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Abstract Background Upper trapezius (UT) pain with myofascial trigger points (MTrPs) can affect movement at the glenohumeral joint as well as at the scapulothoracic joint. The investigation of muscle recruitment patterns can discern motor control strategies. The purpose of this study was to compare shoulder muscle recruitment patterns and muscle activity according to various loads between individuals with and without chronic UT pain. Methods In this cross-sectional study, twenty-four participants that had UT pain with MTrPs and sex, age, body weight matched 24 controls with no UT pain were recruited. Surface EMG electrodes were attached to the UT, the serratus anterior (SA), the lower trapezius (LT) and the middle deltoid (MD). All participants performed isometric shoulder abduction with a load of 25%, 50%, or 75% of the maximum strength at 60° of shoulder abduction. The EMG activity, the activity ratio (SA/UT, LT/UT, MD/UT), and the relative contribution of each muscle activity were calculated. Results MD activity was significantly decreased in the UT pain group compared to that in the control group (p

This study investigated student engagement by conceptualizing learning engagement and examining the inner mechanism that operates in the university English learning context. This study administered a questionnaire to 376 college students, and data analysis was conducted with SPSS 26.0 and AMOS 24.0. The findings revealed that student engagement can be conceptualized into behavioral, cognitive, affective, and interactive engagement. The results confirmed that cognitive engagement positively affected behavioral engagement, whereas affective engagement did not. Affective engagement had positive effects on both cognitive engagement and interactive engagement. Interactive engagement positively affected cognitive engagement but did not affect behavioral engagement. Further, the results showed that cognitive engagement acted as a full mediator between affective engagement and behavioral engagement, as well as between interactional engagement and behavioral engagement. The findings of this study propose implications for optimizing English teaching to facilitate student engagement and ultimately enhancing their learning satisfaction along with improving academic outcomes.

Background:Extradural spinal tumors arise from soft or bony tissues in the spine and account for majority of spinal tumors. Interest in the unilateral biportal endoscopic (UBE) technique is rising, because it can easily decompress the bony spinal canal and accommodate all open surgical instruments under endoscopic guidance. However, reports of this technique have been limited to certain diseases. This study first demonstrates the UBE technique for extradural tumor biopsy and removal, and percutaneous stabilization in a 72-year-old female patient with dramatic symptom improvement.MethodsWe used the UBE technique for decompression and the percutaneous screw fixation technique for stabilization in a patient with an extradural mass compressing the thecal sac and destroying the posterior element. Under endoscopic guidance, a unilateral approach was used, and decompression and flavectomy were performed bilaterally. After decompression, tumor removal and biopsy were performed using various forceps and biopsy needles. After confirming sufficient spinal canal decompression, the screw was placed percutaneously. We evaluated the technical process of the procedure, the patient's pre- and postoperative pain (using the visual analog scale), and operative radiology and pathologic results.ResultsPostoperative pain and disability improved clinically, and spinal alignment stabilized radiologically. As the pathology findings confirmed an aneurysmal bone cyst, the treatment was completed without adjuvant therapy.ConclusionsWe treated an unstable spine due to an extradural tumor with the UBE and percutaneous screw techniques.

Abstract Background Previous studies suggested that patients with symptomatic intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD) of lumbar spine have reduced cross-sectional area (CSA) and functions of core muscles. However, reduced CSA and functions of core muscles have been observed not only in patients with symptomatic IDD but also in patients with other subgroups of low back pain (LBP). Thus, it is uncertain whether reduced CSA and functions of core muscles lead to IDD and LBP, or pain leads to reduced CSA and functions of core muscles in patients with symptomatic IDD. Therefore, this study aimed to compare the CSA and functions of core muscles between asymptomatic participants with and without IDD in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Methods Twenty asymptomatic participants (12 men and 8 women) participated in this study. Ten participants had asymptomatic IDD at L4–5. The others were healthy controls (without IDD at all levels of lumbar spine). The CSA of core muscles was measured using MRI. Maximal isometric trunk flexor strength and side bridge strength were measured by a Smart KEMA strength sensor. Trunk flexor endurance test, side bridge endurance test and plank endurance test were used to measure core endurance. Double legs loading test was used to measure core stability. Mann-Whitney U test was used to compare the differences between two groups. Results There were no significant differences in core muscle functions between the two groups (p > 0.05). Moreover, there was no significant difference in CSA between the two groups (p > 0.05). Conclusions There was no significant difference in CSA and core muscle functions between asymptomatic participants with and without IDD. These findings indicate that a degenerative or bulging disc in asymptomatic individuals has little effect on CSA and functions of core muscles, especially in young age. Therefore, the general core endurance test or strength test could not differentiate asymptomatic people with and without IDD of lumbar spine. Trial registration number Clinical Research information Service. KCT0004061. Registered 13 June 2019. retrospectively registered.

This study provides a comprehensive overview of methodological aspects when using heart rate variability (HRV) measures in educational research. Following PRISMA 2020 guidelines, we searched four databases for relevant studies published until March 5, 2024. From the 48 studies reviewed, we extracted data across three analytical categories: (1) area of study interest and participant populations, (2) data collection and analysis methodologies, and (3) the concurrent and predictive validity of HRV measurement for educational research. Study quality was evaluated using QualSyst assessment criteria. Most studies measured stress and enlisted undergraduate students as participants. Data were predominately collected using wearable devices, measuring HRV for durations of less than 30 min, and in varied contexts, including during exams, while learning, and in experiments. The parameters analyzed varied within both time and frequency domains. HRV data had a moderate level of concurrent validity as a measure of stress in an educational context. The concurrent validity of HRV data for measuring attention remains uncertain with insufficient evidence. Limited correlations appeared between stress and performance. The findings, potentials, and limitations of HRV measures are discussed, and synthesized recommendations for educational research using HRV data are provided.

Abstract This study investigated the protective effects of diallyl disulfide (DADS) against acetaminophen (AAP)-induced acute renal injury in male rats. We also investigated the effects of DADS on kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1) and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NCAL), which are novel biomarkers of nephrotoxicity in renal tissues, in response to AAP treatment. The following four experimental groups were evaluated: (1) vehicle control, (2) AAP (1,000 mg/kg), (3) AAP&DADS, and (4) DADS (50 mg/kg/day). AAP treatment caused acute kidney injury evidenced by increased serum blood urea nitrogen (BUN) levels and histopathological alterations. Additionally, Western blot and immunohistochemistry analysis showed increased expression of KIM-1 and NCAL proteins in renal tissues of AAP-treated rats. In contrast, DADS pretreatment significantly attenuated the AAP-induced nephrotoxic effects, including serum BUN level and expression of KIM-1 and NCAL proteins. Histopathological studies confirmed the renoprotective effect of DADS. The results suggest that DADS prevents AAP-induced acute nephrotoxicity, and that KIM-1 and NCAL may be useful biomarkers for the detection and monitoring of acute kidney injury associated with AAP exposure.

