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The rare diseases are characterized both by relatively small prevalence in population and complexity of medical care support of patients. In this particular case, the legal regulation of medical care takes its particular placement in health care. The uniqueness of rare diseases requires development of special normative legal acts, definitions and treating approaches. One of such approaches are orphan drugs that also are unique, complicated in development and require special legislative regulation. The article presents corresponding legislative terminology in modern Russian health care, actual listings of rare diseases and orphan drugs. The directions to improve current terminology and normative legal regulation are proposed.

Introduction. Malignant central airway obstruction and malignant tracheoesophageal fistula in the context of tumor development are potentially life-threatening conditions which usually require immediate intervention. Airway stenting is one of the safest and most effective methods of airway patency restoration in patients with malignant obstruction of the central airways and restoration of continuity in patients with malignant tracheoesophageal fistula.Aim. To evaluate the significance of self-expandable metal stents in palliative treatment of patients with malignant central airway obstruction and malignant tracheoesophageal fistula.Materials and methods. Between 2017 and 2021 at the N. N. Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology, 55 patients were observed and treated and underwent trachea stenting per the results of bronchoscopy in combination with esophagogastroduodenoscopy. The 1st group included 25 patients with malignant tracheoesophageal fistulas, the 2nd group included 30 patients with malignant central airway obstruction.Results. In the 1st group, stenting was successful in 25 (100 %) cases which allowed to adequately seal the fistula. Stent migration was observed in 1 (4 %) patient with tracheoesophageal fistula in the context of stenosing cancer of the thoracic esophagus. In the 2nd group, stenting was successful in 30 (100 %) cases. Stent migration was not observed in this patient group. In both groups, there were no complications after stent implantation. Installation of tracheal stent allowed to improve patients’ quality of life and provide a possibility for successful special treatment through low-trauma manipulation.Conclusion. According to the obtained data, endoscopic trachea stenting is the most important method of palliative treatment of tumor-related trachea lesions with development of tracheoesophageal fistulas, malignant central airway obstructions and associated sub- and decompensated pulmonary insufficiency.

The instability and uncertainty of international relations accentuate the role of new and inclusive platforms of interaction and cooperation. Eurasian Economic Union (EEU) alongside its regional and transregional partners represent an example of such a platform based on new principles and values, an element of international relation configuration.Aim. Assess the prospects for a zone (cluster) within the planned and potential transregional EEU’s expansion beyond the CIS borders.Task. To evaluate the dynamics of the consolidation concerning, first, current free trade EEU agreements (FTAs or the EEU FTAs) with Serbia, Iran, Vietnam and Singapore, second, potential agreements with listed in the EEU official strategy, third, other developing states with relevant economic and/or demographic potential.Methods. The authors use additional consolidation (share of intra-bloc trade) as a metric. It is calculated as the difference between the share of EEU intra-trade and within the existing or potential EEU FTA partnerships.Results. Based on the assessment of additional consolidation, the research revealed that the existing EEU FTAs with Iran and Vietnam are effective, while trade integration with Serbia, Singapore and China are ineffective. The presence of additional consolidation was revealed for Turkey, Egypt, and Bangladesh.Conclusions. The implementation of the transregional integration track is an important development step for the Eurasian Economic Union. However, trade partnerships have different trade efficiency.

This article analyzes the ratio of expenditures on drug provision for patients with rare life-threatening diseases to the total amount of expenses of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation on preferential drug provision. The share of expenditures on rare life-threatening diseases in the structure of regional expenditures on drug provision in 2019 and 2020 is presented. The dynamics of the budget for rare life-threatening diseases in monetary terms and the dynamics of regional spending on drug provision were also analyzed in comparison with 2019 and 2020. Finally, results were obtained regarding the share of expenditures on rare life-threatening diseases in the structure of regional expenditures on drug provision in the planned year 2021. Consistent federalization of drug provision for patients with certain rare life-threatening diseases, first of all, has transferred the drug provision of pediatric patients with such nosologies to the federal level. In order to further harmonize the system and equalize the availability of drug provision for adults and children with rare life-threatening diseases, it is necessary to think about the federalization of the most “costly” diseases for regions with a predominantly adult cohort of patients.

