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We have carried out the NH$_3$ $(J,K)=(1,1),(2,2),$ and $(3,3)$ mapping observations toward the Galactic infrared bubble N49 (G28.83-0.25) using the Nobeyama 45 m telescope. Three NH$_3$ clumps (A, B, and C) were discovered along the molecular filament with the radial velocities of $\sim$ 96, 87, and 89 km s$^{-1}$, respectively. The kinetic temperature derived from the NH$_3$ (2,2)/NH$_3$ (1,1) shows $T_{\rm kin} = 27.0 \pm 0.6$ K enhanced at Clump B in the eastern edge of the bubble, where position coincides with massive young stellar objects (MYSOs) associated with the 6.7 GHz class II methanol maser source. This result shows the dense clump is locally heated by stellar feedback from the embedded MYSOs. The NH$_3$ Clump B also exists at the 88 km s$^{-1}$ and 95 km s$^{-1}$ molecular filament intersection. We therefore suggest that the NH$_3$ dense gas formation in Clump B can be explained by a filament-filament interaction scenario. On the other hand, NH$_3$ Clump A and C at the northern and southern side of the molecular filament might be the sites of spontaneous star formation because these clumps are located $\sim$5$-$10 pc away from the edge of the bubble., Comment: 29 pages, 13 figures, 3 tables, accepted for Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan (PASJ)

SummaryThe roles of Aβ low-threshold mechanoreceptors (LTMRs) in transmitting mechanical hyperalgesia and in alleviating chronic pain have been of great interest but remain contentious. Here we utilized intersectional genetic tools, optogenetics, and high-speed imaging to specifically examine functions ofSplitCrelabeled Aβ-LTMRs in this regard. Genetic ablation of SplitCre-Aβ-LTMRs increased mechanical pain but not thermosensation in both acute and chronic inflammatory pain conditions, indicating their modality-specific role in gating mechanical pain transmission. Local optogenetic activation of SplitCre-Aβ-LTMRs triggered nociception after tissue inflammation, whereas their broad activation at the dorsal column still alleviated mechanical hypersensitivity of chronic inflammation. Taking all data into consideration, we propose a new model, in which Aβ-LTMRs play distinctive local and global roles in transmitting and alleviating mechanical hyperalgesia of chronic pain, respectively. Our model suggests a new strategy of global activation plus local inhibition of Aβ-LTMRs for treating mechanical hyperalgesia.

We have carried out a new kinematical analysis of the molecular gas in the Sh2-233 region by using the CO $J$ = 2-1 data taken at $\sim$0.5 pc resolution. The molecular gas consists of a filamentary cloud of 5-pc length with 1.5-pc width where two dense cloud cores are embedded. The filament lies between two clouds, which have a velocity difference of 2.6 km s$^{-1}$ and are extended over $\sim$5 pc. We frame a scenario that the two clouds are colliding with each other and compressed the gas between them to form the filament in $\sim$0.5 Myr which is perpendicular to the collision. It is likely that the collision formed not only the filamentary cloud but also the two dense cores. One of the dense cores is associated with the high-mass protostellar candidate IRAS 05358+3543, a representative high-mass protostar. In the monolithic collapse scheme of high mass star formation, a compact dense core of 100 $M_\odot$ within a volume of 0.1 pc radius is assumed as the initial condition, whereas the formation of such a core remained unexplained in the previous works. We argue that the proposed collision is a step which efficiently collects the gas of 100 $M_\odot$ into 0.1 pc radius. This lends support for that the cloud-cloud collision is an essential process in forming the compact high-mass dense core, IRAS 05358+3543., 12 pages, 10 figures, two tables, submitted to Monthly Notices of Royal Astronomical Society(MNRAS)

