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Abstract Background It is challenging to diagnose brucellosis in nonendemic regions because it is a nonspecific febrile disease. The accurate identification of Brucella spp. in clinical microbiology laboratories (CMLs) continues to pose difficulties. Most reports of misidentification are for B. melitensis, and we report a rare case of misidentified B. abortus. Case presentation A 67-year-old man visited an outpatient clinic complaining of fatigue, fever, and weight loss. The patient had a history of slaughtering cows with brucellosis one year prior, and his Brucella antibody tests were negative twice. After blood culture, the administration of doxycycline and rifampin was initiated. The patient was hospitalized due to a positive blood culture. Gram-negative coccobacilli were detected in aerobic blood culture bottles, but the CML's lack of experience with Brucella prevented appropriate further testing. Inaccurate identification results were obtained for a GN ID card of VITEK 2 (bioMérieux, USA) and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization–time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI–TOF MS) using a MALDI Biotyper (Bruker, Germany). The strain showed 100.0% identity with Brucella spp. according to 16S rRNA sequencing. MALDI–TOF MS peaks were reanalyzed using the CDC MicrobeNet database to determine Brucella spp. (score value: 2.023). The patient was discharged after nine days of hospitalization and improved after maintaining only doxycycline for six weeks. The isolate was also identified as Brucella abortus by genomic evidence. Conclusion Automated identification instruments and MALDI–TOF MS are widely used to identify bacteria in CMLs, but there are limitations in accurately identifying Brucella spp. It is important for CMLs to be aware of the possibility of brucellosis through communication with clinicians. Performing an analysis with an additional well-curated MALDI–TOF MS database such as Bruker security-relevant (SR) database or CDC MicrobeNet database is helpful for quickly identifying the genus Brucella.

Hydrogen (H2) is increasingly recognized as a key player in the journey towards carbon neutrality, with ammonia (NH3) and formic acid (FA) emerging as significant hydrogen vectors. This review highlights advancements in catalyst efficiency for FA synthesis from CO2, particularly with bismuth (Bi) and tin (Sn) catalysts. It investigates diverse NH3 and FA production methodologies, such as electrochemical, thermochemical, and photochemical processes, and underscores the integration of renewables to address their energy demands. The study also reviews novel materials like metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) and carbon-based catalysts that could enhance catalytic effectiveness. Transitioning from lab-scale models to industrial-scale applications requires addressing catalyst longevity and process enhancement, and it suggests investigating hybrid systems that might offer improved efficiency and yields. Concluding with a directive for future research, the study advocates for scalable, economically viable, and environmentally sustainable CO2 conversion technologies, underscoring the essential roles of NH3 and FA in a future with reduced carbon emissions.

Campylobacter fetus is a Gram-negative bacillus typically associated with bacteremia in immunocompromised patients. Prosthetic valve endocarditis (PVE) is a serious complication of prosthetic valve surgery, with a high mortality rate if not treated promptly. We present a rare case of PVE caused by C. fetus . A man in his mid-60s presented to the Emergency Department with a fever and showed elevated C-reactive protein concentrations. He had prosthetic mitral and aortic valve replacement surgery 15 years previously. Gram-negative rods were detected in a blood culture. These rods were identified as C. fetus using matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry and confirmed by 16S rRNA sequencing. The patient was treated with gentamicin and imipenem, and underwent valve replacement surgery. C. fetus was isolated in a left atrial appendage swab obtained during the surgery. Follow-up blood cultures were negative after treatment. However, after a cardiac arrest event, the patient’s general condition deteriorated, and he died. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case of PVE caused by C. fetus in Korea and the second fatality to date. This case highlights the importance of considering C. fetus as a potential cause of PVE, even in patients without known risk factors.

