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Uncinata bradburyae (Gong et al., 2001) Luo et al., 2015 Description (Figures 3, 5, Table 2) Cell size in vivo quite variable, 160–340 × 40–70 μm, mostly 240 × 45 μm; ratio of length to width about 4–7:1; body flexible and contractile, shape generally elongated fusiform and somewhat sigmoidal (Figures 3A, 5A–C). Anterior end broad, round, often slightly bent to left, with anterior-left margin slightly snout-like (Figures 3A, 5A, C); posterior end narrowly round and spoon-like (Figures 5B, E). Dorsoventrally flattened, ventral side flat while dorsal side vaulted at mid-body. Two kinds of cortical granules: one is smaller pigments (0.5–1 μm in diameter), yellowish, irregularly arranged subpellicularly, which render cells brownish to yellowish at low magnification (Figure 5E); the other is larger, 1–1.5 μm across, colourless, discoid with central depression (erythrocyte-shaped), densely arranged underneath cortex (Figure 5F), which is very likely a kind of extrusome because in protargol-stained specimens they are often ejected with a hair-like process (Figure 5H). The former will burst over live observation or fade during cultivation. Food vacuoles variable in size, often containing diatoms, located at middle portion of cell (Figure 5B, arrows). No contractile vacuole observed. Macronuclear nodules numerous, each ovoidal (Figures 3B, D, 5G, I, J), distributed circumferentially, which can be recognised even in live observation (Figure 5A, D). Replication bands of DNA visible in interphasic cells (Figure 5K, arrowheads). Movement moderately fast, crawling on substrate, and always jerking back and forth. Abbreviations: CV = coefficient of variation, in %; ALMR = the transverse part of left marginal row; PLMR = the longitudinal part of left marginal row; Max = maximum; Mean = arithmetic mean; Min = minimum; n = number of specimens examined; SD = standard deviation; SE = standard error of mean. Buccal field about one-quarter to one-third of body length in live cells, its proximal part covered by a thick buccal lip (Figures 3A, 5A–C). Adoral zone bipartite by a conspicuous gap (Figures 3D, 5A, arrowhead, 5G, M, arrow); frontal portion including 21–34 membranelles, with the distal ones extending down to about half of buccal field length (Figures 3B, arrow, D, E, 5A, D, G, M, N); ventral portion consisting of 18–34 membranelles, each basically composed of 4 rows of kinetosomes, the anteriormost row shortest, with only 2 or 3 basal bodies, the third and fourth rows equal in length, the second one intermediate in length (Figures 5K, L, N, inset). Cilia of frontal membranelles about 14 μm long. The bases of posteriormost 2–5 membranelles distinctly lengthened, up to 30 μm wide (Figures 3B, D, E, 5I, double arrowhead, 5K and L, arrows). Paroral and endoral membranes parallel to each other for the most part but intersecting spatially at posterior ends, the latter longer than the former; both almost dikinetidal except in the posterior part of paroral membrane of a few specimens trikinetidal, kinetosomes arranged more densely in paroral membrane than in endoral membrane (Figures 3B, D, 5J, M, N). One buccal cirrus ahead of paroral membrane (Figures 3D, arrow, 5M, double arrowhead, N). Several frontal cirri arranged in an atypical bicorona, of which 3 are enlarged and positioned on anterior cell margin (Figures 3E, 5M and N, arrowheads). Two small, relatively fine frontoterminal cirri located close to distal membranelles (Figures 3D, 5M). Midventral complex composed of cirral pairs, which are arranged in typical zig-zag pattern, extending anteriorly continuous with frontal cirri and posteriorly to the rear end of cell; the right cirrus in each pair usually larger than the left one in interphasic cells (Figures 3B, D, 5G, M, N), whereas both cirri almost equal in size in filial cells just after fission (Figure 3D). Transverse cirri row extending anteriorly to about mid-body (Figures 3B, D, E, 5G). Invariably 2 fine pretransverse ventral cirri (Figure 3D). One marginal row on each side of cell, both being distinctly separated by transverse cirri at posterior end (Figures 3B, D, E, 5G). Left marginal row with 9–18 transversely arranged cirri at anterior portion, which are located at buccal vertex covering the proximal adoral membranelles (Figures 3B and 5N, double arrowhead, 5J, arrow); right marginal row commencing right of frontoterminal cirri (Figure 3B, E, 5G, N). Frontal and transverse cirri 15 μm long, other cirri 12 μm in length. Nine to 11 dorsal kineties, of which the right 5 or 6 kineties extend the whole length of body and the middle ones are shortened anteriorly (Figure 3A, B); basal body pairs closely spaced, with only the anterior basal body bearing a cilium about 3 μm in length. Deposition of specimens. A voucher slide (registration number: HX20230418-2) with protargol-stained specimens has been deposited in the Marine Biological Museum, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China. Ecological data. Occurring commonly during the period from late autumn to midspring. Water temperature 14.2–21.2°C, pH 8.1–8.2, salinity 33.8–34.7‰, and Dissolved oxygen 5.78–7.87 mg /L. Note on binary fission (Figures 4A–E and 6A–H, M, N) A few dividers were obtained, which show some details of this part of the life cycle. In a middle divider, the new anlagen of marginal rows originate independently from the old structures on each side; meanwhile, the frontal–ventral–transverse cirral anlagen appear. Only a few old cirri dedifferentiate during the formation of these anlagen (Figures 4A, 6H, arrow), and the opisthe̍s anlage occurs earlier than the proter̍s. Simultaneously, two sets of anlagen for dorsal kineties are formed de novo subpellicularly, the right one appearing as several short kineties near the rightmost old dorsal kinety (Figure 4A, 6G, arrows), the left as a long streak close to the leftmost parental dorsal kinety (Figure 6A). With the proliferation of basal bodies in later stages, the right dorsal kinety anlagen lengthen, and become a lantern-like structure composed of five or six equally long streaks in a subcortical pouch (Figures 4B, inset, C, E, 6B, arrowheads, C, arrows). The left dorsal kinety anlagen also elongate and consist of two long rows at both ends and several short rows in the middle portion (Figures 4B, C, D, 6D, F, arrows). These anlagen finally migrate dorsally to replace the old structures in the filial product (Figure 6M)., Published as part of Ghaffar, Abdul, Bai, Yang & Hu, Xiaozhong, 2023, First record of two urotsylid ciliates (Protozoa: Ciliophora: Spirotrichea) from Japan expanding the circumscription of species, pp. 724-743 in Journal of Natural History (Oxford, England) (Oxford, England) 57 (9 - 12) on pages 731-736, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2023.2206586, http://zenodo.org/record/8071692, {"references":["Gong J, Song W, Hu X, Ma H, Zhu M. 2001. Morphology and infraciliature of Holosticha bradburyae n. sp. (Ciliophora, Hypotrichida) from the Yellow Sea, China. Hydrobiologia. 464: 63 - 69. doi: 10.1023 / A: 1013901621439.","Luo X, Gao F, Al-Rasheid KAS, Warren A, Hu X, Song W. 2015. Redefinition of the hypotrichous ciliate Uncinata, with descriptions of the morphology and phylogeny of three urostylids (Protista, Ciliophora). Syst Biodivers. 13: 455 - 471. doi: 10.1080 / 14772000.2015.1046967"]}

