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BACKGROUND An operative report is a document containing the details of the surgery. The standardization of the medical terminology appearing in the operative report that is written in free text is important for medical research and the establishment of insurance systems by allowing the accurate sharing of information on treatment. However, the standardization of operative reports is a labor-intensive task with a risk of induced errors. OBJECTIVE We propose a concatenated bidirectional encoder representation from transformers (ConBERT) model for predicting the International Classification of Disease (ICD)-9 code from operative reports and diagnoses recorded in free-text to automatically standardize the operative report. METHODS We compared the pre-trained BERT and Character BERT models and created a new model by concatenating the combinations of each model. RESULTS Our proposed ConBERT showed a micro F1 score of 0.7610, a precision of 0.8164, and a recall of 0.7125. We also developed a publicly accessible web-based application to demonstrate the performance and provide the functions of our model. CONCLUSIONS The ConBERT model showed an acceptable performance to standardize operative reports to ICD-9 codes. This model can automate the manual standardizing process and can be further utilized in mapping operation data to CDM.

Imaging point sources with low angular separation near or below the Rayleigh criterion is important in astronomy, e.g., in the search for habitable exoplanets near stars. However, the measurement time required to resolve stars in the sub-Rayleigh region via traditional direct imaging is usually prohibitive. Here we propose quantum-accelerated imaging (QAI) to significantly reduce the measurement time using an information-theoretic approach. QAI achieves quantum acceleration by adaptively learning optimal measurements from data to maximize Fisher information per detected photon. Our approach can be implemented experimentally by linear-projection instruments followed by a single-photon detector array. We estimate the position, brightness and the number of unknown stars $10\sim100$ times faster than direct imaging with the same aperture. QAI is scalable to large number of incoherent point sources and can find widespread applicability beyond astronomy to high-speed imaging, fluorescence microscopy and efficient optical read-out of qubits., 12 pages, 4 figures

Here, a novel multimetal-based inorganic–protein hybrid was developed to immobilize laccase as a model enzyme using copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) metal ions in phosphate-buffered saline. The synthesize...

Traditional direct imaging of point sources in the sub-Rayleigh region usually needs prohibitively-long integration time. Here we propose quantum-accelerated imaging (QAI) to significantly reduce the measurement time using an information-theoretic approach.

Memristive electrochemical metallization (ECM) devices based on cation migration and electrochemical metallization in solid electrolytes are considered promising for neuromorphic computing systems. Two-dimensional (2D) layered materials are emerging as potential candidates for electrolytes in reliable ECM devices due to their two-dimensionally confined material properties. However, electrochemical metallization within a single-crystalline 2D layered material has not yet been verified. Here, we use transmission electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy to investigate the resistive switching mechanism of an ECM device containing a single-crystalline 2D layered CrPS4 electrolyte. We observe the various conductive filament (CF) configurations induced by an applied voltage in an Ag/CrPS4/Au device in the initial/low-resistance/high-resistance/breakdown states. These observations provide concrete experimental evidence that CFs consisting of Ag metal can be formed inside single-crystalline 2D layered CrPS4 and that their configuration can be changed by an applied voltage. Density functional theory calculations confirm that the sulfur vacancies in single-crystalline CrPS4 can facilitate Ag ion migration from the active electrode layer. The electrically induced changes in Ag CFs inside single-crystalline 2D layered CrPS4 raise the possibility of a reliable ECM device that exploits the properties of two-dimensionally confined materials. A 2D layered material has provided critical insights toward improving the stability of devices that can emulate biological synapses. Researchers in Seoul, South Korea, led by Jae-Pyoung Ahn at the Korea Institute of Science and Technology and Bae Ho Park from Konkuk University have used high-resolution microscopy to investigate electrochemical metallization cells, a new type of non-volatile computer memory. These cells, made by infusing insulators with tiny metallic filaments, can mimic the low and high conductivity states of synapses. When the team looked at the structure of a chromium thiophosphate insulator composed of numerous 2D crystal layers, they found that the pathways the filaments follow are guided by specific crystal defects. These findings may help manufacturers produce more reliable electrochemical metallization cells by reducing the likelihood of random, non-uniform filament formation. We report on the formation and rupture of CFs through Ag ion migration inside a single-crystalline 2D van der Waals (vdW) solid electrolyte material within an ECM device structure. This study provides clear experimental evidence that CFs consisting of Ag can be formed inside single-crystalline 2D layered chromium thiophosphate (CrPS4) and their configuration can be changed by an applied voltage. Density functional theory calculations confirm that the Ag ion migration is an energetically favorable process. The electrically induced changes in Ag CFs inside single-crystalline CrPS4 raise the possibility of a reliable ECM device that exploits the properties of two-dimensionally confined materials.