We performed NH$_3\ (J,K)=(1,1),(2,2),$ and $(3,3)$ mapping observations toward the Galactic massive star-forming region Sh 2-255 and Sh 2-257 using the Nobeyama 45-m telescope as a part of the KAGONMA (KAgoshima Galactic Object survey with the Nobeyama 45-metre telescope by Mapping in Ammonia lines) project. NH$_3$ (1,1) has an intensity peak at the cluster S255 N, is distributed over 3 pc $\times$ 2 pc and is located between two HII regions. The kinetic temperature derived from the NH$_3 (2,2)/(1,1)$ ratio was $\sim 35$ K near the massive cluster S255 IR. These clusters also show emission with a large line width of $\sim$ 3-4 km s$^{-1}$. Based on the reported data we suggest that NH$_3$ gas in these regions is affected by stellar feedback from embedded YSO clusters in S255 IR and S255 N. We also detected NH$_3$ (1,1) emission in a region west of the main gas clump at the location of a concentration of Class II YSOs adjacent to the HII regions Sh 2-254. The presence of Class II YSOs implies $\sim$ 2 Myr of star formation, younger than Sh 2-254 ($\sim 5$ Myr), thus we suggest that star formation in the western region could be influenced by the older HII region Sh 2-254., 20 pages, 8 figures, 3 tables, accepted for Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan (PASJ)

A flying aircraft generates wake turbulence behind it from its wingtips. The stability of an aircraft will be affected if it encounters wake turbulence. Successive arrival aircraft at a runway have to maintain appropriate longitudinal separation between the leader and follower aircraft to avoid the effects of wake turbulence. The wake turbulence separation minima are applied via an air traffic controller’s instructions. Separation management imposes a high workload on air traffic controllers. To mitigate the workload for air traffic controllers, this study proposes a support algorithm for arrival separation management. The support algorithm provides an indicator for each aircraft. The indicator is calculated to maintain the arrival separation that matches the separation minima; hence, the arrival aircraft can maintain appropriate arrival separation if the air traffic controller adjusts the aircraft position to match the indicator. To review the capabilities of the support algorithm, a case study is conducted using actual flight data derived from radar data. The results show that the support algorithm can calculate the appropriate indicator near the runway threshold, but the indicator has errors in the initial phase of the arrival separation management. Finally, the paper discusses the error sources and the future directions for improving the support algorithm.

This study is part of a research collaboration between Kyoto University and The University of Mataram, aiming to identify and to utilize the agarwood plants, i.e., Gyrinops versteegii from Indonesia. The study, specifically, aims to discover anticancer agents from the bark of G. versteegii from Lombok Island of Indonesia. There were three provenances of G. versteegii observed, namely Soyun, Pantai, and Buaya. Based on the Brine Shrimp Lethality Test (BSLT), G. versteegii Buaya showed the highest cytotoxicity with LC50 45,94 µg/ml. Meanwhile, G. versteegii Soyun and Pantai have LC50 75.86 µg/mL and 56.36 µg/mL respectively. A phytochemical study showed that the methanol extract of G. versteegii Buaya containing compounds from the group of alkaloid, flavonoid, steroid, triterpenoid, and saponin. The methanol extracts fractionated using Vacuum Liquid Chromatography into 10 fractions (F1-F10) and then retested BSLT. Among the fractions, F2 showed the best potency as an anticancer with LC50 64,12 µg/mL. Based on the GC-MS analysis, the cytotoxicity from both methanol extract and F2 is predicted to be influenced by the same compounds, namely, 1,4-Benzenediol,2-methyl, Pyridoxylamine, 2,3-Dimethylhydroquionone, Tetramethyl-p-benzoquinone, and Benzofuran. Overall, the bark of G. versteegii from Lombok Island has great potency as an anticancer.

