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Stabilization of oil production at the level of 215–220 million tons/year, as well as its subsequent growth, is a priority task for the enterprises of the fuel and energy complex of Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug – Yugra (KhMAO – Yugra). It is impossible to achieve this without the active implementation of the most effective modern technologies for enhanced oil recovery. This article aims to analyze the methods of enhanced oil recovery and and oil production stimulation methods (EOR and PS) used at the KhMAO – Yugra fields on an industrial scale, their features and their contribution to additional oil production from 2001 to 2021.The article describes such technologies as sidetracking (STB), physical and chemical methods (FCM), hydraulic fracturing (HF), bottom-hole treatment (BHT), hydrodynamic methods (HDM), horizontal well drilling (SHD), as well as other geological and technical measures (GTM) aimed at optimizing well operation (other methods (OM)). The study showed that FCM, BHT and other well interventions became the most used. The share of additional oil produced through the use of EOR and PS has doubled since 2013: 8% in 2013, 16.2% in 2021. Hydraulic fracturing, deep drilling and sidetracking showed the highest efficiency. All this led to the stabilization of the annual oil production in KhMAO – Yugra and even to its growth in 2021.The use of enhanced oil recovery methods on a nonalternative basis in developed fields is especially important, because the share of hard-to-recover reserves is high and reaches 80% for some companies in the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug – Yugra. For such fields, it is necessary to strengthen scientific research in the field of substantiation of optimal conditions for well construction, as well as the operation of development systems.

This research aims to analyze problems related to resources, reserves and development of Bazhenov-Abalak oil and gas play and to find geological and technological solutions for bringing reserves into development commercially. This should stabilize oil production in Okrug on the level 210–215 million of tons. Geological, field and statistical data from V.I. Shpilman Research and Analytical Centre for the Rational Use of the Subsoil and Department of Subsurface Management & Natural Resources of Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug – Yugra were retrospectively analyzed during this research.Oil production from Bazhenov-Abalak play using conventional technologies is still sub economic. Running experimental areas and test ranges for industrial approval of development efficiency enhancement technologies for Bazhenov-Abalak play are created on producing fields. Unfortunately, accumulated experience ends up inside oil companies. Undoubtedly, single initiatives of oilmen will not solve a problem of development of huge resources in Bazhenov formation.

The following problem is solved by the present research: the probable sources of Paleozoic hydrocarbon deposits are determined on the basis of modeling the hydrocarbon foci of generation Paleozoic-Mesozoic oil source formations (for example, the southeast of Western Siberia, Tomsk Region). The research area is the lands Ostanino field group: the Selveikin area of deep drilling, the Ostaninskoye and Gerasimovskoye oil and gas condensate fields. Pre-Jurassic strata with oil source potential, including the Paleozoic Larinskaya (S1 lr), Mirnaya (D1 3 mr), Chuzikskaya (D2 cz), Chaginskaya (D3 cg) and Kehoregskaya (C1 kh) formations, as well as Jurassic Bazhenovskaya (J3 bg) and Tyumenskaya (J1-2tm ) formations, and, accordingly, the reservoirs of the weathering crust and bed-rock Paleozoic reservoirs are the objects of study. The subject of analysis was selected in accordance with the concept of the geothermal regime of the subsoil, as a leading factor in the implementation of the generation potential of the parent sediments. The research methods are digital paleotemperature modeling and historical-geological analysis.The results and conclusions concerning the fundamental problems of “Paleozoic oil” are obtained. 1. Source of the Paleozoic oil deposits can be both the Domanic type rocks of the Paleozoic formations and the Jurassic oil source formations. Thus, both upward vertical interstratal HC migration and downward HC migration can take place. Therefore, the two concepts of “main source” are compatible and should not be considered, as often, orthodoxly alternative. 2. The domanicoid rocks of the Paleozoic formations are most likely the source for Paleozoic gas and gas condensate deposits. 3. Paleozoic formations the roof of the bed-rock Paleozoic (on the Ostankinskaya group of fields – C1 kh and D3 cg) can be only the source of the «Paleozoic oil» and gas deposits in the PreJurassic oil and gas complex. 4. Bazhenov formation – J3 bg may be the “Jurassic” source of oil deposits in the Pre-Jurassic oil and gas complex. The results were obtained and conclusions were drawn concerning the applied (search) aspects of the problem: 1. Results additionally substantiate the author’s search criterion for the oil and gas content of the Paleozoic – these are anomalous geophysical and petrophysical characteristics of the Jurassic section. 2. The absence of hydrocarbon deposits in the Jurassic section is most likely a negative sign of the Paleozoic oil and gas content. 4. The low density of the modern heat flow (less than 40 mW/m2 ) is most likely a negative sign of oil deposits in the Paleozoic. 3. High paleotemperatures in terms of VR (more than 175o C) are most likely a negative sign of oil and gas deposits in the Paleozoic. 4. Reasons have been obtained to state that oil deposits in the Paleozoic cannot be richer than oil deposits in the Jurassic.

Study and exploration of the pre-Jurassic oil and gas complex in Western Siberia is one of the aspects of hydrocarbon raw-material base development. The main scope of this study is to locate the source of Paleozoic hydrocarbons. The problem of modeling and assessing the role of Paleozoic Mesozoic hydrocarbon generation centers in the formation of «Paleozoic» oil deposits in the section of the Ostaninskoe oil and gas condensate field (Tomsk region) is solved. In the formation of the oil and gas content of the pre-Jurassic basement two reservoirs are involved: the weathering crust and the roof of the bed-rock Paleozoic. The first was formed during the period of 213–208 Ma, and the second is genetically determined by epigenetic processes in the weathering crust. Potential hydrocarbon sources for the weathering crust and bed-rock Paleozoic reservoirs are Domanic type rocks in the crystalline basement: Larinskaya S1lr, Mirnaya D1mr, Chuzikskaya D2cz, Chaginskaya D3cg Formations, as well as Tyumenskaya J1-2tm and Bazhenovskaya J3bg Formations in sedimentary cover.To perform joint paleotemperature modeling of sedimentary basins of the «modern» Jurassic-Cretaceous and Paleozoic «paleobasins», the Ostaninskaya 438P well was selected, which is due to the presence of measured temperatures both in the Jurassic sections and in the pre-Jurassic formations, as well as fluid inflows from the pre-Jurassic horizons into the well. At the first step, the solution of the inverse problem of geothermics was obtained using reservoir temperatures and vitrinite reflectance measurements from the Mesozoic deposits: density of deep heat flow from the base of sedimentary section was determined, which is characterized by a quasi-constant value from the Jurassic to the present. The second step was to solve the inverse problem using vitrinite reflectance measurements from Paleozoic sediments. As a result, the heat flow value was obtained for the key moments of geodynamic history of the stratigraphic section, starting from the Silurian. By solving direct problems of geothermics with the given values of heat flow, the structural-tectonic and thermal history of four Paleozoic potential oil source formations (as well as Jurassic – Bazhenov and Tyumen Formations) has been retraced. The controversial aspects of the heat transfer model in the section of the Ostaninskoe field are considered.It has been established that the Tyumen and Bazhenov oil sources (most likely Bazhenov) are syngenetic (in terms of generation, accumulation and preservation time) for the weathering crust and the Paleozoic reservoirs. The role of the Chaginskaya Formation as gas source is insignificant.