본 연구의 목적은 기업의 기후변화 대응 수준에 영향을 미치는 다양한 기업 특성요 인을 분석하고자 하는데 있다. 즉 재무구조, 지배구조 및 이해관계자들의 압력, 기후변 화 관련 정보 공개 및 환경 위험 등으로 세분화 하여 심층적으로 검증하고자 하였다. 분석을 위하여 2011년부터 2013년 기간 동안 탄소공개프로젝트의 대상이 되는 시가총 액 상위 250개의 국내 기업 중 설문에 응답함과 동시에 평가 점수 공개에 동의한 기업 을 대상으로 분석을 실시하였다. 실증분석 결과 기업규모, 성장성, 이사회 내 기후변화 관련 의사결정자 존재 여부, 소액투자자 지분율, 지속가능경영보고서 발간 여부, 매출액 대비 온실가스 배출량이 기 업의 기후변화 대응 수준과 유의한 양(+)의 관계가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 부채비 율의 경우 기업의 기후변화 대응 수준과 유의한 음(-)의 관계가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 이는 기업의 규모가 일정 수준 이상이며 재무건전성이 높은 기업, 또한 향후 성장 잠 재력에 대한 자본시장의 평가가 우호적인 기업들이 보다 적극적으로 기후변화에 대응 하고자 하는 노력을 하는 것으로 해석할 수 있다. 또한 경영진의 의지가 기업의 기후 변화 대응 수준으로 직결되고 있으며, 기업의 소유구조가 다양한 이해관계자들에게 분 산되어 있을 경우, 그러한 이해관계자들의 요구가 기업의 기후변화 관련 의사결정에 압력으로 작용하여 긍정적 영향을 미치는 것으로 해석 할 수 있다. 뿐만 아니라, 기업 의 다양한 활동 정보가 외부 이해관계자들에게 많이 노출되어 있을수록 기업은 그들의 기대수준을 충족시키기 위하여 더욱 적극적으로 관련 활동을 추진하고 있음을 의미한 다. 아울러, 외부 이해관계자들은 기업의 단순한 온실가스 배출 절대량이 아닌 상대적 배출량을 기업의 위험 요인으로 인지하고 있으며, 기업 또한 상대적 배출량의 정도에 따른 위험을 해소하기 위한 노력을 적극적으로 행하고 있음을 본 연구의 결과를 통하 여 확인할 수 있었다. 이 연구를 통해 기업은 종합적으로 내부적, 외부적 요인들을 고 려하여 대응 전략 수준을 결정하는 것으로 해석할 수 있다.

For utilization of two-dimensional (2D) materials as electronic devices, their mixed-dimensional heterostructures with three-dimensional (3D) materials are receiving much attention. In this study, we have investigated the atomic and electronic structures of the 2D/3D heterojunction between MoS2 and Si(100) using density functional theory calculations; especially, we focus on the contact behavior dependence on the interfacial structures of heterojunctions by considering two types of surface termination of Si(100) surfaces. Calculations show that MoS2 and clean Si(100) form an almost n-type ohmic contact with a very small Schottky barrier height (SBH) due to strong covalent bonds between them, and that the contact between MoS2 and H-covered Si(100) makes a p-n heterojunction with weak van der Waals interactions. Such a difference in contact behaviors can be explained by different electric dipole formation at the heterojunction interfaces. Overall, it is concluded that contact properties can be varied depending on the interfacial structures of 2D(MoS2)/3D(Si) semiconductor heterojunctions.

