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Abstract More than 10% of women diagnosed with breast cancer during reproductive age carry hereditary germline pathogenic variants in high-penetrance BRCA genes or in others genes involved in DNA repair mechanisms such as PALB2, BRIP or ATM. Anticancer treatments may have an additional negative impact on the ovarian reserve and subsequently on the fertility of young patients carrying such mutations. Recently, the combination of carboplatin and paclitaxel is being recommended to these BRCA-mutated patients as neoadjuvant therapy. However, the impact on the ovary is unknown. Here, we investigated their effect of on the ovarian reserve using mice carriers of BRCA1-interacting protein C-terminal helicase-1 (BRIP1) mutation that plays an important role in BRCA1-dependent DNA repair. Results revealed that the administration of carboplatin or paclitaxel did not affect the ovarian reserve although increased DNA double-strand breaks were observed with carboplatin alone. Co-administration of carboplatin and paclitaxel resulted in a significant reduction of the ovarian reserve leading to a lower IVF performance, and an activation of the PI3K-Pten pathway, irrespective of the genetic background. This study suggests that co-administration of carboplatin and paclitaxel induces cumulative ovarian damage and infertility but a heterozygote genetic predisposition for DNA damage related to BRCA1 gene function does not increase this risk.

Abstract Background Sperm quality at cancer diagnosis is often compromised by the disease and any given gonadotoxic treatment will further diminish fertility. Objectives Here, we aim to analyze the cryopreserved sperm quality according to the cancer types as well as the fertility outcomes. Methods Our study included all cancer patients who cryopreserved sperm over 20 years at Erasme Hospital Brussels (from 1999 to 2019). First sperm samples from 111 hematologic, 104 testicular, 19 prostate, 28 gastrointestinal, and 16 neurological cancer patients were compared. Results Oligozoo‐asthenozoospermia was observed in 30% of the samples, including 19.33% with severe oligozoospermia (

УДК 342.6The subject. Competence of government bodies and their officials in the sphere of application of the tax law is considered in the article.The purpose of research is to determine the ratio of tax enforcement and application of the tax law, as well as the relationship between the concepts “party of tax enforcement” and “participant of tax legal relations”.Main results and scope of their application. The circle of participants of tax legal relations is broader than the circle of parties of tax law enforcement. The participants of tax legal relations are simultaneously the subjects of tax law, because they realize their tax status when enter into the tax relationships. The tax and customs authorities are the undoubted parties of the tax law enforcement.Although the financial authorities at all levels of government are not mentioned by article 9 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation as participants of tax relations, they are parties of tax enforcement, because they make the agreement for deferment or installment payment of regional and local taxes.Scope of application. Clarification of participants of tax legal relations and determination of their mutual responsibility is essential to effective law enforcement.Conclusion. It was concluded that the scope tax law enforcement is tax proceedings, not administrative proceedings, civil (arbitration) proceedings or enforcement proceedings.The application of the tax law is carried out not only in the form of tax relations, but also in relations of other branches of law.

In the last decade, fertility preservation has risen as a major field of interest, creating new interactions between oncologists and gynecologists. Various options, such as cryopreservation of ovarian tissue, have been developed and are currently routinely proposed in many centers. However, many of the options remain experimental and should be offered to patients only after adequate counseling. This paper addresses the efficiency and the potential of the different fertility preservation approaches.

Introduction. Respiratory cancer and its treatment are known to contribute to muscle weakness and functional impairment. Aim. To assess the effects of rehabilitation in patients with respiratory cancer. Methods. Radically treated respiratory cancer patients were included in a 12-week multidisciplinary rehabilitation program. Results. 16 patients (age: 61 ± 7 years; FEV1: 57 ± 16% pred.) showed a reduced exercise tolerance (VO2max: 56 ± 15% pred.; 6 MWD: 67 ± 11% pred.), muscle force (PImax: 54 ± 22% pred.; QF: 67 ± 16% pred.), and quality of life (CRDQd: 17 ± 5 points; CRDQf: 16 ± 5 points). Exercise tolerance, muscle force, and quality of life improved significantly after rehabilitation. Conclusion. Radically treated patients with respiratory cancer have a decreased exercise capacity, muscle force, and quality of life. 12 weeks of rehabilitation leads to a significant improvement in exercise capacity, respiratory muscle force, and quality of life.