Abstract In patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has a higher mortality rate than the general population; therefore, prevention is vital. To prevent COVID-19 infection, it is important to study individuals’ risk aversion behavior. The objective of this study was to understand how the behavioral characteristics of physical distancing, hygiene practice, and exercise changed in patients with CKD during the COVID-19 pandemic and to identify the characteristics of patients who showed weakened or strengthened behavioral changes. We analyzed data from the Study on Kidney Disease and Environmental Chemicals (Clinical Trial No. NCT04679168), that examined a prospective cohort of patients with CKD. This cohort included patients with CKD who visited the participating hospitals for the first time between June and October 2020 and the second time between October 2020 and January 2021. Data on demographics, socio-economic details, and behavioral characteristics were collected through a questionnaire survey. Using a multivariable logistic regression model, we identified whether COVID-19 infection risk perception and previous strong behavioral changes affected behavioral changes during the first and second visits. A total of 277 patients (33.2% females) were included in the analysis. Nine out of 12 behaviors were reinforced at the first visit, and five out of nine reinforced behaviors were weakened at the second visit. A high-risk perception of COVID-19 infection was not associated with the tendency of overall behavioral reinforcement or maintaining behaviors in an enhanced state at the second visit. Strong behavioral changes at the patients’ first visit to the hospital were associated with a tendency to strengthen or maintain reinforced behaviors at the second visit (adjusted odds ratio 1.99, 95% confidence interval 1.19–3.34; P = 0.009). Even if the initial COVID-19 risk perception is high, behavioral changes worsen over time. Individuals who showed more active behavioral changes at the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic tended to maintain reinforced behavior over time. Continuous education and monitoring are needed to maintain changed behaviors, especially in patients with a high initial COVID-19 risk perception.

The synthesis of cobalt phosphate (CoPi)‐modified, nitrogen‐doped TiO2 nanotube arrays (N‐TNAs) for photoelectrochemical (PEC) oxygen evolution under visible light is reported. Because of the nitrogen doping, the N‐TNAs exhibit enhanced visible‐light activity toward the PEC water oxidation reaction. However, the performance is diminished as a result of self‐oxidation by photogenerated holes in the valence band of the N‐TNAs. Compared with the N‐TNAs, the CoPi/N‐TNAs prepared under optimal conditions show a twofold improvement in photocurrent generation and are also sensitive to light with wavelengths as long as 580 nm. Stable oxygen evolution with a Faradaic efficiency approaching unity is demonstrated using the CoPi/N‐TNA photoanodes under simulated sunlight for at least 2 h of operation.

Abstract Background There have been reports of increases in the incidence and prevalence of nontuberculous mycobacterial pulmonary disease (NTM-PD) in several countries, but no studies have analyzed claims data using laboratory tests. This study aimed to estimate the nationwide epidemiology and medical treatments of NTM-PD according to laboratory tests run in Korea. Methods Using claims data from the Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service, we analyzed patients with nontuberculous mycobacterium (ICD-10: A31) who were diagnosed from Jan 2007 to Jun 2019. The incidence and prevalence of NTM-PD and whether related laboratory tests were performed were analyzed. Diagnostic code-based NTM-PD patients were defined as patients who had NTM as a diagnosis on at least 2 occasions within 180 days. Clinically refined NTM-PD patients were defined as those excluding hospital-diagnosed patients with acid-fast bacilli (AFB) culture rates less than 5%. Laboratory tests included AFB smears, AFB culture, NTM identification, and drug susceptibility tests (DSTs). Results A total of 60,071 diagnostic code-based NTM-PD patients were evaluated. Clinically refined NTM-PD included 45,321 patients, excluding 14,750 (24.6%) patients diagnosed in hospitals with low AFB culture rates. The annual incidence per 100,000 population increased from 2.9 cases in 2008 to 12.3 cases in 2018. The annual prevalence per 100,000 population increased from 5.3 cases in 2008 to 41.7 cases in 2018. After removing outliers according to the AFB culture rate, a significant decrease in incidence was observed in women younger than 50 years. Among patients with clinically refined NTM-PD, the test rates for AFB culture, NTM identification, and DST were 84.3%, 59.1%, and 40.4%, respectively. From the outpatient clinic, 17,977 (39.7%) patients were prescribed drugs related to NTM treatment, with a median number of prescriptions of 7 (interquartile range (IQR) 3–11) and a median duration from the diagnosis to end of treatment of 330 (IQR 118–578) days. Conclusions Although the incidence and prevalence of NTM-PD are on the rise, the recent surge in women 50 years of age is overestimated in patients not adequately tested. In claim-based studies, there may be limitations in estimating the epidemiological data with only the diagnostic codes.

