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The paper analyzes the impact of fiscal rules on the cyclicality of non- interest public spending. It is concluded that for both developed and developing countries for 1995—2019 non-interest public spending is procyclical, and having at least one fiscal rule at the national level reduces the procyclicality of spending. The reaction to the introduction of a fiscal rule depends on the existence of institutional conditions for its successful application. The presence and rigidity of the rules are offset by the possible non-compliance with them. Fiscal rules are not a sufficient condition for a counter-cyclical fiscal policy and do not guarantee a solution to the problems of debt burden and stabilization of expenditures. Hardly 22 out of 49 countries that have applied at least one fiscal rule for 5 years and for which data for at least 10 years of non-interest spending are available show counter-cyclical non-interest spending behavior, and only 7 of them managed to reduce their debt burden after the introduction of a system of fiscal restrictions.

Currently, to obtain light polymer composite materials with high strength characteristics, hollow microspheres of various nature (glass, quartz, polymer, etc.) are used as fillers. Hollow glass microspheres of different grades (manufactured by JSC «SIO Stekloplastik») were studied by various methods, the disperse structure was described using the generalized parameters model, the light dispersion-filled polymer composite materials (DFPCM) were classified according to the structural principle, generalized and reduced parameters were calculated, and the structure, compositions of light CMs on polymer matrices of various nature were designed.

Canning fish with table salt is one of the predominant processing methods that helps protect the product from decomposition by microorganisms and is used as disinfection for some invasive diseases. But the violation of manufacturing technologies and the use of stale fish as raw materials contributes to the development of defects and the preservation of the viability of parasites, which can pose a danger to human health.Anisakidosis is a helminthiasis caused by nematodes from the genus Anisakis simplex, localized in the muscle tissue and serous membranes of marine fish. This pathogen leads to intestinal invasions in many species of mammals, including humans.The purpose of our study was to conduct a parasitological study of samples of Atlantic herring (Clupea harengus) undivided salted of different brands.This article highlights the study of Atlantic herring of different brands sold in the retail chain of St. Petersburg. An external and internal examination of herring, a compressor study of muscle tissue and a study using the method of parallel muscle incisions were carried out. Among the studied samples, according to the results of the parasitological study, trademarks I and II account for 4 infected herring out of 10 (40%), and among the samples of trademark III, 7 out of 10 samples were affected by nematodes of the genus Anisakis simplex (70%).

Objectives. One of the most promising methods of treating malignant tumors is 10B-neutron capture therapy. While compounds based on cluster boron anions [BnHn]2− (n = 10, 12) are often used as boron-containing agents due to the very high specific concentration of boron atoms per particle, the use of such compounds is associated with the need to develop new methods for the functionalization of boron clusters associated with the production of boron-containing derivatives containing biologically active functional groups. One of the most convenient methods of modification of [BnHn]2− (n = 10, 12) anions is the interaction of their derivatives containing cyclic oxonium-type substituents with negatively charged or neutral nucleophilic reagents. The disclosure of substituents of this type leads to the formation of closo-borates with functional groups separated from the cluster by an alkoxyl spacer chain. The purpose of this study is to develop methods for the synthesis of derivatives of the closo-decaborate anion [B10H10]2− with pendant nitrogen-containing groups.Methods. The general control of the reactions of the disclosure of cyclic substituents was carried out on the basis of 11B nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy data. The structure of the obtained derivatives, including the nature of the attached functional groups, was determined using 1H, 13C attached proton test (APT) NMR and infrared (IR) spectroscopy data. The molecular weight of the synthesized compounds was confirmed by electrospray ionization mass-spectrometry (ESI–MS).Results. The interaction of the anion [2-B10H9O(CH2)4O]− with secondary amines (dimethylamine, dipropylamine, diallylamine, dibutylamine, diisobutylamine, morpholine, di-sec-butylamine) in an ethanol environment is investigated. As a result of the reactions, a cyclic substituent is shown to expand with the addition of a nucleophilic reagent. Seven new derivatives of the closodecaborate anion with pendant nitrogen-containing groups have been synthesized.Conclusions. A developed method for obtaining closo-decaborates with ammonium groups separated from the boron cluster by an alkoxyl spacer group is presented. It is shown that the use of amines of various structures does not fundamentally affect the course of the reactions, allowing the composition and structure of the target derivatives to be effectively regulated. The resulting compounds can be involved in further modification reactions due to a reactive pendant group, as well as being suitable for use as effective polydentate ligands. Closo-decaborates with pendant nitrogen-containing groups and their derivatives are of considerable interest in the synthesis of compounds for use in 10B-neutron capture therapy of malignant tumors.