The degree of anaemia in sickle cell disease (SCD) is a well-known contributor to morbidity and mortality. We aimed to explore the factors affecting haemoglobin (Hb) level in African SCD patients, considering haemolysis biomarkers (LDH and bilirubin level, and reticulocyte count), leucocyte and platelet counts and socio-demographic characteristics (gender, age group, country of residence and BMI). The research was part of the CADRE multinational cohort and involved 3699 SCD patients living in Mali, Senegal, Ivory Coast, Democratic Republic of Congo, Gabon and Cameroon: 2936 SS/Sβ0, 587 SC and 176 Sβ + patients with median Hb level of 8, 11.3 and 11.2 g/dL respectively (p < 0.001). In multivariate analysis conducted in 1394 SS/Sβ0 patients, living in Cameroon, female gender, lower BMI, higher haemolysis markers (especially LDH) and higher leucocyte and platelet counts were independently associated with lower Hb level (all p < 0.05). In 497 SC and 156 Sβ + patients, female gender (p < 0.001), lower BMI (p < 0.05) and higher platelet counts (p < 0.001) were independently associated with lower Hb level. Anaemia in African SCD patients is not only associated with haemolysis but also with the country of residence, lower BMI and leucocyte or platelet counts which might reflect inflammation related to infectious burden in the region., (© 2024 The Author(s). British Journal of Haematology published by British Society for Haematology and John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Multiple sclerosis (MS) may impact quality of life, careers and family plans of the affected individuals. The current treatments with disease modifying therapies aim to prevent people with MS (pwMS) from disability accumulation and progression. Different countries have different reimbursement policies resulting in inequalities in patient care among geographical regions. Access to anti-CD20 therapies for relapsing MS is restricted in Hungary because therapy of individual cases only is reimbursed. In the light of the latest research and national guidelines, 17 Hungarian MS experts agreed on 8 recommendations regarding relapsing pwMS using the Delphi round method. Strong agreement (> 80%) was achieved in all except one recommendation after three rounds, which generated a fourth Delphi round. The experts agreed on treatment initiation, switch, follow-up and discontinuation, as well as on special issues such as pregnancy, lactation, elderly population, and vaccination. Well-defined national consensus protocols may facilitate dialogue between policymakers and healthcare professionals and thus contribute to better patient care in the long run., (© 2023. The Author(s).)

Nutritional vulnerability under the age of 6 months is prevalent in low- and middle-income countries with 20.1% infants underweight, 21.3% wasted and 17.6% stunted in a recent review. A novel Care Pathway for improved management of small and nutritionally at-risk infants under 6 months and their mothers (MAMI) has recently been developed to provide outpatient care at large coverage. We aimed to investigate stakeholders' views on the feasibility of its implementation and to identify barriers and enablers. This was an early stage formative mixed-methods study: an online survey plus in-depth interviews with country-level stakeholders in nutrition and child health from different geographical regions and stakeholder groups. 189 stakeholders from 42 countries responded to the online survey and 14 remote interviews were conducted. Participants expressed an urgent need for improved detection and care for small and nutritionally at-risk infants under 6 months. Whilst they considered the MAMI Care Pathway feasible and relevant, they noted it was largely unknown in their country. The most mentioned implementation barriers were: community-specific needs and health care seeking barriers, health workers' lack of competence in breastfeeding counselling and the absence of a validated anthropometric screening method. Possible enablers for its implementation were: patients' preference for outpatient care, integrating the MAMI care pathway into existing maternal and child health programmes and the possibility of a local pilot project. Adaptation to the local context was considered crucial in further scale-up., (© 2022 The Authors. Maternal & Child Nutrition published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