This study investigates the variations in the microstructure and mechanical properties of a rolled Mg-3.0Al-0.8Zn-0.3Mn (AZ31, wt.%) alloy caused by ultrasonic nanocrystal surface modification (UNSM) treatment and subsequent annealing. The UNSM-treated material has a gradient microstructure characterized by a nanoscale grain region overlying a twinned region. The nanoscale grain region close to the surface has extremely high strain energy, while the twinned region contains abundant {10–12} twins. Severe plastic deformation near the surface due to UNSM treatment leads to the formation of ultrafine grains and an increase in dislocation density, thereby remarkably improving the hardness and strength of the material. However, the excessive dislocation density reduces the tensile ductility. During subsequent annealing, static recrystallization occurs rapidly in the nanoscale grain region, and partial grain-boundary migration and dislocation recovery occur in the twinned region. Consequently, a gradient microstructure is formed along the thickness direction in the material subjected to UNSM treatment and subsequent annealing, thereby resulting in a tensile yield strength of 172 MPa, an ultimate tensile strength of 259 MPa, and an elongation of 15.4%. Notably, these values are higher than those of the as-rolled material, which are 132 MPa, 246 MPa, and 13.4%, respectively. This demonstrates that the sequential UNSM and annealing process results in a simultaneous improvement in the strength and ductility of the material. The strengthening mechanisms and fracture behavior are comprehensively discussed in this study.

Abstract The early microbiota of neonates is crucial for developing the postnatal immune system and establishing normal physiological, metabolic, and neurological functions. This study aimed to investigate the factors influencing the diversity of the neonatal oral microbiome, including mother-to-newborn microbial transmission. The study includes a prospective cohort comprising 73 mothers and 87 neonates and a retrospective cohort comprising 991 mothers and 1,121 neonates. Samples from the maternal cervix and neonatal gastric, bronchial, and oral cavities were analyzed using culture-based methods. Neonatal oral swab samples were also analyzed using 16S rRNA gene sequencing to characterize microbial diversity and composition. Similar genera were detected in the neonatal gastric, bronchial, and oral samples, and the neonatal gastric culture was the most similar to the maternal cervical culture. In addition to mother-to-newborn microbial transmission, various natal factors including birth type, birth weight, delivery mode, maternal chorioamnionitis, maternal diabetes and the presence of microbes in other sites influenced neonatal oral microbiome diversity. Among these factors, the birth type was the most significant, and preterm neonates exhibited decreased oral microbiome diversity, with fewer beneficial bacteria and more pathogens. These findings could serve as a baseline for research on the establishment of the oral microbiota in preterm neonates and its health implications.

Abstract Background Since 1982, recombinant insulin has been used as a substitute for pancreatic insulin from animals. However, increasing demand in medical and food industries warrants the development of more efficient production methods. In this study, we aimed to develop a novel and efficient method for insulin production using a yeast secretion system. Methods Here, insulin C-peptide was replaced with a hydrophilic fusion partner (HL18) containing an affinity tag for the hypersecretion and easy purification of proinsulin. The HL18 fusion partner was then removed by in vitro processing with the Kex2 endoprotease (Kex2p), and authentic insulin was recovered via affinity chromatography. To improve the insulin functions, molecular chaperones of the host strain were reinforced via the constitutive expression of HAC1. Results The developed method was successfully applied for the expression of cow, pig, and chicken insulins in yeast. Moreover, biological activity of recombinant insulins was confirmed by growth stimulation of cell line. Conclusions Therefore, replacement of the C-peptide of insulin with the HL18 fusion partner and use of Kex2p for in vitro processing of proinsulin guarantees the economic production of animal insulins in yeast.

This study investigated novel driving scheme for low-temperature polycrystalline silicon and oxide (LTPO) active-matrix organic light-emitting diode (AMOLED) displays under variable refresh rate (VRR) driving conditions with aim of reducing the brightness instability (i.e., flicker and luminance variation) for seamless performance. The mechanisms underlying brightness fluctuations in displays were examined, focusing on frequency-dependent differences in gate-inpanel (GIP) operations. Notably, our study revealed additional factors within the GIP operation that cause LTPO flicker and VRR performance, in addition to previously identified factors of thin-film transistor hysteresis and OLED charging. Consequently, variable GIP voltage driving method that reduced these issues and enhanced display performance was proposed. The proposed method could minimize brightness fluctuations to levels imperceptible to users and facilitate performance improvement through driving options in peripheral circuits without modifying panel design and is applicable across various applications utilizing LTPO OLED technology. Its driving scheme was validated through simulation and measurement of luminance variation during frequency transition using 6.0-inch LTPO-applied AMOLED displays. The experimental results indicated a decrease in luminance difference from 14.2% to 1.5%, particularly at extremely low brightness level of 0.2 nit. The luminance distortion decreased from 7 to less than 1, which is a just noticeable color difference (JNCD).

Background Papillary renal cell carcinoma (pRCC) is the second most common histological subtype of renal cell carcinoma and is considered a morphologically and molecularly heterogeneous tumor. Accurate classification and assessment of the immunohistochemical features of possible therapeutic targets are needed for precise patient care. We aimed to evaluate immunohistochemical features and possible therapeutic targets of papillary renal neoplasms Methods We collected 140 papillary renal neoplasms from three different hospitals and conducted immunohistochemical studies on tissue microarray slides. We performed succinate dehydrogenase B, fumarate hydratase, and transcription factor E3 immunohistochemical studies for differential diagnosis and re-classified five cases (3.6%) of papillary renal neoplasms. In addition, we conducted c-MET, p16, c-Myc, Ki-67, p53, and stimulator of interferon genes (STING) immunohistochemical studies to evaluate their pathogenesis and value for therapeutic targets. Results We found that c-MET expression was more common in pRCC (classic) (p = .021) among papillary renal neoplasms and Ki-67 proliferation index was higher in pRCC (not otherwise specified, NOS) compared to that of pRCC (classic) and papillary neoplasm with reverse polarity (marginal significance, p = .080). Small subsets of cases with p16 block positivity (4.5%) (pRCC [NOS] only) and c-Myc expression (7.1%) (pRCC [classic] only) were found. Also, there were some cases showing STING expression and those cases were associated with increased Ki-67 proliferation index (marginal significance, p = .063). Conclusions Our findings suggested that there are subsets of pRCC with c-MET, p16, c-MYC, and STING expression and those cases could be potential candidates for targeted therapy.

Abstract The olive flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus, also known as the Korean halibut, is an economically important flatfish in East Asian countries. Here, we provided four fully phased genome assemblies of two different olive flounder individuals using high-fidelity long-read sequencing and their parental short-read sequencing data. We obtained 42–44 Gb of ~15-kb and ~Q30 high-fidelity long reads, and their assembly quality values were ~53. We annotated ~30 K genes, ~170-Mb repetitive sequences, and ~3 M 5-methylcytosine positions for each genome assembly, and established a graph-based draft pan-genome of the olive flounder. We identified 5 M single-nucleotide variants and 100 K structural variants with their genotype information, where ~13% of the variants were possibly fixed in the two Korean individuals. Based on our chromosome-level genome assembly, we also explored chromosome evolution in the Pleuronectiformes family, as reported earlier. Our high-quality genomic resources will contribute to future genomic selection for accelerating the breeding process of the olive flounder.

