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Sedert die ontdekking van die ruteniumbevattende prekatalisatore, Grubbs 1 (1) en Grubbs 2 (2), is ’n toename in die ontwikkeling van soortgelyke prekatalisatore getoon. Daar is egter nie met die karakterisering van die prekatalisatore met behulp van kernmagnetieseresonansiespektrometrie (KMR) tred gehou nie. Die gerapporteerde KMR-analises en -karakterisering is meestal tot 1H-, 31P-, COSY-analise beperk met seldsame vermelde 13C-analise. Die hoë natuurlike isotoopvoorkoms van 1H- en 31P-kerne, 99.98% en 100% onderskeidelik, is ’n bydraende faktor tot die vinnige en eenvoudige opname van hierdie spektra. Die leemte in literatuurdata en- opnameparameterstelle aangaande 13C-KMR-analise, word aan die lae natuurlike isotoopvoorkoms van 13C-kerne (1.10%) en die ingeperkte stabiliteit van die katalisatore in oplossing toegeskryf. In hierdie ondersoek is prekatalisator 1 gebruik om ’n KMR-parameterstel te ontwikkel. Daarna is twee verdere kommersiële Grubbs-tipe-prekatalisatore, 2 en 3, met behulp van hierdie KMR-parameterstel geanaliseer. Die KMR-spektra is weens die lang opnametyd en die onstabiliteit van die prekatalisatore in oplossing in drie stappe opgeneem. Eerstens, is 1H-, COSY-, HSQC- en HMBC-spektra opgeneem, wat altesaam vier ure geduur het. Tweedens, is DEPT135-spektra opgeneem, wat drie ure in beslag geneem het. Laastens is die 13C-spektra opgeneem waarvoor 7 ure in beslag geneem is. Die KMR-parameterstel wat vanaf die kommersiële prekatalisatore afgelei is, is gevolglik aangewend om ses verdere gesintetiseerde, nie-kommersiële Grubbs-tipeprekatalisatore, 4 tot 9, gedeeltelik te karakteriseer. Deur die voorkoms van oorvleuelende pieke in die aromatiese en alifatiese gebiede is die spektrumresolusie verlaag. Gevolglik is die volledige karakterisering nie moontlik gemaak nie.

Die Diagnose der adulten ADHS erfordert neben der Ausschluss- und Komorbiditatsdiagnostik auch eine klinische Relevanzprufung der Kernsymptomatik, die anhand von Fragebogen und Interviews erfolgt. Die Diagnostik wird allerdings durch die Vielzahl der zur Verfugung stehenden Verfahren erschwert, die auf unterschiedlichen theoretischen Konzeptionen des Storungsbildes basieren. Diese Modelle und Verfahren werden im Rahmen des vorliegenden Artikels skizziert, um die Bedeutsamkeit eines integrierten diagnostischen Gesamtkonzepts, basierend auf klinisch relevanten Dimensionen, zu unterstreichen.