There are significant numbers of transboundary shipments of live insects for pollination, pest management, industrial processes, research and other uses, but data collection and analysis have proved difficult. The World Organisation for Animal Health and Collectif TIS (Technique de l'Insecte Stérile), a French think tank, carried out a stakeholder survey to understand the nature of the live insect trade and potential challenges to safety and efficiency. Target respondents had experience in the areas of biocontrol, sterile insect technique, entomological research and regulatory affairs. Although the survey was sent globally, the responses were unintentionally biased towards Europe, where interest is high, since this region is developing a comprehensive framework to promote the use of beneficial insects to replace pesticides. The survey also explored respondents' knowledge of several international agreements on the movement and risk management of beneficial or invasive insects. Knowledge of the various regulations was generally poor, and respondents highlighted a perceived lack of clarity regarding live insect shipments in the existing international regulations and guidelines. Almost two-thirds of participants reported reluctance by carriers to accept live insects for shipment, and three-quarters described occasional to systematic delays that resulted in a reduction of quality or viability. Some respondents reported that they instead hand-carry live insects, mostly in small quantities. Participants described being directly involved in trade covering 70 species of live insects and ticks transported among 37 countries, with volumes ranging from fewer than ten insects to over a million per shipment. Of these, 30% were potential vectors of pathogens to humans or animals, 42% were potential plant pest species (including some used for biocontrol), and 17% were classical biocontrol agents. The results of this survey begin to define the current scope, scale and issues for those involved in shipping live insects and ticks across political boundaries. The survey's aim is to persuade regulatory bodies and shipping operators to facilitate safety, efficiency and consistency in this underdeveloped sector.

A Patients: Because of the past 3 decades' extensive research, several disease modifying therapies became available, thus a paradigm change is multiple sclerosis care was necessary. In 2018 a therapeutic guideline was created recommending that treatment of persons with multiple sclerosis should take place in specified care units where the entire spectrum of disease modifying therapies is available, patient monitoring is ensured, and therapy side effects are detected and treated promptly. In 2019 multiple sclerosis care unit criteria were developed, emphasizing personnel and instrumental requirements to provide most professional care. However, no survey was conducted assessing the real-world adaptation of these criteria., Objective: To assess whether Hungarian care units fulfil international criteria., Methods: A self-report questionnaire was assembled based on international guidelines and sent to Hungarian care units focusing on 3 main aspects: personnel and instrumental background, disease-modifying therapy use, number of people living with multiple sclerosis receiving care in care units. Data on number of persons with multiple sclerosis were compared to Hungarian prevalence estimates. Descriptive statistics were used to analyse data., Results: Out of 27 respondent care units, 3 fulfilled minimum requirements and 7 fulfilled minimum and recommended requirements. The least prevalent neighbouring specialties were spasticity and pain specialist, and neuro-ophthalmologist and oto-neurologist. Only 15 centres used all available disease modifying therapies. A total number of 7213 people with multiple sclerosis received care in 27 respondent centres. Compared to prevalence estimates, 2500 persons with multiple sclerosis did not receive multiple sclerosis specific care in Hungary., Conclusion: Less than half of Hungarian care units provided sufficient care for people living with multiple sclerosis. Care units employing fewer neighbouring specialties, might have difficulties diagnosing and providing appropriate care for persons with multiple sclerosis, especially for people with progressive disease course, contributing to the reported low number of persons living with multiple sclerosis., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Background and Purpose: The goal of this study was to determine the prevalence and incidence of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) in Hungary based on the 2015 International Panel of NMO Diagnosis (IPND) criteria., Methods: A retrospective population-based cohort study was conducted of 6.4 million Hungarians (age ≥ 16 years) between 1 January 2006 and 31 December 2016. Possible NMOSD patients were selected via multistage re-evaluation from multiple sources. Crude and sex- and serostatus-specific prevalence (per 100 000 persons) and incidence rates (per 1 000 000 person-years) from 2006 to 2015 were estimated and age-adjusted rates were determined., Results: Of 2262 study candidates, 154 NMOSD patients (age ≥ 16 years) with onset until 31 December 2016 were identified based on 2015 IPND criteria. The prevalence analysis on 1 January 2016 included 123 NMOSD living cases, resulting in a prevalence of 1.91 [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.52-2.28] per 100 000 persons. The 101 incident cases emerging from the observed 76 394 288 person-years provided an incidence rate of 1.32 (95% CI 1.08-1.61) per 1 000 000 person-years. Age-adjusted prevalence was 1.87 (95% CI 1.56-2.23) per 100 000 persons and incidence was 1.20 (95% CI 0.98-1.46) per 1 000 000 person-years., Conclusions: In this first report of a large population-based epidemiological study from an Eastern European Caucasian population using robust case validation, a greater prevalence and incidence of NMOSD was found compared to previous large studies in Caucasian populations., (© 2019 European Academy of Neurology.)