Abstract High-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is an essential factor for the development of cervical cancer. HPV18 is the second most common carcinogenic HPV type following HPV16, but the lineages of HPV18 have been less well studied than those of HPV 16. The purpose of this study was to analyze the nucleotide variants in the E6, E7, and L1 genes of HPV18, to assess the prevalence of HPV18 variants in Korea and to explore the relationship between HPV18 genetic variants and the risk for cervical cancer. A total of 170 DNA samples from HPV18-positive cervical specimens were collected from women admitted to a secondary referral hospital located in Seoul. Among them, the lineages of the 97 samples could be successfully determined by historical nomenclature. All the studied HPV 18 variants were lineage A. Sublineages A1 and A4 comprised 91.7% (89/97) and 1.0% (1/97), respectively. Sublineages other than A1 or A4 comprised 7.2% (7/97). We identified 15 new nucleotide substitutions among 44 nucleotide substitutions: C158T, T317G, T443G, A560G, A5467G, A5560C, A5678C, A6155G, G6462A, T6650G, G6701A, T6809C, A6823G, T6941C and T6953C. Among them, 6 substitutions at positions 317, 443, 5467, 5560, 6462, and 6823 resulted in amino acid changes (E6: F71L and N113K; L1: H13R, H44P, A345T, and N465S, respectively). The pathologic results were classified as normal in 25.8% (25/97) of the women, atypical squamous cells of undermined significance (ASCUS) in 7.2% (7/97), cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) 1 in 36.1% (35/97), CIN2/3 in 19.6% (18/97), and carcinoma in 12.4% (12/97). There was no significant association between the HPV18 sublineages and the severity of pathologic lesion or the disease progression. This study is the first to analyze the distribution of HPV18 variants in Korean and to associate the results with pathologic findings. Although the HPV18 variants had no significant effect on the degree and progression of the disease, the newly discovered nonsynonymous mutation in L1 might serve as a database to determine vaccine efficacy in Korean women.

While water splitting catalysis may provide a renewable means to produce fuel, sacrificial reagents are typically employed to assess the water oxidation half reaction. Here, authors find the silver redox cycle to mediate O2 evolution in photoelectrocatalytic water oxidation with WO3 electrodes.

In this study, α-LiAlO2 was investigated for the first time as a Li-capturing positive electrode material to recover Li from aqueous Li resources. The material was synthesized using hydrothermal synthesis and air annealing, which is a low-cost and low-energy fabrication process. The physical characterization showed that the material formed an α-LiAlO2 phase, and electrochemical activation revealed the presence of AlO2* as a Li deficient form that can intercalate Li+. The AlO2*/activated carbon electrode pair showed selective capture of Li+ ions when the concentrations were between 100 mM and 25 mM. In mono salt solution comprising 25 mM LiCl, the adsorption capacity was 8.25 mg g−1, and the energy consumption was 27.98 Wh mol Li−1. The system can also handle complex solutions such as first-pass seawater reverse osmosis brine, which has a slightly higher concentration of Li than seawater at 0.34 ppm.

Removal of recalcitrant organic pollutants by degradation or mineralization from industrial waste streams is continuously being explored to find viable options to apply on the commercial scale. Herein, we propose a titanium nanotube array (based on a non-ferrous Fenton system) for the successful degradation of a model contaminant azo dye, methyl orange, under simulated solar illumination. Titanium nanotube arrays were synthesized by anodizing a titanium film in an electrolyte medium containing water and ethylene glycol. Characterization by SEM, XRD, and profilometry confirmed uniformly distributed tubular arrays with 100 nm width and 400 nm length. The non-ferrous Fenton performance of the titanium nanotube array in a minimal concentration of H2O2 showed remarkable degradation kinetics, with a 99.7% reduction in methyl orange dye concentration after a 60 min reaction time when illuminated with simulated solar light (100 mW cm−2, AM 1.5G). The pseudo-first-order rate constant was 0.407 µmol−1 min−1, adhering to the Langmuir–Hinshelwood model. Reaction product analyses by TOC and LC/MS/MS confirmed that the methyl orange was partially fragmented, while the rest was mineralized. The facile withdrawal and regeneration observed in the film-based titanium nanotube array photocatalyst highlight its potential to treat real industrial wastewater streams with a