This literature review is devoted to the problem of epilepsy caused by pituitary neuroendocrine tumors: their detailed classification with the latest recommendations of the World Health Organization 2022, clinical picture of each variant of pituitary neuroendocrine tumor in a complex multidisciplinary approach are considered. The main feature of the review is a detailed consideration of the epilepsy associated with this condition, which is considered to be a rather rare manifestation of the disease (incidence in patients is 0.5 %), due to which very few cases of epilepsy in patients with pituitary adenoma have been described in the literature. Our work has analyzed the fundamental works of domestic scientists in this field, as well as current information from foreign sources and most of the available clinical cases of epilepsy in this group of patients, revealing in detail the pathogenesis of epilepsy at all levels, including molecular changes. Modern techniques for the treatment approach in this group of patients are also described, the effectiveness of drug and surgical therapy is analyzed according to the criteria of the frequency of long-term persistent remission and recurrence, side effects of drugs and complications of transsphenoidal tumor resection are reviewed, including in terms of possible epilepsy; conclusions about the most rational and effective approach to treatment of various types of hypophysial neuroendocrine tumors are drawn.

This article describes a technique for detecting pesticides in poultry meat samples using thin layer chromatography. In the course of the study, the qualitative indicators of the content of pesticides in samples of poultry carcasses treated with the insecticide esbiotrin, used to prevent the reproduction of the red chicken mite among the poultry population, were determined. The studies were carried out at various time intervals from the moment the poultry was treated with the drug; quantitative determination of the content of the residual concentration of pesticides by thin-layer chromatography will reveal the feasibility and safety of using the active substance as an insecticide in poultry farming. Chromatographic studies were carried out on the basis of the Department of Veterinary and Sanitary Expertise of the SPbGUVM.During the experiment, 3 experimental groups of laying hens and 1 control group (10 animals each) were selected. The experimental groups were treated with a 0.001% solution of esbiotrin after which the birds were slaughtered 24, 72 and 120 hours after treatment. The selected samples were subjected to chromatographic examination to detect residual concentrations of synthetic pyrethroids.

The aim of the research was to determine the residual amounts of organophosphorus pesticides in milk, after treatment of the skin of cattle, using the method of thin layer chromatography. The studies were carried out on the basis of the Department of Veterinary and Sanitary Expertise of the St. Petersburg State University of Medicine. The material was milk samples taken 7 days and 14 days and 21 days after treatment of the animals. In parallel, control samples containing pure active substance were applied to chromatographic plates. Results were evaluated under UV light using a UVC-HDi UV cabinet. Based on the results of the studies, the dependence and sensitivity of the method to the detection of pesticides in milk after treatment of animals with diazinon-C was established. The size of the spots of the applied samples on day 7 after treatment was less than on day 14, and on day 21, the substance was not detected in the samples. Thus, this method can establish not only the presence of microconcentrations of substances in the samples, but also the dependence of their number on the size of spots on the chromatographic plate.

Modern scientific research shows that often violations of the structure and function of the hippocampus can lead to the onset of epilepsy. The hippocampal formation and the amygdala are important anatomical structures involved in the development of local discharges of epileptiform activity and temporal lobe epilepsy. It accounts for up to 25 % of all epileptic syndromes, and among locally caused symptomatic epilepsy — up to 60–70 %. At the same time, temporal lobe epilepsy is considered as a pathology with an initial imbalance of excitatory and inhibitory mechanisms of the neocortex, which occurs under the influence of various endoand exogenous factors during early embryogenesis. The scientific literature presents various pathophysiological theories of exactly how the hippocampus is involved in the development of epileptic seizures. Anatomically, the hippocampus has a relatively poor blood supply, and inhibitory interneurons are deep intraparenchymal structures, making them more susceptible to factors such as hypoxia, ischemia, and oxidative stress. This article addresses issues related not only to changes in the structure and function of the hippocampus, but also aspects of neu rophysiological diagnosis and prognosis. In addition, an evidence base is provided on the possibility of achieving remission of seizures after the use of neurosurgical methods of treatment.