Background: Treatment of acute malnutrition in infants under 6 months is a relevant topic regarding the global problem of maternal and child malnutrition. While treatment for older age groups has shifted more towards an outpatient, community based approach, young infants are mostly treated in hospital. This study aims to describe barriers and facilitators for outpatient and inpatient treatment of malnourished infants under 6 months in Senegal., Methods: This qualitative descriptive study uses in-depth interviews with health workers and focus group discussions with mothers of malnourished infants, conducted from June to September 2015 in two case clinics. In data analysis, Collins' 3 key factors for a successful nutrition program were used as a theoretical framework: access, quality of care and community engagement., Results: Within Collins' 3 key factors, 9 facilitators and barriers have emerged from the data. Key factor access: Outpatient care was perceived as more accessible than inpatient concerning distance and cost, given that there is a milk supplement available. Trust could be more easily generated in an outpatient setting. Key factor quality of care: The cup and spoon re-lactation technique was efficiently used in outpatient setting, but needed close supervision. Basic medical care could be offered to outpatients provided that referral of complicated cases was adequate. Health education was more intensive with inpatients, but could be done with outpatients. Key factor community engagement: The community appeared to play a key role in treating malnourished young infants because of its influence on health seeking behaviour, peer support and breastfeeding practices., Conclusions: Outpatient care does facilitate access, provided that an affordable milk supplement is available. Quality of care can be guaranteed using an appropriate re-lactation technique and a referral system for complications. The community has the potential to be much engaged, though more attention is required for breastfeeding education. In view of the magnitude of the health problem of young infant malnutrition and its strong relationship with breastfeeding practices, an outpatient community-based treatment approach needs to be considered.

Background: Several studies conducted in America or Europe have described major cardiac remodeling and diastolic dysfunction in patients with sickle cell disease (SCD). We aimed at assessing cardiac involvement in SCD in sub-Saharan Africa where SCD is the most prevalent. Methods: In Cameroon, Mali and Senegal, SCD patients and healthy controls of the CADRE study underwent transthoracic echocardiography if aged ≥10 years. The comparison of clinical and echocardiographic features between patients and controls, and the associations between echocardiographic features and the vascular complications of SCD were assessed. Results: 612 SCD patients (483 SS or Sβ 0 , 99 SC, and 19 Sβ + ) and 149 controls were included. The prevalence of dyspnea and congestive heart failure was low and did not differ significantly between patients and controls. While left ventricular ejection fraction did not differ between controls and patients, left and right cardiac chambers were homogeneously more dilated and hypertrophic in patients compared to controls and systemic vascular resistances were lower ( p < 0.001 for all comparisons). Three hundred and forty nine SCD patients had extra-cardiac organ damages (stroke, leg ulcer, priapism, microalbuminuria or osteonecrosis). Increased left ventricular mass index, cardiac dilatation, cardiac output, and decreased systemic vascular resistances were associated with a history of at least one SCD-related organ damage after adjustment for confounders. Conclusions: Cardiac dilatation, cardiac output, left ventricular hypertrophy, and systemic vascular resistance are associated with extracardiac SCD complications in patients from sub-Saharan Africa despite a low prevalence of clinical heart failure. The prognostic value of cardiac subclinical involvement in SCD patients deserves further studies.