Abstract Background Chemo-endocrine therapy can lead to various side effects associated with ovarian dysfunction. Predicting menstrual recovery is necessary to discuss the treatment-related issues regarding fertility and premature menopause with patients. Methods In the ASTRRA trial, patients who resumed ovarian function within 2 years after chemotherapy were randomized to receive tamoxifen for 5 years or OFS with tamoxifen for 2 years. With these 1298 patients, we developed a model that predicts when menstrual recovery will occur within a 3-year period after chemotherapy using variables including age, body mass index, chemotherapy regimen and duration, and serum estradiol and follicle-stimulating hormone levels. Results The data of 957 patients were used to develop the prediction model, and those of 341 patients were used for validation. In the development group, menstruation resumed in 450 patients (47.0%) within 5 years. In multivariable analysis, younger age ( 90 days, HR 1.32, 95% CI 1.01–1.72, p = 0.045) correlated with menstrual recovery. Using combined age, regimen, and duration of chemotherapy, we developed a simplified scoring system to estimate recovery chances and used a concordance index of 0.679 overall and 0.744 at 3 years for validation. Conclusion This model predicted timing and probability of menstrual recovery, based on their individual age, type and duration of chemotherapy in premenopausal women diagnosed with breast cancer who received tamoxifen after chemotherapy.

This study focused on enhancing the electrical conductivity of metal oxide nanosheet films by increasing the size of the nanosheets to promote the electron flow in the desired in-plane direction. We developed a method for increasing the size of RuO2 metal oxide nanosheets, a 2D material, by controlling the heat-treatment process. The size of the RuO2 nanosheets increased from 0.7 to 3.5 μm by modifying the heat-treatment conditions of KxRuO2, which was used as the precursor material. As a consequence, the electrical conductivity of the large-sized-RuO2 nanosheet-coated films was eight times higher than that of their small-sized counterparts. This lower resistance was attributed to the minimal number of contacts required for electron flow; the contact resistance between the nanosheets being higher than the intrinsic resistance. The proposed approach for enhancing the conductivity of metal oxide 2D materials is very promising and is expected to significantly contribute to the development of advanced flexible electronic devices.

Aging-related changes in the skin, such as dullness, dehydration, and loss of elasticity, significantly affect its appearance and integrity. Injectable “skin boosters,” comprising various biological materials, have become increasingly prominent in addressing these issues, offering rejuvenation and revitalization. This review offers a comprehensive examination of these injectables, detailing their types, mechanisms of action, and clinical uses. It also evaluates the evidence for their effectiveness and safety in treating age-related skin alterations and other conditions. The goal is to provide an insightful understanding of injectable skin boosters in contemporary dermatological practice, summarizing the current state of knowledge.

Abstract Single-cell technologies have enhanced comprehensive knowledge regarding the human brain by facilitating an extensive transcriptomic census across diverse brain regions. Nevertheless, understanding the cellular and temporal specificity of neurological disorders remains ambiguous due to developmental variations. To address this gap, we illustrated the dynamics of disorder risk gene expression under development by integrating multiple single-cell RNA sequencing datasets. We constructed a comprehensive single-cell atlas of the developing human brain, encompassing 393,060 single cells across diverse developmental stages. Temporal analysis revealed the distinct expression patterns of disorder risk genes, including those associated with autism, highlighting their temporal regulation in different neuronal and glial lineages. We identified distinct neuronal lineages that diverged across developmental stages, each exhibiting temporal-specific expression patterns of disorder-related genes. Lineages of nonneuronal cells determined by molecular profiles also showed temporal-specific expression, indicating a link between cellular maturation and the risk of disorder. Furthermore, we explored the regulatory mechanisms involved in early brain development, revealing enriched patterns of fetal cell types associated with neuronal disorders indicative of the prenatal stage’s influence on disease determination. Our findings facilitate unbiased comparisons of cell type‒disorder associations and provide insight into dynamic alterations in risk genes during development, paving the way for a deeper understanding of neurological disorders.

Abstract Although ethyl formate (EF) fumigant and low temperature applications are widely used for pest management, studies related to their mechanisms of action and subsequent metabolic changes in Drosophila suzukii models are still unclear. In this study, a comparative metabolome analysis was performed to investigate the major metabolites modified by EF and low temperature and how they are related to and affect insect physiology. Most of the identified metabolites function in metabolic pathways related to the biosynthesis of amino acids, nucleotides and cofactors. In addition, a combined treatment with EF and low temperature significantly altered the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA) and the levels of the purine and pyrimidine classes of metabolites. Interestingly, the levels of cytochrome P450 and glutathione metabolites involved in detoxification dramatically changed under stress conditions compared to those in the control group.

Abstract Osteoarthritis (OA) is a degenerative disease of the joints, prevalent worldwide. Polydeoxyribonucleotide (PDRN) is used for treating knee OA. However, the role of PDRN in IL-1β-induced inflammatory responses in human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hBMSCs) remains unknown. Here, we investigated the role of PDRN in IL-1β-induced impairment of chondrogenic differentiation in hBMSCs. hBMSCs treated with PDRN showed a large micromass, enhanced safranin O and alcian blue staining intensity, and increased expression of chondrogenic genes in IL-1β-induced inflammatory responses, in addition to regulation of catabolic and anabolic genes. In addition, PDRN treatment suppressed the expression of inflammatory cytokines and mitigated IL-1β-induced apoptosis in hBMSCs. Mechanistically, PDRN treatment increased the formation of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and upregulated the phosphorylation of cAMP-dependent protein kinase A (PKA)/cAMP response element binding protein (CREB) through the adenosine A2A receptor in hBMSCs and thus blocked the nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cell (NF-κB) signaling pathway. Thus, IL-1β-induced expression of inflammatory cytokines in hBMSCs was directly reduced by adenosine A2A receptor activation. Based on our results, we suggest that PDRN may be a promising MSC-based therapeutic agent for OA.

Abstract While obesity, rapid weight loss, and sedentary lifestyles contribute to gallstones, the impacts of long-term weight patterns and physical activity on gallstone risk have not been extensively studied at the population level. Using Korea’s population-based health database, we created a cohort of 5,062,154 subjects who received over five consecutive biannual health check-ups from 2002 to 2018. Gallstone risk was calculated using hazard ratios (HRs) based on weight patterns (gain, loss, and cycling) and physical activity. Adjustments were made for covariates, such as body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, diabetes, and life style factors. Subgroup analysis was performed by sex and age groups ( 20% weight loss, 1.13 (0.96–1.33) for > 20% weight gain, 1.04 (1.02–1.06) for weight cycling, 1.03 (1.01–1.05) for 5–20% weight gain, and 1.02 (1.00–1.04) for 5–20% weight loss. Risk increased with weight loss or gain in underweight or overweight BMI categories, respectively, and in any weight change for normal BMI. Males and older individuals had higher risks with weight loss, while females and younger individuals had higher risks with weight gain. Weight cycling increased risk for both sexes. Regular physical activity reduced gallstone risk in weight changers to levels similar to weight maintainers, with the highest reduction in those with > 20% weight gain (61%) and the lowest in weight cycling (1%). The risks of gallstones associated with weight gain, loss, or cycling can be mitigated by regular physical activity. The risks vary by sex and age.