Ghaffar, Abdul, Bai, Yang, Hu, Xiaozhong (2023): First record of two urotsylid ciliates (Protozoa: Ciliophora: Spirotrichea) from Japan expanding the circumscription of species. Journal of Natural History (Oxford, England) 57 (9-12): 724-743, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2023.2206586, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2023.2206586

Trichototaxis marina Lu et al., 2014 Description (Figures 1, 2; Table 1) The November and April populations studied here are so similar that conspecificity is beyond reasonable doubt. Consequently, the description below includes data from both populations. Body size highly variable, but shape very similar in the two populations. Size 200– 360 × 40–80 μm, mostly 250 × 50 μm in life, and 178–328 × 53–118 μm for stained specimens (Table 1); ratio of length to width about 4–6: 1 in live specimens; flattened ca. 2:1 dorsoventrally with anterior and posterior portions thin. Body elongate elliptical and often sigmoidal in outline, anterior end wider than posterior one, widest at mid-body (Figures 1A, 2A–C), conspicuously reddish in colour at low magnification (Figure 2B, C, F). Pellicle very flexible and highly contractile (Figure 2D, F) and to some extent thigmotactic. Conspicuous furrows recognisable along cirral rows on ventral side (Figure 2G). Cortical granules not observed, but rice-shaped granules (1 × 0.5 μm, mitochondria?) densely arranged along cirral rows (Figure 2E). Many brick-reddish, weird pigment patches of variable size densely distributed under pellicle and in cytoplasm, which render cells red (Figure 2I), and often decreasing in number after some time at room temperature in raw culture. Endoplasm usually packed with numerous small (ca. 30% of body length in live cells (Figures 1A, 2A–C, F, G), its proximal part covered by a thick buccal lip (Figure 2H and J, arrow). Adoral zone composed of 45 to 80 (on average 63 and 74 in two populations) membranelles, with distal end extending far onto right ventral side (Figures 1B–D, 2A, D, G, K, N); cilia of apical membranelles about 10 μm long. Paroral membrane (Figures 1D, arrow, and 2K, N, P) about half length of endoral membrane (Figures 1B, arrow, and 2N, arrowhead), almost parallel to each other, the former dikinetidal and the latter monokinetidal (Figure 2K, P). Pharyngeal fibres conspicuous in vivo. Twelve to 23 frontal cirri, cilia of which are 10–15 μm long in vivo, arranged in a conspicuous bicorona (Figures 1B–D and 2N). Usually 1 buccal cirrus (rarely 2 or 3) (Figures 1B–D, 2K, N, arrow,P, arrowhead); cilia ca.10 μm long, located adjacent to right posterior third of paroral membrane. Invariably 2 frontoterminal cirri near distal end of adoral zone (Figures 1B–D, 2K, N). Midventral complex composed of 39–75 pairs of cirri (including 2 pretransverse ventral cirri), arranged in a zig-zag pattern, running in a slightly sigmoid pattern along ventral surface and extending to posterior portion of body (Figures 1B–D, 2K–O). Cirri about 10 µm long, base of right midventral cirrus (about 2 × 6 basal bodies) conspicuously larger than that of left cirri (2 × 3 basal bodies; Figure 2L). Usually 6 (sometimes 5 or 7; 8 in two of (Continued) 35 specimens) transverse cirri, cilia of which are ca. 20 μm long, arranged in a J-shaped pseudo-row (Figures 1B–D, 2K, O). Total number of fronto–ventral–transverse cirri highly variable, ranging from 94 to 178 for two populations. Ciliary fibres of cirri, especially transverse cirri, conspicuous after protargol staining (Figure 2K, M). Table 1. (Continued). *all cirri derived from frontoventral-transverse cirral anlagen. Abbreviations: CV, coefficient of variation, in %; DK, dorsal kinety; LMR, left marginal row; Max, maximum; Mean, arithmetic mean; Min, minimum; n, number of specimens examined; PT, pretransverse ventral cirri; RMR, right marginal row; SD, standard deviation; SE, standard error of the mean. Invariably 1 right marginal row; on average 2 or 3 left marginal rows for November and April populations, respectively (Figures 1A–D, 2K). Cilia of marginal cirri ca. 12 μm long, each cirrus usually containing 2 × 6 basal bodies (Figure 2L). The innermost left marginal row composed of about 68 (November population) or 89 (April population) densely packed cirri, commencing more or less at level of mid-region of buccal field, and ending at posterior end of body. The next left marginal row consisting of 23–52 sparsely distributed cirri, starting behind level of the innermost row, and terminating at about posterior two-thirds of body; sometimes one or more cirri in this row resorbed, forming several gaps; most cells of the April population having the third left marginal row, which is comprised of about 21 loosely arranged cirri and located at mid-body. Right marginal row starting adjacent to right of frontoterminal cirri, composed of 46–104 cirri, running along right body margin, and terminating at the rear end of body (Figures 1B–D, 2K). Six to 8 bipolar dorsal kineties (Figure 1D), with cilia 3 μm long in vivo. Numerous (usually more than 100) macronuclear nodules, scattered throughout body; each spherical to ovoid, varying between 3 and 8 μm in length (Figures 1E, 2K, L, Q), having usually 1 central nucleolus (rarely 2 to 5) (Figure 2R); micronuclei numbering 2–14, each spherical to ellipsoidal (Figures 1E, 2L and Q, arrowheads, R, arrow) and 3–9 μm long. Locomotion by crawling moderately without pause on debris or on bottom of Petri dish or by swimming in water when disturbed. Cells usually very thigmotactic to the substrate. Deposition of specimens. A voucher slide (registration number: HX20230418-1) with protargol-stained specimens has been deposited in the Marine Biological Museum, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China. Ecological data. Water temperature 14.2°C and 16.5°C, pH 8.2 and 8.2, salinity 34.5‰ and 34.7‰, DO (Dissolved oxygen) 7.38 mg /L and 7.87 mg /L for November and April populations, respectively., Published as part of Ghaffar, Abdul, Bai, Yang & Hu, Xiaozhong, 2023, First record of two urotsylid ciliates (Protozoa: Ciliophora: Spirotrichea) from Japan expanding the circumscription of species, pp. 724-743 in Journal of Natural History (Oxford, England) (Oxford, England) 57 (9 - 12) on pages 726-730, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2023.2206586, http://zenodo.org/record/8071692, {"references":["Lu X, Gao F, Shao C, Hu X, Warren A. 2014. Morphology, morphogenesis and molecular phylogeny of a new marine ciliate, Trichototaxis marina n. sp. (Ciliophora, Urostylida). Eur J Protistol. 50: 524 - 537. doi: 10.1016 / j. ejop. 2014.08.002"]}

