения НМК, широко представлены 26 международными непатентованными названиями (МНН) в виде 85 торговых названий (ТН) производства разных стран мира. Соотношение отечественных и иностранных препаратов составляет 1:1,4. Цены на препараты варьируют в широком диапазоне: 0,68 грн – 4286,65 грн, что предоставляет возможность выбора ЛС с учетом их эффективности и стоимости. Среди всех МНН нейропротекторного действия лишь 5 МНН (19%), а именно: глицин, ГАМК, комбинации пирацетама с циннаризином и ГАМК, винпоцетин были наиболее доступными для потребителей. Темпы роста цен для большинства анализируемых нейропротекторов выше, чем темпы роста заработной платы в течение исследуемого периода, что актуализирует вопрос выбора оптимального препарата на основе результатов фармакоэкономической оценки., Наведені результати аналізу фармацевтичного ринку та економічної доступності лікарських засобів нейропротекторної дії. Нейропротекція є одним з важливих напрямків диференційованої фармакотерапії в гострий період порушень мозкового кровообігу (ПМК). На максимально досяжний терапевтичний ефект нейропротекторів можна розраховувати тільки при дотриманні трьох основоположних принципів доказової медицини: призначення нейропротекторів, ефективність яких доведена у великих рандомізованих клінічних дослідженнях (РКД) або мета-аналізах, при максимально ранньому їх призначенні (протягом перших годин з моменту розвитку ішемічного інсульту), їх ефективність може бути досягнута тільки в умовах оптимального рівня церебрального кровотоку. Обсяги споживання нейропротекторів в Україні значні, що призводить до значних витрат на фармакотерапію. На сучасному фармацевтичному ринку України ЛЗ нейропротекторної дії, що застосовуються для лікування ПМК, широко представлені 26 міжнародними непатентованими назвами (МНН) у вигляді 85 торгових назв (ТН) виробництва різних країн світу. Співвідношення вітчизняних та іноземних препаратів становить 1:1,4. Ціни на препарати варіюють у широкому діапазоні: 0,68 грн – 4286,65 грн, що надає можливість вибору ЛЗ з урахуванням їх ефективності та вартості. Серед усіх МНН нейропротекторної дії лише 5 МНН (19%), а саме: гліцин, ГАМК, комбінації пірацетаму з цинаризином та ГАМК, вінпоцетин були найбільш доступними для споживачів. Темпи росту цін для більшості проаналізованих нейропротекторів вищі, ніж темпи росту заробітної плати протягом досліджуваного періоду, що актуалізує питання вибору оптимального препарату на основі результатів фармакоекономічної оцінки.

According to cluster calculations, the electronic structures of compounds based on Y1Ba2Cu3O7 and Y1Ba2Cu4O8 with isoelectronically substituted barium have some qualitative distinctions. These compounds behave differently upon barium substitution by other elements due to differences in the character of their highest occupied and lowest unoccupied molecular orbitals. Substitution of barium by radium is expected to lead to an increase in oxygen stability without a significant decrease in the critical temperature of superconduction transition Ts. In order to raise Ts, it is of interest to study the systems YBa2−m(Be or Mg)mCu3Ox and YBa2−m(Ca, Sr)mCu3Ox. On partial substitution of barium by calcium in YBa2Cu4O8, the mechanism of Ts elevation may involve contraction of the forbidden band due to oxygen sublattice distortions in the vicinity of Ba centers.

In acute experiments on cats under mixed narcosis (ketamine + N2O) we have investigated background firing activity of the rostral hypothalamic neurons and analyzed it modifications due to serial stimulation (100 imp/s, during 5 s) of the prefrontal, cingulate, pyriform cortices and hippocampus. Analysis of the ongoing mean frequency histograms allowed to single out three types of background firing activity with different rhythmical properties. Three types of interspike intervals distribution i.e. asymmetrical (A), symmetrical (S) and polymodal (P) have been distinguished as well. Cortical stimulation was found to transform types of interspike intervals distribution in 15% of hypothalamic neurons. S-type changed into P-type and A-type--into P-type. Author discussed correlation between the character of background firing activity, types of interspike intervals distribution and functional properties of hypothalamic neurons.

Results of clinical and hygienic research in the area neighboring to Orenbourg and Astrakhan gas chemical enterprises proved that sanitary protection zones planned during construction of the enterprises are inadequate. The results helped to base individual zones of sanitary protection for Orenbourg and Astrakhan gas enterprises, to form clinical and hygienic recommendations for practical management.

Responses of hypothalamic neurons to single (1/s, 20 impulses) stimulation of the prefrontal (area 8), cingulum (area 24), periamygdaloideus (RPA) cortex and hippocampus (field CA3) were studied on experimental cats anesthetized with ketamine. The routine elaborated for IBM PC/AT 386 provided: 1) selection of such neurone reaction with the latent period variation less than its length per the set value (5-20%); 2) selection of repeated neurone reactions with the same variability of latent periods from 20 cortical stimuli; 3) ranging of neurone reactions according to these indices. Quantitative estimation of the priority ranges made it possible to determine the profundity of the functional relations between the cerebral structures.

Evoked potentials (EPs) and neuronal responses of the medial (MPO) and lateral (LPO) preoptic region (RPO) and adjacent areas of the hypothalamus to stimulation of the prefrontal (area 8), cingulum (area 24), periamigdaloideus (RPA) cortex and hippocampus (area CA3) have been studied on cats anesthetized with ketamine. Cortical areas were selected according to their evolutionary status. It is determined that the most pronounced EPs are generated in the RPO to stimulation of the periamigdaloideus and cingulum cortex. A close correlation between responses of single units and EPs waveforms is shown. The majority of neurons responsible for cortical stimuli are located mainly in the basal part of the LPO. It is this area of the RPO where the prevalence of initial excitatory reactions is observed. The MPO contains much less neurons responding to cortical stimulation. In this area of the RPO mainly initial inhibitory reactions are registered. For the LPO a ratio between the inhibitory and excitatory reactions is 0.6:1, for the MPO the same ratio is 5.8:1. In the area of the RPO adjoining the bed nucleus stria terminalis (BST) the initial inhibitory reactions prevail over the initial excitatory ones too (ratio 4.9:1). In the area of the RPO immediately adjoining the nucleus supraopticus the initial excitatory reactions are registered and the ratio between the initial inhibitory reactions and initial excitatory ones is 0.7:1. In the RPO a pronounced convergence of the stimuli from the different cortical areas to the definite cells is found as well. In the RPO which is a zone of wide convergence 3/4 of neurons responded to stimulation of two and more cortical inputs. The combinations of inputs from the prefrontal and cingulum cortex as well as from prefrontal and periamigdaloideus cortex are the most frequent types of convergence of different cortical stimuli to the preoptic neurons.