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OBJECTIVES The Candidate Physical Ability Capability Test (CPAT) is a complex performance test to assess whether firefighters have sufficient ability to meet the physical demands of firefighting, and is widely used in many countries, especially in North America. In South Korea, however, simple basic physical fitness assessments are still used for firefighters’ fitness evaluation. Here, we report the physical fitness of Korean firefighters using the CPAT for the first time in Korea.METHODS Eighteen male Korean firefighters aged between 20 to 30 years participated in this study. All subjects were measured for maximum oxygen consumption (VO2max) by using gas analyzer and cycle ergometer before CPAT. On a separate day, each subject performed CPAT with the best effort. Each subject’s oxygen consumption (VO₂), heart rate (HR) and completion time were measured during the CPAT. The results of CPAT were analyzed based on VO2max and HRmax and compared to the those of previous study from North American firefighter candidates.RESULTS VO2max was significantly (p< .001) lower and HRmax was significantly (p< .05) higher in Korean firefighters (45.4±4.6 ml/kg/min and 194.2±2.1 beat/min) than American firefighter candidates (53.0±7.4 ml/kg/min and 188.0±8.0 beat/min). During CPAT, Korean firefighters showed 69.4±15.8 %VO2max and 87.6±7.8 %HRmax and American firefighter candidates had 73.1±8.0 %VO2max and 90.1±5.3 %HRmax, but these were not statistically significant. However, the completed time of CPAT was significantly slower in Korean firefighters than American firefighter candidates (726.8±84.6 sec vs. 512.0±51.0 sec, p

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to compare the gait variables and the relative risk of falling between elderly Korean women that fall and do not fall based on the walking speed during flat walking and in the presence of obstacles.METHODS: The study included 148 women, aged 65 years or older (22 fallers, aged 75.05±5.38 years; 126 non-fallers, aged 71.80±5.14 years). The gait variables were measured in a space of 9 m×1 m, and obstacle walking was measured while crossing obstacles measuring, 5 cm and 30 cm. A t-test, correlation analysis, and logistic regression analysis were performed to compare the gait variables to determine if there was a fall and to analyze the relationship and the risk ratio of a fall at a walking speed.RESULTS: Out of 148 participants, 22 participants (14.9%), fell while walking. During flat ground walking, right step length (p

OBJECTIVES Police officers need to maintain and improve their physical fitness in order to properly operate on the duty and ensure their own safety. A problem was raised to prepare an improvement plan according to the current status and problems of physical fitness test of the Korean police officer. Accordingly, a revised physical fitness test for new police officers will be introduced from 2023 and will be fully introduced from 2026. The purpose of this study is to introduce revised physical fitness test type including professional physical element proper for duty feature to secure the security power and physical training program for the revised physical fitness test for Korean police officers.METHODS Functional physical training program consisted of combined with health-related fitness factors and skill-related fitness factors for successfully cope with their duties which involve physical tasks. FITT principles of functional physical training program were made for circulated physical fitness test for new Korean police officers.CONCLUSIONS Police officers must be physically fit to successfully cope with their duties which involve physical tasks. The functional physical training program could help new Korean police officers maintain physical fitness including cardiorespiratory fitness, muscular fitness, agility, could be prevent a decline in performance physical capacity and occupational duties.

PURPOSE: This study aimed to examine the effects on the hamstring/quadriceps ratio (H/Q ratio) and H/Q ratio fatigue index (H/Q FI) of the knee joint of an 8-week weight training to improve the hamstring muscles of male college students.METHODS: Twenty male college students were divided into two groups: an exercise group (EG) and a control group (CG). The EG participated in an 8-week hamstring weight training program, working out twice a week, 60 min per session, with a 60–80% 1RM and 12–16 RPE intensity. The peak torque, H/Q ratio, and H/Q FI were measured, and a t-test was used to verify the statistical significance of the difference between the pre- and post-intervention results.RESULTS: The right flexor peak torque at 60°/sec increased by 14.10±9.60%BW in the EG and decreased by −9.00±16.55%BW in the CG, showing a significant difference between the groups (ppp

Aging is associated with a progressive decline of skeletal muscle quantity and quality leading to a gradual slowing of movement, a decline in strength and power, and a condition known as sarcopenia. Sarcopenia is a syndrome a risk of adverse outcomes such as physical disability, poor quality of life and death. Agerelated losses in skeletal muscle mass and function have had a significant important in health care issue. In this study, we reviewed the recently introduced criteria for the Eastern and Western diagnosis of sarcopenia. A narrative review of evidence- and non-evidence-based papers was conducted, using a relevant methodological framework. This review is included the following: 1) definitions and diagnostic criteria over time; 2) pathophysiology of muscle loss; 3) management especially protein or amino acid supplementation, medications, and physical exercise.