In the Russian Federation, the regulations on making out restrictive listings of medications were established as separate Government Order in 2014. Since this moment, the procedure of listing revision underwent various changes. The last revisions of this legal document contained several amendments regarding orphan medications. So, in last version the rating scale included separate component related to these medications. This indicates at unique characteristics of orphan medications that not allow to consider them along with other medications. The article covers main stages of drug list forming procedures of making out restrictive listings of medications in the light of how available methodology is adapted to be applied to orphan medications.Правила формирования ограничительных перечней лекарственных препаратов в Российской Федерации в виде отдельного Постановления Правительства были сформированы в 2014 г. С тех пор процедура пересмотра данных перечней претерпевала различные изменения. В последних редакциях нормативно-правового документа был сделан ряд поправок в отношении орфанных лекарственных препаратов. Так, в последней версии балльная шкала по оценке фармакоэкономических характеристик включает отдельную составляющую применительно к таким препаратам. Это говорит об уникальных особенностях, которые не позволяют рассматривать их наряду с лекарственными препаратами, не относящимися к орфанным. В настоящей статье отмечаются основные этапы процедуры формирования перечней лекарственных препаратов в свете того, как имеющаяся методология адаптирована применительно к орфанным лекарственным препаратам.

In this work we investigate the addition of n-methyl pyrrolidone solvent on the morphology of spin-coated graphene oxide film. In order to overcome the poor wettability of polyethylene terephthalat...

In this article we investigated properties of elementary carbon fibers after their activation and subsequent deposition of thin layers of metal coatings on their surface. For deposition we used copper, titanium and stainless steel. We investigated influence of various technologies of preliminary processing of the fiber surface on the value of the adhesion strength of the metal coating to the carbon tape and on the mechanical properties of elementary fibers. We established that the strength of carbon plastics at interlayer shear increases by 10-30% when using carbon tapes and fabrics with a metal coating.

The paper simulates the electric field intensity picture in the cable with one and several defects. Modeling has shown that the presence of several closely spaced defects does not lead to an increase in the electric field intensity in comparison with one defect. On the basis of experimental studies, an analysis of defects' number influence on various parameters of partial discharges (PD) is performed. Artificial defects are created in the area of the XLPE-insulated cable termination. The following parameters of PD are measured: the magnitude of the apparent charge, the power (intensity) of partial discharges, the phase-resolved partial discharge (PRPD) patterns, the shape of PD signals. The analysis shows an increase in the number of defects does not affect the characteristics of partial discharges, despite the fact the defects are located in different sections of the cable with distributed parameters. Thus, it can be difficult to quantify defects during cable partial discharge measurements.

Background. The detection of primary tumor in patients with cervical lymph node metastases without the primary tumor found is very important, because its location often determines the treatment strategy. The study objective is to analyze the capabilities of upper respiratory tract fibroscopy for the detection of primary tumor in patients with cervical lymph node metastases from squamous-cell carcinoma without the primary tumor found.Materials in methods. A total of 70 patients with cervical lymph node metastases without the primary tumor found, in whom cytological examination of biopsy specimens collected from cervical lymph nodes revealed squamous-cell carcinoma, underwent upper respiratory tract fibroscopy in N.N. Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology between January 2017 and May 2020.Results. In 24 out of 70 patients, fibroscopy helped to identify the primary tumor and collect biomaterial for morphological examination. Twelve patients were found to have oropharyngeal cancer; ten patients were diagnosed with nasopharyngeal cancer; and 2 patients had laryngopharyngeal cancer. Fifteen out of 24 patients had tumors less than 1.2 cm.Conclusion. Upper respiratory tract fibroscopy is a highly effective method for detecting small asymptomatic tumors. It can be recommended for the examination of patients with metastases from squamous-cell carcinoma without the primary tumor found, if the primary tumor is believed to be located in the upper respiratory tract