Summary. Objectives: Dabigatran etexilate is the first oral thrombin inhibitor to demonstrate superior efficacy to warfarin for stroke prevention in patients with atrial fibrillation. This study describes the in vitro, ex vivo anticoagulant and in vivo antithrombotic effects of an oral thrombin inhibitor, S35972, in comparison with dabigatran etexilate. Methods: Enzyme assays with thrombin and related serine proteases were performed. Clotting times, including activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) and thrombin time (TT), were measured in vitro in different species and ex vivo in dogs and rats to determine pharmacologic bioavailabilities. The formation of occlusive venous and arterial thrombi in the rat vena cava and aorta was induced with stasis plus thromboplastin or ferrous chloride, respectively. Results: S35972 inhibited human thrombin with an IC50 of 3.7 nm, and did not inhibit other serine proteases. The anticoagulant activities of S35972 in vitro were comparable in dog and human plasmas, and the sensitivity of the clotting times to S35972 was TT > APTT > prothrombin time. In the fasted dog, oral administration of 3 mg kg−1 S35972 increased TT rapidly and for at least 8 h, and its pharmacologic bioavailability was 75.4% ± 0.1%. In the rat venous thrombosis model, 3 mg kg−1 oral S35972 or dabigatran etexilate significantly decreased the thrombus weight. In the rat aortic thrombosis model, oral S35972 at 10 mg kg−1 significantly decreased thrombus weight, by approximately 50%, whereas, at this dose, no effect was obtained with dabigatran etexilate. Conclusions: S35972 is a non-prodrug thrombin inhibitor with high selectivity, oral bioavailability, and antithrombotic efficacy.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the most common chronic immune-mediated disease which goes along with serious somatic and psychic symptoms. Whereas recent research rather focussed on the neurological symptoms of MS, there is nowadays an increasing interest among researchers in psychological symptoms of the disease. It is known that about half of the MS patients suffer from cognitive deficits, and that cognitive decline has a disadvantageous impact on lifestyle and quality of life in affected persons. So far, cognitive deficits in subjects with MS have been described as rather isolated, specific cognitive disturbances with otherwise intact intellectual abilities, while global deterioration of mental skills in terms of dementia is considered as being rather rare. In the present article, we describe cognitive domains which are typically impaired in subjects with MS and reflect on the question if the diagnosis of dementia might be underrepresented in MS patients due to several reasons (e.g., progression of cognitive deficits in the course of the disorder, adhering very closely to memory deficits as cardinal symptom of dementia, lack of longitudinal studies of cognitive performance levels). Furthermore, we recommend a multistage neuropsychological diagnostic procedure for clinical practice which aims at diagnosing cognitive deficits already in early stages of the illness. In so doing, practitioners may be able to offer adequate therapies to affected persons in all stages of the disorder in order to improve psychosocial functional levels.

Resume Objectifs Tenter d’analyser le vecu de couples ayant vecu des fausses couches a repetition, en repondant aux questions suivantes : que nous apprennent ces hommes et ces femmes vivant des fausses couches a repetition ? Que pouvons-nous mieux apprehender sur le couple lui-meme ? Patients et methodes Un questionnaire de personnalite approfondi, le MMPI-2, a ete propose a 50 couples ayant vecu des fausses couches repetees. Resultats Grâce a une classification hierarchique, des profils differents apparaissent tant dans le groupe des femmes que dans la groupe des hommes, mettant en evidence une somatisation de la souffrance psychologique ; elle montre aussi l’existence de profils de personnalite particulierement defensifs temoignant d’une restriction des affects chez beaucoup d’hommes de ces couples vivant des echecs repetes de procreation. Cette restriction emotionnelle peut etre facteur de souffrance supplementaire pour leurs compagnes et pour eux-memes. Discussion et conclusion On peut conclure que dans ces conditions, la prise en charge medicale et/ou psychologique devra inclure les deux membres du couple pour favoriser un meilleur ajustement marital et permettre au couple d’aborder la prochaine grossesse, toujours vecue dans l’angoisse d’un nouvel echec, avec une plus grande serenite. Quelques hypotheses etiologiques pourront etre evoquees.

Try to analyse the experience of couples undergoing repeated miscarriages by answering the following questions: what can we learn from these men and women who suffered from repeated miscarriages?A thorough personality questionnaire, the MMPI-2, presented to 50 couples who have had repeated miscarriages.Through a hierarchical classification, different profiles appear in the men's group as well as in the women's group, revealing a somatization of psychological suffering. It is also revealing acute defensive personality profiles showing restricted affects in a lot of these men whose partners have suffered from multiple procreation failures. Such a narrower range of emotions can be a cause of additional pain for their partner and for themselves.We can therefore establish that, in these circumstances, the medical and/or psychological treatment should include both couple members to improve the marital adjustment and ease the couple towards another pregnancy which is always apprehended with the fear of another failure. A few etiological hypothesis may be evoked.