This paper presents the results of applying paleotemperature modelling for determination possible sources, which form hydrocarbon deposits in the pre-Jurassic basement in the southeast of Western Siberia. Discovery of light oil deposits below the depth of 7000 m in the Tarim basin indicates the possibility of existence favourable temperature regime for generation and conservation of hydrocarbon deposits even at such great depths. According to some estimates about 40 % of the total proved oil and gas reserves in the world are distributed in the superdeep strata. Russian scientists also have extensive prospects for the Paleozoic sedimentary basins of Western Siberian Plate. These basins formed on betwixt mountains, where favourable environment for accumulation of dispersed organic matter and its transformation into hydrocarbons persisted for a long geological time. There are two concepts of “the main source” for oil accumulated in the Paleozoic reservoirs. The first suggests deposit formation via upward migration, while the second supports the idea of downward interstratal migration of hydrocarbons from the Jurassic source rocks. The aim of this study is to determine possible sources for the Paleozoic hydrocarbon deposits in the Urman field via modelling of thermal history of the Phanerozoic oil-source rocks. The first experience of performing such research is related to the Ostanino group of fields. The research is continued for the Chuzic-Chizhapka group of fields, which is located on the tectonic unit of the same name. Both groups are associated with the Nyurol sedimentary basin. It was found that the Paleozoic reservoir of the Urman field accumulates partially preserved gas generated by the Paleozoic source-rocks and oil representing a mixture of the Jurassic oil of marine and terrigenous origin.

Modern technologies are rapidly changing the customary forms of being and reshaping the activities of social institutions. This transformation is accompanied by a belief in a long period of sustainable progress brought about through the media, the Internet, mobile telecommunication, robotics and artificial intelligence. Previously, science fiction as a literary genre served as an impetus for science and technology, today, the exact opposite is happening, i.e., scientific and technological breakthroughs inspire a variety of fantastic plots. The problem of gaining a scientific understanding of the mechanization of civilization has become a reality. Machines and technologies influence politics by some means or another. Previously differentiated forms of “the political” also show tendencies towards convergence and interpenetration. In this process, neutral technology tends to exhibit globalism, spreading its influence and its results to the whole world. Rationalization, without which techniques and technologies are unthinkable, revolutionizes the environment by offering its own logic and language to public and individual consciousness. As a result of the pacification of the irrational, structures of power and law frequently find themselves in a situation of isolation that is characterized as “lacking spirituality” and outside the interests of society. The technical elements are increasingly replacing the human elements. Formerly held humanitarian and organic ties are being replaced by technical, ethically neutral methods. Every “power machine” wants to appear impartial and objective in its actions and decisions; yet, even though the machine has no fate, it cannot avoid accidents. The tendency to evaluate everything in terms of numbers – both infinitesimally small and infinitely large can be traced back to antiquity. Machinery needs an accurate calculation of probabilities: it focuses on foresight; therefore, it embodies a “process” and cares not about tradition, but only about the stability of the system. The machine begins to live for itself and for its future.

Link for citation: Krutenko M.F., Isaev V.I., Korzhov Yu.V., Osipova E.N. Foci of hydrocarbon generation and the «Paleozoic» oil deposits in the Urman field (Tomsk Region). Bulletin of the Tomsk Polytechnic University. Geo Аssets Engineering, 2023, vol. 334, no. 9, рр. 49-62. In Rus. The relevance. Large oil and gas fields are discovered in the oldest basins on many continents of the Earth. According to some estimates, ~40 % in the total proved oil and gas reserves in the world were distributed in the superdeep strata. Also, the Nyurol sedimentary basin draws a lot of interest in prospects for oil and gas potential in the Paleozoic. The perspectivity of the basin is proved by a large amount of hydrocarbon deposits in the Paleozoic discovered there, numerous oil and gas inflows. This research aims to find approaches to identify the source rocks for the pre-Jurassic hydrocarbon deposits. The main aim: estimation of the Phanerozoic rocks opportunity to generate hydrocarbons accumulated in the pre-Jurassic traps. Objects. This paper presents the results of paleotemperature modelling of the Paleozoic and Mesozoic foci of hydrocarbon generation in the Urman oil-gas-condensate field in Tomsk Region. The Urman field is included into the Chuzic-Chizhapka group of fields. The research is performed for two wells – Urman 5 and Yuzhno-Urman 1. Actual well data include well tests measurements and vitrinite reflectance determinations as in the Jurassic, so in the pre-Jurassic rocks, also recorded fluid inflows from the pre-Jurassic play. Methods. The research is based on applying paleotemperature modelling as the main research method. Paleotemperature modelling is associated with paleotectonic reconstructions and is performed in two steps. In the first step, present-day deep heat flow is determined by solving the inverse problem of Geothermics using formation temperatures. In the second step, maximum deep heat flow associated with mantle plume activation is determined applying vitrinite reflectance measurements in the pre-Jurassic rocks. Dynamics of deep heat flow is reconstructed since the Late Ordovician. As a result of solving the direct problem of Geothermics, we set thermal history of the Jurassic and pre-Jurassic oil-source rocks. Results of paleotemperature modelling for the Urman field allowed identifying possible oil-source rocks for deposits in the pre-Jurassic play. Favourable paleotemperature regime for oil generation in sedimentary sequence of both wells existed only in the Jurassic formations: Bazhenov, Tyumen and Togur. Favourable paleotemperature regime for gas generation existed only in the Paleozoic oil-source formations: in Urman 5 well – in the Late Devonian Luginetsk formation, in Yuzhno-Urman 1 – in the Early Devonian Kyshtovsk formation. The conclusion. The Paleozoic reservoirs of the Urman field accumulate partially preserved gas generated by the Paleozoic source-rocks (Kyshtovsk and Luginetsk) and oil representing a mixture of the Jurassic oil of marine (Bazhenov) and terrigenous (Togur and/or Tyumen) origin.