This study evaluated the agreement between invasive blood pressure (IBP) values measured in three different arteries and by an oscillometric device (NIBP) with the ones from the transverse facial artery (FA). Six horses (424.2 ± 40.7 kg) were sedated with xylazine (0.6 mg/kg IV), induced with ketamine (2 mg/kg IV) and midazolam (0.1 mg/kg IV), and maintained with isoflurane (1.2 MAC) for 90 minutes in lateral recumbency. FA, auricular artery (AA), lateral digital artery (LDA), and metatarsal artery (MA) were catheterized, and a standard adult cuff was placed on the tail. IBP and NIBP values were recorded at 30, 45, 60, 75, and 90 minutes of anesthesia. Data were analyzed with Shapiro-Wilk and Repeated-Measures Bland-Altman. Values for FA (mmHg) were 85.4 ± 10.3 for SAP, 70.6 ± 9.3 for MAP, and 58.5 ± 9.5 for DAP. Mean bias and 95% Limit of agreement (LOA) for AA were -1.7 (-29.0 to 25.6), 2.2 (-18.4 to 22.9), 1.9 (-18.2 to 22.0), for LDA: 1.4 (-25.1 to 27.8), 2.9 (-19.3 to 25.0), 2.3 (-18.4 to 22.9), for MA: -3.2 (-28.3 to 22.0), 2.7 (-16.6 to 22.1), 4.9 (-13.8 to 22.2), and for NIBP: -5.7 (-28.3 to 16.9), 7.9 (-9.5 to 25.3), 17.2 (-2.4 to 36.8), for SAP, MAP and DAP respectively. There is a reasonable bias for IBP values among the arteries evaluated, however a wide LOA, demonstrating the arteries are not interchangeable. NIBP method from Dixtal 2010 results in inaccurate blood pressure values in horses.

The preceding propagation of turbulence pulses has been observed for the first time in heat avalanche events during the collapse of the electron internal transport barrier (e-ITB) in the Large Helical Device. The turbulence and heat pulses are generated near the foot of the e-ITB and propagate to the peripheral region within a much shorter time than the diffusion timescale. The propagation speed of the turbulence pulse is approximately 10 km/s, which is faster than that of the heat pulse propagating at a speed of 1.5 km/s. The heat pulse propagates at approximately the same speed as that in the theoretical prediction, whereas the turbulence pulse propagates one order of magnitude faster than that in the prediction, thereby providing important insights into the physics of non-local transport.

The optimized superconducting stellarator device Wendelstein 7-X (with major radius , minor radius , and plasma volume) restarted operation after the assembly of a graphite heat shield and 10 inertially cooled island divertor modules. This paper reports on the results from the first high-performance plasma operation. Glow discharge conditioning and ECRH conditioning discharges in helium turned out to be important for density and edge radiation control. Plasma densities of with central electron temperatures were routinely achieved with hydrogen gas fueling, frequently terminated by a radiative collapse. In a first stage, plasma densities up to were reached with hydrogen pellet injection and helium gas fueling. Here, the ions are indirectly heated, and at a central density of a temperature of with was transiently accomplished, which corresponds to with a peak diamagnetic energy of and volume-averaged normalized plasma pressure . The routine access to high plasma densities was opened with boronization of the first wall. After boronization, the oxygen impurity content was reduced by a factor of 10, the carbon impurity content by a factor of 5. The reduced (edge) plasma radiation level gives routinely access to higher densities without radiation collapse, e.g. well above line integrated density and central temperatures at moderate ECRH power. Both X2 and O2 mode ECRH schemes were successfully applied. Core turbulence was measured with a phase contrast imaging diagnostic and suppression of turbulence during pellet injection was observed.

We assess the magnetic field configuration in modern fusion devices by comparing experiments with the same heating power, between a stellarator and a heliotron. The key role of turbulence is evident in the optimized stellarator, while neoclassical processes largely determine the transport in the heliotron device. Gyrokinetic simulations elucidate the underlying mechanisms promoting stronger ion scale turbulence in the stellarator. Similar plasma performances in these experiments suggests that neoclassical and turbulent transport should both be optimized in next step reactor designs.

A non-destructive beam spatial profile monitor system using a gas sheet has been developed. The 4 mm thick gas sheet of over 40 mm width enables increase of the local gas pressure high enough to record a two-dimensional beam profile. A CCD camera coupled to an image intensifier detects photons produced by beam-gas interaction with the signal intensity that makes the time evolution study of the beam possible. We demonstrated that the J-PARC 3MeV, 60 mA H- beam profile which is measured with intensity error of 8.4-12% and spatial resolution of 1 mm changed depending on the controls of the acceleration cavity in the beam pules of 50 μs.