The hyperhemolysis paradigm that describes overlapping "hyperhemolytic-endothelial dysfunction" and "high hemoglobin-hyperviscous" subphenotypes of sickle cell disease (SCD) patients is based on North American studies. We performed a transversal study nested in the CADRE cohort to analyze the association between steady-state hemolysis and vascular complications of SCD among sub-Saharan African patients. In Mali, Cameroon, and Ivory Coast, 2407 SCD patients (1751 SS or sickle β-zero-thalassemia [Sβ 0 ], 495 SC, and 161 sickle β + -thalassemia [Sβ + ]), aged 3 years old and over, were included at steady state. Relative hemolytic intensity was estimated from a composite index derived from principal component analysis, which included bilirubin levels or clinical icterus, and lactate dehydrogenase levels. We assessed vascular complications (elevated tricuspid regurgitant jet velocity [TRV], microalbuminuria, leg ulcers, priapism, stroke, and osteonecrosis) by clinical examination, laboratory tests, and echocardiography. After adjustment for age, sex, country, and SCD phenotype, a low hemoglobin level was significantly associated with TRV and microalbuminuria in the whole population and with leg ulcers in SS-Sβ 0 adults. A high hemolysis index was associated with microalbuminuria in the whole population and with elevated TRV, microalbuminuria, and leg ulcers in SS-Sβ 0 adults, but these associations were no longer significant after adjustment for hemoglobin level. In conclusion, severe anemia at steady state in SCD patients living in West and Central Africa is associated with elevated TRV, microalbuminuria, and leg ulcers, but these vascular complications are not independently associated with indirect markers of increased hemolysis. Other mechanisms leading to anemia, including malnutrition and infectious diseases, may also play a role in the development of SCD vasculopathy., (© 2017 by The American Society of Hematology.)

Sickle cell disease poses a public health problem in Senegal. It mainly affects children and adolescents. This study aimed to determine the epidemiological, clinical and hematological profiles of homozygous (SS) sickle cell disease in a cohort of children followed-up at the Peace Hospital in Ziguinchor. We conducted a retrospective study of the medical records from children with sickle cell disease. All patients aged between 2 months and 21 years with sickle cell disease SS during the intercritical period, hospitalized during the study period from 1 st January 2015 to 31 August 2017 were included in our study. Compound heterozygous patients (SC, S Beta Thalassemia) were not included. We collected 46 medical records of patients with sickle cell disease SS (20 girls and 26 boys). The average age of children was 8,0 years [11 months-21 years]. Approximately 1/3 of children (39.1%) had an age less than or equal to 5 years. There was an ethnic diversity showing a predominance of the Diola (30.2%) followed by the Mandinga (27.9%) and the Poular (25.6%). The average age of children with first crisis was 35,5 months [7-192 months]. More than 1/3 of children (41.3%) had had first crisis before their second anniversary. In the child, first crisis was dominated by vaso-occlusive crisis (32.6%) followed by hand-foot syndrome (30.4%). Clinical signs during the intercritical period were pallor 95.6%), jaundice (36.9%) and splenomegaly (21.7%). Mean white blood cell count was 12465 leucocytes/mm 3 [5340-26900]. Hyperleukocytosis greater than 10 000 leucocytes/mm 3 was found in 34 patients (73.9%). All patients had anemia with an average hemoglobin of 08,6 g/dl [05,7-11,8]. Hemoglobin S rate ranged between 54.6 and 98.4%. Diagnosis and medical management of sickle cell disease SS are delayed in Ziguinchor. Neonatal screening may lead to improve early management of patients in the region.