This paper presents the results of a study of the formation of a carbidized layer under various experimental conditions and the choice of optimal parameters for carbidization of a tungsten surface under plasma irradiation. To study the effect of the surface temperature of a tungsten sample and the duration of plasma irradiation, experiments were carried out at a sample surface temperature of 1300 °C and 1700 °C with an irradiation duration of 300–2400 s. Analysis of the research results showed that the maximum formation of W2C on the surface is observed at a test temperature of 1700 °C. At a temperature of 1300 °C, the phase composition of the carbidized layer depends on the duration of plasma irradiation. According to the literature analysis, the formation of WC occurs on the surface of tungsten, from which C diffuses into the particle and forms the underlying layer of W2C. With an increase in the ion fluence, depending on the irradiation time and the temperature of the sample surface, the diffusion of C into W accelerates, the WC content decreases, and W2C becomes the dominant carbide compound.

Considering the fact that the costs related to grinding balls and electric power account for a significant share of operational costs incurred by concentrator plants, this paper highlights the relevance of using an optimized ball charge. The paper considers a conventional approach to ball charging, which involves doing calculations on the basis of a given throughput. The latter serves as a parameter for the specific ball consumption rate approval procedure. At the same time, no consideration is given for the ball wear rate as a parameter defining the grinding performance. It is noted that the ball charge dynamics can be analyzed based on the noise produced by the mill, or the vibroacoustic parameters of the mill. The paper examines some vibro-acoustic ball charge analysis techniques utilized by both domestic and international service providers. It is noted that in all these cases the technique uses just one physical parameter, which is not enough to monitor the total mill load. The VAZM-1M analyzer developed by Soyuztsvetmetavtomatika JSC analyzes and calculates an integral amplitude of the mill vibro-acoustic field. This ensures that all components of the grinding process are taken into account. The paper takes a detailed view of the findings obtained upon analysis of the primary grinding mill ball charge. The work was carried out at the Erdenet concentrator plant as part of contractual scope. A number of different ball charge options was considered, and is it noted that none of the options can resolve this problem completely. The authors describe a possibility to monitor the mill process load with the help of the VAZM-1M analyzer. The authors also analyzed the experiments that aimed at identifying the grinding parameters governed by the mill ball charge. It is shown that the VAZM-1M analyzer gives adequate readings of any ball charge deviations. The mill spectrum registered by the VAZM-1M analyzer contains a resonance peak, which is believed to correlate as a small mill ball charge spectrum. In this regard, a plan of further research was drafted that relies on the use of the VAZM-1M analyzer. The aim is to identify an exact frequency band that would adequately correlate with the mill ball charge.

The introduction of methods for food production using microbial synthesis, including those obtained with the help of genetically modified (GM) microorganisms, at the present stage, allows to increase production volumes and reduce the cost of food. At the same time, such products in accordance with TR CU 021/2011 "On food safety" are classified as a "novel food"» and can be placed on the market only after its risk estimation for health. The emergence of new data and research methods in the last years has made it necessary to improve the risk assessment system for this category of food. The aim of the research is to develope risk assessment approaches of food obtained by microbial synthesis on the example of the GM strain Aspergillus awamori Xyl T-15 and the enzyme preparation (EP) (a complex of glucoamylase and xylanase) produced by it. Material and methods. Outbred ICR mice (CD-1) and Wistar rats (males and females) were used in the experimental studies. Investigations of GM strain A. awamori Xyl T-15 virulence and its ability to disseminate internal organs have been carried out. Acute and subacute (during 80 days) toxicity of EP (a complex of glucoamylase and xylanase) have been studied. Results. The presented experimental data allow us to make a conclusion about the avirulence of the A. awamori Xyl T-15 strain, the lack of ability to disseminate internal organs (invasiveness). At the same time, the strain is characterized by the ability to produce mycotoxins (ochratoxin, fumonisin B2, T-2 and HT-2 toxins). The EP, a complex of glucoamylase and xylanase from A. awamori Xyl T-15, has a low oral acute toxicity for rats (LD50>5000 mg/kg). I ntragastric EP administration at doses of 10, 100 and 1000 mg/kg of body weight during 80 days had not revealed adversely affect on the rate of weight gain in animals, indicators of anxiety and cognitive function, and some studied biochemical indicators. At a dose of 100 mg/kg b.w. or more, there were changes in the relative mass of organs (lungs, kidneys, adrenal glands), small shifts in the parameters of erythropoiesis and leukocyte formula, at a dose of 1000 mg/kg b.w. - an increase in oxidative DNA destruction. T he most pronounced and dose-dependent was the effect of the EP on hepatocyte apoptosis. According to this indicator, the not observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) for EP is not more than 100 mg/kg b.w. in terms of protein. The main target organ for the toxic effect of EP is the liver. Conclusion. The data obtained demonstrate the necessity to conduct an additional analysis of the risks of possible negative effects of EP, namely, to study its impact on the gut microbiocenosis and the immune status of experimental animals, to analyze the presence of determinants of pathogenicity and antibiotic resistance, DNA of selective marker genes of A. awamori Xyl T-15 strain by PCR analysis and DNA sequencing methods.

