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BACKGROUND Primary spontaneous pneumothorax (PSP) has a high rate of recurrence, and pleurodesis has been shown to decrease the rate of recurrence in adult PSP. For pediatric PSP patients, there are only a few case series available and evidence on the benefits of pleurodesis is insufficient. This study aimed to analyze the outcome of pleurodesis among pediatric PSP patients via a nationwide population-based cohort in Taiwan. METHODS The hospitalization data from the pediatric intensive care sampling file of the National Health Insurance Research Database from January 1 to December 31, 2010, were retrieved and analyzed. Children aged 0-18 years with a discharge diagnosis of PSP (ICD-9: 512, 512.0, and 512.8) were enrolled in the study. Demographic data, management strategies, and clinical outcomes were recorded and analyzed as well. RESULTS A total of 1005 hospitalization cases were identified and divided into the pleurodesis (409 hospitalizations) and nonpleurodesis (596 hospitalizations) groups. In the univariate analysis, thoracoscopic surgery for PSP decreased the incidence of recurrence (hazard ratio [HR], 0.46; 95% CI, 0.32-0.67) and the need for further surgical intervention (HR, 0.29; 95% CI, 0.18-0.47); however, conventional open surgery did not. A lesser incidence of PSP recurrence (HR, 0.53; 95% CI, 0.37-0.78) and fewer subsequent surgical interventions (HR, 0.32; 95% CI, 0.20-0.52) were found in the pleurodesis group in comparison with the nonpleurodesis group. A multivariate Cox regression analysis revealed that pleurodesis was the only significant factor capable of decreasing the incidence of PSP recurrence (HR, 0.57; 95% CI, 0.38-0.86) and the need for further surgical intervention (HR, 0.40; 95% CI, 0.23-0.69). CONCLUSION Pleurodesis reduces the rate of recurrence and the need for further surgical intervention in pediatric PSP. It may be considered as the method of choice for the management of PSP in children.

Background: Extubation failure (EF) in acute pediatric cases causes high morbidity and prolonged hospitalization, some of which might encounter EF repeatedly. This study aims to investigate flexible bronchoscopic findings of airway problems associated with repeated EF (REF) in children. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of intubated children from 2005 to 2013 and enrolled those with EF (reintubated within 48 h after extubation) and receiving flexible bronchoscopy (FB) examinations. We divided all subjects into two groups, the REF group (reintubated within 48 h after FB examination) and control group (no need of reintubation), and compared the related clinical conditions and outcomes. Results: We assessed 30 children (REF group, 17 cases; control group, 13 cases). Among them, no significant difference was observed in age, weight, and underlying diseases. In the REF group, the outpatient ratio, tracheostomy rate, intubation days, respiratory or oxygen supported days, and EF episodes were significantly higher than the control group (p

Background Pediatricians are physicians trained to provide comprehensive nonsurgical health care for children, but parents may consult other specialists when seeking medical help for their children. This study was designed to analyze the role of pediatricians and the changes in the patterns of ambulatory visits among different specialties for children under the age of 18 years in Taiwan during the past 13 years. Methods Data on ambulatory visits of children aged 0–17 years from 1999 to 2011 were retrieved from the National Health Insurance Research Database. The physician's specialty, level of the hospital, year of visit, age of the patient, and diagnoses of each ambulatory visit were analyzed. Four of the most commonly visited specialties—pediatrics, otolaryngology, family medicine, and internal medicine—were compared. The yearly trend of ambulatory visits to different specialties, difference in various age groups, influence of hospital levels, and the top 10 diagnoses were analyzed. Results A total of 1,618,033 ambulatory visits were identified and enrolled into our study. A comparison of the proportions of ambulatory visits between 1999–2003 and 2007–2011 showed that the proportions of visits increased from 27.1 ± 1.3% to 35.4 ± 1.0% for pediatricians, decreased from 32.8 ± 1.8% to 17.0 ± 0.8% for family physicians, and did not change for otolaryngologists and internal medicine physicians. Specifically, pediatricians were visited more often if the children were younger, or if the health-care facility (level of hospital) was either a medical center or a regional hospital. Upper respiratory tract infection was the top diagnosis, followed by acute bronchitis, and acute and chronic tonsillitis. Conclusions The role of pediatricians in children's ambulatory care increased in importance from 1999 to 2011 in Taiwan. However, approximately two thirds of children sought ambulatory medical help from nonpediatric physicians. Thus, it is important to educate and encourage parents to visit pediatricians if their children require medical help.

Background Painful procedures are unavoidable in the medical care of preterm babies. The unpleasant experience during the neonatal period may contribute to hyperalgesia and poor neurodevelopment outcome later. Seeking effective interventions to reduce pain are strongly indicated for these very small premature babies. The aim of this study is to investigate if instilling breast milk (BM) or dextrose water into oral cavity can reduce the procedural pain of heel stick for preterm babies. Methods This is a prospective study; 20 premature neonates are enrolled. Each study case received heel stick 4 times. BM, 10% dextrose water (D10W), distilled water (placebo) and nothing (control group) were given one after the other in random order to the same patient before heel stick. Premature infant pain profile (PIPP) was used to assess the pain scores. The whole process consisted of 4 sections: a baseline period for 1 min, intervention period for 1 min, heel stick period for 20 s, and recovery period for 5 min. The primary outcome is to compare the PIPP scores in the 4 groups. Results Totally 20 babies completed this study. Median gestational age was 32 weeks 2 days (26 weeks 4 days–35 weeks 6 days) and median birth body weight was 1596 g (766–2435 g). The median PIPP scores and interquartile range at each time period were listed in the context. There are significant differences between BM/control group at all time periods, between BM/placebo group at 30–60 s, 1–2 min, and 2–3 min, and between D10W/control group at 0–30 s, 30–60 s, 3–4 min, and 4–5 min. There are no significant differences between BM/D10W, D10W/placebo, and placebo/control groups at any time periods. Conclusion Giving something with taste such as BM or D10W is safe and effective in reducing the procedural pain of heel stick in preterm neonates; BM is the priority.