Background: Although a blood genetic disease, sickle cell disease (SCD) leads to a chronic vasculopathy with multiple organ involvement. We assessed arterial stiffness in SCD patients and looked for associations between arterial stiffness and SCD-related vascular complications., Methods: The CADRE (Coeur Artères et Drepanocytose, ie, Heart Arteries and Sickle Cell Disease) study prospectively recruited pediatric and adult SCD patients and healthy controls in Cameroon, Ivory Coast, Gabon, Mali, and Senegal. Patients underwent clinical examination, routine laboratory tests (complete blood count, serum creatinine level), urine albumin/creatinine ratio measure, and a measure of carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (cf-PWV) and augmentation index (AI) at a steady state. The clinical and biological correlates of cf-PWV and AI were investigated by using a multivariable multilevel linear regression analysis with individuals nested in families further nested in countries., Results: Included were 3627 patients with SCD and 943 controls. Mean cf-PWV was lower in SCD patients (7.5±2.0 m/s) than in controls (9.1±2.4 m/s, P<0.0001), and lower in SS-Sβ(0) than in SC-Sβ(+) phenotypes. AI, corrected for heart rate, increased more rapidly with age in SCD patients and was higher in SCD than in control adults. cf-PWV and AI were independently associated with age, sex, height, heart rate, mean blood pressure, hemoglobin level, country, and hemoglobin phenotype. After adjustment for these correlates, cf-PWV and AI were associated with the glomerular filtration rate and osteonecrosis. AI was also associated with stroke, pulmonary hypertension, and priapism, and cf-PWV was associated with microalbuminuria., Conclusions: PWV and AI are deeply modified in SCD patients in comparison with healthy controls. These changes are independently associated with a lower blood pressure and a higher heart rate but also with the hemoglobin phenotype. Moreover, PWV and AI are associated with several SCD clinical complications. Their prognostic value will be assessed at follow-up of the patients., (© 2016 American Heart Association, Inc.)

Objectives: We aimed to describe the clinical, epidemiological, and outcome characteristics of IPD case patients hospitalized at the Albert-Royer National Children's Hospital (French acronym CHNEAR) to evaluate the disease burden of IPDs in a pediatric hospital of Dakar (Senegal)., Patients and Methods: All children aged 0-15 years hospitalized at the CHNEAR between January 1st, 2008 and December 31st, 2013 for a documented IPD were included in the study. Medical history, risk factors, clinical, bacteriological, and outcome data was collected. Data was then analyzed using the SPSS software, version 16 (Pearson's Chi(2) test: a P-value<0.05 was considered statistically significant)., Results: A total of 218 IPD patients were hospitalized at the CHNEAR during the study period (hospital prevalence: 0.79%). The mean age was 36.1 months. The male to female ratio was 1.27 (122 boys and 96 girls). Infants<2 years of age represented 61.46% of patients. Prior antibiotic therapy was found in 54% of patients but details were lacking. Infection sites were mostly meningeal (61%) and pleuropulmonary (28.9%). The main isolated serotypes were 1, 6A, 14, 5, and 23F. Case fatality was 17.4% and it was five times higher for pneumococcal meningitis., Conclusion: IPDs are very common in children in Senegal. Infants<2 years of age are particularly affected. The very high case fatality (17%) was significantly associated with meningeal infection sites hence the need for better access to pneumococcal vaccines., (Copyright © 2015. Published by Elsevier SAS.)