Strongylidium koreanum n. sp., a new soil ciliate from Jeju Island, South Korea, is described based on live observations, protargol impregnation, and molecular analysis of the 18S rRNA gene sequence. It is characterized by the following morphological features: cell outline more or less fusiform, posterior end broader than anterior end; grayish under low magnification; cortical granules absent; 23–32 adoral membranelles; three enlarged frontal cirri; buccal cirrus and postoral ventral cirrus present; 27–42 left and 15–28 right ventral cirri; 23–36 left and 30–46 right marginal cirri; three dorsal kineties; three caudal cirri; and two macronuclear nodules with two or three micronuclei. Phylogenetic analyses show that Strongylidium is monophyletic.

Comparison of S. koreanum n. sp. with morphologically related species In the comprehensive revision of Strongylidium by Paiva & Silva-Neto (2007), Strongylidium spp. were divided into five groups. Group I is characterized by two long ventral and two marginal cirral rows, which includes the type species S. crassum Sterki, 1878. To date, 17 species have been assigned to group I, and S. koreanum n. sp. was found to belong to this group. S. koreanum n. sp. should be compared with S. orientale, S. pseudocrassum, S. contortus, and S. crassum, considering its two macronuclear nodules and position of the contractile vacuole (Table 2). Strongylidium orientale is highly similar to S. koreanum n. sp. in the number of adoral membranelles and the left ventral, left, and right marginal cirri. By contrast, both differ from anterior end of the right ventral cirri (above the proximal end of the adoral zone of membranelles vs. below), cortical granules (present vs. absent) and habitat (brackish water vs. terrestrial) (Chen et al. 2013). a AM, adoral membranelles; CC, caudal cirri; LMC, left marginal cirri; LVC, left ventral cirri; Ma, macronuclear nodules; Mi, micronuclei; No., number; PVC, postoral ventral cirri; RMC, right marginal cirri; RVC, right ventral cirri. b Data from the illustrations. c Mean value. NA, not available (or not clearly recognizable). Strongylidium pseudocrassum can be distinguished from S. koreanum n. sp. by its macronuclear nodules (2–4 vs. 2), distance from the anterior edge of the cell to the anterior end of the right ventral cirral row (9–26 µm vs. 37–45 µm), anterior end of the right ventral cirri (above the proximal end of the adoral zone of membranelles vs. below), cortical granules (present vs. absent) and habitat (freshwater vs. terrestrial) (Paiva & Silva-Neto 2007). The data for S. contortus were insufficient because of the absence of a staining method. Thus, the characteristics seen in the illustrations were used. Strongylidium contortus differs from S. koreanum n. sp. in the number of right (ca. 46 based on the figure vs. 15–28, mean 21) ventral cirri, anterior end of right ventral cirri (above proximal end of adoral zone of membranelles vs. below), and habitat (freshwater vs. terrestrial) (Gelei 1954). Strongylidium crassum can be separated from S. koreanum n. sp. by the absence of a postoral ventral cirrus (vs. present), anterior end of right ventral cirri (above proximal end of adoral zone of membranelles vs. below), and single micronuclei located between two macronuclear nodules (vs. 2) (Kahl 1932).

Comparison of S. koreanum n. sp. with morphologically related species In the comprehensive revision of Strongylidium by Paiva & Silva-Neto (2007), Strongylidium spp. were divided into five groups. Group I is characterized by two long ventral and two marginal cirral rows, which includes the type species S. crassum Sterki, 1878. To date, 17 species have been assigned to group I, and S. koreanum n. sp. was found to belong to this group. S. koreanum n. sp. should be compared with S. orientale, S. pseudocrassum, S. contortus, and S. crassum, considering its two macronuclear nodules and position of the contractile vacuole (Table 2). Strongylidium orientale is highly similar to S. koreanum n. sp. in the number of adoral membranelles and the left ventral, left, and right marginal cirri. By contrast, both differ from anterior end of the right ventral cirri (above the proximal end of the adoral zone of membranelles vs. below), cortical granules (present vs. absent) and habitat (brackish water vs. terrestrial) (Chen et al. 2013). a AM, adoral membranelles; CC, caudal cirri; LMC, left marginal cirri; LVC, left ventral cirri; Ma, macronuclear nodules; Mi, micronuclei; No., number; PVC, postoral ventral cirri; RMC, right marginal cirri; RVC, right ventral cirri. b Data from the illustrations. c Mean value. NA, not available (or not clearly recognizable). Strongylidium pseudocrassum can be distinguished from S. koreanum n. sp. by its macronuclear nodules (2–4 vs. 2), distance from the anterior edge of the cell to the anterior end of the right ventral cirral row (9–26 µm vs. 37–45 µm), anterior end of the right ventral cirri (above the proximal end of the adoral zone of membranelles vs. below), cortical granules (present vs. absent) and habitat (freshwater vs. terrestrial) (Paiva & Silva-Neto 2007). The data for S. contortus were insufficient because of the absence of a staining method. Thus, the characteristics seen in the illustrations were used. Strongylidium contortus differs from S. koreanum n. sp. in the number of right (ca. 46 based on the figure vs. 15–28, mean 21) ventral cirri, anterior end of right ventral cirri (above proximal end of adoral zone of membranelles vs. below), and habitat (freshwater vs. terrestrial) (Gelei 1954). Strongylidium crassum can be separated from S. koreanum n. sp. by the absence of a postoral ventral cirrus (vs. present), anterior end of right ventral cirri (above proximal end of adoral zone of membranelles vs. below), and single micronuclei located between two macronuclear nodules (vs. 2) (Kahl 1932)., Published as part of Chae, Kyu-Seok, Park, Kyung-Min & Min, Gi-Sik, 2023, Strongylidium koreanum n. sp. (Protozoa: Ciliophora), a new soil species from South Korea, pp. 194-204 in Zootaxa 5227 (2) on pages 199-202, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5227.2.2, http://zenodo.org/record/7518498, {"references":["Paiva, T. S. & Silva-Neto, I. D. (2007) Morphology and morphogenesis of Strongylidium pseudocrassum Wang and Nie, 1935, with redefinition of Strongylidium Sterki, 1878 (Protista: Ciliophora: Stichotrichia). Zootaxa, 1559 (1), 31 - 57. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 1559.1.2","Chen, X., Miao, M., Ma, H., Shao, C. & Al-Rasheid, K. A. (2013) Morphology, morphogenesis and small-subunit rRNA gene sequence of the novel brackish-water ciliate Strongylidium orientale sp. nov. (Ciliophora, Hypotrichia). International journal of systematic and evolutionary microbiology, 63, 1155 - 1164. https: // doi. org / 10.1099 / ijs. 0.048157 - 0","Kahl, A. (1932) Urtiere oder Protozoa I: Wimpertiere oder Ciliata (Infusoria) 3. Spirotricha. Die Tierwelt Deutshlands und der Angrenzenden Meeresteile, 25, 399 - 650.","Gelei, J. (1954) Uber die Lebensgemeinschaft einiger temporarer Tumpel auf einer Bergwiese im Borzsonygebirge (Oberungarn) III. Ciliaten. Acta Biologica Hungarica, 5, 259 - 343."]}