The relevance of the study. The study and development of the unallocated subsoil fund of the Tomsk region east is being carried out to stabilize the falling level of oil production in the southeast of Western Siberia. The choice validity of the study area is determined by the prospects and underexploration of the Ob River right bank. The main aim of the research is to replenish the resource base of the Tomsk region fuel and energy complex at the stage of identifying promising areas and sites for predictive and exploratory research. The objects of the research are the Lower Jurassic oil source Togur suite, weathering crust and Paleozoic reservoirs of the East-Paidugin depression territory. The subjects of the research are the thermodynamic regime of Togur oil generation sources, the capacitive properties of pre-Jurassic reservoirs. The task of the research is to perform zonal zoning of the pre-Jurassic complex of the East-Paidugin megadepression and framing structures based on the integration of basement rock petrotype classifications, thermodynamic characteristics of the oil source Togur suite and the distribution of weathering crust thicknesses. Research methods. The study of the hydrocarbons generation density by the Togur suite is based on paleotemperature reconstructions of sedimentary rocks at each moment in the development of the basin at known temperatures on the surface (paleoclimate) and heat flow values given at the base of the sedimentary cover. The zoning of the weathering crust and Paleozoic reservoirs was carried out on the basis of a conditional classification of foundation rocks petrotypes, the integration of three digital parameters, namely, the weight coefficients of the potential for the formation of reservoirs by various petrotypes, the values of oil generation density and the values of weathering crust thicknesses. When ranking sites according to the density of primary oil accumulation, the weight coefficient of the basement rock petrotype potential was taken as the first important feature, the density of Togur oil generation was the second, and the thickness of the weathering crust was the third. Results. Areas of the Vladimirov megaprotrusion western cape and the Vargat mesotrough northeastern side is assigned to the zone with the maximum prospects for the Paleozoic reservoir. Highly promising areas include areas of the Belonogov mesouplift, the northern part of the East-Paidugin junction megadepression and the Vladimirov megauplift, and the Beloyar mesouplift northeastern slope. The zone with the highest potential for the weathering crust reservoir includes areas of the Vargat mesotrough northeastern side, the Vladimirov megadepression western cape, the northern part of the junction of the East-Paidugin megadepression and the Vladimirov megadepression, and the area of the junction of the Vladimirov megadepression northwestern slope and the East-Paidugin megadepression northeastern edge. The zone with high prospects includes areas of the Vargat mesoprotrusion northern part and the Beloyar mesoprotrusion southeastern slope, the Beloyar mesoprotrusion eastern slope and the Vargat mesoprotrusion southwestern slope, the Belonogov mesouplift western and eastern parts. Conclusions. The zones of maximum and high predictive prospects for weathering crust and Paleozoic reservoirs are recommended to be taken into account when planning the search for pre-Jurassic oil deposits in the Tomsk region northeast. Along with that, research results visibly promote development of the methodology and the theory of Geothermics as of Exploration Geophysics method.

Link for citation: Krutenko D.S., Isaev V.I., Isaev S.G. Density of hydrocarbons and deep heat flow of the territory (southeast of Western Siberia). Bulletin of the Tomsk Polytechnic University. Geo Аssets Engineering, 2023, vol. 334, no. 7, рр. 148-163. In Rus. The relevance. According to the ruling theory for organic origin of petroleum, geothermal regime is considered to be the main factor, which is responsible for realization of potential for oil generation. Therefore, it is not irrelevant to develop geothermics as a method of exploration geophysics for forecasting and evaluating oil and gas potential. Forecast tasks are reduced to detection local geothermal anomalies and establishing its relation to hydrocarbon deposits. This method may make a good showing while supplementary exploration in the territories with well-developed infrastructure and a large amount of wells as it is based on modelling and analysing of available data and does not propose additional field works. The main aim: establishing qualitative and quantitative relations between deep heat flow and oil and gas potential, also between gradient zones of heat flow and localization of hydrocarbon fields in the west of Tomsk Region. Objects: thermal field and oil and gas potential in the west of Tomsk Region. Subjects. The thermal field is described with such parameters as deep heat flow density and horizontal gradient of heat flow. Hydrocarbon fields are divided depending on fluid type into oil, oil-gas-condensate and gas-condensate. Methods. The deep heat flow was determined through paleotemperature modelling. The grid with cells of 20×20 km was set on study territory in increments of 10 km. Heat flow values were determined in the centers of each cell using Kriging interpolation method. The absolute horizontal gradient of heat flow was calculated on the same grid using five spot formula. Quantitative parameter of oil and gas potential – hydrocarbon density – was determined on the same grid. Quantitative relations were investigated by correlation and regression analysis. Relationships of heat flow density and horizontal gradient of heat flow with localization of hydrocarbon fields of different fluid type were detected by one-way ANOVA test. Results. The main results of this study are established distribution patterns for deposits of different fluid type in thermal field. Correlation analysis showed highly significant correlation coefficients. The conclusion. Oil and oil-gas-condensate fields tend to the average heat flow values (52 mW/m2), while gas-condensate are associated with high heat flow values (57 mW/m2). The value of the absolute horizontal gradient of heat flow increases in row oil fields – oil-gas-condensate fields – gas-condensate fields. The difference between average values of gradient for all of field types is statistically significant. Therefore, we indicate appearance of geothermal quantitative criterion for forecasting fluid type of deposits in areas of high potential for hydrocarbons. Quantitative relation of high significance (r=0,53) between heat flow density and hydrocarbon density is established for high heat flow values (>56 mW/m2). Weak correlation (r=0,3) was indicated between horizontal gradient of heat flow and hydrocarbon density.