A heating source with off-axis electron cyclotron heating (ECH) alone produced a plasma with a quasi-steady-state hollow electron-temperature profile in the Large Helical Device. The clear formation of this quasi-steady-state hollow electron-temperature profile can be explained by adding the outward heat convection term to the diffusion term, as a simple model to describe the electron heat flux, using the energy conservation equation. In addition, we directly observed the non-locality of the non-diffusive (convective) contribution in transient electron thermal transport in the condition that power-modulated on-axis ECH was applied to the plasma sustained by off-axis ECH. The experimentally evaluated flux-gradient relation shows two different positive values of the electron heat flux at zero temperature gradient by going back and forth between positive and negative temperature gradient regions in the transport hysteresis phenomenon.

Three new species of Aquilaria (Thymelaeaceae) from Borneo, Aquilaria macrocarpa, Aquilaria malinensis and Aquilaria lepidota has been and described and depicted from the specimens which were collected from Malinau Sebrang village, Pulau Sapi village, Malinau, Beringin Lumbis village, Nunukan, North Borneo and herbarium sheets of Aquilaria from BO and L. These species are similar to Aquilaria beccariana, but they are different in their inflorescent, flower, fruits, seed stipes and caruncles.

Cluster ion beam processing has been extensively developed during the 25 years since the concept originated. Low energy surface interaction effects, lateral sputtering phenomena and high-rate chemical reaction effects have been explored experimentally and have been explained by means of molecular dynamics (MD) modeling. Practical production equipment for a wide range of applications has also been successfully developed. The technology is now advancing rapidly in the fields of sub-nanoscale processing of metals, semiconductors and insulating materials. This paper reviews important events which have taken place during the development with emphasis placed on emerging new advances which have occurred during several recent years.

The new code version of EMC3, which can deal with non-uniform cross-field transport coefficient, is benchmarked with analytical problem and a finite difference method. It has been confirmed that for arbitrary spatial change of the transport coefficient the error is suppressed below tolerable level for the purpose of comparison with experiments. The first implementation of the new code in LHD stochastic layer shows existence of significant change of cross-field transport in radial direction. The location of the change corresponds to the boundary between long flux tubes region and the edge surface layers (where long and short flux tubes co-exist, i.e. laminar zone). (© 2014 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)

Eaglewood (Gyrinops verstiigee) is one example of a commercially valuable aromatic plant in the form of agarwood. The high selling value of agarwood encourages people to use it. The distribution area of Agarwood-producing trees is found in several regions in Indonesia. One of agarwood producers has been widely exploited in West Nusa Tenggara Province. The problem is the number of population and the quality of agarwood production which is declining due to exploitation carried out continuously and excessively without calculations and improper harvesting techniques. Therefore, a forest management model that cares for sustainability, called a sustainable harvesting model, could be used. This research used harvesting matrix to build this model. This model considers the initial configuration of the forest to be the same as the final configuration of the forest, so that the harvesting could be done continuously without damaging the forest configuration. The location of data collection was conducted in several areas, such as Orong Puncak, Lembah Sari, Orong Selatan, Kekait, Sepakek, East Lombok, and Kerujuk. The data obtained were divided into 5 intervals based on the diameter of the eaglewood tree. The research found that the number of trees that could be harvested on one harvesting period at each interval of trees diameter, i.e. 0 tree in 0-10 cm interval; 388 trees in 10-20 cm interval; 270 trees in 20-30 cm interval; 17 trees in 30-40 cm interval; and 3 trees in 40-50 cm interval. Harvesting matrix could be used to help the government in order to build a strategy for the sustainability of eaglewood trees in Lombok Island.