Wang, Jingyi, Lyu, Zhao, Shao, Chen (2021): Morphology, morphogenesis and molecular phylogeny of the new soil ciliate Sterkiella paratricirrata n. sp. (Ciliophora, Hypotrichia, Oxytrichidae). Journal of Natural History 54 (37-38): 2471-2488, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2020.1854360, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2020.1854360

Li, Fengchao, Han, Miao, Wang, Jingyi, Li, Jingbao (2021): Morphology and morphogenesis of a saline soil ciliate, Cladotricha niesseniae sp. nov. (Ciliophora, Hypotrichia). Journal of Natural History 54 (29-30): 1933-1946, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2020.1833996, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2020.1833996

Euplotes sexcostatus Wailes, 1943 Record as epibiont on cnidarians: The species was reported as epibiont on hydroids from Strait of Georgia (Wailes 1943; Mccazuley & Hancock 1971). Record as epibiont on other hosts: The species was also found on algae from strait of Georgia (Wailes 1943)., Published as part of Chatterjee, Tapas, Dovgal, Igor & Fernandez-Leborans, Gregorio, 2021, A checklist of ciliates (Ciliophora) inhabiting on cnidarians, pp. 151-178 in Zootaxa 5039 (2) on page 152, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5039.2.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5508963, {"references":["Wailes, G. H. (1943) Canadian Pacific fauna. 1. Protozoa. 1 f. Ciliata. 1 g. Suctoria. University of Toronto Press, Toronro, 46 pp.","Mccazuley, J. E. & Hancock, D. R. (1971) Appendix 8. Annotated checklist of plants and animals. In: Oceanography of the Nearshore Coastal Waters of the Pacific Northwest. Vol. 2. Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, pp. 165 - 744."]}

Podocyathus diadema Kent, 1881 Record as epibiont on cnidarians: The species was originaly described found on hydroids from St. Heliers, Jersey, UK (Kent 1881). This species was also observed on hydroids from Roscoff and Concarneau (Atlantic coast of France), Nieuwport (Belgium), the Kola Bay of the Barents Sea (Kahl 1934). Record as epibiont on other hosts: The species was also found on Bryozoa (Kahl 1934) and tunicate of genus Polyzoa from St. Heliers, Jersey, UK (Kent 1881)., Published as part of Chatterjee, Tapas, Dovgal, Igor & Fernandez-Leborans, Gregorio, 2021, A checklist of ciliates (Ciliophora) inhabiting on cnidarians, pp. 151-178 in Zootaxa 5039 (2) on page 159, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5039.2.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5508963, {"references":["Kent, W. S. (1881) A manual of the Infusoria, including a description of all known Flagellata, Ciliated and Tentaculiferous Protozoa, British and foreign, and an account of the organization and affinities of the sponges. Vol. II. D. Bogue, London, pp. 473 - 913. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 1243","Kahl, A. (1934) Suctoria. In: Grimpe, G. & Wagler, E. (Eds.), Die Tierwelt der Nord- und Ostsee, 26, 184 - 226."]}

A compilation of the ciliate epibiont species (Ciliophora) found on marine and fresh water cnidarians has been carried out based on published records. The checklist includes the taxonomic position of each species of epibiontic ciliate, the species of basibiont cnidarians, the geographic zones and the bibliographic references where they were recorded. Cnidarians, especially colonial sessile forms, represent suitable substrates for numerous sessile and vagile ciliates. Altogether 79 ciliate species belong to five classes viz. Spirotrichea, Heterotrichea, Phyllopharingea, Suctorea and Oligohymenophorea were listed. The most diverce as epibions on cnidarians are representatives of Suctorea with 41 species and Peritrichia (under the class Oligohymenophorea) with 25 species. Three species belong to class Spirotrichea, four Heterotrichea and one Phyllopharingea. Among the other representatives (except Peritrichia) of class Oligohymenophorea, four species belong to subclass Scutucociliatia, one species each in subclass Hymenostomatia and Apostomatia. One suctorian species Ophryodendron abietinum and two species of peritrichs, Cothurnia cordylophora and Rhabdostyla sertularium one Heterotrichea Halofolliculina corallasia and one Scutucociliatia Philaster guamensis are likely specific to cnidarian hosts only.