The requirements for the safety of food products obtained by microbial synthesis are including as obligation for to conduct toxicological studies - the study of various biochemical and immunological markers of toxic effects. The necessity of these studies is explained by a possible change in the structure of food ingredients produced by a microbial cell and, consequently, a change in their biological properties, as well as the possible presence of living forms and/or DNA of producer strains or of their toxic metabolites in these ingredients. At the same time, it is well known that the nutrient composition of foods has a significant impact on the composition and properties of microorganisms that make up the gut microbiome, which, in turn, determines the immune status. The purpose of the research was to justify the analyses of gut microbiocenosis composition for inclusion in the protocol of safety investigation of foods obtained by microbial synthesis [on the example of an enzyme preparation (EP) - a complex of glucoamylase and xylanase from a genetically modified strain of Aspergillus awamori Xyl T-15].

The diffusion coefficients of Li+ and Na+ ions in glass and glass-forming melts of lithium and sodium niobium phosphates, which are in satisfactory agreement with the experimental data available in the literature, are obtained by the molecular dynamics method. The nonlinear change in the migration parameters (manifestation of the mixed alkali effect) is confirmed at the equivalent replacement of Li+ ions by Na+ ions in this system. The analysis of the radial pair correlation functions demonstrates an increased formation of lithium-sodium ionic pairs in bimetallic compositions, responsible for manifestation of the mixed alkali effect.

The results of observations at high temporal resolution (∆T~4 min) of the B0.5V star e Per A on the 2-m telescope of the Terskol Observatory are reported. Regular components of variations in line profiles with periods 1.5-18 hours are recorded. Evidence of irregular variations in line profiles on time scales of minutes is detected. The nature of these variations is discussed.

At the present time the sulfur content in pipe steel is strictly regulated. Under conditions of PJSC “Magnitogorsk Iron and Steel Works” the metal is smelted in BOF shop with preliminary desulfurization of molten iron, treatment of tapping steel by a solid slag-forming mixture and final desulfurization in the “Ladle-Furnace” unit (LP-unit). In order to increase the efficiency of the sulfur removal process, the influence of the covering slag composition on metal desulfurization is considered. Statistical processing of production data array consisting of 14 melts of steel grade 10Г2ФБЮ with K60 strength class was performed. The dependences of the sulfur content in the metal after desulfurization in the LP-unit on the oxidizing ability, covering slag basicity and the content of magnesium oxide was established: it is shown that the amount of sulfur removed during the ladle treatment process increases with the increase of the covering slag basicity and with the decrease of the magnesium oxide content in slag. For describing this dependence, a new parameter was proposed – the ratio of slag basicity to MgO content in it, %–1. A high content of magnesium oxide in the “white” slag was revealed. This fact indicates a significant amount of converter slag getting into the ladle due to its poor cut-off in the process of metal tapping from the unit. The study of the influence of the coating “white” slag composition on the metal desulfurization process in the LP-unit showed, that for the effective sulfur removal, it is necessary to provide not only welldeoxidized slag with a total content of iron and manganese oxides of less than 1%, but also to ensure the ratio of its basicity to the magnesium content in this slag not less than 0.60–0.65%–1.