The relevance of studying the unallocated subsoil fund of the east of the Tomsk region is determined by the prospects and underexplored right bank of the Ob River. The subsoil user does not want to take risks there, the same about the State. However, oil companies will be forced to develop the eastern regions when production at the oil fields on the left bank drops to a critical level of profitability. A number of promising areas for exploratory drilling have already been identified on the right bank. The main aim of the research of geologists and geophysicists in the oil industry in Western Siberia and in particular the Tomsk region is a significant increase in reserves and accordingly prevention decline in oil production. This is the aim of the present work. The objects of the study are hard-to-recover reserves which requires the solution of the scientific problem of theoretical and experimental study of thermodynamics and material composition of the Western Siberia Paleozoic. The key geodynamic parameter that determines geotemperatures and the time of its impact on the centers of hydrocarbon generation is the heat flow of the foundation roof. It serves as the basis for basin modeling in prospecting and exploration. The construction and general analysis of the heat flow density map of the foundation roof of the Tomsk region east were carried out for a joint study of the prospects for the oil and gas potential of the poorly studied Bakchar mezodepression and the areas of the preliminary forecast of the East Paidugin megadepression. Methods. The original software «TeploDialog» was used to perform the simulation. This software package implements specially formulated direct and inverse geothermal problems under sedimentation conditions. Determining the value of the heat flow density from the roof of the foundation is complicated by taking into account many processes occurring both in the bowels and on the surface of the Earth. Therefore, an integral approach was used in the calculations, allowing these processes to be taken into account with the help of conjugated structural-tectonic reconstructions. The initial data for the model are reservoir temperatures measured during well testing, as well as taken from temperature gradient diagrams. The values of the reflectivity of vitrinite and the thermophysical properties of rocks systematically replenish the database of the IPGG named after A.A. Trofimuk SB RAS by analytical studies under the supervision of A.N. Fomin and A.D. Duchkov. The result. The heat flow density map (in isolines through 2 mW/m2) from the base of the sedimentary section for the northeastern part of the Tomsk region was prepared on the basis of calculations of 59 parametric, reference and exploration wells. The heat flow values were obtained using a single well-tested method based on solving the inverse geothermal problem. In terms of setting the task of the completed scientific work, a certain part of the scientific problem of theoretical and experimental study of the upper part of the Paleozoic thermodynamics was solved. The resulting discrete distribution (by wells) and the map of heat flow values from the pre-Jurassic basement can serve as a base for correct basin modeling of the Bakchar study area and the poorly studied large area of the East Paidugin megadepression. This region is not promising in terms of the sedimentary cover taking into account the low values of the modern heat flow. However, the determination of the vitrinite reflectance index of the Paleozoic section can significantly expand the prospects for the oil and gas potential of the weathering crust and the upper horizons of the Paleozoic. Conclusions. A unified map of the heat flow density of the foundation roof of the Tomsk region constructed at the next stage on the territory of which three graben rifts: Koltogor-Urengoy, Ust-Tym and Chuzik, were developed, will be the important result. This fact is of particular interest and requires separate careful consideration.

The relevance of the study of the north-eastern part of the Tomsk region is determined by the need to search for new sources of replenishment of the resource base, defined by the strategy for oil industry development in the Russian Federation until 2035. The main aim of the research is to determine the heat flow density from the bottom of the sedimentary section by solving the inverse problem of geothermics. It includes the anomalous zones correlation of the obtained parameter with the established oil and gas content and the prospects determination of the north-eastern lands of the Tomsk region for the Lower Jurassic and pre-Jurassic deposits. The objects of the research are the north-eastern lands of the Tomsk region belonging to the territory of widespread Hettangian-Lower Toarcian. There are potential oil-source Togur deposits having certain similarity in geological structure with oil-producing regions. The temperatures measured in 38 exploration and parametric representative wells were used to determine the heat flow density. Research methods include the collection and analysis of geological and geophysical data on deep wells drilled in the research area, 1D paleotemperature modeling combined with paleotectonic reconstructions using a domestic software product. The result. The authors have built a map with a cross-section of isolines of 2,5 mW/m2 based on the calculated values of the heat flow in the wells by the interpolation method. The analysis of the performed constructions shows that the thermal field on the top of the basement in the north-eastern part of the Tomsk region is heterogeneous. Its values vary from 33 to 69 mW/m2 . The zone of increased values of the heat flow density extends from north-west to south-east, crossing tectonic structures. A decrease in the intensity of the geothermal field is observed in the north-eastern and eastern sections. The increased values of the heat flow, in general, correlate with the established oil and gas content in the study area. Within the southern part of the Karamka Mesotrough, high prospects are expected in the Lower Jurassic and Pre-Jurassic complexes. High prospects for oil and gas content can be noted in the area of the Yuzhno-Pyzhinskaya 1 parametric well and lands located in the East Paiduga Megadepression, where the thickness of the Lower Jurassic deposits and the magnitude of the heat flow are increased. Conclusions. The authors obtained new data on the heat flow density in the Tomsk region north-eastern part. The study area is promising for further prospecting and exploration work with the aim of discovering deposits in the Lower Jurassic and pre-Jurassic objects.