Designing a high-performance electrocatalyst that operates with photon-level energy is of the utmost importance in order to address the world’s urgent energy concerns. Herein, we report IrNi nanoparticles uniformly distributed on cost-effective activated carbon support with a low mass loading of 3% by weight to drive the overall water splitting reaction under light illumination over a wide pH range. The prepared IrNi nanomaterials were extensively characterized by SEM/EDX, TEM, XRD, Raman, and UV-visible absorption spectroscopy. The experimental results demonstrate that when the Ir:Ni ratio is 4:1, the water splitting rate is high at 32 and 25 mA cm−2 for hydrogen (at −1.16 V) and oxygen evolution reactions (at 1.8 V) in alkaline electrolyte, respectively, upon the light irradiation (100 mW cm−2). The physical and electrochemical characterization of metal and alloy combinations show that the cumulative effect of relatively high crystallinity (among the materials used in this study), reduced charge recombination rate, and improved oxygen vacancies observed with the 4Ir1Ni@AC electrode is the reason for the superior activity obtained. A high level of durability for hydrogen and oxygen evolution under light illumination is seen in the chronoamperometric study over 15 h of operation. Overall water splitting examined in 0.1 M of NaOH medium at a 50 mV s−1 scan rate showed a cell voltage of 1.94 V at a 10 mA cm−2 current density.

The attempts to devise networks that resemble human minds are steadily progressing through the development and diversification of neural networks (NN), such as artificial NN (ANN), convolution NN (CNN), and recurrent NN (RNN). Meanwhile, memory devices applied on the networks are also being studied together, and RRAM is the one of the most promising candidates. The fabricated ITO/SnOX/TaN device showed two forms of current–voltage (I-V) curves, classified as dynamic and static. It was triggered from the forming process, and the difference between the two curves resulted from the data retention measured at room temperature for 103 s. The dynamic curve shows a time-dependent change in the data, and the cause of the data preservation period was considered through X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and linear fitting in conduction mechanisms. To confirm whether the memory performance of the device may be implemented on the synapse, the change in the plasticity was confirmed using a rectangular-shaped pulse. Paired-pulse facilitation (PPF) was implemented, and the change from short-term potentiation (STP) to long-term potentiation (LTP) was achieved.

Along with positive SARS-CoV-2 RNA in nasopharyngeal swabs, viral RNA was detectable at high concentration for >3 weeks in fecal samples from 12 mildly symptomatic and asymptomatic children with COVID-19 in Seoul, South Korea. Saliva also tested positive during the early phase of infection. If proven infectious, feces and saliva could serve as transmission sources.

Facklamia hominis is a facultative anaerobic Grampositive coccus generally displaying weak alpha-hemolysis and negativity for catalase and oxidase. Facklamia species are part of the normal flora of the female genitourinary tract and have been reported in invasive diseases such as meningitis and infective endocarditis, albeit rarely. A 67 year-old-man presented to hospital with a tender, erythematous epidermal cyst on the right side of his upper back. Simple excision of the cyst was performed and the pus was taken with a sterile swab for culture, yielding no growth. One week later, discharge was observed in the patient’s wound site and a sterile swab for culture was taken. The colonies grown were identified as F. hominis by the Vitek 2 system (bioMérieux, France), and the result was then reported to clinicians, and later confirmed by 16S rRNA gene sequencing and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first reported case of F. hominis isolation from a clinical specimen in Korea. (Ann Clin Microbiol 2019;22:50-54)

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a global health threat of growing concern. Recently, exposure to endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs) such as phthalates and bisphenol A has been suggested as a risk factor for CKD. However, most epidemiological studies have focused on a limited number of urinary chemicals. This study aimed to identify chemical determinants of the urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio (ACR), which is a kidney function marker, among multiple major EDCs including phthalate metabolites, bisphenols, and benzophenones in a Korean female population (20–45 years old, n = 441). First, the creatinine-adjusted urinary concentration of each urinary chemical was associated with ACR in a linear regression model (single-pollutant model). Then, compounds with a significant association with ACR in the single-pollutant model were added in a multi-pollutant model and evaluated for their association with ACR. Moreover, to prevent potential reverse causality due to impaired kidney function, quartile analyses were performed for the subjects with healthy renal function (ACR