Optical measurements were carried out by infrared spectroscopy on AA′3B4O12 A-site ordered quadruple perovskite EuCu3Fe4O12 (microscopic sample) as function of temperature. At 240 K (=TMI), EuCu3Fe4O12 undergoes a very abrupt metal to insulator transition, a paramagnetic to antiferromagnetic transition and an isostructural transformation with an abrupt large volume expansion. Above TMI, optical conductivity reveals a bad metal behavior and below TMI, an insulating phase with an optical gap of 125 meV is observed. As temperature is decreased, a large and abrupt spectral weight transfer toward an energy scale larger than 1 eV is detected. Concurrently, electronic structure calculations for both high and low temperature phases were compared to the optical conductivity results giving a precise pattern of the transition. Density of states and computed optical conductivity analysis identified Cu3dxy, Fe3d and O2p orbitals as principal actors of the spectral weight transfer. The present work constitutes a first step to shed light on EuCu3Fe4O12 electronic properties with optical measurements and ab-initio calculations.

Porous materials with a wide variety of functions can be obtained through sol-gel synthesis. Recently, we found that sol-gel based materials can be molded into a monolithic microhoneycomb structure by simply freezing their parent hydrogels unidirectionally. The main feature of the monoliths obtained through this method, which we named the Ice Templating Method, is that they have straight and aligned macropores, the sizes of which are in the micrometer range. As these macropores are the traces of the ice crystals which are formed during freezing and which practically act as the template, the sizes as well as the shape of them depend on how the template ice crystals are formed and how they grow. Therefore in this work, the growth behavior of the ice crystals formed during the unidirectional freezing of a silica hydrogel was examined and the influences of this growth behavior on the properties of the resulting monoliths were verified.

The L-H transition was observed in a unique helical divertor configuration where the core plasma is surrounded by ergodic layer, exhibiting rapid increase in edge electron density with sudden depre...

A core density collapse (CDC) phenomenon is a rapid collapse events observed in super dense core (SDC) plasma with internal diffusion barrier (IDB) in the Large Helical Device (LHD). By CDC, the central beta is decreased by up to 50%. The collapse starts from the edge region of the plasma. CDCs appear with plasma parameters where the high–n ballooning modes are unstable at ϱ ∼ 0.8. With less collisional conditions, m = 1 type oscillations are observed with similar beta profile. The origin of the m = 1 oscillations is not clarified (© 2010 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)

In the Large Helical Device (LHD), nonlinear evolution of strongly destabilized edge MHD modes, which are thought to be resistive interchange modes, induce repetitive bursts of magnetic fluctuations, soft X-ray (SX) fluctuations, and extreme ultra-violet (XUV) fluctuations, and generates a train of sharp spikes in Hα emission signals. These Hα spikes exhibit the character of edge localized mode (ELM). The ELM activities are also observed in high beta or high density L-mode plasmas having steep pressure gradient at plasma edge as well as H-mode plasmas with the L-H transition. The responsible instabilities for ELMs in LHD plasmas are thought to be resistive interchange modes, and are clearly different from those in a tokamak where peeling-ballooning modes are the candidates. The repetition frequency of ELMs (fELM) increases with the increase of external heating power, of which the character is similar to that of type I ELMs in tokamaks. The product of fELM and the relative ELM amplitude (δHα/Hα) is roughly in proportion to the input heating power, where the ELM induced loss energy (ΔWp) increases with δHα/Hα (© 2010 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)

The Thomson scattering diagnostic is one of the most important diagnostic systems in fusion plasma research. It provides reliable electron temperature and density profiles in magnetically confined plasma. A Q-switched Nd:YAG Thomson system was installed several years ago in KSTAR tokamak to measure the electron temperature and density profiles. For the KSTAR Thomson scattering system, a Charge-to-Digital Conversion (QDC) type data acquisition system was used to measure a pulse type Thomson signal. Recently, however, an error was found during the Te, ne calculation, because the QDC system had integrated the pulse Thomson signal that included a signal similar to stray light. To overcome such errors, we introduce a fast data acquisition (F-DAQ) system. To test this, we use CAEN V1742 5 GS/s, a Versa Module Eurocard Bus (VMEbus) type 12-bit switched capacitor digitizer with 32 channels. In this experiment, we compare the calculated Te results of Thomson scattering data measured simultaneously using QDC and F-DAQ. In the F-DAQ system, the shape of the pulse was restored by fitting.