For utilization of two-dimensional (2D) materials as electronic devices, their mixed-dimensional heterostructures with three-dimensional (3D) materials are receiving much attention. In this study, we have investigated the atomic and electronic structures of the 2D/3D heterojunction between MoS2 and Si(100) using density functional theory calculations; especially, we focus on the contact behavior dependence on the interfacial structures of heterojunctions by considering two types of surface termination of Si(100) surfaces. Calculations show that MoS2 and clean Si(100) form an almost n-type ohmic contact with a very small Schottky barrier height (SBH) due to strong covalent bonds between them, and that the contact between MoS2 and H-covered Si(100) makes a p-n heterojunction with weak van der Waals interactions. Such a difference in contact behaviors can be explained by different electric dipole formation at the heterojunction interfaces. Overall, it is concluded that contact properties can be varied depending on the interfacial structures of 2D(MoS2)/3D(Si) semiconductor heterojunctions.

Context-sensitive spelling errors (CSSE) are hard to correct, since they are perfect words when analyzed alone. Determined only by considering the semantic and syntactic relations of their context, CSSEs affect largely the performance of spelling and grammar checkers. The existing Korean Spelling and Grammar Checker (KSGC 4.5) adopts a rule-based method, which uses hand-made correction rules for CSSEs. Using rule-based method, the KSGC 4.5 is designed to obtain the very high precision, which results in the extremely low recall. In this paper, we integrate our previous works that control the CSSE correction rules, in order to improve the recall without sacrificing the precision. In addition to the integration, facultative insertion of adverbs and conjugation suffix of predicates are also considered, as for constraint-loosening linguistic features.

The types of errors corrected by a Korean spelling and grammar checker can be classified into isolated-term spelling errors and context-sensitive spelling errors (CSSE). CSSEs are difficult to detect and to correct, since they are correct words when examined alone. Thus, they can be corrected only by considering the semantic and syntactic relations to their context. CSSEs, which are frequently made even by expert wiriters, significantly affect the reliability of spelling and grammar checkers. An existing Korean spelling and grammar checker developed by P University (KSGC 4.5) adopts hand-made correction rules for correcting CSSEs. The KSGC 4.5 is designed to obtain very high precision, which results in an extremely low recall. Our overall goal of previous works was to improve the recall without considerably lowering the precision, by generalizing CSSE correction rules that mainly depend on linguistic knowledge. A variety of rule-based methods has been proposed in previous works, and the best performance showed 95.19% of average precision and 37.56% of recall. This study thus proposes a statistics based method using a conditional probability model with dynamic window sizes. in order to further improve the recall. The proposed method obtained 97.23% of average precision and 50.50% of recall.

We explored the problems which are soon to be faced while parking autonomous cars in parking lots. Like where is the closest parking slot available to the autonomous car? How to navigate to that location? What kind of parking structures could be good for autonomous cars? We also provide an initial solution which uses a central server and the graph of the parking lot to guide the cars to the closest parking slots. With experiments, we have shown that our proposed method should be effective for the controlled parking for self-driving cars.

The authors wish to make the following corrections to our published paper [...]

We explored the problems which will soon arise while parking in car parks. These include structure of parking lot suitable for autonomous cars, finding the closest parking slot available, and navigation to the location. In this paper, we explored the problems which are soon to be faced while parking autonomous cars in parking lots. We provide two solutions for two different kind of parking method which are named as guided conventional parking and guided blocked parking. Both methods use a central server and the graph of the parking lot to guide the cars to the closest parking slots. With experiments, we have shown that our proposed methods should be effective for the guided parking for self-driving cars. We also created simulations to visually analyse the changes made in the parking lot at each step of the process. We compared both solutions and discussed their trade-offs in detail.