Phthalates and bisphenol A (BPA) have been suspected as risk factors for obesity and diabetes mellitus (DM) among humans. However, associations between phthalates and environmental phenols are often inconsistent across different populations. In this study, we recruited the adult population (n = 3782) of the Korean National Environmental Health Survey (KoNEHS) 2015–2017 (Cycle 3) and assessed the associations between urinary biomarkers of phthalate, BPA, and paraben exposure with obesity and DM. A potential collider issue with the use of urinary creatinine (Cr) or specific gravity (SG) exists when adjusting urinary dilution; therefore, a covariate-adjusted standardization (CAS) was employed for adjustment, and the results were compared. In the present population, the direction of the association often varied depending on the choices made to adjust urinary dilution. When using CAS, the direction of association resembled those of previously reported experimental observations. With Cr or SG adjustment, ORs for obesity decreased in the highest quartiles of monocarboxyoctyl phthalate (MCOP) [OR (95% CI) = Cr: 0.71 (0.54, 0.93); SG: 0.68 (0.52, 0.90)], monocarboxy-isononyl phthalate (MCNP) [OR (95% CI) = Cr: 0.67 (0.52, 0.87); SG: 0.68 (0.52, 0.89)], and mono(3-carboxylpropyl) phthalate (MCPP) in the urine [OR (95% CI) = Cr: 0.60 (0.47, 0.76); SG: 0.61 (0.48, 0.77)]; however, with CAS, these negative associations disappeared. Instead, mono-benzyl phthalate (MBzP) [OR (95% CI) = 1.31 (1.03, 1.66)], BPA [OR (95% CI) = 1.62 (1.27, 2.06)], or ethyl paraben (EtP) [OR (95% CI) = 1.51 (1.19, 1.91)] concentrations in the highest quartile showed positive associations with a higher risk of obesity. On the other hand, for DM, an overall decrease in ORs was observed for phthalate metabolites and BPA following SG adjustment and disappeared with CAS adjustment. In addition, the highest quartiles of BPA, methyl paraben (MeP), and ethyl paraben (EtP) showed a significantly higher risk of DM than those in the lowest quartiles following CAS [OR (95% CI) = BPA: 1.65 (1.06, 2.59); MeP: 1.68 (1.08, 2.60); and EtP: 2.74 (1.77, 4.24), respectively]. The present observations outline the importance of using an appropriate adjustment method for urinary dilution in association studies on obesity and DM. In addition, several phthalates, BPA, and parabens were identified as potential chemical risk factors for these outcomes. Further studies are warranted in other populations to confirm these observations.

Increasing number of consumer chemicals have been associated with chronic kidney disease (CKD) in human populations. However, many studies that investigated estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGRF) as an outcome reported inconsistent associations. In the present study, we employed a subset (n = 1292) of a nationally representative adult population participating in Korean National Environmental Health Survey (KoNEHS) 2015–2017, and assessed associations of major phthalates, bisphenol A (BPA), and parabens with both eGRF and albuminuria. In order to address a potential collider issue, a covariate-adjusted standardization method was applied, in addition to the conventional creatinine-correction, for adjusting urine dilution. Regardless of adjustment method, urinary DEHP metabolites showed significant positive associations with albumin to creatinine ratio (ACR). In addition, urinary metabolites of other heavy molecular weight phthalates such as MCOP and MCNP showed significant positive associations with ACR in the female population, but only following the covariate-adjusted standardization. For eGFR, conventional creatinine-correction resulted in positive associations with most of measured phthalate metabolites. However, with the covariate-adjusted standardization, most of positive associations with eGFR disappeared, and instead, significant negative associations were observed for MnBP, BPA, and EtP. Secondary analysis following stratification by CKD status, as well as principal component analysis (PCA), generally supported the observed associations. The present observations highlight the importance of urine dilution adjustment method for association studies on eGFR, and suggest potential effects of several consumer chemicals on adverse kidney function among humans.