Background/Objecitves Fire-fighting is highly required with aerobic fitness, strength, and body composition. However, there is a lack of comprehensive physical fitness data for South Korean firefighters. The purpose of this study was to collect fundamental data obtained with precise methods to compare with previously reported values form other countries. Methods A total of 102 Korean national firefighters (84 males and 18 females) participated in this study. A graded exercise test was performed to measure the VO2max of the participants. Muscle strength and muscular endurance of the knees, shoulders, and trunk were measured with an isokinetic dynamometer and grip strength was measured using a grip dynamometer. DXA was utilized for body composition measurements. Results The VO2max of the Korean male firefighters was 42.27 ml/kg/min and it was 35.93 ml/kg/min in the female firefighters. The right and left shoulder peak torque values were 103.1 Nm and 93.3 Nm in male firefighters and the torques in the female firefighters were 37.5% and 37.4% of those values, respectively. The grip strength of male and female firefighters was 49.9 kg and 30.8 kg. The body fat percentage of the male firefighters was 25.1% and it was 33.4% for female firefighters Conclusion In our study, the Korean firefighters had relatively lower levels of physical fitness compared to different country's firefighters. The Korean National Fire Agency may reconsider modifying physical fitness test standards or making exercise guidelines to conform to published standards.

The present study aimed to investigate the associations between fall risk and previous fall events, physical fitness, and gait speeds on flat ground and during obstacle avoidance in older adult women in Korea. Data were analyzed for 148 women over 65 years of age, divided into low (n = 52) and high Berg Balance Scale (BBS) score groups (n = 96). Physical fitness was assessed using arm curl, chair stand, 2 min step, chair sit-and-reach, timed up-and-go, and single-leg stance tests. Gait speed was measured on flat ground and during obstacle avoidance (5 cm, 10% of height, 30 cm). The incidence of falls was 18.2% lower among participants with BBS scores above the mean than in those with scores below the mean (p < 0.05). Furthermore, the two groups exhibited significant differences in the chair stand, chair sit-and-reach, timed up-and-go, and single-leg stance test results. The upper BBS group appeared faster at all four gait speeds, and participants in the upper BBS group were less likely to exhibit lower physical fitness in each test, with odds ratios (ORs) ranging from 0.227 to 0.447. The upper BBS group was also less likely to exhibit lower gait speed in most conditions, with ORs ranging from 0.327 to 0.516. Further studies should consider exercise programs that promote balance, muscular strength, and proprioception to lower the risk of falling in older adults.

According to previous research, participation in exercise training (ET) by South Korean firefighters varies with shift type, and the effect of shift type is greater in large cities than in small towns. However, shift types differ among regions, depending on the number of dispatches. Therefore, the present study examined the impact of the number of fire dispatches and other situational factors on ET. A series of multilevel logistic regression analysis was applied to analyze the data collected from South Korean firefighters (N = 5219) in 2017. According to the firefighters, participation in ET is higher among those who have someone to instruct their ET (Coefficient (Coef) = 0.057, SE = 0.017, p &lt, 0.001) and who can do ET while on duty (Coef = 0.048, SE = 0.014, p &lt, 0.001). The number of fire dispatches had a significant effect on participation in ET (Coef = &minus, 0.000, SE = 0.000, p &lt, 0.01), meaning that the firefighters&rsquo, participation in ET varies with the number of fire dispatches in each region. Our main findings indicate that the number of fire dispatches is a key factor affecting ET participation among firefighters, and the other situational factors also play a role. Therefore, ET programs that firefighters can participate in between calls should be established.