The productive self-metathesis reaction of 1-octene in the presence of the Phobcat precatalyst [RuCl(2)(Phoban-Cy)(2)(=CHPh)] using density functional theory was investigated and compared to the Grubbs 1 precatalyst [RuCl(2)(PCy(3))(2)(=CHPh)]. At the GGA-PW91/DNP level, the geometry optimization of all the participating species and the PES scans of the various activation and catalytic cycles in the dissociative mechanism were performed. The formation of the catalytically active heptylidene species is kinetically and thermodynamically favored, while the formation of trans-tetradecene is thermodynamically favored.

Cyclodextrin polysulfates possess a variety of cell modulating properties possessed analogous to those of structurally highly complex and heterogeneous heparin, The same structural element, a critical intramolecular sulfate density appears to be basic to a multitude of cell biological effects. This has implications to the fundamental role of polyanions (e.g. glycosaminoglycans) in biology and presents new potentials to pharmacology, medicine and biotechnology.

Degenerative changes in both the nervuh vestibularis and in Scarpa's ganglion depending on the duration of Meniere's disease are visualized by light and electron microscopy. The specimens were obtained by trans-temporal neurectomy in patients with Meniere's disease and were fixed quickly. On the thick nerve fibres (pars superior) a splintering of the myelin lamellae. an increase in the nerve fibre diameter and the formation of myelin globes were found. On the thin nerve fibres (pars inferior) protrusion and introversion of whole parts of the myelin sheath had been observed. In the later stages of the disease. losses of axons and decay of myelin sheath were evident. In Scarpa's ganglion, different stages of ganglion cell degeneration were found. The degenerative morphological changes in the nerve and ganglion were more obvious in later stages of the disease.

The ribosomes of the CA1 and CA3 pyramidal cells of the hippocampus were investigated by morphometric methods after the acquisition of a shock-motivated brightness discrimination in rats. A significant increase in the total number of ribosomes was observed in CA1 cells of trained animals and in CA3 cells of both active controls and trained rats. A significant increase in membrane-bound ribosomes was obtained in CA1 and CA3 cells after training only. The results confirm the suggestion of an increased protein synthesis in hippocampal neurons during and after the acquisition of a brightness discrimination, as we have concluded from our previous investigations on the incorporation of labeled amino acids under identical experimental conditions. The results lead to the assumption that the protein synthesis in some neuronal cells may probably differ not only quantitatively, but also qualitatively in trained and untrained animals.

Schweinelebern wurden durch einfache hypotherme Lagerung mit Plasma-Protein-Fraktion 5 % (PPF), Albumin 5 % (A), Collins C2 (C) und Ringer-Lactat (R) uber 6 h konserviert. Es erfolgte eine morphometrische Auswertung der elektronenmikroskopischen Veranderungen. Die morphometrischen Parameter fur die Schwellung der Mitochondrien sind am starksten verandert und am besten reproduzierbar. Die geringsten Schadigungszeichen finden sich nach Collins-Lagerung. Das endoplasmatische Reticulum weist fur alle Konservierungsarten eine geringe Schwellung auf, desgleichen ist eine Degranulation des granularen ER nachweisbar. Die Zunahme des Lysosomen-volumens im Einheitsvolumen ist nicht signifikant.

A bovine brain fraction with FGF activity (fibroblast growth factor) increased the formation of granulation tissue of rats in an experimental wound healing model. It was characterised by intensified formation of new capillaries, stimulation of the synthesis function of fibroblasts and myofibroblasts, and proliferation of freshly developed granulation tissue. The results obtained from light microscopy and autoradiographic electron microscopy with 3H-thymidine suggested significant increase in the labelling of activated, undifferentiated endothelial cells in vascular sprouts and of differentiated endothelial cells in developed capillaries. FGF S3 appeared to speed up the differentiation of freshly formed endothelial cells. Also labelled were pericytes and other fibroblastoid cells, undifferentiated mesenchymal cells, juvenile undifferentiated fibroblasts, mature fibroblasts, myofibroblasts, and macrophages. Pericytes are presumed to be preferential precursors of myofibroblasts, on account of their occurrence in time and similar ultrastructural parameters. Close neighbourhood of lymphocytes and labelled fibroblasts gave rise to the assumption of specific effects, such as stimulation by lymphokines.