The paper investigates the existing mathematical models of insulation destruction. It has been determined that most of the models for assessing the residual life of insulation are based on models of thermal and thermo-oxidative destruction of insulation materials. Currently, solid dielectrics are gaining popularity, including crosslinked polyethylene, PVC, ethylene-propylene rubber, and others. In such dielectrics, it is possible to estimate the residual life in the short term. This possibility and necessity is due to the possibility of growth of tree defects under the influence of partial discharges. The article describes the proposed mathematical model for assessing the residual resource of insulation by modeling the growth of a defect. To take into account the influence of random variables, the model uses the Weibull distribution. The model assumes the division of the insulation thickness into some areas, each of which is destroyed independently of the others. The destruction of these areas occurs when partial discharges occur with certain energy sufficient to destroy the material. Insulation failure is predicted using the least squares method. The results obtained can be useful in assessing the residual life of insulating materials and in conducting research in this area

On the basis of experimental data on the chemical composition and concentration of highly mineralized soil solutions of the Yamal Peninsula, as well as theoretical developments, including simulation of the process of cryogenic metamorphism of solutions when the temperature and pressure conditions change, a method for estimating the corrosion activity of cryopegs to materials of foundations and underground utilities is proposed.

Introduction. Gestational trophoblastic neoplasias are rare tumors, which consist of about 1% of gynecological cancers. High rate of diagnostic and treatment mistakes leads to late diagnosis, metastatic appearance, resistance to chemotherapy, poor prognosis. Aim. To demonstrate possibilities of 18F-FDG PET/CT to find resistant lesions of gestational trophoblastic neoplasias. In the article, we analyze several medical reports to illustrate advantages of 18F-FDG PET/CT for evaluation of resistant gestational trophoblastic neoplasias.

The purpose of the study: to present an experience of the N. N. Blokhin Russian Cancer Research Center in the treatment of relapses of gestational trophoblastic neoplasias (GTN). Materials and methods. We performed a retrospective analysis of medical case histories at the N. N. Blokhin Russian Cancer Research Center from 1996 until 2019. 545 patients with GTN were treated. Relapses occurred in 25 (4.6%) patients: 8 (2.1%) patients with low risk of resistance (6 (75%) early relapses and 2 (25%) late relapses) and 17 (10%) patients with high risk of resistance (11 (65%) early relapses and 6 (35%) late relapses). Treatment of relapses was done by standard chemotherapy regimens (Dactinomycin 500mcg in days 15, EMA-CO, EMA-EP). Different surgical interventions and radiosurgery were used in some cases additionally. Results. Out of 6 patients with early relapses of low-risk GTN, 5 were cured with chemotherapy and one patient by lung resection only. Two patients with late relapses of low-risk GTN were cured with chemotherapy (EMA-CO) and hysterectomy/resection of uterus to achieve complete remission. As a result, all patients with relapses of low-risk GTN were cured, mainly (88%) by chemotherapy. Among 11 patients with early relapses of high-risk GTN, complete remission was achieved in 6 (55%) cases: in 2 patients as a result of EMA-EP chemotherapy, other patients needed combined approaches (chemotherapy + surgery). Three patients with recurrent course continue treatment, two patients died of progression. Of the 6 patients with late relapses of high-risk GTN, 4 (66%) patients were managed mainly through combined treatment (surgery + chemotherapy) and were cured. One patient continues treatment for more than 4 years, and one patient died of progression. In total, out of 17 patients with high-risk relapses, complete remission was achieved in 10 (59%) as a result of combined treatment in the majority of cases (80%). Conclusion. The optimal method of treatment for patients with relapses of low-risk GTN is chemotherapy; and for high-risk GTN combined approaches (chemotherapy + surgery)

The training module was developed by the staff of the department under the leadership of the head. Department of Academician of RAS, Professor I.V. Poddubnoy and Rector of FSBEI DPO RMANPO of the Ministry of Health of Russia, Corr. RAS, Professor D.A. Sychev.