OBJECTIVES Firefighting is one of the most hazardous, physically demanding professions that must possess relatively high levels of physical fitness to perform in a safe and efficient manner. Considering the intense nature of their work, firefighters requires regular exercise training to ensure optimal levels of occupational performance. This study suggests effective guidelines in different exercise programs for preventing injury and improving physical fitness through a systematic review of precedent literature about firefighters. METHODS In this systematic review, the Cochran’s PICOTS-SD method (2009), which is based on precedent literature published by many researches was selected. We revised using appropriate key words from precedent literature for our present study. Finally, seven studies were selected from articles based on the time period from 2001 to 2018.2, Institutional Review Board (IRB) approval or randomly assigned. RESULTS Results showed useful information in the exercise field through analyzing exercise programs. Health-related physical fitness in firefighters showed significant differences before and after exercise participation, such as muscular fitness, cardiorespiratory fitness, and body composition. CONCLUSIONS The research suggest that an exercise program for firefighters could ensure optimal levels of occupational performance and endurance. It is hoped that the results of these studies will encourage those firefighters who are responsible for the public’s safety to participate in required exercise programs.

The purpose of this study is to examine the changes of the physical fitness of firefighters from 2011 to 2016 on each gender. The data of the six physical fitness tests (grip strength, back strength, sit and reach, standing long-jump, sit-up, and shuttle-run) were analyzed by using ANOVA and multiple regression analysis. The results were statistically significant improvements in all physical fitness tests from past to recent (p

Background: Firefighters are required to have high levels of aerobic and anaerobic power because they often perform physically demanding work in dangerous environments. Therefore, it is important to find out salient factors influencing voluntary exercise training among Korean firefighters based on well-validated theory. Methods: The present study conducted an elicitation study to elicit salient behavioral, normative, and control beliefs about exercise training among Korean firefighters and identified salient beliefs that have a significant indirect effect on behavior through intention using structural equation modeling. Results: Although ten modal salient beliefs obtained from our elicitation study are similar to those elicited from previous TPB belief-based research with a focus on exercise behavior, only three of these (i.e., “improves my physical ability” (coef. = 0.078, p = 0.006), “takes too much time” (coef. = 0.064, p = 0.023), and “colleagues” (coef. = 0.069, p = 0.016) indirectly influenced exercise training behavior through intention among Korean firefighters. Conclusions: Our results may contribute to the literature by providing important information suggesting that three modal salient beliefs are major cognitive determinants of exercise training behavior among Korean firefighters and they may play an essential role in developing effective programs or policies for promoting Korean firefighters’ exercise training.

Background: According to the National Fire Agency, 69% of South Korean firefighters prefer the three circuit system. Since the three circuit system involves working for 24 h consecutively, it could reduce work performance of firefighters and their participation in exercise training (ET) and fitness levels could be affected by shift type. The present study examined the impact of shift type on ET and identified the interaction effect between shift type and city size on ET among South Korean firefighters. Methods: A series of logistic regression models were used to analyze the data collected from incumbent outside workers among Korean firefighters (N = 5196) in 2017. Results: Firefighters under the 3 circuit system participated in ET less frequently than did those under the 21 circuit system, and the difference was greater in large cities than in small towns. This could be because of the greater opportunity to participate in leisure activities in large cities, or because participating in ET is easier for firefighters in small towns, who tend to be less busy than those in large cities. Conclusions: The three circuit system is not feasible in the present situation in South Korea. Therefore, an environment suitable for the three circuit system should be established.

Many organizations including public agencies build clouds to provide various public services. Clouds can use information collected by the private energy management system (EMS) to provide more diverse and accurate services. The EMS can interact with the different types of clouds to provide various information, but it should not disclose any data that are sensitive or private to EMS. This paper proposes method for the EMS to interact with various types of cloud to set policy on delivering data including negotiation and processing flows.

Background:South Korea’s 2016 Report Card on Physical Activity for Children and Youth is the first assessment of physical activity according to the indicators set by Active Healthy Kids Global Alliance.Methods:National surveys were used as preferred sources of data. This was then supported by peer-reviewed papers and government reports identified by a systematic search of the literature written in English or Korean. A Research Working Group then graded indicators based on the collected evidence.Results:Each indicator was graded as follows: Overall Physical Activity, D-; Organized Sport and Physical Activity Participation, C-; Active Transport, C+; Sedentary Behavior, F; School, D; Government and Investment, C; Active Play, Physical Literacy, Family and Peers, and Community and Built Environment were graded INC (incomplete) due to lack of available evidence.Conclusions:Though the final grades of key indicators for South Korean children and youth are not satisfactory, increasing interests and investments have been demonstrated at a national level. More evidence is required for comprehensive assessment on all indicators to better inform policy and practice. This should be accompanied by the use of consistent criteria to contribute to global efforts for active healthy kids.