—Modern Multimessenger Astronomy is a powerful instrument for performing crucial tests of the Standard Cosmological Model in the wide redshift interval up to z ∼ 10. This testing is principally important for discussion related to discrepancies between local and global measurements of cosmological parameters. We present a review of multimessenger gamma-ray burst observations currently performed and planed for THESEUS–BTA cooperative program. Such observations provide a unique opportunity to test the fundamental foundations of cosmological models: gravitation theory, cosmological principle of homogeneity and isotropy of large-scale distribution of matter, and space expansion paradigm. Important role of various selection effects leading to systematic distortions of true cosmological relations is discussed.

Thermal stability of extraction systems containing N,N,N′,N ′-tetra-n-octyldiglycolamide (TODGA), di(N-ethyl-4-hexylanilide) 2,2′-bipyridine-6,6′-dicarboxylic acid (DYP-7), di(N-ethyl-4-fluoroanilide) of 2,6-pyridinecarboxylic acid Et(pFPh)DPA, di(N -ethyl-4-ethylanilide) of 2,2′-bipyridine-6,6′-dicarboxylic acid (DYP-9) under the conditions capable of causing emergencies, i.e., those unfavorable as regards the fire and explosion safety. It was found that irradiation with accelerated electrons of a TODGA–Isopar-М mixture in an n-alcohol affects the possibility of a thermal explosion and shown that the irradiation is accompanied by an intense evolution of gases. The possibility of passing from the oxidation of organic components of the system by nitric acid to the burning and explosion mode was evaluated. It was found that, with diamides used, the pressures of gaseous products of exothermic reactions are substantially lower than those with TODGA and TBP, which makes them promising extracting mixtures as regards the safety of the technological process.

—Unused lands in northwest Russia are quickly overgrown by wood and shrub vegetation (WSV). Their effective development for forage is associated with the search for optimal safe solutions both for processing of this vegetation and for restoring fertility of sod-podzolic soils. The goal of the study was to evaluate the effectiveness of new technological options for fertility restoration of sod-podzolic soils on developed bushed fallow lands using the products from processing of above-ground biomass of trees and shrubs and cheap local ameliorants. The object of the study was the bushed fallow land developed for fodder crop rotation. A sharp decrease in the yield of annual grasses (up to five times) against the background of introducing the wood and shrub vegetation processing products into soil was established. Meanwhile, the content of raw protein and ash substances in the green mass of herbs decreased by 8–13%. The use of a complex of chemical ameliorants allowed not only to level these inevitable costs of cultural reclamation but also to bring the yield of green grass in the best options of the experiment to 37–44 t/ha. According to the experiment, the average yield from the ameliorant complex was 79% in direct action and 27% in the aftereffect. The best performance is achieved with the use of ameliorants with biochar, which reduced the CO2 release into the atmosphere by five times.

Within the new methodological approach, a scientific and technical substantiation of the optimal underground geotechnology with the combined development of ore deposits based on the characteristics of transients was completed. Based on the analysis of experience of the combined development of ore deposits, the transition process features were revealed: a sharp decrease in the production capacity of the enterprise and an increase in capital investments, and its main goal was determined - to create the most favorable conditions for the transformation of the mining enterprise from one stable state to another. The types of transition areas are systematized depending on the scheme of conducting open and underground mining during the transition period. Four rational options for underground geotechnology that take into account specific factors and conditions formed during open mining, providing optimal parameters for the development of underground mining at a new stable stage, are developed. The method of economic and mathematical modeling for the conditions of the of the Safyanovsky copper deposits investigated the influence of specific factors on the gross profit - the depth of the open pit, which varies in the range from 140 to 380 m, and the depth of the reserves under open pit, which varies in the range from 80 to 320 m. The best option for underground geotechnology, which provides for the phased opening of underquarry reserves by a autoincline from the open pit and an runaway from the surface, mining the transition zone by level-chamber system with filling under ore insulating pillar formed within the transition zone, and the further development of the main reserves by level-chamber system with filling under filling mass, is established by the criterion of net present value.