Background: Chronic kidney disease is one of the leading causes of mortality in patients with sickle cell disease. However, it has been almost exclusively studied in patients with the SS phenotype and in high-income countries, despite more than 80% of patients living in Africa. We looked for the determinants of glomerulopathy in a multinational cohort of patients with sickle cell disease of different phenotypes in sub-Saharan Africa., Methods: In the CADRE cohort, we prospectively included patients 3 years and older with sickle cell disease of all haemoglobin phenotypes in Cameroon, Côte d'Ivoire, Mali, and Senegal. All individuals were assessed at steady state. The main outcome of interest was albuminuria defined as a urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio of greater than 30 mg/g. We investigated the clinical and biological determinants (including haemolysis markers) of albuminuria in two main phenotype groups (SS and Sβ(0); SC and Sβ(+)) with further stratification by age and country., Findings: The study is ongoing because of follow-up. 2582 patients with sickle cell disease were included (1776 SS, 136 Sβ(0), 511 SC, and 159 Sβ(+)). 644 patients with the SS and Sβ(0) phenotypes (33·7%, 95% CI 31·6-35·8) and 110 with the SC and Sβ(+) phenotypes (16·4%, 13·6-19·2) had albuminuria. In the SS and Sβ(0) group, albuminuria was detected in 144 (27%) of 527 children younger than 10 years and its frequency increased with age (29 [48%] of 60 patients aged >40 years). Multivariable analysis showed that albuminuria was associated with age (odds ratio 1·43, 95% CI 1·20-1·71; p<0·0001), female sex (1·35, 1·02-1·82; p=0·045), low haemoglobin (0·79, 0·66-0·93; p=0·006), high lactate dehydrogenase concentrations (1·33, 1·14-1·58; p=0·0009), and, using Côte d'Ivoire as the reference, Mali (2·49, 1·64-3·79; p=0·042) and Cameroon (1·59, 1·01-2·51; p=0·0007) in patients with the SS and Sβ(0) phenotypes. The magnitude of the association of albuminuria with haemoglobin and lactate dehydrogenase concentrations increased with age. In the SC and Sβ(+) patients, only low haemoglobin (0·69, 0·48-0·97; p=0·029), high blood pressure (1·63, 1·17-2·27; p=0·0017), and Mali (3·75, 1·75-8·04; p<0·0001) were associated with albuminuria., Interpretation: Hyperhaemolysis is associated with albuminuria, with an age-dependent effect, in the SS and Sβ(0) phenotypes only, suggesting a different pathological mechanism for glomerular disease in the patients with SC and Sβ(+) phenotypes. However, both phenotypes are associated with a high prevalence of albuminuria in childhood. Therefore, screening for albuminuria is advised in African children with sickle cell disease to detect early renal damage., Funding: Paris Cité Sorbonne University (GrEX project) and Cardiology and Development., (Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Nanosilver-modified TiO2 and ZnO photocatalysts were studied against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus on the surface and against naturally occurring airborne microorganisms. The photocatalysts/polymer nanohybrid films were prepared by spray coating technique on the surface of glass plates and on the inner surface of the reactive light source. The photoreactive surfaces were activated with visible light emitting LED light at λ = 405 nm. The optical properties of the prepared photocatalyst/polymer nanohybrid films were characterized by diffuse reflectance measurements. The photocatalytic properties were verified with the degradation of ethanol by gas chromatography measurements. The destruction of the bacterial cell wall component was examined with transmission electron microscope. The antibacterial effect of the photocatalyst/polymer nanohybrid films was tested with different methods and with the associated standard ISO 27447:2009. With the photoreactive coatings, an extensive disinfectant film was developed and successfully prepared. The cell wall component of S. aureus was degraded after 1 h of illumination. The antibacterial effect of the nanohybrid films has been proven by measuring the decrease of the number of methicillin-resistant S. aureus on the surface and in the air as the function of illumination time. The photocatalyst/polymer nanohybrid films could inactivate 99.9 % of the investigated bacteria on different thin films after 2 h of illumination with visible light source. The reactive light source with the inner-coated photocatalyst could kill 96 % of naturally occurring airborne microorganisms after 48 h of visible light illumination in indoor air sample. The TEM results and the microbiological measurements were completed with toxicity tests carried out with Vibrio fischeri bioluminescence bacterium.