Uronychia transfuga (O. F. Müller, 1786) Report as epibiont on cnidarians: This species was reported as epibiont on hydroids from Strait of Georgia (Wailes 1943; Mccazuley & Hancock 1971). Record as epibiont on other hosts: The species was also found on algae from Strait of Georgia (Wailes 1943)., Published as part of Chatterjee, Tapas, Dovgal, Igor & Fernandez-Leborans, Gregorio, 2021, A checklist of ciliates (Ciliophora) inhabiting on cnidarians, pp. 151-178 in Zootaxa 5039 (2) on page 152, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5039.2.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5508963, {"references":["Wailes, G. H. (1943) Canadian Pacific fauna. 1. Protozoa. 1 f. Ciliata. 1 g. Suctoria. University of Toronto Press, Toronro, 46 pp.","Mccazuley, J. E. & Hancock, D. R. (1971) Appendix 8. Annotated checklist of plants and animals. In: Oceanography of the Nearshore Coastal Waters of the Pacific Northwest. Vol. 2. Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, pp. 165 - 744."]}

Anteholosticha sigmoidea (Foissner, 1982) Berger, 2003 was isolated from a wet soil sample collected on King George Island, Antarctica. Morphological observations and molecular phylogenetic analyses based on the gene sequences of small subunit ribosomal RNA (18S rRNA) were used to identify the species. Anteholosticha sigmoidea can be divided into two groups: group I (three populations described by Foissner 1982) and group II (described by Foissner 1984) based on the morphological differences. Group I differs from group II by the length of the midventral complex (65.1% vs. 52.5% of the cell length), the number of adoral membranelles (25–28 vs. 16–24), and the number of dorsal bristles in kinety 1 (16 bristles vs. nine bristles). Group I differs from the Antarctica population by the absence/presence of the collecting canals of the contractile vacuole and the number of macronuclear nodules (6–12 vs. 13–19). Group II differs from the Antarctica population by the number of macronuclear nodules (five to nine vs. 13–19); the arrangement of cortical granules (forming longitudinal rows vs. irregularly distributed); the length of the midventral complex (64.7% vs. 53.8% of cell length). In the phylogenetic analyses, A. sigmoidea was not nested with any species, and the gene tree indicated polyphyly of the genus Anteholosticha.