Abstract Transcriptional silencing by RNAi paradoxically relies on transcription, but how the transition from transcription to silencing is achieved has remained unclear. The Cryptic Loci Regulator complex (CLRC) in Schizosaccharomyces pombe is a cullin-ring E3 ligase required for silencing that is recruited by RNAi. We found that the E2 ubiquitin conjugating enzyme Ubc4 interacts with CLRC and mono-ubiquitinates the histone H3K9 methyltransferase Clr4SUV39H1, promoting the transition from co-transcriptional gene silencing (H3K9me2) to transcriptional gene silencing (H3K9me3). Ubiquitination of Clr4 occurs in an intrinsically disordered region (Clr4IDR), which undergoes liquid droplet formation in vitro, along with Swi6HP1 the effector of transcriptional gene silencing. Our data suggests that phase separation is exquisitely sensitive to non-coding RNA (ncRNA) which promotes self-association of Clr4, chromatin association, and di-, but not tri- methylation instead. Ubc4-CLRC also targets the transcriptional co-activator Bdf2BRD4, down-regulating centromeric transcription and small RNA (sRNA) production. The deubiquitinase Ubp3 counteracts both activities.

Abstract Although several studies showed a correlation between weight perception and depression, the association between weight perception and perceived stress is unclear. This study explored this association using the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey with 37,022 participants. Participants were grouped based on how they perceived their body versus real body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference: accurate, underperception, or overperception. Stress was assessed through a questionnaire. The logistic regression analysis was performed, and odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) was presented. The results showed a correlation between overperception and higher perceived stress. This correlation was especially apparent in women with significant OR and 95% CIs of 1.15 (1.07–1.23) for BMI and 1.15 (1.07–1.23) for waist circumference. In the subgroup analysis according to the real obese status, all misperceptions were associated with higher perceived stress in normal participants. In comparison, underperception showed a correlation with lower perceived stress in obese participants. The results suggest weight perception as a potential marker for many stress-related diseases and an important factor in treating mental disorders. Further research is needed to understand the relationship between stress and weight perception.

Abstract This study aimed to measure lens capsule thickness and investigate histopathologic characteristics of persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous (PHPV) in Korean pediatric cataracts. We analyzed lens capsules from 116 eyes of 83 pediatric cataract patients treated between 2011 and 2015. The mean thickness of the anterior/posterior capsule was 7.21 ± 1.74/4.39 ± 1.41 μm. PHPV was observed in 11.2% (13/116) of eyes. Histologic examination revealed that PHPV is typically characterized by retrolenticular membranes with hypercellular membrane tissue comprising vascular structures and/or mesenchymal cells, seen in 69% of cases. Only 3 patients had hyaloid arteries and endothelium-lined blood vessels in the retrolenticular membranes, whereas six eyes showed only mesenchymal cells. Lens capsule thickness did not significantly vary with age or the presence of PHPV in Korean pediatric cataracts. The primary histological characteristic of PHPV was the presence of mesenchymal cells, with or without vascular structures, supporting the role of endothelial-mesenchymal transition as a key mechanism in vascular regression.

Abstract Seeding activities of disease-associated α-synuclein aggregates (αSynD), a hallmark of Parkinson’s disease (PD), are detectable by seed amplification assay (αSyn-SAA) and being developed as a diagnostic biomarker for PD. Sensitive and accurate αSyn-SAA for blood or saliva would greatly facilitate PD diagnosis. This prospective diagnostic study conducted αSyn-SAA analyses on serum and saliva samples collected from patients clinically diagnosed with PD or healthy controls (HC). 124 subjects (82 PD, 42 HC) donated blood and had extensive clinical assessments, of whom 74 subjects (48 PD, 26 HC) also donated saliva at the same visits. An additional 57 subjects (35 PD, 22 HC) donated saliva and had more limited clinical assessments. The mean ages were 69.21, 66.55, 69.58, and 64.71 years for PD serum donors, HC serum donors, PD saliva donors, and HC saliva donors, respectively. αSynD seeding activities in either sample type alone or both sample types together were evaluated for PD diagnosis. Serum αSyn-SAA data from 124 subjects showed 80.49% sensitivity, 90.48% specificity, and 0.9006 accuracy (AUC of ROC); saliva αSyn-SAA data from 131 subjects attained 74.70% sensitivity, 97.92% specificity, and 0.8966 accuracy. Remarkably, the combined serum and saliva αSyn-SAA from 74 subjects with both sample types achieved better diagnostic performance: 95.83% sensitivity, 96.15% specificity, and 0.98 accuracy. In addition, serum αSynD seeding activities correlated inversely with Montreal Cognitive Assessment in males and positively with Hamilton Depression Rating Scale in females and in the

Abstract Epidermally mounted sensors using triaxial accelerometers have been previously used to monitor physiological processes with the implementation of machine learning (ML) algorithm interfaces. The findings from these previous studies have established a strong foundation for the analysis of high-resolution, intricate signals, typically through frequency domain conversion. In this study we integrate a wireless mechano-acoustic sensor with a multi-modal deep learning system for the real-time analysis of signals emitted by the laryngeal prominence area of the thyroid cartilage at frequency ranges up to 1 kHz. This interface provides real-time data visualization and communication with the ML server, creating a system that assesses severity of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and analyzes the user’s speech patterns.

Abstract Background Although depression is linked to an increased risk of dementia, the association between late-onset depression (LOD) and amyloid burden remains unclear. This study aimed to determine amyloid deposition in patients with LOD compared to healthy controls (HC) using amyloid-beta (Aβ) positron emission tomography (PET) images and neuropsychological assessments. Methods Forty patients first diagnosed with major depressive disorder after the age of 60 (LOD) and twenty-one healthy volunteers (HC) were enrolled. Depression and anxiety were evaluated using the 17-item Hamilton Depression Scale, Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale, and Clinical Global Impression Scale. Cognitive function was assessed using the Korean versions of the Mini-Mental Status Examination, Montreal Cognitive Assessment, and Seoul Neuropsychological Screening Battery at baseline and 3-month follow-up. 18F-florbetapir PET images were co-registered with T1-weighted magnetic resonance images. Results There was no significant difference in Aβ deposition between LOD and HC groups. No significant correlation between Aβ burden and depressive symptom severity was found in LOD patients. Higher somatic anxiety was correlated with lower Aβ burden in multiple brain regions, including the left inferior frontal lobe (p = 0.009), right anterior cingulate (p = 0.003), and right superior frontal lobe (p = 0.009). Despite cognitive recovery in areas such as attention (Digit Span Forward, p = 0.026), memory (Auditory Verbal Learning Test Recall Total, p = 0.010; Rey Complex Figure Test Delayed Recall, p = 0.039), and frontal executive function (Contrasting Program, p = 0.033) after three months of antidepressant treatment, cognitive improvement showed no association with amyloid deposition. Conclusions These findings suggest distinct mechanisms may underlie amyloid deposition in neurodegenerative changes associated with depression. While amyloid burden in specific brain regions negatively correlated with somatic anxiety, it showed no significant correlation with the severity of depression or overall cognitive function.