ObjectiveAn interferon-gamma release assay (IGRA) is used to screen for latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI). Among IGRAs, the QuantiFERON-TB Gold In-Tube (QFT-GIT) results are highly variable, so the borderline zone has been proposed to reduce unnecessary LTBI treatment. The aim of this study was to examine the proportion of the borderline zone of QFT-GIT in healthcare workers' (HCWs) serial IGRA and to retrospectively identify the utility of predicting tuberculosis (TB) in a moderate TB incidence setting.MethodsThe participants were HCWs who had undergone serial LTBI screening between June 2013 and June 2018. IGRA-positive HCWs underwent examinations that included low-dose computed tomography (LDCT) and TB culture, if necessary. Applying the borderline zone (0.2-ResultsThrough the follow-up of 477 HCWs, 441 (92.5%) invariant, 30 (6.3%) conversion, 2 (0.4%) reversion and 5 (1.0%) indeterminate results were observed with the manufacturer's cutoff. Applying the borderline zone, 419 (87.8%) invariant, 22 (4.6%) conversion, 1 (0.2%) reversion and 36 (7.5%) decision pending, including 5 (1.0%) indeterminate results, were observed. At the time of screening, five TB cases were identified. Chest X-ray (CXR) identified one TB case, and LDCT identified four additional TB cases. After one year, two TB cases were diagnosed, and their screening QFT-GIT results were definite positive and borderline negative. In the Cochran-Armitage trend test, the greater the maximum difference in the QFT-GIT grade with the borderline zone was, the higher the probability of developing TB (P-value ConclusionThe application of the borderline zone lowered the conversion rate but increased the decision pending rate. Introducing the borderline zone requires a careful approach, and a thorough examination needs to be performed to rule out TB in converters. HCWs with borderline QFT-GIT results also need close observation.

The efficiency of thin-film chalcogenide solar cells is dependent on their window layer thickness. However, the application of an ultrathin window layer is difficult because of the limited capability of the deposition process. This paper reports the use of atomic layer deposition (ALD) processes for fabrication of thin window layers for Cu(Inx,Ga1−x)Se2 (CIGS) thin-film solar cells, replacing conventional sputtering techniques. We fabricated a viable ultrathin 12 nm window layer on a CdS buffer layer from the uniform conformal coating provided by ALD. CIGS solar cells with an ALD ZnO window layer exhibited superior photovoltaic performances to those of cells with a sputtered intrinsic ZnO (i-ZnO) window layer. The short-circuit current of the former solar cells improved with the reduction in light loss caused by using a thinner ZnO window layer with a wider band gap. Ultrathin uniform A-ZnO window layers also proved more effective than sputtered i-ZnO layers at improving the open-circuit voltage of the CIGS solar cells, because of the additional buffering effect caused by their semiconducting nature. In addition, because of the precise control of the material structure provided by ALD, CIGS solar cells with A-ZnO window layers exhibited a narrow deviation of photovoltaic properties, advantageous for large-scale mass production purposes.

Approximately 10% of individuals do not respond to hepatitis B virus (HBV) vaccination, i.e. non-responders (NRs). We aimed to investigate the association of interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-12B gene polymorphisms with responsiveness to the HBV vaccine in Korean infants. Among 300 healthy infants (9-12 month), SNPs for the IL-4 gene (rs2243250, rs2070874, and rs2227284) and for the IL-12B gene (rs3213094 and rs17860508) were compared between subgroups in terms of the response to HBV vaccination. The percentages of NRs (< 10 mIU/mL), low-titer responders (LRs, 10-100 mIU/mL), and high-titer responders (HRs, ≥ 100 mIU/mL) were 20.3%, 37.7% and 42.0%, respectively. No SNPs differed in frequency between NRs and responders or between LRs and HRs. We divided the subjects into two groups according to the time interval from the 3rd dose of HBV vaccination to Ab quantification: > 6 months from the 3rd dose (n = 87) and ≤ 6 months from the 3rd dose (n = 213). In the ≤ 6 month subjects, rs2243250C and rs2227284G were significantly frequent in the lower-titer individuals (NRs + LR) than HRs (40.1 vs. 25.9%, p = 0.014 and 45.1 vs. 33.0%, p = 0.018, respectively), and the rs2243250C and rs2227284G frequencies were significantly different among the three subgroups (13.2 vs. 26.9 vs. 25.9%, p = 0.040 and 15.5 vs. 29.6 vs. 33.0%, p = 0.038, respectively). In conclusion, those results suggest that IL-4 gene polymorphisms may play a role in the response to the HBV vaccine in Korean infants.