The relevance. Commercially producible volumes of oil and gas from the Paleozoic play are defined within all territory of Western Siberia. Extensive work to assess the amount of the pre-Jurassic hydrocarbon resources was performed in southeastern. There 13 hydrocarbon deposits were discovered in calcareous, siliceous and clayey, sandy and gravelite rocks. These objects are relegated to hard-to-recover resources, but at the same time are regarded as investment attractive in the reason of location in territories of oil fields with well-developed infrastructure. This study states and solves the issue concerning modelling of the Mesozoic and the Paleozoic catagenic foci of hydrocarbon generation and performs the assessment of their role in formation of the Paleozoic oil deposits. The main aim of the research is to assess the role of the Phanerozoic foci of hydrocarbon generation in formation of the Paleozoic oil deposits. Objects. This paper involves setting and solving the issue regarding to paleotectonic and paleotemperature reconstructions of the Paleozoic and the Mesozoic foci of hydrocarbon generation in the section of the Gerasimov oil-gas condensate field, which is located within the Ostanino group of fields in Tomsk region. Reservoirs of the weathered and the inner Paleozoic – Lower Carboniferous Kehoreg suite are occasioned with epigenetic processes in old weathering crust in period of 213–208 Ma ago. Database on the field includes well test temperatures and vitrinite reflectance data both as from the Jurassic, so from the pre-Jurassic sections and also documented information about fluid inflows from the pre-Jurassic play. Methods. Paleoreconstruction is carried out by paleotemperature modelling method. The applied model does not require making final calibrations with vitrinite reflectance data. Deep heat flow is determined by solving inverse problem of Geothermy using proprietary approach including two steps. The first step involves density estimation of the quasistationary heat flow associated with the beginning of the Jurassic period. The second step intends to determine heat flow value in the Silurian and its dynamics until the Early Jurassic. Depositional and thermal history of the Phanerozoic source rocks (the Paleozoic formations: Larin, Mir, Chuzik, Chagin, Kehoreg; and the Jurassic formations: Tyumen, Bazhenov) is restored by solving direct problems of Geothermy. Results. Co-generating sources of hydrocarbon deposits in the weathered and the inner Paleozoic were defined and studied as a result of performing coupled paleotemperature modelling of the Phanerozoic foci of hydrocarbon generation in the Mesozoic and the Paleozoic sedimentary basins. Accountancy of succession of generation and oil and gas migration, timeframe of reservoirs formation, oil origin analysis data allows identifying oil from the Paleozoic reservoirs as Bazhenov oil. Domanic rocks of Kehoreg suite are accepted as a gas source for Paleozoic reservoirs. The conclusion. Paleotemperature study of the Gerasimov field section and modelling within the Selveikin area of deep drilling and the Ostanino field performed earlier show that two alternative concepts of the main source for the Paleozoic hydrocarbon deposits are not mutually exclusive. It seems that for the Paleozoic deposits an oil source rock, more likely, is the Upper Jurassic Bazhenov formation and a gas source rock (for generating gas and condensate) is the Paleozoic domanic rocks.

The relevance of the research is caused by the importance of reproduction and expansion of the resource base of hydrocarbons in Western Siberia based on the assessment of prospects and development of the horizon of the contact zone and the Paleozoic, where the deposits belong to hard-to-recover reserves. The aim of the research is to consistently justify the criteria for forecasting and prospecting Paleozoic hydrocarbon deposits based on the hypothesis of anomalies in the petrophysical characteristics of Jurassic formations – the uniqueness of the «reflection» of Paleozoic deposits in the geophysical parameters of the overlapping Mesozoic-Cenozoic section. This hypothesis was formulated and reasoned earlier by the results of studying the well sections of the Gerasimovskoe field with Paleozoic oil deposits and the Krapivinskoe fields with Jurassic oil deposits. The objects: geophysical and petrophysical parameters of the Jurassic reservoir layers and intervals of the Bazhenov suite at the Ostaninskoe oil and gas condensate field, which has deposits in the pre-Jurassic base, and at the Dvurechenskoe oil field with only Jurassic oil deposits. Methods. To characterize the Jurassic reservoirs, petrophysical calculations of electrical resistivity were performed, the data of induction logging and resistivity logging were used along sections of 28 wells of the Ostaninskoe and Dvurechenskoe deposits. To characterize the petrophysics of mudstones of the Bazhenovsuite, a qualitative and quantitative (statistical) analysis of the readings of the methods of potentials of spontaneous polarization, apparent resistence, and gamma-ray logging were carried out. The carbonate content of reservoir rocks was estimated using the volumetric gasometric method. Results. It was established that Jurassic reservoirs of the Ostaninskoe field have resistivity of 11...21 om·m for oil-saturated reservoirs and resistivity of 5...9 om·m for water-saturated reservoirs. Jurassic reservoirs of the Dvurechenskoe field have a resistivity of 6...12 om·m for oil-saturated formations and a resistivity of 2...5 om·m for water-saturated formations. The Jurassic reservoirs of the Ostaninskoe field are abnormally, two times higher, resistive than the Jurassic reservoirs of the Dvurechenskoe field. The total carbonate content of the Jurassic strata of the Ostaninskoe field is 5,4 %, and the Dvurechenskoe field is 1,1 %. It was shown that at the Ostaninskoe field, variations in the readings of the PS method are ±(0,5...2,5) mV, the resistivity level is 32...42 om·m, and the level of natural radioactivity is 36...44 mkR/hr. At the Dvurechenskoe field, variations in the PS readings are ±(5,0...8,0) mV, the resistivity level is 95...111 om·m, the level of natural radioactivity is 40...59 mkR/hr. The results of the research at the Ostaninskoe and Dvurechenskoe fields are fully consistent with the previously expressed and reasoned hypothesis of the anomalous petrophysical characteristics of the Jurassic section, overlapping deposits of the pre-Jurassic oil and gas condensate field.

Based on the analysis of the individual composition of biomarkers of oils from the Lower Cretaceous, Lower Jurassic, Paleozoic and Proterozoic of the Aryskum depression of the South Torgai oil and gas basin, the conditions for formation of oil source deposits generating oil of the territory under consideration are reconstructed. The study is relevant to justify the search strategy for oil and gas deposits, taking into account the tectonics of the foundation of South Kazakhstan. The aim of the study was to identify similarities and differences between the oils lying in the pre-Jurassic deposits of the Aryskum trough basement and oils from sedimentary strata overlapping them, to determine the features of facies conditions for accumulation of oil source material in this territory. Objects and methods. Oil from the Lower Cretaceous, Lower Jurassic, Paleozoic, and Proterozoic of the Aryskum depression of the South Torgai oil and gas basin was studied. The composition of the oils was analyzed by gas-liquid chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Results and conclusions. The distribution in oils and the individual composition of alkanes, n-alkylbenzenes, naphthalenes, phenanthrenes, cheilants, pentacyclic triterpanes and steranes were determined, geochemical parameters reflecting the peculiarities of the conditions for formation of oil source deposits were calculated. The data obtained demonstrated the genetic unity of the oils from the Lower Cretaceous and Proterozoic of the Akshabulak graben-synclinal, as well as the unified genesis of oils from the Lower Cretaceous and Paleozoic of the Aksai horst-anticline and the difference in the facies conditions of accumulation of source rocks in these territories. According to the data on composition of steranes and pentacyclic triterpanes, rocks that produced oil within the Akshabulak graben syncline are characterized by a high content of carbonates, accumulated in the deeper part of the sea and in less oxidizing conditions than in the Aksai horst anticline, where the oil source layer contained more clay component and deposited, apparently in a salted lagoon. Oil from the Lower Jurassic of the Bosingen graben-synclinal is generated by sediments formed in the desalinated delta zone.