Abstract In this study, high‐resolution CO2 concentration data were generated for East Asia to analyse long‐term changes in atmospheric CO2 concentrations, as East Asia is an important region for understanding the global carbon cycle. Using the Weather Research and Forecasting model coupled with Chemistry (WRF‐Chem), atmospheric CO2 concentrations were simulated in East Asia at a resolution of 9 km for a period of 10 years (2009–2018). The generated CO2 concentration data include CO2 concentrations, biogenic CO2 concentrations, anthropogenic CO2 concentrations, oceanic CO2 concentrations, biospheric CO2 uptake, biospheric CO2 release and meteorological variables at 3‐h intervals. The simulated high‐resolution CO2 concentrations, biogenic CO2 concentrations and anthropogenic CO2 concentrations are stored in NetCDF‐4 (Network Common Data Form, version 4) format and are available for download at https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/PJTBF3. The simulated annual mean surface CO2 concentrations in East Asia were 391.027 ppm in 2009 and 412.949 ppm in 2018, indicating an increase of 21.922 ppm over the 10‐year period with appropriate seasonal variabilities. The monthly mean CO2 concentrations in East Asia were verified using surface CO2 observations and satellite column‐averaged CO2 mole fraction (XCO2) from Orbiting Carbon Observatory 2 (OCO‐2). Based on surface CO2 observations and OCO‐2 XCO2 concentrations, the average root‐mean‐square error (RMSE) of the simulated CO2 concentrations in WRF‐Chem was 2.474 and 0.374 ppm, respectively, which is smaller than the average RMSE of the low‐resolution CarbonTracker 2019B (CT2019B) simulation. Therefore, the simulated high‐resolution atmospheric CO2 concentrations in East Asia in WRF‐Chem over 10 years are reliable data that resemble the observed values and could be highly valuable in understanding the carbon cycle in East Asia.

Abstract Fecal samples were collected from 640 individuals in Korea, including 523 patients with IBD (223 with Crohn’s disease [CD] and 300 with ulcerative colitis [UC]) and 117 healthy controls. The samples were subjected to cross-sectional gut metagenomic analysis using 16 S rRNA sequencing and bioinformatics analysis. Patients with IBD, particularly those with CD, exhibited significantly lower alpha diversities than the healthy subjects. Differential abundance analysis revealed dysbiotic signatures, characterized by an expansion of the genus Escherichia-Shigella in patients with CD. Functional annotations showed that functional pathways related to bacterial pathogenesis and production of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) were strongly upregulated in patients with CD. A dysbiosis score, calculated based on functional characteristics, highly correlated with disease severity. Markers distinguishing between healthy subjects and patients with IBD showed accurate classification based on a small number of microbial taxa, which may be used to diagnose ambiguous cases. These findings confirm the taxonomic and functional dysbiosis of the gut microbiota in patients with IBD, especially those with CD. Taxa indicative of dysbiosis may have significant implications for future clinical research on the management and diagnosis of IBD.

Abstract Background Secondary schools are important settings for promoting varied physical activity (PA) opportunities for adolescents to promote PA throughout life. However, research on the effect of secondary school-based interventions on future PA is limited. This study examined the potential impact of secondary school-based interventions on the determinants of future PA participation of Aotearoa New Zealand (NZ) adolescents using simulated modelling. Methods We used data from a nationally representative sample of secondary school students (n = 5035) aged 12–17 between 2017 and 2020 in NZ. We modelled four secondary school-based interventions and their projected impact on five determinants of future PA. Modelled interventions were the technological augmentation of physical education (TAPE), a peer-led PA mentoring programme (PL), physically active learning (PAL) and the inclusion of a natural environment play area (NE). Results Total weekly PA increased the most from the NE intervention (+ 0.2 h/week), followed by TAPE (+ 0.08 h/week), PAL (+ 0.05 h/week) and PL (-0.06 h/week). Current number of PA settings increased the most in NE (+ 1.75 settings/week), followed by TAPE (+ 1.29 settings/week), PAL (+ 1.21 settings/week) and PL (+ 0.73 settings/week). Current number of PA types increased the most in NE (+ 1.57 types/week), followed by PL (+ 1.05 types/week), TAPE (+ 0.34 types/week) and PAL (+ 0.15 types/week). Physical literacy scores increased the most from PL (+ 3.6%), followed by PAL (+ 3.3%), TAPE (+ 0.43%) and NE (+ 0.12%). Social support scores increased the most from PAL (+ 5%), followed by PL (+ 1.9%), TAPE (+ 1.46%) and NE (+ 0.57%). Conclusions On average, all interventions benefitted determinants of future PA participation to a small degree. Results show differing magnitudes of the intervention effect by determinant, indicating the complexities surrounding the promotion of PA adherence. Future interventions could be improved through detailed consultation alongside, and involving, adolescents and stakeholders within schools. Researchers should also prioritise the collection of longitudinal PA data and explore its connection with sociodemographic differences between adolescents.

Background While inhalation therapy efficacy hinges on attaining proper peak inspiratory flow rate (PIFR), the prevalence of inappropriate PIFR among patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) remains unstudied in Korea. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of inappropriate PIFR, its correlation with COPD assessment test (CAT) scores, and factors associated with suboptimal PIFR. Methods We enrolled 108 patients with COPD who had been using the same inhaler for at least 1 year without exacerbations. PIFR was measured using an inspiratory flow meter (In-Check DIAL G16). Demographic, clinical, pulmonary function, and CAT score data were collected. Inappropriate was defined as PIFR 90 L/min for aerosol device users. Results The cohort comprised 87 (80.6%) men, mean age 71.0±8.5 years, with mean post-bronchodilator forced expiratory volume in 1 second of 69.1%±1.8% predicted. Twenty-nine (26.9%) used aerosol devices only, 76 (70.4%) used DPIs only, and three (2.8%) used both. Inappropriate PIFRs were found in 17.2% of aerosol device users, and 42.1% of DPI users. CAT scores were significantly higher in the inappropriate PIFR group than in the appropriate PIFR group (11.2±7.7 vs. 7.5±4.9, p=0.003). In DPI users, female, shorter height, lower body weight and maximal voluntary ventilation (MVV) were associated with inappropriate PIFR. Conclusion The prevalence of inappropriate PIFR among patients with COPD is 17.2% for aerosol device users, and 42.1% for DPI users. Suboptimal PIFR correlates with female gender, shorter stature, lower weight and MVV in DPI users.