Anteholosticha sigmoidea (Foissner, 1982) Berger, 2003 (Figs 1, 2; Table 1) Voucher slides. Three slides (NIBRPR0000110238���NIBRPR0000110240) with protargol-stained specimens were deposited in the National Institute of Biological Resources (NIBR), South Korea. Gene sequence. The 18S rRNA gene sequence of the present Antarctic population was deposited in the Gen-Bank under the accession number MN864520. Morphological description of the Antarctic population. Size in vivo 90���150 �� 25���35 ��m, 67���95 �� 9���19 ��m after protargol preparations (Figs. 1A, B; 2A, H). Body outline usually elongated elliptical, left and right cell margins slightly convex or almost straight in vivo (Figs. 1A, 2A). Cell colorless to grayish at low magnification. Contractile vacuole left of mid-body, about 10 ��m in diameter during diastole, with collecting canals (Figs. 1A; 2 B���E). Colorless cortical granules roughly spherical, 0.5���1.0 ��m in diameter, distributed irregularly on both the ventral and dorsal surface, stain with protargol (Figs. 1E, F; 2G, L, M). Cytoplasm colorless, containing many food vacuoles and lipid droplets (ca. 1���4 ��m across). Feeds on algae and bacteria. Macronuclear nodules size 4.0���10.0 �� 1.5���4.0 ��m in protargol preparations, 13���18 in number, arranged in left body portion. Two to five micronuclei sized 1.5���4.0 �� 1.0���3.0 ��m protargol impregnation (Figs. 1A, D; 2H, K). Adoral zone approximately 26.5% of cell length in protargol preparations, the base of the largest membranelles about 8 ��m long, composed of 22���28 membranelles. Paroral and endoral membranes crossing at the level of buccal cirrus (Figs. 1B; 2H, J). All cirri relatively fine, mostly 11���15 ��m long in vivo. Three frontal cirri arranged in the oblique row near the anterior body end; two frontoterminal cirri behind the rightmost frontal cirrus; buccal cirrus near the middle of the paroral membrane; two pretransverse cirri arranged almost at the same level; midventral complex composed of 17���29 midventral cirri, arranged in a zigzag pattern, commencing near the level of the posterior frontoterminal cirrus and terminating around the mid-body; four to eight transverse cirri protruding beyond the posterior body end. One left (25���40 cirri) and one right (25���37 cirri) marginal row, both marginal rows non-confluent posteriorly (Figs. 1A, B; 2H, J). Invariably four bipolar dorsal kineties; cilia about 3 ��m in vivo; dorsal kineties 1���4 composed of 10���17, 13���20, 12���19, and 14���19 bristles, respectively; caudal cirri lacking. Morphological comparison with other A. sigmoidea populations. Foissner (1982) described three populations of A. sigmoidea that were highly similar, indicating that they belong to a single species (Berger 2006). However, another population of A. sigmoidea observed later differs from the previous three populations by the length of the midventral complex (52.5% vs. 64.7% of the cell length; measured from illustration), number of adoral membranelles (25���28 vs. 16���24), and number of dorsal bristles in kinety 1 (16 bristles vs. nine bristles) (Foissner 1982; 1984). Although they were considered to be local variations (Berger 2006; 1984), the Antarctic population was compared with both groups. Group I differs from the Antarctic population by the presence/absence of collecting canals of the contractile vacuole (absence vs. presence), and the number of macronuclear nodules (sic to 12 vs. 13���19) (Foissner 1982). The Antarctic population differs from group II by the number of macronuclear nodules (13���19 vs. five to nine), the arrangement of cortical granules (distributed irregularly vs. in longitudinal rows), length of the midventral complex (64.7% vs. 53.8% of cell length; measured from illustration), and the position of the posteriormost transverse cirrus (90.8% vs. 96.9% of cell length; measured from the illustration) (Foissner 1984). The Antarctic population has more than three differences from each group of A. sigmoidea. A comparison with both types showed that the variability of the Antarctica population falls within the range of A. sigmoidea except for the number of macronuclear nodules (Table 1, 2). ...Continued on the next page AM. adoral membranelles; BC, buccal cirrus; CV, coefficient of variation in %; DB, dorsal bristles; DK, dorsal kineties; FC, frontal cirri; FTC, frontoterminal cirri; LMC, left marginal cirri; M, median; Ma, macronuclear nodules; Max, maximum; MC, midventral cirri; Mi, micronuclei; Min, minimum; n, number of specimens examined; PTC, pretransverse cirri; RMC, right marginal cirri; SD, standard deviation; SE, standard error of the arithmetic mean; TC, transverse cirri; -, not mentioned. a Data based on randomly selected, protargol-stained specimens. b Si1, Antarctic population from (present study); Si2, population from the Glockner area; Si3, population from Schlossalm; Si4, population from Tulnerfeld (Si2���4 from Foissner 1982); Si5, Alpine population (from Foissner 1984). AM. adoral membranelles; DB, dorsal bristles; DK, dorsal kineties; LMC, left marginal cirri; Ma, macronuclear nodules; MC, midventral cirri; MP, midventral pairs; PTC, pretransverse cirri; TC, transverse cirri; -, not mentioned. a All data based on protargol-stained specimens. b Three population were combined and measured from Foissner (1982). c On average. d Measured from illustrations. e Including PTC. Morphological comparison with congeners. The Antarctic population of A. sigmoidea is morphologically similar to four congeners, A. australis (Blatterer and Foissner, 1988) Berger 2003, A. distyla (Buitkamp, 1977) Berger, 2003, A. rectangula Jung et al., 2016, and A. verrucosa (Foissner, 2000) Berger, 2008, in body shape (elongate), nuclear apparatus (arranged along the left cell margin), presence of cortical granules, and terrestrial habitat (Berger 2006; 2008; Jung et al. 2016). Anteholosticha distyla differs from the Antarctica population of A. sigmoidea by the body length in vivo (150��� 180 ��m vs. 90���150 ��m), number of adoral membranelles (30���33 vs. 22���28), number of midventral cirri (33 or 34 vs. 17���29), number of transverse cirri (two vs. four to eight), and length of the dorsal cilia (5 ��m vs. 3 ��m). In addition, the midventral complex of A. distyla terminates slightly ahead of the pretransverse cirri, whereas that of the present population terminates around the mid-body (Berger 2006). The Antarctic population of A. sigmoidea can be distinguished from A. verrucosa by the number of adoral membranelles (22���28 vs. 14���17), midventral pairs (17���29 vs. 7���15), left marginal cirri (5���40 vs. 12���18), right marginal cirri (25���37vs. 13���21), and transverse cirri (four to eight vs. two to four) (Berger 2008). Another Antarctic ciliate, A. rectangula, can be separated from A. sigmoidea by the body length in vivo (67���95 ��m vs. 90���150 ��m) as well as by the number of macronuclear nodules (four to eight vs. 13���19), adoral membranelles (19���22 vs. 22���28), and dorsal kineties (three vs. four) (Jung et al. 2016). Anteholosticha australis has a long midventral complex that terminates ahead of the pretransverse cirri. In contrast, the midventral complex of the Antarctic population terminates around the mid-body of the cell. In addition, the Antarctica population of A. sigmoidea differs from A. australis by having irregularly arranged cortical granules (vs. in longitudinal rows) (Berger 2006). Anteholosticha australis is distinguished from A. sigmoidea by shape of the cortical granules as well as by the number of adoral membranelles and macronuclear nodules (Berger 2006). However, if A. australis is compared with the pooled A. sigmoidea populations, most quantitative values overlap. The Tulnerfeld population of A. sigmoidea (from group I) has 11 or 12 macronuclear nodules (vs. 10���16 in A. australis), and the Alpine population of A. sigmoidea (from group II) has 25���28 adoral membranelles (vs. 27���33 in A. australis) (Berger 2006; Foissner 1982; 1984). Although more adoral membranelles and macronuclear nodules were observed in A. australis, the values overlap and do not show any significant difference. Including the Antarctic population of A. sigmoidea, these two species differ only in the shape of cortical granules (Table 2) (Berger 2006). Molecular data are needed to test whether this morphological difference reflects the intraspecific variability or differentiation at the species-subspecies level. Unfortunately, the 18S rRNA gene sequence is available only for the Antarctic population of A. sigmoidea. Molecular analyses (Fig. 3). The 18S rRNA gene sequence of A. sigmoidea is 1,770 bp in length and has a GC content of 45.1%. The sequence was deposited in GenBank with accession number MN864520. BI and ML analyses produced similar topologies; thus, only the ML tree is presented in Fig. 3. The gene tree indicates the previously reported polyphyly of the genus Anteholosticha (Fig. 3) (Huang et al. 2014, Jung et al. 2016; Zhao et al. 2015). Phylogenetic position of A. sigmoidea. Molecular analyses based on the 18S rRNA gene sequences indicate that the genus Anteholosticha is polyphyletic and scattered in nine separate lineages (Jung et al. 2016; Zhao et al. 2015). This heterogeneity was confirmed later by molecular data (Huang et al. 2014). Although low supporting (ML 21%), the Antarctic population of A. sigmoidea is sister to the clade including five Anteholosticha species, A. marimonilata Xu et al., 2011, A. monilata (Kahl, 1928) Berger, 2003 (type species of Anteholosticha), A. pulchra ( Kahl, 1932) Berger, 2003, A. pseudomonilata Li et al., 2011, and A. rectangula Jung et al., 2016. Among them, four species, A. monilata, A. marimonilata, A. pulchra, and A. pseudomonilata, can be distinguished from A. sigmoidea by having a long (vs. comparatively shortened) midventral complex. In addition, A. marimonilata, A. pulchra, and A. pseudomonilata were discovered in marine habitats (vs. terrestrial) (Berger 2006). Another Antarctic terrestrial ciliate, A. rectangula, is similar to A. sigmoidea in terms of the macronuclear apparatus (arranged along the left cell margin), cirral pattern (shortened midventral complex and a similar number of cirri on the ventral surface), and habitat (Antarctic soil) (Table 2). In the gene trees, A. sigmoidea and A. rectangula were distinctly separated, supporting the morphological differences discussed above. Anteholosticha sigmoidea did not cluster with any other Anteholosticha species, which might be due to the insufficient molecular data for the genus Anteholosticha. In previous studies, groups I and II of A. sigmoidea were classified as a single species, and the Antarctic group shared many features (body shape elongated elliptical, macronuclear nodules arranged along the left cell margin, cortical granules present, four dorsal kineties, and terrestrial habitat) with the groups. Nevertheless, the three populations have morphological differences mentioned above, particularly the Antarctic population, which are geographically isolated. Therefore, not all three groups may represent a single species. However, DNA sequence information of groups I and II are not available to support this proposal. Additional molecular data of other known Anteholosticha species (e.g., A. australis, A. distyla, European populations of A. sigmoidea, A. sphagni, and A. verrucosa) and of new species will be needed for more in-depth studies including the issue of A. australis and A. sigmoidea -complex., Published as part of Kim, Kang-San, Ji, Su-Jung, Kim, Sanghee & Min, Gi-Sik, 2021, Antarctic population of Anteholosticha sigmoidea (Foissner, 1982) Berger, 2003 (Ciliophora: Urostylidae) with notes on its phylogenetic position, pp. 290-300 in Zootaxa 4942 (2) on pages 291-298, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4942.2.9, http://zenodo.org/record/4600621, {"references":["Foissner, W. (1982) Ecology and taxonomy of the Hypotrichida (Protozoa: Ciliophora) of some Austrian soil. Archiv fur Protistenkunde, 126, 19 - 143. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / S 0003 - 9365 (82) 80065 - 1","Berger, H. (2003) Redefinition of Holosticha Wrzesniowski, 1877 (Ciliophora, Hypotricha). European Journal of Protistology, 39, 373 - 379. https: // doi. org / 10.1078 / 0932 - 4739 - 00006","Berger, H. (2006) Monograph of the Urostyloidea (Ciliophora, Hypotricha). Monographiae biologicae, 85, i-xv + 1 - 1303.","Foissner, W. (1984) Infraciliatur, Silberliniensystem und Biometrie einiger neuer und wenig bekannter terrestrischer, limnischer und mariner Ciliaten (Protozoa: Ciliophora) aus den Klassen kinetofragminophora, Colpodea und Polyhymenophora. Stapfia, Linz, 12, 1 - 165.","Blatterer, H. & Foissner, W. (1988) Contribution to the terrestrial ciliates (Ciliophora, Protozoa) of Australia. Stapfia, 17, 1 - 84.","Buitkamp, U. (1977) Die Ciliatenfauna der Savanne von Lamto (Elfenbeinkuste). Acta Protozoologica, 16, 249 - 276.","Foissner, W. (2000) A compilation of soil and moss ciliates (protozoa, ciliophora) from Germany, with new records and descriptions of new and insufficiently known species. European Journal of Protistology, 36, 253 - 283. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / S 0932 - 4739 (00) 80003 - 6","Jung, J. H., Park, K. M. & Kim, S. (2016) Morphology and molecular phylogeny of the soil ciliate Anteholosticha rectangula sp. nov. from King George Island, maritime Antarctica. Acta Protozoologica, 55, 89 - 99.","Berger, H. (2008) Monograph of the Amphisiellidae and Trachelostylidae (Ciliophora, Hypotricha). Monographiae biologicae, 88, i-xvi + 1 - 737.","Huang, J., Chen, Z., Song, W. & Berger, H. (2014) Three-gene based phylogeny of the Urostyloidea (Protista, Ciliophora, Hypotricha), with notes on classification of some core taxa. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 70, 337 - 347. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ympev. 2013.10.005","Zhao, X., Gao, S., Fan, Y., Strueder-Kypke, M. & Huang, J. (2015) Phylogenetic framework of the systematically confused Anteholosticha - Holosticha complex (Ciliophora, Hypotrichia) based on multigene analysis. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 91, 238 - 247. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ympev. 2015.05.021"]}