Mannose-functionalized magnetic nanoparticles were prepared for the immobilization of Escherichia coli cells harboring the recombinant glycerol dehydrogenase gene. Immobilization of whole E. coli cells on the carrier was carried out through specific binding between mannose on the nanoparticles and the FimH lectin on the E. coli cell surface via hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interactions. The effects of various factors including cell concentration, pH, temperature, and buffer concentration were investigated. High degrees of immobilization (84%) and recovery of activity (82%) were obtained under the following conditions: cell/support 1.3 mg/mL, immobilization time 2 h, pH 8.0, temperature 4&deg, C, and buffer concentration 50 mM. Compared with the free cells, the thermostability of the immobilized cells was improved 2.56-fold at 37 &deg, C. More than 50% of the initial activity of the immobilized cells remained after 10 cycles. The immobilized cells were evaluated functionally by monitoring the catalytic conversion of glycerol to 1,3-dihydroxyacetone (DHA). After a 12 h reaction, the DHA produced by the immobilized cells was two-fold higher than that produced by the free cells. These results indicate that mannose-functionalized magnetic nanoparticles can be used for the specific recognition of gram-negative bacteria, which gives them great potential in applications such as the preparation of biocatalysts and biosensors and clinical diagnosis.

Recently, International Telecommunication Union approved several methods for objective video quality measurements to be included in international standards. These methods are mainly developed to measure quality of digital video on professional CRT monitors. In this paper, we performed subjective tests in order to examine the applicability of the standard quality assessment methods for different display monitors such as common CRT, PDP, and LCD TV monitors as well as professional CRT monitors. Subjective testing on different display monitors shows that there exist relatively high correlations between the various display monitors, which indicates the standard quality assessment methods can be used on the display monitors under the given conditions of subjective duality assessment.

In this paper, we compared two subjective assessment methods DSCQS(Double Stimulus Continuous Quality Scale method) and ACR(Absolute Category Rating). These methods are widely used in order to evaluate video quality for multimedia application. We performed subjective quality tests using DSCQS and ACR methods. The subjective scores obtained by the DSCQS and ACR methods show that these methods are highly correlated in terms of MOS(Mean Opinion Score) and have slightly lower correlation in terms of DMOS(Difference Mean Opinion Score). The results indicate that ACR method is an effective subjective quality assessment method, which shows compatible performance with DSCQS method and can evaluate a larger number of video sequences.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the reliability and validity of the Junior Temperament and Character Inventory (Junior TCI), a child and adolescent version of the Adult Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI), which is based on Cloninger’s biosocial model of personality. The Junior TCI was translated into Korean and administered to 663 Korean middle school students (male/female, 360/303; age, 13.3 ± 1.0 years) and their parents (mother/father, 444/84). Internal consistency was calculated by Cronbach α. A test-retest study of the Junior TCI was conducted across a 3-month interval with 97 subjects. Factor analyses for the temperament and character dimensions were performed using principal component analysis, rotating factors by Promax. Cronbach α values of the Junior TCI scales ranged from .48 to .80 for the temperament scales and from .64 to .68 for the character scales. Test-retest correlations ranged from .62 to .85 for the temperament scales and from .76 to .79 for the character scales. Principal component factor analyses showed three factors out of four temperament scales (Harm Avoidance 1 to 4; Novelty Seeking 1 to 4; Persistence; and Reward Dependence 1, 3, 4) and three factors out of three character scales (Self-Directedness 1 to 5; Cooperativeness 1 to 5; and Self-Transcendence 1 to 3) that were similar to factor structures of adult versions of the TCI. Explorative factor analysis with a condition of eigenvalue greater than 1 produced six factors, as compared to seven factors extracted in Cloninger’s original report of the adult TCI. In conclusion, this was the first study to tests and report detailed psychometric properties of the Junior TCI. The current study confirms that the Junior TCI has satisfactory psychometric properties for the use in child and adolescent populations and reflects Cloninger’s biosocial model of personality.