Pasteurella spp. can cause fatal zoonotic infections in humans. We performed a multicenter study to investigate the prevalence and clinical features of Pasteurella infections in South Korea during 2018‒2022. We also conducted a collaborative systematic review and meta-analysis of the global burden of Pasteurella bacteremia. The study included 283 cases found an increasing trend in Pasteurella infections. Blood cultures were positive in 8/35 (22.9%) cases sampled, for overall bacteremia-associated rate of 2.8% (8/283). Aging was a significant risk factor for bacteremia (odds ratio 1.05 [95% CI 1.01–1.10]), according to multivariate analyses. For the meta-analysis, we included a total of 2,012 cases from 10 studies. The pooled prevalence of bacteremia was 12.4% (95% CI 7.3%–18.6%) and of mortality 8.4% (95% CI 2.7%–16.5%). Our findings reflect the need for greater understanding of the increase in Pasteurella infections and the global burden of Pasteurella bacteremia to determine appropriate case management.

This study investigates the effect of the deformation mode on the precipitation behavior of an extruded Mg–8.0Al–0.5Zn–0.2Mn (AZ80) alloy. The alloy samples are compared after the application of 3.5% tension and 3.5% compression along the extrusion direction to induce slip-dominant and twinning-dominant deformation modes, respectively. The pre-compressed (PC) sample, which contained numerous {10–12} tension twins, has a reduced grain size and a higher internal strain than the pre-tensioned (PT) sample, which is attributed to the inherent internal strain that occurs during the formation and growth of the twins. As a result, the precipitation behavior of the PC sample is accelerated, leading to its short peak aging time of 32 h, which is lower than those of the PT and as-extruded samples (48 and 100 h, respectively). Furthermore, fine continuous precipitates (CPs) rapidly form within the {10–12} twins, contributing to the enhanced hardness. Discontinuous precipitates (DPs), which have a hardness comparable to the CP-containing twinned regions, in the PC sample experience less coarsening during aging than those in the PT sample due to growth inhibition by the {10–12} twins. Ultimately, the {10–12} twins generated under the twinning-dominant deformation condition lead to enhanced precipitation behaviors, including the preferential formation and refinement of CPs and the suppressed coarsening of DPs. Consequently, pre-deformation that occurs {10–12} twinning exhibits more pronounced effects on precipitation acceleration and microstructural modification than slip-inducing pre-deformation.

Abstract Astronauts wear liquid perfused garments inside their outer spacesuits for regulating body temperature. The present study explored relationships between local heat production from the upper arm and body morphology while wearing liquid perfused sleeve. Heat extraction from the upper arm of 19 subjects (8 males and 11 females) during three different exercise modes (running at 6–8 km∙h−1, cycling at 40–55 W, and arm ergometer at 10–20 W) and rest has been investigated. The total body fat (27.5 ± 7.2%), body mass index (24.4 ± 2.7 kg·m−2), arm surface area (589 ± 90 cm2), and arm volume (1300 ± 300 mL) were considered as covariates. Subjects wore a liquid perfused sleeve over the upper arm (left) with the water inlet temperature of 24.0 ± 0.3 °C and the heat extraction was calculated using the water flow rate and temperature differences. Heat extraction from the upper arm showed no significant differences among the three exercises. During cycling, there was a negative relationship between heat extraction and total body fat (r = − 0.527, P

Abstract Background Traumatic brain injury (TBI) often precipitates a cascade of neurophysiological alterations, impacting structures such as the optic nerve and ocular motor system. However, the literature lacks expansive investigations into the longitudinal changes in the optic chiasm and its relationship with the clinical recovery of visual processing. This study aimed to scrutinize longitudinal changes in optic chiasm volume (OCV) and establish the relationship of OCV with process speed index at 12 months post-injury. Process speed index is derived from Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale IV. Methods Thorough cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses were executed, involving 42 patients with moderate to severe TBI and 35 healthy controls. OCV was acquired at 3, 6, and 12 months post-injury using T1-weighted images. OCV of healthy controls and that of patients with TBI at 3, 6, and 12 months post-injury were compared using a Mann-Whitney U test. A multiple linear regression model was constructed to assess the association between OCV and PSI and to predict PSI at 12 months post-injury using OCV at 3 months post-injury. Results OCV of patients with TBI was significantly larger compared to healthy controls, persisting from 3 to 12 months post-injury (p

Abstract Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most aggressive type of primary brain tumor, and the presence of glioma stem cells (GSCs) has been linked to its resistance to treatments and recurrence. Additionally, aberrant glycosylation has been implicated in the aggressiveness of cancers. However, the influence and underlying mechanism of N-glycosylation on the GSC phenotype and GBM malignancy remain elusive. Here, we performed an in-silico analysis approach on publicly available datasets to examine the function of N-glycosylation-related genes in GSCs and gliomas, accompanied by a qRT-PCR validation experiment. We found that high α-1,2-mannosidase MAN1C1 is associated with immunological functions and worse survival of glioma patients. Differential gene expression analysis and qRT-PCR validation revealed that MAN1C1 is highly expressed in GSCs. Furthermore, higher MAN1C1 expression predicts worse outcomes in glioma patients. Also, MAN1C1 expression is increased in the perinecrotic region of GBM and is associated with immunological and inflammatory functions, a hallmark of the GBM mesenchymal subtype. Further analysis confirmed that MAN1C1 expression is closely associated with infiltrating immune cells and disrupted immune response in the GBM microenvironment. These suggest that MAN1C1 is a potential biomarker for gliomas and may be important as an immunotherapeutic target for GBM.

Abstract The management of unknown weapons obtained from warfare, military operations, and terrorist situations requires a series of nondestructive testing processes. This management process, which is aimed at collecting information on the nature of the weapons, encompasses identification, processing, transportation, and storage of the obtained weapons. A lack of identification marks in acquired ammunition may indicate the potential presence of a chemical weapon. Therefore, nondestructive evaluation methods have been employed to identify unknown weapons. However, these methods rely on neutron- and radiation-based analyses, which require radiation-handling experts and specific protective facilities. Consequently, their application in this field is challenging. Herein, a nondestructive ultrasonic testing method, which can identify substances inside unknown weapons and optimize the verifiability of the state of the ammunition, was employed as an alternative method to overcome these limitations. The experimental system enabled quantitative and qualitative analyses of the internal chemicals by analyzing the time difference in acquiring the signals, particularly when the results indicate that the internal substance is a liquid. The results of this study can serve as a basis for advancing the application of ultrasonic testing as a viable and efficient approach for managing unknown weapons.

Abstract Background Surgical site infection (SSI) is not rare after loop ileostomy reversal. This study assessed the effects of a subcutaneous closed suction drain on reducing SSIs after loop ileostomy reversal with purse-string skin closure. Methods This retrospective study included 229 patients who underwent loop ileostomy reversal with purse-string closure at the Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital between January 2017 and December 2021. We divided the patients into those with a subcutaneous drain (SD group) and those without it (ND group). We analyzed variables that affected SSI occurrence in both groups. Results The SD and ND groups included 109 and 120 patients, respectively. The number of incisional SSIs was significantly lower in the SD than in the ND group (0 vs. 7 events). An average of 35.7 mL of fluid was collected in the drainage bulb during hospitalization. The C-reactive protein level on postoperative day 4 was significantly lower in the SD group than in the ND group. The insertion of a subcutaneous drain was the only factor associated with a reduced incidence of SSIs (p = 0.015). Conclusions Subcutaneous closed suction drain with purse-string skin closure in loop ileostomy reversal can reduce incisional SSI occurrence.