The methods and results of experimental studies on the dynamics of the temperature regime, the thickness of the active layer, and rock heave deformation over a 5-year period of field observations, as well as the results of predictive modeling of these processes on the Zvenigorod Biological Station of the Moscow State University, are reported. The field data are compared with the calculated characteristics based on numerical modeling of heave process.

The article explores the resource capabilities and strategies the traditional and rising powers use to bring food, energy and military-political security to the world most fragile states. There is a certain complementarity in the relations between both the mentioned actors in international relations, since the negative externalities forming in and around fragile states require resources that could be provided and effectively provided by the world most powerful countries. The assumption that the key characteristic of a power (center) is a capability to translate outside military-political security allowed to the authors to categorize the USA, EU and, with certain restrictions, Japan as traditional centers of power; while Russia, China, Brazil, Turkey, and, to a lesser extent, India and Korea as rising ones. In terms of quantitative parameters, the United States, the EU, India and Russia have the resources to ensure food security, while Russia is the only major power that has a net surplus in energy foreign trade. Russia's comprehensive resource capability in the context of “broad” security supports its leadership status in its efforts to stabilize and maintain the world order. Considering the behavioral and not resource aspect, the strategies of global and middle powers in the world most fragile states, with the exception for the EU and Turkey, correspond to their resource capabilities. Both deliver mineral fuels as well as Turkey supplies crops to fragile countries having overall defi cit of such commodities. This may indicate that these centers of power as well as Russia implement the “donor” strategies conceptualized in the literature for the rising powers of the modern world order.

The paper presents methods and results of experimental studies of the dynamic of the temperature regime, the thickness of active layer and rock heave deformation over a five-year field observations period, as well as the results of predictive modeling of these processes on the Moscow State University Zvenigorod Biological station. The results of comparison of field data with the calculated characteristics based on numerical modelling of heave process are presents.

The article investigates partial discharges (PD) as a mechanism of insulation destruction. Some of the known mathematical models of insulation aging take into account the effect of partial discharges. These models are based on the dependence of partial discharges power on voltage, so this dependence is investigated in the article. Experimental studies of the dependence of the characteristics of partial discharges are presented. As a source of an increased level of partial discharges, a defect is used in the termination area of the 10 kV cable with XLPE insulation. The voltage range of experiments is from 8 to 15 kV. The results show the presence of a dangerous defect in the cable. Partial discharges at 8 kV are insignificant. However, 10 kV leads to the appearance of significant partial discharges. PD at 15 kV have the most devastating effect on insulation. The results are processed to assess the dependence of PD power on voltage. The resulting dependence is consistent with existing research results. However, the obtained characteristics may change over time due to the growth of the defect.

Laparoscopic access allows radical nephrectomy and renal resection to be performed in patients with small tumors, including in those with renal cancer of T1-2, by providing the immediate and early results comparable with those of open interventions. The advantages of the laparoscopic access are low traumatism, less length of stay, a good cosmetic effect, and shorter rehabilitation. At the same time simultaneous operations may be performed. The future role of laparoscopy shall be defined when the 5-year survival rates are assessed.