The relevance. State Register of Reserves booked 482 fields of raw hydrocarbons (in the order of 12 billion tonnes of recoverable reserves) in Yugra. 273 fields are at production stage, 210 fields are at different stages of research. Current depletion of producing fields is 61% and their current water cut is above 85%. Modern stage is characterized by decreasing production rate virtually at all objects of oil recovery and increasing of hard to recover reserves component to 65–70%. The main task for fuel and energy manufacturers of Yugra – the major base of raw hydrocarbon materials and recovery in Russia – is to stabilize oil production on the reached in 2018 level at 235–236 million tonnes per year. Solving of this problem is impossible without application of innovative enhanced oil recovery technologies. The main aimof the research is the efficiency analysis (from viewpoint of additional production) of tertiary technologies of enhanced oil recovery factor at fields of Yugra, which were introduced while operation. Object. Peculiarities and field-geological results of enhanced oil recovery methods at fields of Yugra (2013–2019): physical and chemical, hydrodynamic, hydraulic fracturing, horizontal drilling, sidetracking, bottomhole treatment and other methods – well interventions operations for optimization of well stock work. Methods. Retrospective comparative analysis of performed enhanced oil recoverywell operations and additional oil production: physical and chemical– 48016, hydrodynamic– 23374, hydraulic fracturing– 28454, horizontal drilling– 11225, sidetracking– 9010,bottomhole treatment– 44081, well interventions operations– 32123 operations. Results. Field-geological and statistical reporting data of Research and Analytical Center for the Rational Use of the Subsoil named after V.I. Shpilman and Department of Subsurface Management & Natural Resources of Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug–Yugrawas analyzed. A trend of stabilization of annual oil recovery is emerged in Yugra. Thereat, a fraction of additional oil production was increased from 9,4% in 2013 to 16,0% in 2019 due to application of enhanced oil recovery methods and well interventions operations. The major methods of intensification of production and enhanced oil recovery are physical and chemical, bottomhole treatment and hydrodynamic. The most effective methods, which provide additional production, are horizontal drilling, sidetrackingand hydraulic fracturing. Application of enhanced oil recovery methods requires enhancement of scientific and technical explanation of optimal conditions of construction and operation of development systems. The fraction of hard to recover reserves of oil is about 60% in average and for several companies is 75–80%, for this reason today there is no alternative to development of tertiary enhanced oil recovery methods at the fields of Yugra.

One of the areas discussed in modern geology is the oil and gas potential of deep horizons, including the basement of sedimentary basins. The genesis of oil deposits is the subject of heated debate. Modern geochemical methods for studying a substance, together with the instrument capabilities, which include an isotopic mass-spectrometer, make it possible to distinguish between oils generated by different oil source deposits. The most important indicator identifying the genesis of hydrocarbons with respect to oil and gas formation zones in a specific section is the isotopic composition of carbon. Each zone, in its turn, is characterized by individual geochemical and thermodynamic parameters, including the type and degree of conversion of dispersed organic matter, modern geothermal temperatures and paleotemperature conditions, and the phase composition of hydrocarbons. Deposits of the Aryskum depression of the South Torgai oil and gas basin (South Kazakhstan) are associated with various lithological-stratigraphic complexes of the Jurassic-Cretaceous deposits, the Devonian-Lower Carboniferous formations of the quasi-platform complex and disintegrated basement ledges. In recent years, the prospects of the South Torgai basin have expanded and are associated with pre-Jurassic deposits. In this regard, there is the issue of the nature of hydrocarbon masses and formation of their clusters in the Mesozoic and Pre-Mesozoic formations of the Aryskum depression. The aim of the research is the comparative analysis of the carbon isotopic composition of oils from the Aryskum depression from the Mesozoic, Paleozoic sediments, as well as the ones from the zone of contact of the Paleozoic with the Mesozoic sedimentary cover to solve genetic problems and elucidate the features of the formation of oil fields in the Aryskum depression. The results made it possible to establish the regularity of the change in the d13С value depending on the age, depth, and territorial confinement of the deposits within the Aryskum depression and, based on isotopic data, make an assumption about the genesis of Mesozoic and Pre-Mesozoic oils.

Background: Kivach Clinic has developed a special medical spa program to prevent aging-related conditions in metabolic, cardio-vascular, and neurological states. Spa programs modify diet, physical activity, and lymphatic drainage, as it deteriorates with aging. We investigated its influence on the blood markers of biological age of patients during their stay to objectify the potential of spa treatment for influencing the risk of age-related events. Methods: The artificial deep learning model Aging.ai 3.0 was based on blood parameters. The change in the biological age of 43 patients was assessed after their 14-day spa treatment at Kivach Clinic. Results: Biological age decreased in 29 patients (median decrease: 8 years, mean: 8.83 years), increased in 10 patients (median increase: 3 years, mean: 5.33 years) and remained unchanged in 4 patients. Overall mean values for the entire patient group were as follows: median value was −3 years, and mean was −4.79 ± 1.2 years (p-value = 0.00025, t-test). Conclusions: The capability of specially selected medical spa treatment to reduce human biological age (assessed by Aging.AI 3.0) has been established.

The genesis of hydrocarbons in the Jurassic and pre-Jurassic complexes of the Chistinnoe group of oil fields located in the Koltogorsk-Urengoy paleorift zone is determined. The research is relevant to substantiate the strategy of searching for oil and gas deposits, taking into account the tectonics of the basement of the West Siberian plate. The aim of the research is to determine the «main source» of hydrocarbons of Jurassic and pre-Jurassic horizons in the rift zones of the basement. Objects and methods. The core of Jurassic and pre-Jurassic complexes of productive and non-productive wells of the Chistinnoe group of fields of the Vartovsky oil and gas area is studied. Lithological and petrographic characteristics were determined using optical microscopy. The content of mobile hydrocarbons in the rock, including the series of n-alkanes, n-alkylbenzenes, components of the series of naphthalene and phenanthrene was determined by methods of organic geochemistry, chromatography and mass spectrometry. Results and conclusions. The authors have constructed the geochemical model of inter- and intra-layer migration of hydrocarbons. Hydrocarbon composition of the upper part of the Jurassic section indicates that the oil deposits in the Vasyugan formation (stratum Yu11) were formed as a result of emigration of hydrocarbons from the shales of the Bazhenov and Georgiev formations. The organic substance of the basement and bottom rocks of the Jurassic section differs from the overlying sediments in molecular and group composition of hydrocarbons and probably did not participate in filling the upper Jurassic traps. Triassic volcanics are not favorable for formation of hydrocarbon reservoirs, voids are filled with secondary minerals due to developed hydrothermal processes and the lack of significant disjunctive tectonics, the forecast of filling the weathering crust traps from the overlying «Jurassic source» is unlikely. The organic substance of Paleozoic genesis may form small deposits in the pre-Jurassic base. In the area of the continental paleorift depression the classic mode of petroleum formation is implemented.

