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The article presents an analysis of causes of recurrent respiratory infections in children. The special attention is drawn to the need for improvement of the epidemiological, anamnestic, social and other data to clarify the causes and provoking factors for increased respiratory morbidity. It has been shown that allergic diseases, immunodeficiency states, persistent herpetic infections, functional gastrointestinal disorders, etc. are often hidden.under the mask of “frequently ill children”. This determines the importance of a detailed assessment of clinical manifestations of each episode of the disease and the correct interpretation of examination results for the timely diagnosis specification. It was proposed to move from targeting the “frequently ill children” group to nosological verification, which have a high level of respiratory morbidity. It has been proved that early arriving at a diagnosis makes it possible to timely prescribe etiopathogenetic therapy, which significantly increases the effectiveness of treatment. The article presents an analysis of clinical studies of the effectiveness and safety of OM-85 immunomodulator of bacterial origin in children with recurrent respiratory diseases.

Acute obstructive laryngitis is a life-threatening upper respiratory tract disease of various aetiologies that is characterized by laryngostenosis and manifests itself by barking cough, dysphonia and inspiratory dyspnoea [8]. A child showing these clinical symptoms needs urgent medical care. Delay in emergency treatment of a child with acute obstructive laryngitis may lead to serious complications and even to an unfavourable outcome [1–15].

Acute upper respiratory tract infections maintain leadership in the overall morbidity patterns of the Russian Federation population. The highest prevalence of acute respiratory infections is reported in the pediatric population. For example, if in 2016 there were 21,703.38 cases of acute upper respiratory tract infections per 100,000 population nationwide, the incidence rate in children aged 0–14 years was 4.1 times higher and amounted to 88,621.04 per 100,000 [1].

Acute respiratory viral infections (ARVI) occupy a special place in pediatric practice. This is due to several factors including high incidence, increased morbidity, frequently severe course and risk of complications especially in children with premorbidities, as well as a significant economic and social burden [1]. It should be specifically noted that ARVI in children is the main reason for seeking medical care on an outpatient basis, accounting for more than 90% of all doctor visits during the epidemic outbreak of the disease [2].

One of the causes of hepatomegaly in children are rare (orphan) diseases associated with congential metabolic disorders. Starting from 2008, the last day of February is Rare Disease Day. As a rule, knowing that the child has a congenital metabolism disorder does not inspire pediatrician's optimism because of poor prognosis and ineffective therapy. However today, new drugs are emerging that can improve the quality of life of patients with orphan diseases. The main target of the pediatrician is timely diagnosis which allows to prescribe replacement enzyme therapy.

Rational therapy is one of the basic conditions for an effective and safe treatment. Polypharmacy is a frequent mistake of rational therapy which is particularly relevant in pediatric practice. Given that polypharmacy is especially common in the treatment of children with acute respiratory infections (ARI), we consider it appropriate to focus on the challenges of rational therapy of ARI symptoms, one of which is cough. [1]

Respiratory mycoplasmosis is a group of infectious and inflammatory diseases of the respiratory system caused by pathogenic microorganisms - Mycoplasma species. It was found that the major causative agent is Mycoplasma pneumoniae (M. pneumoniae). The role of other mycoplasma pathogens in the development of respiratory infections still remains a subject of debate. Hence, the term "respiratory mycoplasmosis" is generally associated with M-pneumoniae infection [5, 7, 15, 22].

The recent decades have generated increasing interest in vitamin D due to better understanding of its role in the organism. [1] At present, specialists involved in the study of metabolic and physiological effects of vitamin D are convinced that its active forms are prohormones, i.e. precursors of the hormone calcitriol. [2-8].