Objective. To compare the immediate and long-term results of laparoscopic and open radical nephrectomies in renal parenchymal tumors.Subjects and methods. The study covered 195 patients who underwent nephrectomy in 1986 to 2006. Their median age was 54,1 years; male/female ratio was 1,5:1. All the patients were divided into 2 groups. A study group comprised 102 (52,3%) patients with renal tumors, including 93 (91,2%) with renal-cell carcinoma (pT1-3N0-1M0-1) and 9 (8,8%) with benign tumors, who had undergone laparoscopic nephrectomy. Ninety-three (47,7%) patients who had undergone open radical nephrectomy for localized renal cancer were retrospectively selected for a control group. The median follow-up in the laparoscopic and open surgery groups were 19,6±13,2 and 62,3±35,9 months, respectively.Results. The median time of laparoscopic nephrectomy was significantly more than that of open surgery (170 and 100 min, respectively; p < 0,001). The median blood loss volume did not differ in the groups (280,1 and 283,5 ml, respectively; p = 0,342). In the study and control groups, the frequency of intraoperative complications was 10,9 and 4,3% (p = 0,075) and that of postoperative ones was 10,8 and 7,5%, respectively (p > 0,05). In 8 (7,9%) cases, conversion was required to suture defects of large vessels. In the laparoscopic group, the median length of stay was significantly less than that in the control group (7,0±3,6 and 12,0±3,1 days, respectively; p < 0,001). The differences were insignificant in the average cost of endoscopic and open surgeries. Questionnaire survey revealed a significant improvement in the quality of life after surgery via laparoscopic access. Relapses were detected in 2 (2,2%) patients from the study group: a local recurrence in 1 (1,1%) patient and metastases in 1 (1,1%); and in 5 (5,4%) control patients: metastases in 4 (4,3%), local relapse and distant metastases in 1 (1,1%; p = 0,271). In renal cancer patients undergoing laparoscopic and open nephrectomies, overall, specific, and relapse-free 4-year survival rates were 100; 100, and 94,9% and 96,4, 97,5, and 96,2%, respectively (p > 0,05).Conclusion. Laparoscopic nephrectomy is the method of choice in treating renal cancer — pT1—3aN0M0, which yields the same long-term results as open surgery and provides a better quality of life.

In this article, we described an approach for coupling of short DNAs with reduced graphene oxide and thus formation of transducer layer for biological sensors. We investigated the dependence of cou...

The article describes the study of the characteristics of partial discharges (PD) in various types of artificial defects in cable lines. A total of 13 types of insulation defects are considered. The PD measurements are carried out using a high AC voltage source and a commercial PD recorder. For each type of defect, diagrams of the amplitude-phase distribution of PD (APDPD), the average value of the apparent discharge, and the PD intensity are obtained. The results of the study show that most of the defects of insulators of overhead power lines have a relatively high intensity of partial discharges with a small average apparent charge. In the samples of cable lines, relatively high values of intensity and average apparent discharge are recorded in the presence of a defect in the end seal and a defect in the ground electrode in the form of a needle. The results obtained can be used in the development of devices for detecting defects, as well as for expanding the base of diagrams (APDPD)

The ionic composition of soluble salts was analyzed in cryopegs of various types of mineralization at the Yamal Peninsula. The changes of the chemical composition of cryopeg waters during cryogenic metamorphism were revealed. The ratios of macrocomponents in cryopeg compositions indicate different (marine and infiltration) geneses of the initial solutions.

The analysis of the content of ions in cryopeg different mineralization of the Yamal Peninsula. The regularities of changes in the chemical composition of cryopeg waters in the process of cryogenic metamorphism are revealed The ratios of the macro-components of the chemical composition of cryopegs allow us to conclude that the genesis of the initial solutions was different: marine and infiltration.