Abstract To date, the in situ fabrication of the large‐scale van der Waals multi‐heterojunction transition metal dichalcogenides (multi‐TMDs) is significantly challenging using conventional deposition methods. In this study, vertically stacked centimeter‐scale multi‐TMD (MoS2/WS2/WSe2 and MoS2/WSe2) thin films are successfully fabricated via sequential pulsed laser deposition (PLD), which is an in situ growth process. The fabricated MoS2/WS2/WSe2 thin film on p‐type silicon (p‐Si) substrate is designed to form multistaggered gaps (type‐II band structure) with p‐Si, and this film exhibits excellent spatial and thickness uniformity, which is verified by Raman spectroscopy. Among various application fields, MoS2/WS2/WSe2 is applied to the thin‐film catalyst of a p‐Si photocathode, to effectively transfer the photogenerated electrons from p‐Si to the electrolyte in the photo‐electrochemical (PEC) hydrogen evolution. From a comparison between the PEC performances of the homostructure TMDs (homo‐TMDs)/p‐Si and multi‐TMDs/p‐Si, it is demonstrated that the multistaggered gap of multi‐TMDs/p‐Si improves the PEC performance significantly more than the homo‐TMDs/p‐Si and bare p‐Si by effective charge transfer. The new in situ growth process for the fabrication of multi‐TMD thin films offers a novel and innovative method for the application of multi‐TMD thin films to various fields.

The simultaneous production of molecular hydrogen (H2) and degradation of rhodamine B (RhB) was successfully achieved using TiO2 modified with platinum and nafion (Pt/TiO2/Nf) under visible light (λ>420 nm). Pt/TiO2/Nf exhibited high activity for H2 production in the presence of RhB and EDTA as a photosensitizer (also an organic dye pollutant) and an electron donor, respectively. However, the activity of TiO2 modified with either platinum or nafion for H2 production was negligible under the same experimental conditions. The negatively charged nafion layer enhances the adsorption of cationic RhB and pulls protons, a source of hydrogen, to the surface of TiO2 through electrostatic attraction. On the other hand, platinum deposits on TiO2 can act as an electron sink and a temporary electron reservoir for the reduction of protons. With the production of H2, RhB was gradually degraded through N-deethylation, which was confirmed by the spectral blue shift of the maximum absorption wavelength (λmax) from 556 to 499 nm (corresponding to the λmax of rhodamine 110). With Pt/TiO2/Nf employed at [RhB]=20 μM (0.6 μmol), approximately 70 μmol of H2 was produced and RhB and its intermediates were completely removed over a 12 h period. A detailed reaction mechanism was discussed.

The catalytic properties of microporous zeolite catalysts were evaluated in the synthesis of decyl glucoside from glucose with 1-decanol by direct glucosidation. The effects of the acidic properties and pore structure of the zeolite catalysts on the glucose conversions and decyl glucoside yields were investigated. The conversions of glucose on the H+ ion-exchanged FAU, MFI, and BEA zeolite catalysts were above 70%. The conversion increased with decreasing acid strength of the catalysts. The highest conversion and yield of decyl glucoside were exhibited on the H-FAU(3) zeolite catalyst. The catalytic activities were enhanced with increasing amounts of acid sites. The selectivity of decyl glucopyranoside increased with decreasing Si/Al values for the same zeolite catalysts. The pore structure of H-FAU zeolite would allow sufficient spatial restriction to produce decyl glucopyranoside through the isomerization of decyl glucofuranoside into decyl glucopyranoside in its extensive pore channels. The selectivities of the decyl glucoside isomers relied significantly on the restricted transition state to the primary products due to their pore topologies.