The relevance of the research is caused by the need to reproduce the raw material base of hydrocarbons in the southeast of Western Siberia due to prospecting and exploration of deposits associated with pre-Jurassic deposits. The aim of the research is to determine the criteria for forecasting and prospecting Paleozoic hydrocarbon deposits based on a study of geophysical differences in the sections of the Jurassic field sediment with both Paleozoic deposit of oil and fields with nothing but Jurassic oil deposit. The objects of the research are the sections of deep wells of the Gerasimovskoe oil and gas condensate field with the main reserves in the reservoir M – in permeable intervals of crust weathering of Paleozoic deposits and wells of the Krapivinskoe oilfield, which industrial oil bearing capacity is associated with terrigenous sediments of the Jurassic productive horizon J1. Methods: statistical analysis of petrophysical parameters of reservoirs according to well logging data, assessment of the lithological composition of reservoirs by petrophysical criterion, comparative assessment of the geophysical characteristics of the Bazhenov suite of the Gerasimovskoe and Krapivinskoe fields. Results. On the example of geophysical characteristics of sections of 29 deep wells of the Gerasimovskoe field and 34 wells of the Krapivinskoe field, it is shown that Paleozoic deposits have a unique «reflection» in the geological and geophysical parameters of the overlying Mesozoic–Cenozoic sedimentary section. This uniqueness is expressed by significantly higher values ​​of electrical resistivity and carbonatization of the intervals of Jurassic sediments, as well as the distinctive characteristic of the geophysical parameters of the interval of the Bazhenov suite. To further argue the uniqueness of the «reflection» of Paleozoic deposits in the geophysical parameters of overlying sediments, as a criterion for predicting and searching for Paleozoic hydrocarbon deposits, it is proposed to conduct similar studies at several fields of both Gerasimov and Krapivinskoe types.

The relevance. The Bureya sedimentary basin is the most interesting in respect of oil and gas intermountain basin of frontier mainland of Russian Far East. An upbeat assessment of prospects of oil and gas field discovery in the basin is proved by the results of previous prospecting work and scientific research. The aim of this paper is further argumentation of hydrocarbon prospects of upper Jurassic-lower Cretaceous deposits in the Bureya basin based on the use of domestic basin modeling software TeploDialog, having original features. Study object is middle-upper Jurassic, upper Jurassic-lower Cretaceous and Cretaceous sedimentary sequences of the Kyndal graben, the most studied structure in the Bureya fore deep. The previous investigations have revealed that the whole Jurassic-Cretaceous section of the Bureya basin is involved in oil-and-gas formation. Methods. In the software TeploDialog the paleotemperature modeling method is implemented based on the numerical solution of heat transfer equation of a horizontally layered solid with a movable upper boundary. Mathematical model includes climatological secular trend of temperatures on the earth surface (boundary condition) and paleotemperatures from vitrinite reflectance evaluation (observational). The method does not require a priori information about the nature and magnitude of the deep heat flow, the heat flow is determined by the solution of the geothermal inversion within the framework of parametric description of the sedimentation history and the history of the thermophysical properties of sedimentary strata. Results. The study found that geothermy of graben since Jura permitted formation of liquid hydrocarbons in the sedimentary cover rocks, which could begin about 107 million years ago, in the middle of the Alb. The most intensive oil generation took place in the period of 107–40 million years ago, until the middle of the Eocene. Temperature conditions for the generation of liquid hydrocarbons are still the same for talyndzhansky kitchen. Maximal duration of temperature periods, favourable for gas formation is observed in chemcukinsky kitchen. The conditions for gas generation are still the same for urgalsky and chegdomynsky kitchens. The results obtained using the domestic software TeploDialog and previously obtained in software PetroMod, strongly aligned. These computer programs are characterized by different approaches to consideration of tectonic-sedimentation and thermal conditions of hydrocarbon generation. Therefore, the results of this study are an additional argument for the positive prospects of oil and gas potential of the upper Jurassic-lower Cretaceous deposits of the Bureya basin.

Dracocephalum botryoides Steven and Dracocephalum austriacum L. are unexplored species of the Dracocephalum genus (Lamiaceae family) with a distribution in the Caucasus, where they are used in folk medicine and local cuisine. There are no data on the chemical composition of these Dracocephalum species. In this study, the application of a liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry technique for the metabolite profiling of methanol extracts from herbs and roots of D. austriacum and D. botryoides resulted in the identification of 50 compounds, including benzoic acid derivatives, phenylpropanoids, flavonoids and lignans. Water-soluble polysaccharides of the herbs and roots of D. austriacum and D. botryoides were isolated and characterized as mostly pectins with additive arabinogalactan-protein complexes and starch-like compounds. The antioxidant potential of the studied extracts of Dracocephalum and selected phenolics and water-soluble polysaccharides were investigated via radical-scavenging and ferrous (II) ion chelating assays. This paper demonstrates that herbs and roots of D. austriacum and D. botryoides are rich sources of metabolites and could be valuable plants for new biologically active products. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study of whole plant metabolites and their antioxidant activity in D. austriacum and D. botryoides.