This study measured surface electromyography of the biceps brachii and triceps brachii during repeated drum playing with and without a drumstick to better understand activation of the upper arm muscles and inform the use of instrument playing for motor rehabilitation. A total of 40 healthy college students participated in this study. All participants were asked to strike a drum with their hand and with a drumstick at three different levels of stroke: soft, medium, and strong. The stroke order was randomly assigned to participants. A sound level meter was used to record the intensity of the drum playing. Surface electromyography signals were recorded at every hit during drum playing both with and without the drumstick in each of the three stroke conditions. The results demonstrated that the highest muscle activation was observed in both biceps brachii and triceps brachii with strong drum playing with and without the drumstick. A two-way repeated measures analysis of variance showed that there was a significant main effect for stroke intensity in muscle activation and produced sound level. While higher activation of the triceps brachii was observed for drum playing without a drumstick, no significant differences were found between the biceps brachii and sound level. This study demonstrated via surface electromyography data that greater muscle activation of the biceps brachii and triceps brachii does not occur with the use of drumsticks in drum playing. With the drum sound controlled, drum playing by hand can be an effective therapeutic intervention for the upper arm muscles.

본 연구는 상담자들의 자기 돌봄에 관한 인식을 경험적으로 확인하고자 하는 목적에서 이루어졌다. 이를 위하여 개념도(concept mapping) 방법을 사용하여 상담자들이 인식하는 자기 돌봄의 내용을 추출하고, 상담자들이 자기 돌봄을 인식할 때 사용하는 차원과 군집을 확인하며, 자기 돌봄 군집에 대해 부여하는 중요도와 실천 빈도를 확인하였다. 먼저 자기 돌봄의 내용을 도출하기 위해서 15명의 상담자를 대상으로 개별 인터뷰를 실시하여 최종적으로 66개의 진술문을 도출하였으며 17명의 상담자가 66개의 진술문에 대한 유사성 평정과 중요도 및 실천 빈도를 평정하였다. 이 자료를 바탕으로 다차원 척도법 및 위계적 군집분석을 실시하여 상담자의 자기 돌봄 인식에 관한 개념도를 도출하였다. 연구 결과, 상담자들은 자기 돌봄에 관하여 2개의 차원과 7개의 군집으로 인식하는 것으로 나타났다. 2개의 차원은 ‘전문가적 영역-개인적 영역’과 ‘내적 자원 관리-외적 자원 활용’으로 명명되었으며, ‘상담자로서의 한계 인식과 수용’, ‘자기 자각과 조절’, ‘학습과 경력관리’, ‘관계적 지지 추구’, ‘내적 안녕감 증진’, ‘휴식과 신체건강 관리’, ‘여가 활동을 통한 환기와 충전’의 7개의 군집이 확인되었다. 각 군집에 대한 중요도 및 실천 빈도 평정 결과, 상담자들은 자기 돌봄 군집 중 ‘관계적 지지 추구’와 ‘휴식 및 신체건강 관리’를 가장 중요하게 인식하였고, 실천면에서는 ‘관계적 지지 추구’를 가장 많이 사용하는 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구의 결과에 기초하여 논의 및 제한점과 함께 향후 연구를 위한 방향을 제언하였다.

This paper presents the testbed design and experiment of high-voltage customer electrical equipment that is applied IoT platform. As a device for confirming the safety of high-voltage electrical equipment, a temperature sensor, a partial discharge sensor, a grounding sensor, and a relay from an electric facility were installed. In order to gather the data from various communication scheme, we introduced the IoT Adaptor which has several interfaces like Modbus, Serial and Ethernet. After we analyzed the amount of load and temperatures of three phase power line by IoT Adaptor and made trip signal to circuit breaker when the temperature were abnormally high.

