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Background Problems: Recent advancements in virtual reality (VR) technology have expanded its practical application in enhancing physical activity and motor skill acquisition among children. Research Objectives: This study aims to investigate the impact of interactive virtual reality software on the motor skills of 11- to 12-year-old elementary school children. Methods: Employing a quantitative approach with quasi-experimental methods, the research was conducted on 34 students from Lontar 481 Public Elementary School in Surabaya, selected through purposive sampling. The instruments used in the physical education learning process using virtual reality media include pre-test and post-test stages, which combine understanding of motor skills, practice, and evaluation by the teacher based on the correctness, fluency, and completeness of student actions. The procedure involved the treatment of experimental group subjects using virtual reality for 40 minutes in the control group, which was carried out conventionally. It was analysed using SPSS via a t-test, and the significance level was set at P < 0.05. Findings/Results: These findings showed a significant positive impact of virtual reality technology on students' motor development and confidence in performing movements, compared to the control group who underwent traditional learning. Conclusion: Research shows that utilising virtual reality programmes increases students' confidence in learning physical activities, especially for those at lower performance levels. The novelty of this research lies in its demonstration of virtual reality's capacity to improve children's motor competence in the context of physical education. Overall, the findings of this study contribute to physical activity and motor skills regarding the use of virtual reality media for elementary school children.

Numerical literacy in early can be used as a tool for developing thinking skills in children, supporting children in developing various talents or intellectual potentials they have, and can be used as a means of cultivating a positive affective side in instilling basic personality. This study aims to describe numeracy literacy skills in early childhood students. This research aims to improve students' reading and numeracy skills through learning about physical education and health. The method used is quantitative. The approach used is an experimental pretest-posttest design. The simple random sampling technique was divided into 2 groups of 50 students in the experimental group and 50 in the control group. This type of research is population research. The data are analyzed by using paired sample t-test with a significance level (p

Zumba shares similarities with other aerobic exercises such as dancing and cycling, as it enhances cardiovascular health and facilitates calorie burning. However, what distinguishes Zumba is its emphasis on enjoyment and the incorporation of dance movements from various music genres. This form of aerobic exercise involves sustained moderate to high-intensity activity without excessive fatigue. It strengthens the heart muscle and promotes efficient blood circulation. Furthermore, aerobics can effectively reduce blood pressure in individuals with hypertension. This positive effect is attributed to the improvement of blood vessel function, facilitating better blood flow and alleviating strain on the heart. Regular aerobic exercise also contributes to weight loss, which further aids in lowering blood pressure. Nevertheless, the impact of Zumba on VO2 max ability remains to be explored. In this study, a pre-experimental design was employed, involving one-hour Zumba sessions conducted over eight weeks, comprising approximately 12 tracks prepared by the instructor. The study sample consisted of 30 participants engaged in Zumba classes. Prior to Zumba, the Jackson non-exercise test formula was employed to assess VO2 max fitness. Post-Zumba, the 1-mile jog test formula was utilized to measure VO2 max fitness. The study findings indicate a significant increase in the mean VO2max value after treatment, compared to the lower mean value observed before treatment. Specifically, the mean value of VO2max increased from 38.46 ml/kg/minute before treatment to 47.83 ml/kg/minute after treatment. These results suggest that Zumba exercise enhances aerobic fitness by positively impacting cardiovascular biological mechanisms in young women during the transition to the new normal period.

The aim of this research is to investigate the effect of hurdle box drill with the stick, jump and speed hurdle lateral, and lateral hurdle jump exercises on agility, speed, strength, and explosive power of leg muscles. The sample group of the study consisted of 33 students who participated in badminton FIO UNESA. The methodology used was quantitative research with quasi-experimental methods. The result showed that group I had enhancement on the muscular strength of the limbs for 2.89, speed for −0.003, agility 0.1 and leg muscle explosive power for 1.42. Group II had the strength of the lower limbs for −1.04, speed 0.09, agility −0.19 and leg muscle explosive power 0.85 and group III had limbs muscle strength increased for 0.43, speed 1.18, agility 0.36 and leg muscle explosive power 0.71. Therefore, it can be concluded that these three exercises affected the agility, speed, strength and explosive power of leg muscle.

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