Mass fraction of brine, ice crystals and salts are important parameters for freezing solutions. This article presents the calculated content of ice, brine, and solid salts in sea water with a salinity of 25‰. The dependences of the brine and ice contents on the temperature of the freezing solution are described. A method for calculating the effective heat capacity and melting point of ice of various salinity is presented, which includes the use of the FREEZBRINE software based on the Pitzer model. It is shown numerically that upon freezing a solution close in chemical composition to sea water, most of the crystallized salts will be hydrogalite. The thermal effect is calculated from heating brine, ice crystals and solid salts, as well as from the phase transition of water to ice and crystallization of solid salts, when the temperature of the freezing solution changes. It was revealed that the greatest amount of heat is required for heating hydrogalite salts. The thermal effect of crystallization of salts during freezing of sea water was calculated. It has been established that only crystallization of hydrogalite has a significant effect on the heat needed to change the temperature of the freezing solution. It has been established that only crystallization of hydrogalite has a significant effect on the heat required to change the temperature of the freezing solution. Comparisons of temperatures of the onset of freezing of sea water with a salinity of 25‰ and the crystallization of salts according to the simulation results and published data are presented. A comparison is made of the heat of fusion and the effective heat capacity of sea ice with a salinity of 25‰ according to the simulation results and published analytical formulas based on the chlorine and salinity of sea ice. So the relative error for the effective heat capacity did not exceed 10%. The relative error for the effective heat capacity did not exceed 10%, for the heat of fusion did not exceed 8%.

Trials of oxidative cracking of ethane—propane—n-butane mixtures were performed on an installation with the productive capacity with respect to the gaseous feed of 5 m3 h−1. Ethylene, CO, and hydrogen are the major products of oxidative cracking of oil refinery gases; their total yield can exceed 90%. The yield of ethylene and CO is determined by the total concentration of alkanes in the mixture and is independent on the length of their hydrocarbon chain, whereas the hydrogen yield appreciably decreases with an increase in the alkane chain length. The trials demonstrated high efficiency of the production of ethylene, CO, and hydrogen by oxidative cracking of oil refinery gas mixture components.

Lately, in case of a number of life-threatening and chronic progressive rare (orphan) diseases, resulting in decreasing of life expectancy of citizens or their disability, the powers to support patients with medications were transferred from regional to federal level. Among these diseases are hemolytic uremic syndrome, mucopolysaccharidose type I, II, VI, juvenile arthritis with systemic onset, unspecified aplastic anemia, hereditary deficiency of factors II (fibrinogen), VII (labile), X (Stuart-Prauer). The article considers data concerning hemolytic uremic syndrome, mucopolysaccharidosis type I, II, VI, juvenile arthritis with systemic onset - the diseases for which medication support provision was transferred to Federal level in the first place and for which at the time of preparation of the article there were sufficient data to analyze.

In this article, the main directions in the development of carbon nanomaterial-based biological sensors for rapid analysis of socially significant blood diseases are considered. Carbon nanotubes, graphene, and derivative materials are shown to have potential for use in biosensors and are used to create various types of sensors.

Testing of modern innovation field methods of engineering-geocryological research, master class workout by leading specialists of engineering-geocryological surveys, checking out of measurement equipment for thermal field ground massif researches which were done at “The day of science and innovation” field conference in Zvenigorod biological station of Lomonosov Moscow state university. Necessity of innovation methods usage has approved.

The review presents literature data on the possibilities of modern diagnostic methods in detecting and determining the nature of secondary lung tumors, and also analyzes their main advantages and disadvantages.

This paper considers research on multiple partial discharge (PD) sources in a single XLPE-insulated cable sample. The electrical field was simulated in the field of the artificial defects of cables. Cable samples were prepared for experimental research. After that, artificial defects were created in them. PD measurements were performed from one to six cable artificial defects. Results showed similar phase-resolved PD patterns (PRPD). It is explained by the defects’ location in the field of the grounding electrode. The unexpected result is PD pulses form similarity. They have to differ because of the cable distributed-parameters line characteristics. However, the difference might be insignificant because of the small cable samples’ length. Besides, PD apparent charge and intensity also have no obvious dependence on defects’ amount. Therefore, multiple defects’ recognition is a complicated task. Probably, close defects’ location might complicate the recognition even in long cable lines.