Abstract Background The accurate segmentation of spine muscles plays a crucial role in analyzing musculoskeletal disorders and designing effective rehabilitation strategies. Various imaging techniques such as MRI have been utilized to acquire muscle images, but the segmentation process remains complex and challenging due to the inherent complexity and variability of muscle structures. In this systematic review, we investigate and evaluate methods for automatic segmentation of spinal muscles. Methods Data for this study were obtained from PubMed/MEDLINE databases, employing a search methodology that includes the terms 'Segmentation spine muscle’ within the title, abstract, and keywords to ensure a comprehensive and systematic compilation of relevant studies. Systematic reviews were not included in the study. Results Out of 369 related studies, we focused on 12 specific studies. All studies focused on segmentation of spine muscle use MRI, in this systematic review subjects such as healthy volunteers, back pain patients, ASD patient were included. MRI imaging was performed on devices from several manufacturers, including Siemens, GE. The study included automatic segmentation using AI, segmentation using PDFF, and segmentation using ROI. Conclusion Despite advancements in spine muscle segmentation techniques, challenges still exist. The accuracy and precision of segmentation algorithms need to be improved to accurately delineate the different muscle structures in the spine. Robustness to variations in image quality, artifacts, and patient-specific characteristics is crucial for reliable segmentation results. Additionally, the availability of annotated datasets for training and validation purposes is essential for the development and evaluation of new segmentation algorithms. Future research should focus on addressing these challenges and developing more robust and accurate spine muscle segmentation techniques to enhance clinical assessment and treatment planning for musculoskeletal disorders.

Background/Aims The Gout Impact Scale (GIS), a part of the Gout Assessment Questionnaire 2.0, is used to measure gout-specific health-related quality of life (HRQOL). Although several studies have been conducted on the factors affecting the HRQOL of patients with gout, few have focused on lifestyle factors. This study aimed to investigate the correlation between lifestyle habits and HRQOL using the GIS in patients with gout. Methods We used data from the Urate-Lowering TheRApy in Gout (ULTRA) registry, a prospective cohort of Korean patients with gout treated at multiple centers nationwide. The patients were aged ≥18 years and met the 2015 American College of Rheumatology/European League Against Rheumatism gout classification criteria. They were asked to complete a GIS and questions regarding their lifestyle habits at enrollment. Results The study included 232 patients. ‘Gout concern overall’ scores in the GIS were significantly lower in patients who exercised more frequently and consumed soft drinks and meat less, and ‘well-being during attack’ scores were significantly lower in patients who consumed vegetables and exercised more frequently. The frequency of vegetable consumption had a negative linear relationship with the ‘well-being during attack’ and ‘gout concern during attack’ scores (p = 0.01, p = 0.001, respectively). The frequency of exercise had a negative linear relationship with the ‘gout concern overall’ and ‘gout concern during attack’ scores (p = 0.04 and p = 0.002, respectively). Conclusions Patients with gout who frequently consumed vegetables and exercised regularly experienced less impact of gout, exhibiting a better GIS that represented HRQOL.

Background/Aims Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) is a promising therapy for inducing and maintaining remission in patients with ulcerative colitis (UC). However, FMT has not been approved for UC treatment in Korea. Our study aimed to investigate patient perceptions of FMT under the national medical policy. Methods This was a prospective, multicenter study. Patients with UC ≥ 19 years of age were included. Patients were surveyed using 22 questions on FMT. Changes in perceptions of FMT before and after education were also compared. Results A total of 210 patients with UC were enrolled. We found that 51.4% of the patients were unaware that FMT was an alternative treatment option for UC. After reading the educational materials on FMT, more patients were willing to undergo this procedure (27.1% vs. 46.7%; p < 0.001). The preferred fecal donor was the one recommended by a physician (41.0%), and the preferred transplantation method was the oral capsule (30.4%). A large proportion of patients (50.0%) reported that the national medical policy influenced their choice of FMT treatment. When patients felt severe disease activity, their willingness to undergo FMT increased (92.3% vs. 43.1%; p = 0.001). Conclusions Education can increase preference for FMT in patients with UC. When patients have severe disease symptoms or their quality of life decreases their willingness to undergo FMT increases. Moreover, national medical policies may influence patient choices regarding FMT.

Background/Aims To compare the effects of abatacept and conventional synthetic disease modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (csDMARDs) on the progression and development of rheumatoid arthritis-associated interstitial lung disease (RA-ILD). Methods This multi-center retrospective study included RA patients receiving abatacept or csDMARDs who underwent at least two pulmonary function tests and/or chest high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT). We compared the following outcomes between the groups: progression of RA-ILD, development of new ILD in RA patients without ILD at baseline, 28-joint Disease Activity Score with the erythrocyte sedimentation rate (DAS28-ESR), and safety. Longitudinal changes were compared between the groups by using a generalized estimating equation. Results The study included 123 patients who were treated with abatacept (n = 59) or csDMARDs (n = 64). Nineteen (32.2%) and 38 (59.4%) patients treated with abatacept and csDMARDs, respectively, presented with RA-ILD at baseline. Newly developed ILD occurred in one patient receiving triple csDMARDs for 32 months. Among patients with RA-ILD at baseline, ILD progressed in 21.1% of cases treated with abatacept and 34.2% of cases treated with csDMARDs during a median 21-month follow-up. Longitudinal changes in forced vital capacity and diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide were comparable between the two groups. However, the abatacept group showed a more significant decrease in DAS28-ESR and glucocorticoid doses than csDMARDs group during the follow-up. The safety of both regimens was comparable. Conclusions Abatacept and csDMARDs showed comparable effects on the development and stabilization of RA-ILD. Nevertheless, compared to csDMARDs, abatacept demonstrated a significant improvement in disease activity and led to reduced glucocorticoid use.