The aim of this study was to determine the phase composition of the structures of permanent magnet fi lms with layers of a Fe-Cr-Co alloy of micron range thickness, also known as the Kaneko alloy. The information about the phase composition is necessary for the development of physical and technical approaches for the production of optimal structures with permanent magnet fi lms on single-crystal silicon wafers, the fi lms being based on a dispersion-hardened alloy with the magnetization vector in the plane of the silicon substrate. Three-layer metal fi lms were obtained by magnetron sputtering on a silicon wafer: a dispersion-hardened alloy layer based on the Fe-Cr-Co system (3600 nm thick), ), a compensating copper layer (3800 nm), and a vanadium adhesion barrier layer (110 nm). Multilayer fi lms formed on a silicon wafer were subjected to one-minute of annealing in a high vacuum in the temperature range of 600–650 °C. A qualitative phase analysis of the structures obtained by magnetron sputtering and subjected to a single-stage thermal treatment was performed using X-ray diffraction. It was determined that high-vacuum “rapid” one-minute of annealing of the Fe-Cr-Co dispersion-hardened alloy layer in the temperature range of 600–650 °C does not result in the formation of oxides of the main components or the s-phase. At the temperature of 630 °C, the maximum intensity of the X-ray diffraction line (110) of the a-phase is observed, which indicates the formation of a predominantly a-solid solution and serves as a basis for the correct implementation of the subsequent annealing stages for the spinodal decomposition of this phase.

Free-electron laser based x-ray facilities require high-brightness photoinjectors to provide low emittance electron beams at a fixed bunch charge. The emittance optimization in the injector determines the lowest achievable emittance. Based on experimental emittance optimization at the photoinjector test facility at DESY in Zeuthen, a space-charge affected emission regime is identified, in which the optimum transverse beam emittance is achieved and thus, the injector is routinely operated in this regime. An advanced modeling approach is proposed to consider a dynamic emission process in the simulation of injector beam dynamics, meanwhile allowing detailed studies of the impact of strong space-charge fields during emission on the slice formation of the emitted electron bunch at the cathode. As an application, the proposed approach is used to analyze the budget of the optimized transverse beam emittance. An interplay, taking place in the identified emission regime, between intrinsic cathode emittance and space-charge induced emittance is demonstrated. The resolved behavior by simulation is consistent with the corresponding measurement under practical operation conditions of interest. The obtained results are reported.

Метод магниторезонансной томографии (МРТ) использовали для ранней диагностики глубины ожога, динамики процессов в тканях во время его лечения и верификации возникающих осложнений. Применение предложенного метода диагностики и контроля терапии позволило объективизировать целесообразность и определение объема раннего хирургического лечения.

A transverse kick resulting from the coaxial rf coupler in the L-band rf gun at the photoinjector test facility at DESY in Zeuthen (PITZ) has been systematically studied in simulations and further characterized in experiments. The used rf macro-pulse for the gun is typically 600 μs long and applied to produce a train of up to 2700 electron bunches. The kick is transient and found to be dependent on the detuning of the resonance frequency of the gun cavity. The frequency detuning within the rf pulse results in a variation in the kick strength along the pulse. This leads to a downstream orbit and size change of individual bunches within the train. Using 3D rf field distributions, calculated at resonant and detuned frequencies of the cavity, particle tracking simulations are performed to evaluate the integral kick location and strength, simulate its transient behaviors with respect to gun launch phase and detuned frequency of the gun cavity, and thereby emulate its impacts onto the electron bunch. In the experiments, the temperature of the cooling water for the gun is tuned, allowing detailed characterization of the frequency detuning within the rf pulse and thus measurements of the kick which are of practical interest for machine operation. The resulting orbit and size change along a 240 μs bunch train have been measured downstream at the injector exit for an rf gun peak power of about 5.7 MW. A measured focusing difference between head and tail of the bunch train is evaluated in terms of the gun solenoid current which provides more relevant information for overall tuning of the FELs. This is exemplarily given for both the under- and over-focusing case. The obtained results will be presented and discussed.

The members of Gentiana genus are widely distributed in the Caucasus region where they are used as phytoremedies, but they still have not been studied for their chemical composition and bioactivity. High-performance liquid chromatography with diode array and electrospray triple quadrupole mass detection (HPLC-DAD-ESI-QQQ-MS) was used to investigate metabolites of herb and roots of six gentians (Gentiana asclepiadea, G. cruciata, G. gelida, G. paradoxa, G. pneumonanthe, G. septemfida) grown in the Caucasus. In total, 137 compounds were found including three carbohydrates, 71 iridoid glycosides (mostly loganic acid), loganin, swertiamarin, gentiopicroside and sweroside derivatives, 40 flavones C-, O-, C,O-glycosides (such as luteolin, apigenin, chrysoeriol, and acacetin derivatives), two phenolic O-glycosides, five hydroxycinnamates, eight xanthones, and seven triterpene glycosides. Most of these compounds were identified in gentian samples for the first time. Quantitative differences were found in levels of seven iridoid glycosides, nine glycosylflavones, and two xanthones obtained by HPLC-DAD assay. The gentian extracts were evaluated for their radical-scavenging properties against DPPH and superoxide anion radicals, lipid peroxidation inhibition, and α-amylase/α-glycosidase inhibition. The herb extracts showed higher activity than root extracts. Positive correlations were found between the content of quantified phenolics and antioxidant and digestive enzymes inhibiting activity. The findings presented in our work suggest that the Caucasian gentians are a good source of bioactive phytocompounds with antioxidant and antidiabetic potential.

Fringed sagewort (Artemisia frigida Willd., Compositae family) is a well-known medicinal plant in Asian medical systems. Fifty-nine hydroxycinnamates and flavonoids have been found in A. frigida herbs of Siberian origin by high-performance liquid chromatography with diode array and electrospray triple quadrupole mass detection (HPLC-DAD-ESI-QQQ-MS). Their structures were determined after mass fragmentation analysis as caffeoylquinic acids, flavone O-/C-glycosides, flavones, and flavonol aglycones. Most of the discovered components were described in A. frigida for the first time. It was shown that flavonoids with different types of substitution have chemotaxonomic significance for species of Artemisia subsection Frigidae (section Absinthium). After HPLC-DAD quantification of 16 major phenolics in 21 Siberian populations of A. frigida and subsequent principal component analysis, we found substantial variation in the selected compounds, suggesting the existence of two geographical groups of A. frigida. The antioxidant activity of A. frigida herbal tea was determined using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl free radical (DPPH•) and hydrophilic/lipophilic oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) assays and DPPH•-HPLC profiling, revealing it to be high. The effect of digestive media on the phenolic profile and antioxidant capacity of A. frigida herbal tea was assessed under simulated gastrointestinal digestion. We found a minor reduction in caffeoylquinic acid content and ORAC values, but remaining levels were satisfactory for antioxidant protection. These results suggest that A. frigida and its food derivate herbal tea could be recommended as new plant antioxidants rich in phenolics.