In this paper, we propose a facile approach to the management of graphene oxide (GO) chemistry via its synthesis using KMnO4/K2Cr2O7 oxidizing agents at different ratios. Using Fourier Transformed Infrared Spectroscopy, X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy, and X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy, we show that the number of basal-plane and edge-located oxygenic groups can be controllably tuned by altering the KMnO4/K2Cr2O7 ratio. The linear two-fold reduction in the number of the hydroxyls and epoxides with the simultaneous three-fold rise in the content of carbonyls and carboxyls is indicated upon the transition from KMnO4 to K2Cr2O7 as a predominant oxidizing agent. The effect of the oxidation mixture’s composition on the structure of the synthesized GOs is also comprehensively studied by means of X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, atomic-force microscopy, optical microscopy, and the laser diffraction method. The nanoscale corrugation of the GO platelets with the increase of the K2Cr2O7 content is signified, whereas the 10–100 μm lateral size, lamellar, and defect-free structure is demonstrated for all of the synthesized GOs regardless of the KMnO4/K2Cr2O7 ratio. The proposed method for the synthesis of GO with the desired chemistry opens up new horizons for the development of graphene-based materials with tunable functional properties.

The study was carried out to analyze detection of rare diseases that are not included into listings of rare (orphan) diseases to be treated at the expense of budget resources of the Russian Federation Russian Federation (hereinafter referred as rare diseases out of reimbursement). The analysis of detection of patients with rare diseases out of reimbursement in Russian Federation was carried out. The information was collected and summarized on the basis of open sources by the way of formalized personal request to the heads of patient and public organizations providing care of patients with rare diseases out of reimbursement. It is established that in the Russian Federation (85 subjects) reside patients with more than 250 forms and groups of rare diseases and only 28 out of them are included into the Federal registries of patients. Actually, there are more than 8 000 nosologic forms of rare diseases that are known thus far. The monitoring permitted to collect data concerning 30 particular nosological forms and groups of rare diseases out of reimbursement. Among them, 23 out of 30 analyzed pathologies have genetic nature. And only for 24 out of 30 diseases the registration of patients is applied. It is necessary to organize modern system of registration of patients within the framework of the Federal registry that includes full and actual data about patients, course of disease, therapeutic interventions that will permit to determine prevalence, disability, mortality, lethality, necessary medicinal maintenance and also to establish spectrum of diseases that are to be included into drug reimbursement programs.

This paper describes a study of partial discharges as an insulation degradation mechanism. Some known insulation aging mathematical models are described. Since these models use partial discharges power dependence on voltage, it is studied. Experimental research of partial discharges characteristics dependence is performed. The 10 kV single core XLPE-insulated cable termination defect is used as a source of partial discharges. PD characteristics were measured in the range from 8 to 15 kV. The obtained results showed a presence of a harmful defect in the cable. PD at 8 kV were found insufficient. However, 10 kV voltage caused the occurrence of considerable partial discharges. PD at 15 kV had the most destructive effect on the insulating material. The obtained PD power voltage dependence curve correlates with the known research results. However, the obtained characteristic can change in time because of the defect growth, so this process has to be further studied.

Oxidative stress is usually connected with many severe diseases, such as atherosclerosis, hypertension, Alzheimer’s disease etc. Therefore, the search for new antioxidants is a very important pharmacological task. The aim of the study – to synthesize new derivatives of 8-(41-hydroxy-3R-benzylidenamino)-6-tertbutyl-8Н-[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-b][1,2,4]triazine-7-ones and to evaluate their antioxidant properties in screening test in vitro as compared with ionol and ascorbic acid. By interaction of equimolar amounts of 8-amino-6-tert-butyl-8H-[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-b][1,2,4]triazin7-one with the corresponding aromatic and heterocyclic aldehydes in ethanol, a series of Schiff bases with the key fragment 8H-[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-b][1,2,4]triazin-7-one were synthesized. The structure and purity of all the substances obtained were confirmed by 1H NMR spectroscopy. Screening of compound’s antioxidant activity (AOA) was studied in vitro by their ability to inhibit lipoperoxide formation, induced by FeSO4 in yolk lipoproteins emulsion. It is shown, that, depending on the structure, the test substances exhibit both antioxidant and prooxidant properties. The regularities of the chemical structure – pharmacological action are established. It is shown that the introduction of electron-withdrawing substituents (F, Cl, Br and COOMe) into the benzene ring leads to a decrease in the antioxidant properties as to the base molecule 6-tert-butyl-8(benzylideneamino)-8Н-[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-b][1,2,4]triazin-7-оne 8 а without substitutes. The most active were derivatives of 8-(benzylideneamino)-6-~{tert}-butyl-[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-b][1,2,4]triazin7-ones, which had a hydroxyl group and an additional oxyalkyl fragment in the third position of the benzene ring (8 l, 8 o). The data obtained substantiate the feasibility of further studying the most active derivatives of 6-tertbutyl-8-(benzylideneamino)-8Н-[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-b][1,2,4]triazin-7-оnes as potential antioxidant agents.