The current study aimed to compare the effects of increasing concentrations of dietary threonine (Thr), tryptophan (Trp), and glycine (Gly) on growth performance, stress biomarkers, and intestinal function in broiler chickens under multiple stress conditions. Five hundred sixty broiler chickens at 21 d old were randomly allotted to 5 treatments with 8 replicates. Birds in a positive control (PC) treatment were raised under low stock density (16.9 birds/m2 per cage) with recommended environmental conditions, whereas birds in 4 treatments were subjected to multiple stress conditions: a cyclic heat stress of 30 ± 0.3 °C for 10 h and 23 ± 0.2 °C for 14 h per day with high stock density (25.3 birds/m2 per cage). A basal diet was assigned to both PC and negative control (NC) treatments. Three additional diets were individually formulated to contain double concentrations of digestible Thr, Trp, or Gly + Ser compared with their concentrations in the basal diet. The experiment lasted for 14 d. Results showed that NC treatment had less growth performance (P

Glossing is a widely used and examined vocabulary learning tool, and one of the major branches of glossing research has compared the relative effects of first language (L1) and second language (L2) glosses on reading comprehension and vocabulary learning. However, the findings in this literature have not been consistent, calling for a comprehensive and systematic review. To this end, we conducted a meta-analysis to investigate the relative effects of L1 and L2 glossing on L2 reading comprehension and L2 vocabulary learning. Based on 78 effect sizes gathered from 26 studies representing 30 independent samples (N = 2,189), we found that L1 glossing was more effective than L2 glossing in general (Hedge's g = 0.33, SE = 0.09, p < 0.001), but the effect size may vary depending on the target outcome measure. The relative effectiveness of L1 glossing was particularly supported by the results of immediate posttests of vocabulary, rather than delayed posttests of vocabulary and reading comprehension tests. Further, among a few selected moderator variables, the results of meta-regression revealed that learners' L2 proficiency level significantly influenced the average effectiveness, such that L1 glossing is particularly effective for beginner learners compared to those with intermediate or higher L2 proficiency levels.

As student creativity is increasingly emphasized in English as a Foreign Language education, it is necessary to consider instructional techniques to encourage it. This study examines the effectiveness of two instructional techniques on creative writing performance of English as a Foreign Language students in a South Korean university. These techniques are variations of brainstorming known as mind mapping and SCAMPER. Survey data from the participants (n = 39) were analysed to determine which technique resulted in higher levels of perceived creative output (essays). Additionally, a creativity rubric was developed and used to assign analytic scores to the essays to examine the relative benefits of the two techniques for high and low creative ability students. Results show that SCAMPER produced statistically significantly higher levels of perceived creative output. The essays written using SCAMPER generally received higher creativity scores than those written using mind mapping, though this difference was not statistically significant. Finally, results suggest that both techniques may help to narrow the performance gap between high and low creative ability students.

Summary: Background: Interstitial lung disease (ILD) poses a serious threat in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). However, the impact of cornerstone drugs, including methotrexate (MTX) and TNF inhibitor, on RA-associated ILD (RA-ILD) remains controversial. Methods: Using an SKG mouse model and single-cell transcriptomics, we investigated the effects of MTX and TNF blockade on ILD. Findings: Our study revealed that MTX exacerbates pulmonary inflammation by promoting immune cell infiltration, Th17 activation, and fibrosis. In contrast, TNF inhibitor ameliorates these features and inhibits ILD progression. Analysis of data from a human RA-ILD cohort revealed that patients with ILD progression had persistently higher systemic inflammation than those without progression, particularly among the subgroup undergoing MTX treatment. Interpretation: These findings highlight the need for personalized therapeutic approaches in RA-ILD, given the divergent outcomes of MTX and TNF inhibitor. Funding: This work was funded by GENINUS Inc., and the National Research Foundation of Korea, and Seoul National University Hospital.

Objective The present study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of dietary β-mannanase supplementation on growth performance, intestinal morphology, digesta viscosity, and dietary nutrient utilization in broiler chickens through a meta-analysis. The effects were further examined by a meta-regression analysis with activity levels of β-mannanase in broiler diets. Methods A total of 23 studies, which were conducted in 11 countries and completed between December 2003 and August 2023, were selected for this meta-analysis. The standardized mean difference and its 95% confidence interval were calculated as the effect size metrics using random effect model, with I2 value being utilized to measure heterogeneity. Investigated measurements included body weight gain (BWG), feed intake, feed conversion ratio (FCR), villus height (VH), crypt depth (CD), VH:CD ratio, digesta viscosity, nitrogen-corrected metabolizable energy (AMEn), apparent ileal digestibility (AID), and apparent total tract retention (ATTR) of dry matter (DM), gross energy (GE), and nitrogen (N). All statistical analyses were performed using R version 4.3.3. Results Results revealed significant positive effects of dietary β-mannanase supplementation on BWG (p = 0.005), FCR (p

Numerous studies have explored the welfare rearing conditions of broilers; however, studies on the level of metabolisable energy (ME) in feed, which is a key factor in broiler growth, are lacking. Accordingly, this study investigated the appropriate ME levels for broilers under welfare rearing environments. A total of 980 one-day-old male chickens (Ross 308) were allocated to each group according to the environment and dietary ME as follows: conventional environment fed a standard ME program (conventional control; CC), welfare environment with a standard ME (welfare control; WC) and welfare groups with 200 kcal/kg lower (WL200), 100 kcal/kg lower (WL100), 100 kcal/kg higher (WH100) and 200 kcal/kg higher (WH200) than standard ME. The experiment lasted 5 weeks. The productivity, meat quality, blood and intestinal characteristics, nutrient digestibility and welfare indicators were analysed, whose results are as follows: WH200 had the highest body weight and low feed conversion ratio, whereas CC had the lowest feed intake (p

Taste buds, the neuroepithelial organs responsible for the detection of gustatory stimuli in the oral cavity, arise from stem/progenitor cells among nearby basal keratinocytes. Using genetic lineage tracing, Lgr5 and Lgr6 were suggested as the specific markers for the stem/progenitor cells of taste buds, but recent evidence implied that taste buds may arise even in the absence of these markers. Thus, we wanted to verify the genetic lineage tracing of lingual Lgr5- and Lgr6-expressing cells. Unexpectedly, we found that antibody staining revealed more diverse Lgr5-expressing cells inside and outside the taste buds of circumvallate papillae than was previously suggested. We also found that, while tamoxifen-induced genetic recombination occurred only in cells expressing the Lgr5 reporter GFP, we did not see any increase in the number of recombined daughter cells induced by consecutive injections of tamoxifen. Similarly, we found that cells expressing Lgr6, another stem/progenitor cell marker candidate and an analog of Lgr5, also do not generate recombined clones. In contrast, Lgr5-expressing cells in fungiform papillae can transform into Lgr5-negative progeny. Together, our data indicate that lingual Lgr5- and Lgr6-expressing cells exhibit diversity in their capacity to transform into Lgr5- and Lgr6-negative cells, depending on their location. Our results complement previous findings that did not distinguish this diversity.

ABSTRACTMyeloid ecotropic virus insertion site 1 (MEIS1) is a HOX co-factor necessary for organ development and normal hematopoiesis. Recently, MEIS1 has been linked to the development and progression of various cancers. However, its role in gliomagenesis particularly on glioma stem cells (GSCs) remains unclear. Here, we demonstrate that MEIS1 is highly upregulated in GSCs compared to normal, and glioma cells and to its differentiated counterparts. Inhibition of MEIS1 expression by shRNA significantly reduced GSC growth in both in vitro and in vivo experiments. On the other hand, integrated transcriptomics analyses of glioma datasets revealed that MEIS1 expression is correlated to cell cycle-related genes. Clinical data analysis revealed that MEIS1 expression is elevated in high-grade gliomas, and patients with high MEIS1 levels have poorer overall survival outcomes. The findings suggest that MEIS1 is a prognostic biomarker for glioma patients and a possible target for developing novel therapeutic strategies against GBM.