A lack of consensus exists on the relationship between modernization and formalization in organizational recruitment. The absence of agreement is partially a product of the failure to examine recruitment as a dual process of information dispersion and selection. After empirically examining recruitment as a two-stage process in Detroit and Yokohama, it was found that the discrepant findings are in part a result of different temporal focus in the recruitment process by researchers. The article points to the necessity of studying the entire recruitment process and the need to isolate the contingencies that shape the character of employee acquisition.

Summary NMR-spectroscopy and electron microscopy were applied in order to find out whether nephrotoxic effects of cyclosporine A in combination with ischaemia on rat kidney are of significance for the energy metabolism of the organ. CSA was administered in daily doses of 15 mg/kg rat over 20 days. Use was made of the particular advantage of 31P-NMR-spectroscopy to follow up the dynamics of high-energy phosphate concentrations in the same tissue. Ultrastructural changes were observed in the region of the proximal tubule. Some mitochondria showed degenerative changes, others increased density of cristae. The total number of mitochondria was increased. This observation together with the coexistence of vacuolarly degenerated mitochondria and mitochondria with increased activity after CSA treatment is interpreted as expression of a compensatory mechanism that keeps constant the totality of high-energy phosphates despite damage to some mitochondria.

In the study of artificial blood oxygenation, the mechanism of oxygen diffusion and absorption in a blood film is of particular interest. An equation was derived for the diffusion of oxygen into whole blood films that are thick compared to the red cell size. The equation, which was solved on an electronic analogue computer, showed that simple expressions for an advancing interface of oxygenated blood are good approximations. An equation for a blood film bounded by a semipermeable membrane was also derived. An experiment was conducted to confirm the advancing interface theory. In a second experiment, the diffusivity of oxygen in whole blood was found to be approximately 1.3 (10–5) cm2/sec. When using highly permeable membranes, such as silicone rubber, in a blood oxygenator, the relative permeabilities of a blood film and the membrane are such that in many cases the resistance of the blood film is the controlling factor. Submitted on October 5, 1959

A liquid passing through an elliptical orifice under constant pressure produces an oscillating jet exhibiting a standing wave pattern. Dynamic surface tension can be calculated from changes in the wavelength of the jet stream. A traveling microscope, with its own light source and photomultiplier, was constructed to pick up reflected light from the nodes and antinodes of the standing wave. The signal was transferred from the photomultiplier to a strip chart recorder. The permanent record permitted automatic reading of the wavelength using an “oscillogram” reader. The apparatus was used to measure the dynamic surface tension of water and solutions of Triton X-100. First-order rate constants for surface tension lowering at 25°C. are given for various concentrations of surfactant solutions. The reproducibility was found to be less than 2% of the measured surface tension.

An electronic spherometer is described, which has been used clinically for the measurement of uterine forces during obstetrical labor. The transducer, which is taped to the surface of the abdomen, senses change in the radius of curvature of the uterus, and sends a signal from a strain gauge bridge through an amplifier‐detector to a recorder. The instrument has been used to analyze muscular coordination of normal and abnormal labor.

Degenerative changes in both the nervus vestibularis and in Scarpa's ganglion depending on the duration of Meniére's disease are visualized by light and electron microscopy. The specimens were obtained by transtemporal neurectomy in patients with Meniére's disease and were fixed quickly. On the thick nerve fibres (pars superior) a splintering of the myelin lamellae, an increase in the nerve fibre diameter and the formation of myelin globes were found. On the thin nerve fibres (pars inferior) protrusion and introversion of whole parts of the myelin sheath had been observed. In the later stages of the disease, losses of axons and decay of myelin sheath were evident. In Scarpa's ganglion, different stages of ganglion cell degeneration were found. The degenerative morphological changes in the nerve and ganglion were more obvious in later stages of the disease.