The aim of the study is to assess the positive and negative prognostic factors of survival in patients with bilateral synchronous renal cancer (BRC). Materials and methods. The study was conducted on the basis of N.N.Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation. Cohort of patients with the synchronous BRC consisted of 160 patients between 1996 and 2014. All patients after finishing treatment were observed on an ambulatory basis during the period from 11 months to 12 years (median follow-up 81.05±46.7 months). We studied factors affecting 5-year survival rate, both positive and negative. Statistical analysis of the obtained results carried out using generally accepted statistical methods such as SPSS 23.0 - block of programs for Windows. Results. In case of synchronous BRC in 2/3 (65%) of patients the first kidney was operated on using organ-preserving surgery, in 1/4 of patients (n=21, 26.2%) both kidneys were operated on using organ-preserving surgery. In case of synchronous renal cancer the best results of survival, but without statistical significance (p=0.112) had patients with bilateral renal cancer who operated on using organ-preserving surgery. The 10-year overall survival in this group of patients was 90.5% in comparison with 62.5% - when nephrectomy was performed on the first stage and 76.4% in patients who had nephrectomy performed because of the renal cancer in the second kidney. Conclusions. The main factors affecting the 5-year survival rate of patients with synchronous BRC were: smoking, primary tumor size, age and type of surgery.

Melanoma is a malignant tumor that originates in melanocytes. Melanoma is characterized by rapid and early development of metastatic disease. Most often, metastases develop in regional lymph nodes. Metastases of melanoma can be the first signs of advanced process and the only manifestation of the disease. Patients with metastatic melanoma of unknown primary site represent approximately 1 to 8% of all cases of melanoma and up to 12.6% of all cases of metastatic melanoma of unknown primary site. The understanding of clinical course of metastatic melanoma of unknown primary is necessary to determine disease prognosis. This article shows the analysis of issues devoted to the description of the clinical manifestations of the disease and the characteristics of the clinical course, depending on the localization of the tumor.

The neglect of lung cancer and the unsatisfactory results of its treatment depend to a large extent on untimely diagnosis in the early stages of the disease. The reason for this is the absence of pathognomonic clinical signs and a specific radiographic picture of early lung cancer, which has to be differentiated from other respiratory diseases, including those occurring with infiltrative changes. According to statistical data, hyperdiagnosis of infiltrative pulmonary tuberculosis in patients with oncological diseases of the respiratory system was from 14 to 39%, which leads to long-term monitoring of patients with lung cancer in phthisiological institutions with anti-tuberculosis therapy, which causes delays in the treatment of patients with lung cancer. The pronounced visual similarity of various pathological processes of the lungs, the mixed incidence and immunodeficiency combined with subjective factors, such as gaps in the training of doctors, omissions in the survey method and the lack of continuity, can collectively be the cause of differential diagnostic errors. This article describes the similarities and differences between these diseases, the main causes of erroneous diagnosis, as well as the prospects for the development of modern diagnostic methods.