Podocyathus diadema Kent, 1881 Record as epibiont on bryozoans: The species was found on Bryozoa from St. Heliers, Jersey, UK (Kent 1881). Report as epibiont on other hosts: The species was originally described found on hydroids and tunicate of genus Polyzoa from St. Heliers, Jersey, UK (Kent 1881). This species was also observed on hydroids from Roscoff and Concarneau (Atlantic coast of France), Nieuwport (Belgium), the Kola Bay of the Barents Sea (Kahl 1934)., Published as part of Chatterjee, Tapas & Dovgal, Igor, 2020, A checklist of ciliate epibionts (Ciliophora) found on bryozoans, pp. 547-559 in Zootaxa 4896 (4) on page 549, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4896.4.6, http://zenodo.org/record/4387921, {"references":["Kent, W. S. (1881) A manual of the Infusoria, including a description of all known Flagellata, Ciliated and Tentaculiferous Protozoa, British and foreign, and an account of the organization and affinities of the sponges, London, II, 473 - 913. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 1243","Kahl, A. (1934) Suctoria. In: Grimpe, G. & Wagler, E. (Eds.), Die Tierwelt der Nord- und Ostsee, 26, uun 184 - 226."]}

Gastrocirrhus intermedius Lepsi, 1928 Report as epibiont on bryozoans: It was reported on marine bryozoan, collected in the Mediterranean Sea near Beirut, Lebanon (Lepsi 1928). Remarks: There is only single report of this species by Lepsi (Curds & Wu 1983)., Published as part of Chatterjee, Tapas & Dovgal, Igor, 2020, A checklist of ciliate epibionts (Ciliophora) found on bryozoans, pp. 547-559 in Zootaxa 4896 (4) on page 548, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4896.4.6, http://zenodo.org/record/4387921, {"references":["Lepsi, J. (1928) Un nouveau protozoaire marin: Gastrocirrhus intermedius. Annls Protist, 1, 195 - 197.","Curds, C. R. & Wu, I. C. H. (1983) A review of the Euplotidae (Hypotrichida, Ciliophora). Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Zoology, 44 (3), 191 - 247."]}

Kerona pediculus (Müller, 1773) Report as epibiont on bryozoans: This species was reported as an epibiont on bryozoan Cristatella mucedo Cuvier, 1798 collected from White knights Lake near Reading, England, UK (Warren & Robson 1998). Report as epibiont on other hosts: This species was also reported as epibiont on Hydra vulgaris Pallas, 1766 (Warren & Robson 1998)., Published as part of Chatterjee, Tapas & Dovgal, Igor, 2020, A checklist of ciliate epibionts (Ciliophora) found on bryozoans, pp. 547-559 in Zootaxa 4896 (4) on page 548, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4896.4.6, http://zenodo.org/record/4387921, {"references":["Warren, A. & Robson, E. A. (1998) The identity and occurrence of Kerona pediculus (Ciliophora: Hypotrichida), a well known epizoite of Hydra vulgaris (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa). Zoologische Verhandelingen, 323, 235 - 245."]}

A compilation of the ciliate (Ciliophora) species found on marine and fresh water bryozoans as epibionts has been carried out based on published records. The checklist includes the taxonomic position of each species of epibiontic ciliate, the species of basibiont bryozoans, localities and the bibliographic references. Altogether 40 ciliate species from classes Spirotrichea (two species); Suctorea (sixteen species); Oligohymenophorea, subclass Peritrichia (sixteen species) and Heterotrichea, family Folliculinidae (six species) were listed. Among registered species, six were reported on bryozoans only. Only one species of peritrich ciliate Ellobiophrya conviva adapted to inhabit on tentacles of bryozoans with special adhesive organelle (cinctum or adhesive ring) indicate a possible specific to bryozoan host.