This study investigated the effect of a specific adsorption ion, copper (II) ion, on the kinetics of the charge transfer reaction at a LiMn 2 O 4 thin film electrode/aqueous solution (1 mol dm −3 LiNO 3 ) interface. The zeta potential of LiMn 2 O 4 particles showed a negative value in 1 × 10 −2 mol dm −3 LiNO 3 aqueous solution, while it was measured as positive in the presence of 1 × 10 −2 mol dm −3 Cu(NO 3 ) 2 in the solution. The presence of copper (II) ions in the solution increased the charge transfer resistance, and CV measurement revealed that the lithium insertion/extraction reaction was retarded by the presence of small amount of copper (II) ions. The activation energy for the charge transfer reaction in the solution with Cu(NO 3 ) 2 was estimated to be 35 kJ mol −1 , which was ca. 10 kJ mol −1 larger than that observed in the solution without Cu(NO 3 ) 2 . These results suggest that the interaction between the lithium ion and electrode surface is a factor in the kinetics of charge transfer reaction.

A gas cluster is an aggregate of a few to several thousands of gaseous atoms or molecules, and it can be accelerated to the desired energy after ionization. Since the kinetic energy of an atom in a cluster is equal to the total energy divided by the cluster size, a quite-low-energy ion beam can be realized. Although it is difficult to obtain low-energy monomer ion beams due to the space charge effect, equivalently low-energy ion beams can be realized by using cluster ion beams at relatively high acceleration voltages. The low-energy feature and the dense energy deposition at a local area are important characteristics of the irradiation by gas cluster ions. The diameter of a gas cluster with a cluster size of several thousands is only a few nanometers, so that thousands of atoms or molecules penetrate the target in an area that is only a few nanometers in diameter, which causes multiple collisions between target and cluster atoms. Therefore, all of the impinging energy of a gas cluster ion is deposited at the surface region, and this dense energy deposition is the origin of enhanced sputtering yields, crater formation, shock-wave generation, and other nonlinear effects. It is almost 20 years since the gas cluster ion beam (GCIB) equipment was first built in our laboratory. Since then, various kinds of GCIB equipment were constructed, and, currently, a GCIB system for 300-mm-diameter Si wafers is available. GCIB machines are being used for industrial applications, where a surface process is required. Surface smoothing, shallow doping, low-damage etching, trimming, and thin-film formations are promising applications of GCIBs. In this paper, the formation of the GCIB and the configuration of the GCIB equipment are summarized. Then, fundamental irradiation effects of the GCIB are discussed from the viewpoint of low-energy irradiation, sputtering, and dense energy deposition. Last, various applications of the GCIB are explained.

An electrostatically-tunable infrared filter was fabricated by constructing a Fabry–Perot interferometer with stacked silicon plates. Driving-voltage, which used to be ∼100 V with ordinary silicon plates, could be reduced to ∼30 V by decreasing plate thickness to 100 μm. Both theoretical simulation and bending test confirmed sufficient mechanical durability of these thin plates. Superimposition of a noise spectrum, which was caused by interference inside thin silicon plates, could be suppressed by polishing the plates into wedges. Consequently, pronounced interference peaks appeared at 12.6, 6.3, and 4.2 μm wavelengths, and they shifted to 9.8, 4.9, and 3.3 μm, respectively, by 30-V application.

The surface structures of Si (1 0 0) wafers subjected to gas cluster ion beam (GCIB) irradiation have been analyzed by cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy (XTEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). GCIB irradiation is a promising technique for both precise surface etching and planarization of Si wafers. However, it is very important to understand the crystalline structure of Si wafers after GCIB irradiation. An Ar-GCIB used for the physically sputtering of Si atoms and a SF 6 -GCIB used for the chemical etching of the Si surface are also analyzed. The GCIB irradiation increases the surface roughness of the wafers, and amorphous Si layers are formed on the wafer surface. However, when the Si wafers are annealed in hydrogen at a high temperature after the GCIB irradiation, the surface roughness decreases to the same level as that before the irradiation. Moreover, the amorphous Si layers disappear completely.