1. In the CGLd of the albino rat there are to be found two forms of retinal terminals in electronmicroscopic investigations, they are identical with 2a and 2b terminals described formerly in Golgi-preparations. 2. The small 2b terminals are situated previously in the extraglomerular neuropil, which is identical with the terminal part of P-neuron dendrites. They establish asymmetric GRAYtype I contacts with dendrites and spines of the relay-cell-dendrites. 3. The large 2a terminals form filamentous contacts with the smooth surfaces of the dendrites of the stem-and branching-zones. Synaptic contacts (GRAY I) are established with the grape-like appendages in the branching zone of P-neuron dendrites. 4. In the glomeruli of the CGLd there are three main components, which are the nerve endings of large optic axons, the interneuron dendritic terminals and the relay-cell-dendrites. They are surrounded by astrocytic processes. 5. In the extra-glomerular neuropil there are numerous small nerve endings, they form GRAY type I contacts with relay-cell-dendrites and their spines. They are partly identical with the type I endings in Golgi-preparations (cortical terminals). 6. After the eye enucleation and ablation of the visual cortex the type 2a and 2b and type 1 terminals degenerate. There are two forms of degeneration, the light and the dark one. 7. After eye enucleation two forms of degenerations in the degenerating retinal axons occur, which are the "watery" and the "dense" form. Besides the astrocytes the oligodendrocytes remove the destroyed particles. 8. The ultrastructural characteristics of the interneuronal dendritic terminals and their possible funktion are discussed. 9. There is added a table of the synonyma of CGLd structures.

Fasting blood sugar levels in hospitalized diabetics with peripheral vascular disease receiving pentoxifylline i.v. and p.o. did not-in comparison to a control group-show statistically significant changes during the observation period in well-controlled, stable diabetes mellitus (BS is less than or equal to 130 mg%); a decrease did occur in hyperglycemic patients. As a hypoglycemic drug effect was not demonstrable in the well-controlled patient-group, the decrease might well be attributable to improved dietary and antidiabetic care during the hospital-stay.

Investigations by light and electron microscopy showed more details of potential patterns of injuring after application of low temperatures to rabbit brain. The authors were actually concerned to transforming the intensity of cooling into exact and reproducible degrees of necrosis. According to these experimental results, the application of cryotechnique to human central nervous tissue is just permitted on special premises (size of probe, low-level of temperature, and period of application).

In 35 biopsy specimens taken from 21 patients with membranous glomerulonephritis (mGN) the ultrastructure of the glomeruli was investigated with special regards to the degradation of the immune complexes. Electron microscopy allows the most comprehensive assessment of the manifold basement membrane changes. This is of high value for the practical diagnosis.

Die experimentelle Lymphstauung bewirkt am isolierten, arbeitenden Rattenherzen trotz konstantem Koronarfluss eine progressive Abnahme der Auswurfleistung des linken Ventrikels, die morphologisch unter anderem mit einem intersititiellen und intrazellularen Odem, insbesondere der Herzmuskelzellen und Kapillarendothelien sowie mit partiellen Herzmuskelzellnekrosen einhergeht.