For the purpose to solve the problem of reducing the negative impact of mining and processing production on the environment that is relevant for most mining regions of Russia, options of geotechnological strategy for mining of iron ore deposits on the basis of an ecologically balanced integrated underground geotechnology of extraction and processing of iron ore, which allow to utilize the entire volume of mining and processing waste in the mined out space and transfer the most environmentally hazardous enrichment process under the ground, have been formed. Technological schemes for chamber excavation of floors in ascending order have been developed, which make it possible to abandon the formation of ore pillars, thereby increasing the extraction of ore from the bowels, and using the worked out space for waste storage in the form of a dry backfill. Based on economic and mathematical modeling and a comprehensive assessment according to the environmental and economic criterion for the conditions of mining in a new step of one of the largest iron ore deposits in Russia the most effective option of geotechnical strategy has been established. Use of an ascending-descending order of floor mining with an optimal ratio of mining systems with laying out the worked out space and systems with collapse depending on the content of the useful component in the ore mined, the amount of space mined current tab and the volume of tailings used as backfill material, allows to utilize the entire volume of mining and processing waste in the mined out space and effectively to develop of reserves in a new step.

Based on an analysis of the design principles and practice of underground mining of ore deposits, the most significant features, trends to develop and directions to enhance of underground geotechnology in the field of opening and preparation, mining systems, filling works and ore preparation have been established. The main signs of innovation - scientific research and implementation in production in order to obtain additional value, are highlighted. Various approaches to the development of innovative underground geotechnologies are shown and a methodology for their justification is formulated based on a systematic approach implemented in the framework of the concept of integrated development of mineral resources and on the principles of economic efficiency, industrial and environmental safety, completeness of subsoil development. The experience of the IM UB RAS on the development and implementation of innovative underground geotechnologies in the design and industrial operation of a number of ore deposits is given, which significantly increased the completeness and quality of ore extraction from the subsoil, increased labor productivity in sinking and stoping works, reduced capital and operating costs for ore mining and to utilize mining and processing waste in the mined-out space.

Aim. Comparative analysis of changes in blood pressure (BP) measured before and after the physical exertion in veteran athletes and persons practicing physical training (late and middle adulthood). Material and methods . The 200 competitive athletes and 45 persons practicing physical training, aged 40 to 72 years were questioned in order to identify the main factors of cardiovascular risk. All measurements and results obtained under this research were treated with regard to the diagnosis of hypertension (HTN), prior determined by a physician, and also to the administered therapy. Results . A total of 54,7% of subjects was diagnosed with the HTN, with 32,6% out of them not taking antihypertensives. 53% of athletes and 62.2% persons practicing physical training were diagnosed with the arterial hypertension. Among athletes, the HTN incidence was 53%, among persons practicing physical training — 62,2%. Among athletes, 49% had pre-exercise elevated systolic BP (SBP) and 42,5% had elevated pre-exercise diastolic BP (DBP). While only 17% of persons practicing physical training demonstrated the elevated SBP and only 13,3% of them were recorded with the elevated DBP. One third of athletes without HTN in their everyday activities were diagnosed with the elevated both SBP and DBP during physical exertion. Immediately after the exercise stress, 39% of all the examined athletes were diagnosed with the elevated post-exercise SBP, and 36,2% of them with the elevated post-exercise DBP. Among persons practicing physical training, 33% of subjects were diagnosed with the elevated postexercise SBP, and 24,4% of them with the elevated post-exercise DBP. Conclusion. A major part of the athletes are diagnosed with the elevation in pre- and post-exercise BP. Whereas, persons practicing physical training demonstrate normal average pre- and post-exercise SBP and DBP values in most of the cases. Post-exercise differences in BP values in athletes and persons practicing physical training are almost leveled out. Post-exercise HTN >140/90 mm Hg is detected both in people with HTN receiving antihypertensive therapy, and in people without HTN. Elderly people involved in sports or fitness have significant differences in the response of BP to the exertion. However, in a significant part of this HTN people, BP changes during exercise are in the hypertensive range and can be an additional cardiovascular risk factor.

The article examines some areas of the tax policy that are implemented in 2017 and are expected to be implemented in the period 2018-2019, which will both stimulate business activities and strengthen the Russian economy as a whole.