Background/Objective South Korea's 2018 Report Card on Physical Activity for Children and Youth is the second comprehensive evaluation of physical activity and the sources of influence based on the 10 core indicators provided by the Active Healthy Kids Global Alliance. It will serve as an advocacy tool to promote physical activity among children and youth. Methods Three national surveillance data (i.e., 2017 Korea Youth Risk Behavior Web-based Survey, 2016 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2016 Physical Activity Promotion System) were used as main sources to evaluate the indicators. Descriptive statistics were performed to obtain prevalence estimates of physical activity-related indicators. In addition, expert opinions as well as the most recently available published or unpublished relevant sources were synthesized. Results South Korea's 2018 Report Card, compared to the 2016 Report Card, showed favourable changes in the Active Transportation (B+), Organized Sports Participation (C), Sedentary Behaviours (D), and School (D+) indicators, while unfavourable changes were shown in Overall Physical Activity (F) and Government (D). Physical Fitness was graded as D+. In parallel with the 2016 Report Card, Active Play, Family and Peers, and Community and Environment remain ungraded due to insufficient data. Conclusions Successes as well as gaps and research needs were identified in the 2018 Report Card. Though some indicators have shown improvement, most children and youth continue to be insufficiently physically active with overall poor grades (Average of D+). To achieve substantial improvement in all grades in future Report Cards, more institutional and governmental support and investment is needed to promote physical activity. Furthermore, effort should be made to generate data pertaining to the indicators that were ungraded.

In the present case report, the authors describe radiographic and histologic observations of a bone void that formed after a sinus augmentation using a graft material that contained recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 (rhBMP-2) and discuss clinical and histologic implications of their findings. Sinus augmentation was performed using a graft material comprising 1 g of hydroxyapatite/β-tricalcium phosphate, which contained 1 mg of rhBMP-2. Radiographic evaluation was conducted with panoramic radiographs and computed tomography images of the augmented maxillary sinus, which were analyzed using a three-dimensional image-reconstruction program. Histologic evaluation was also performed on a biopsy specimen obtained 6 months after the sinus augmentation. The total augmented volume increased from 1,582.2 mm(3) immediately after the sinus augmentation to 3,344.9 mm3 at 6 months after the augmentation because of the formation of a bone void. Twenty-six months after the sinus augmentation, the bone void remained but had reduced in volume, with the total augmented volume reduced to 2,551.7 mm(3). Histologically, new bone was observed to be in contact with the grafted particles, and a fatty marrow-like tissue was present in the area of the bone void. This case report shows that the bone void that had formed after sinus augmentation resolved over time and seemed to be partially replaced with new bone. Furthermore, none of the implants failed, and clinical adverse events were not observed during the follow-up period.

The aim of this study was to identify an effective control method of metabolic syndrome (MS) and oral diseases by investigating relationship between of MS and periodontal disease, tooth loss of the adult men and woman. We analyzed and concluded as follows, using a nationwide representative sample, in 8,225 middle senior citizens based on raw data of the 5th National Nutrition Survey in 2010, 2012. The data were analyzed by descriptive statistics, chi-squared test, and logistic regression using SAS ver. 9.2 program. The results are as follows, for correlation of metabolic component to periodontal disease, it was found that in men, the periodontal disease odds ratio of the group with abnormal fasting blood glucose increased 1.27 fold (95% confidence interval (CI), 1.04∼1.54), and in woman, the odds ratios of the group with abnormal high density lipoprotein cholesterol increased 1.45 fold (95% CI, 1.22∼1.72) and the odds ratio of the group with abnormal obesity increased 1.44 fold (95% CI, 1.17∼1.77). For correlation of MS to periodontal disease, it was found that the odds ratio of periodontal disease in the woman at-risk group increased 1.55 fold (95% CI, 1.19∼2.01) and that of the group with MS increased 2.25 fold (95% CI, 1.68∼3.02). For correlation of woman's metabolic component to missing teeth, it was found that the odds ratio of group with abnormal blood pressure increased 1.41 fold (95% CI, 1.10∼1.82). For correlation of woman's MS to missing teeth, it was found that the odds ratio of missing teeth in the group with MS increased 1.48 fold (95% CI, 1.07∼2.04). It is considered that a public health project comprising preventive and systematic disease management is necessary for controlling MS and oral disease. The findings of the study are expected to lay the foundation for the development of oral health promotion programs.