In order to characterise the postnatal development and maturation of heart muscle cells the musculature of the left ventricle of male rats has been investigated electronmicroscopically at birth, at the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th, 6th, 7th, 14th, and 21st day of life, as well as after the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th, 6th month. On the basis of these investigations quantitative and qualitative data have been obtained. The development of the heart muscle cells is characterised by 2 processes. 1. Processes of synthesis and development - The ribosomes/polysomes which are to be found in great numbers are a characteristic of the synthesis of the myofilaments which plays an important role in the 1st phase of postnatal development. This synthesis of myofilaments takes place in the sarcoplasm by the formation of new individual myofilaments, in the interior and at the border of existing myofibrils, and at the level of the Z-lines. Mitochondria are developed in particular by the germination of small mitochondria the percentage of which amounts to about 16% at birth. The sarcoplasmic reticulum is developing in its longitudinal as well as transversal forms only during the 1st month. The disci intercalares, however, have been formed in the main already at birth. Cells are furthermore developing by mitotic processes during the first days. 2. Degradation processes - 2.1. The degradation is characterised by focal autophagocytotic processes in mitochondria concerning the cristae as well as the matrix and the outer membrane. During these processes autophagocytotic vacuoles are developing partly with myelin membranes. In addition, whole mitochondria are transformed into autophagocytotic vacuoles. Later on, mitochondria are also condensed and transformed into mitochondrial lipofuscin. 2.2. The autophagocytotic degradation of glycogen together with the sequestration and formation of vacuoles and myelin membranes are particularly striking. Lipofuscin, however, is to be observed in larger quantities only from the 4th month onwards. The investigations have shown that decisive phases of development can be determined: the day of birth, the 3rd, 4th, 5th, and 7th, and 14th day, as well as after the 1st, 3rd, and 6th month. This determination of the specific developmental phases of the heart muscle makes it possible to carry out investigations in a more economical and purposeful way.

Summary Quantitative changes in the mean absolute volume of rat hepatocytes during prenatal development were studied by light microscopic stereological methods. Combining these light microscopic measurements with electron microscopic relative volume (volume density) data (Daimon et al. 1982) enabled the evaluation of the mean absolute volumes of cytoplasmic organelles of fetuses and newborns. On the 15th day of gestation the mean absolute volume of hepatocytes was 1,523 ± 10.7 μ m 3 . After 3 days hepatocytes were enlarged 66.2% (2,531.5 ± 108.2) and at birth 157.1% (3,915.6 ± 190.8). The comparison of the absolute volume and the volume density of each cell organelle made possible the interpretation of much functional and morphometric data of the development of hepatocytes.

The physiological pH-value of the synovial fluid (pH 7.2-7.4) is important for the integrity of normal articular cartilage. After the intraarticular injection of acid (pH 4.0) or alkaline (pH 10.0) isoosmolale buffer solutions into the knee joints of young rabbits ultrastructural changes are seen by the aid of transmission electron microscopy. The number of cell organelles in the chondrocytes (rough endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi-complex, mitochondria) is diminished and the number of intracytoplasmic filaments is increased. The intercellular matrix shows a looseness of the collagen fibre mesh work, swollen and split collagen fibres, the appearance of numerous coarse rounded structures with an electron dense envelop, and a loss of matrix granules. These results are interpreted as regressive changes, and they are discussed in the context of an activation of proteinases.

This article presents the clinical and pathological history of a 10-year-old boy with adrenoleukodystrophy as well as a tabular survey of 17 additional cases of which the necropsy records were published in the literature. So far as the case of adrenoleukodystrophy directly observed by the authors themselves is concerned, commencement of the disease was in the seventh year of life, with symptoms of Addison's disease and diffuse inflammatory cerebral sclerosis being observed at about the same time. The cerebral disease manifested itself as a progressive pseudobulbar and pyramidal tract symptomatology and as a progressive cerebral psychosyndrome reminiscent of an endocrinal psychosyndrome. Morphologically, the adrenoleukodystrophy was characterized by severe dystrophy of the cortex of the suprarenal gland and the brain are considered the points of action of a still unknown noxa.e suprarenal gland as well as by extensive sudanophilic processes of decomposition in the cerebromedullary substance, putamen, pallidum, and thalamus. Striated cells and cytoplasmic filamentous inclusions observed in the brain and suprarenal glands in a number of cases reported in the literature were not found by the present authors. The cortex of th