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Enterobacteriaceae communities in gingival crevice grow as biofilms (plaque) on teeth and gum surfaces in periodontal pockets; and are implicated in chronic periodontitis due to periodontal therapy failure. This study was designed to determine the frequency of antibiotic resistant genes in Enterobacteriaceae isolated from gingivitis and chronic periodontitis patients visiting dental clinics (FCDT & T) in Enugu, and the antibacterial activity of some commercially-produced mouth washing agents. A total of 178 clinical enterobacteria species previously isolated and characterized from gingivitis and periodontitis patients comprising K. pneumoniae (n=65), E. coli (n=44), Salmonella species (n=35) and K. oxytoca (n=34) were collected. Isolated bacteria were re-characterized using standard microbiology procedures which include culturing, Gram staining, biochemical test, and sugar fermentation test. Antibacterial activity of selected brandsof mouth wash agents namely, Oral B, Pearl drop smoker, Dentyl active, and Listerine, were assessed by agar well diffusion assay. Screening for the presence of blaCTX-M, blaSHV, and blaOXA resistance genes was done by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The mouth wash agents used in this study had antibacterial activity against isolated enterobacteria species at various concentrations with the highest inhibitory zone diameter (IZD) of 23 mm recorded for Salmonella species. PCR analysis revealed the presence of blaCTX-M (100 %), blaOXA (100 %), and blaSHV (92.4 %) genes respectively in the isolated enterobacteria species. Enterobacteriaceae that harbor different antibiotic-resistant genes were present in periodontitis and gingivitis patients visiting FCDT & T, Enugu. This might possibly contribute to the destruction of gingival and periodontal tissues, and the spreading of multidrug-resistant bacterial strains in patients, thus making treatment difficult.

Sixty (60) days of feeding trial was done to determine the effects of different formulations of molasses-urea blocks as supplements on performance of Yankasa rams fed maize stover as basal diet. 12 growing Yankasa rams aged between 9- 12 months with average weight of were subjected to four (4) dietary treatments consisting of three (3) replicates per treatments. The four treatments were, T1 (Maize stover alone), T2 (molasses 36%, rice offal 43%, urea 5%, cement 7% salt 9% and basal diet)), T3 (molasses 26%, rice offal 43%, urea 15%, cement 9% salt 7% and basal diet) and T4 (Molasses 40%, rice offal 39%, urea 10%, cement 4% salt 7% and basal diet). The highest dry matter intake was recorded in T2 (780.67g/h/day) while the lowest was recorded in T4 (531mg/h/day) with significant (P<0.05) difference between treatments. T2 has the highest water intake value with 3.16 liters while the lowest was recorded in T1 2.64 liters. Better feed conversion ratio and highest daily weight gain was obtained among rams in T2 (17.32g/day) with significant difference (P<0.05) between treatments. The result shows higher concentration of Ammonia (mg/mol) in T4 (9.97mg/100ml), and the lowest was recorded in T1 (14.95mg/100ml). The study reveals that rams supplemented with T2(molasses 36%, rice offal 43%, urea 15%, cement 9% and salt 7%) generally gave a significantly (P<0.05) higher performance in terms of dry matter intake and live weight gain. The blood parameters falls within acceptable range thus it is safe to feed the said blocks to Yankasa rams. The cost of feeding molasses - urea blocks as feed supplement to Yankasa rams as maintenance diet was observed to be relatively cheaper especially when grasses are not available. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]