In this article, we present a new no-reference (NR) objective image quality metric based on image classification. We also propose a new blocking metric and a new blur metric. Both metrics are NR metrics since they need no information from the original image. The blocking metric was computed by considering that the visibility of horizontal and vertical blocking artifacts can change depending on background luminance levels. When computing the blur metric, we took into account the fact that blurring in edge regions is generally more sensitive to the human visual system. Since different compression standards usually produce different compression artifacts, we classified images into two classes using the proposed blocking metric: one class that contained blocking artifacts and another class that did not contain blocking artifacts. Then, we used different quality metrics based on the classification results. Experimental results show that each metric correlated well with subjective ratings, and the proposed NR image quality metric consistently provided good performance with various types of content and distortions.

Neural network de-interlacing has shown promising results among various de-interlacing methods. In this paper, we investigate the effects of input size for neural networks for various video formats when the neural networks are used for de-interlacing. In particular, we investigate optimal input sizes for CIF, VGA and HD video formats.

Interlaced scanning has been widely used in most broadcasting systems. However, there are some undesirable artifacts such as jagged patterns, flickering, and line twitters. Moreover, most recent TV monitors utilize flat panel display technologies such as LCD or PDP monitors and these monitors require progressive formats. Consequently, the conversion of interlaced video into progressive video is required in many applications and a number of deinterlacing methods have been proposed. Recently deinterlacing methods based on neural network have been proposed with good results. On the other hand, with high resolution video contents such as HDTV, the amount of video data to be processed is very large. As a result, the processing time and hardware complexity become an important issue. In this paper, we propose an efficient implementation of neural network deinterlacing using polynomial approximation of the sigmoid function. Experimental results show that these approximations provide equivalent performance with a considerable reduction of complexity. This implementation of neural network deinterlacing can be efficiently incorporated in HW implementation.

In this paper, we proposed a deinterlacing algorithm using neural networks for conversion of interlaced videos to progressive videos. The proposed method uses multiple fields: a previous field, a current field, and a next field. Since the proposed algorithm uses multiple fields, the neural network is able to take into account the motion pattern which might exists in adjacent fields. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm provides better performances than existing neural network deinterlacing algorithms that uses a single field.

In this paper, we view equalization as a multi-class classification problem and use neural networks to detect binary signals in the presence of noise and interference. In particular, we compare the performance of a recently published training algorithm, a multi-gradient, with that of the conventional back-propagation. Then, we apply a feature extraction to obtain more efficient neural networks. Experiments show that neural network equalizers which view equalization as multi-class problems provide significantly improved performance compared to the conventional LMS algorithm while the decision boundary feature extraction method significantly reduces the complexity of the network.

In this paper, we propose to use the principal component analysis for the compression of hyperspectral images. When hyperspectral images are compressed using conventional image compression algorithms, discriminant features of original data may be lost during compression process. In order to preserve such discriminant information, we first apply a linear feature extraction method to the original data. Then, we emphasize discriminant features and use the principal component analysis in order to compress the images whose discriminant features are enhanced. Experiments show that the proposed method provides improved classification accuracies than existing compression algorithms.

As more multimedia services have become increasingly available over networks where bandwidth is not always guaranteed, quality monitoring has become an important issue. For instance, quality of experience and quality monitoring have become important problems in internet protocol television applications, since transmission errors may introduce all kinds of additional video quality degradations. In this paper, we present a reduced-reference objective model for video quality measurements in multimedia applications. The proposed method first measures edge degradations that are critical for perceptual video quality and then considers transmission error effects. We compared the proposed method with some existing methods. Independent verifications confirmed that the proposed method showed good performance and consequently it was included in an International Telecommunication Union recommendation. The proposed method can be used to monitor video quality at receivers while requiring minimum usage of additional bandwidth.

Objective video quality measurement has become an important issue, as multimedia services are now widely available over the Internet and other wireless communication media. Traditionally, professional CRT monitors have been used to measure subjective video quality. However, the majority of users have LCD, plasma display panel (PDP), or consumer-graded CRT monitors. We compared the subjective video quality of various TV and LCD PC monitors. Subjective tests were performed with a wide range of video sequences using different monitors, and their correlations were analyzed. Although there were high correlations among the various display monitors, care should be taken in selecting a monitor for certain applications.