Pattersoniella vitiphila Foissner, 1987 Distribution. BRAZIL: Paran�� River between the Nupelia���s Field Station and the district of Porto S��o Jos��, S��o Pedro do Paran�� (Buosi et al. 2014 b, 2015), (Ad). DOMINICAN REPUBLIC: (Foissner et al. 2003). MEXICO: Reserve of the Biosphere Chamela-Cuixmala (Dur��n-Ram��rez & May��n-Estrada 2018), (Bk, Td, Tr). Genus Rigidocortex Berger, 1999, Published as part of Dur��n-Ram��rez, Carlos Alberto, Dias, Roberto J��nio Pedroso & Estrada, Rosaura May��n-, 2020, Checklist of ciliates (Alveolata: Ciliophora) that inhabit in bromeliads from the Neotropical Region, pp. 1-36 in Zootaxa 4895 (1) on page 11, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4895.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4321437, {"references":["Buosi, P. R. B., Utz, L. R. P., de Meira, B. R., Segovia da Silva, B. T., Lansac-Toha, F. M., Lansac-Toha, F. A. L. & Velho, L. F. M. (2014 b) Rainfall influence on species composition of the ciliate community inhabiting bromeliad phytotelmata. Zoological Studies, 53, 1 - 12. https: // doi. org / 10.1186 / s 40555 - 014 - 0032 - 4","Buosi, P. R. B., Cabral, A. F., Utz, L. R. P., Vieira, L. C. G. & Velho, L. F. M. (2015) Effects of seasonality and dispersal on the ciliate community inhabiting bromeliad phytotelmata in riparian vegetation of a large tropical river. Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology, 62 (6), 737 - 749. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / jeu. 12232","Foissner, W., Struder-Kypke, M., van der Staay, G., Moon-van der Staay, S. & Hackstein, J. (2003) Endemic ciliates (Protozoa, Ciliophora) from tank bromeliads (Bromeliaceae): a combined morphological, molecular, and ecological study. European Journal of Protistology, 39, 365 - 372. https: // doi. org / 10.1078 / 0932 - 4739 - 00005","Duran-Ramirez, C. A. & Mayen-Estrada, R. (2018) Ciliate species from tank-less bromeliads in a dry tropical forest and their geographical distribution in the Neotropics. Zootaxa, 4497 (2), 241 - 257. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4497.2.5"]}

Species from almost all classes of ciliates are prone to be found inhabiting bromeliads in the Neotropics, from Mexico to Brazil, and the Antilles. Studies of ciliates recorded from bromeliads have been carried out from few bromeliad species, mainly in tropical forest. We compiled all available data of free living and sessile ciliates from bromeliads, including their geographic distribution and bromeliad identity. We provide a list of 170 ciliate species that have been recorded in 52 epiphytic and terrestrial bromeliad species, distributed in ten Neotropical countries . Most of the species belong to the Classes Oligohymenophorea, Colpodea and Spirotrichea. The largest number of ciliate species has been recorded in Brazil and Mexico. Bromeliothrix metopoides and Glaucomides bromelicola were the two species with the widest geographical distribution, 19 species have been recorded only in Mexico, 11 in the Antillean islands, and 89 only in Southamerica. Free living species prevailed over sessile species, and both represent 2% of the total ciliate species number. Sixteen ciliate species have been recorded only inhabiting in bromeliads. Although bromeliads show a high endemicity, their specificity is low in relation to ciliates.

Rigidocortex octonucleatus (Foissner, 1988) Berger, 1999 Distribution. VENEZUELA: South margin of the Henri Pittier National Park, Biological Station Rancho Grande (Foissner 2016)., Published as part of Dur��n-Ram��rez, Carlos Alberto, Dias, Roberto J��nio Pedroso & Estrada, Rosaura May��n-, 2020, Checklist of ciliates (Alveolata: Ciliophora) that inhabit in bromeliads from the Neotropical Region, pp. 1-36 in Zootaxa 4895 (1) on page 11, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4895.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4321437, {"references":["Foissner, W. (2016) Terrestrial and semiterrestrial ciliates (Protozoa, Ciliophora) from Venezuela and Galapagos. Denisia, 35, 1 - 912."]}

Oxytricha longigranulosa 2 Berger & Foissner, 1989 Distribution. ECUADOR: (Foissner et al. 2003). JAMAICA: (Dunthorn et al. 2012)., Published as part of Dur��n-Ram��rez, Carlos Alberto, Dias, Roberto J��nio Pedroso & Estrada, Rosaura May��n-, 2020, Checklist of ciliates (Alveolata: Ciliophora) that inhabit in bromeliads from the Neotropical Region, pp. 1-36 in Zootaxa 4895 (1) on page 10, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4895.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4321437, {"references":["Foissner, W., Struder-Kypke, M., van der Staay, G., Moon-van der Staay, S. & Hackstein, J. (2003) Endemic ciliates (Protozoa, Ciliophora) from tank bromeliads (Bromeliaceae): a combined morphological, molecular, and ecological study. European Journal of Protistology, 39, 365 - 372. https: // doi. org / 10.1078 / 0932 - 4739 - 00005","Dunthorn, M., Stoeck, T., Wolf, K., Breiner, H. W. & Foissner, W. (2012) Diversity and endemism of ciliates inhabiting Neotropical phytotelmata. Systematics and Biodiversity, 10 (2), 195 - 205. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 14772000.2012.685195"]}

Paroxytricha quadrinucleata 1 Foissner, 2016 Distribution. BRAZIL: (Foissner 2016). CHILE: (Foissner 2016). JAMAICA: (Foissner 2016). MEXICO: surroundings of the town of Xalapa (Foissner 2016), (Th). VENEZUELA: South margin of the Henri Pittier National Park, Biological Station Rancho Grande (Foissner 2016). Genus Pattersoniella Foissner, 1987, Published as part of Dur��n-Ram��rez, Carlos Alberto, Dias, Roberto J��nio Pedroso & Estrada, Rosaura May��n-, 2020, Checklist of ciliates (Alveolata: Ciliophora) that inhabit in bromeliads from the Neotropical Region, pp. 1-36 in Zootaxa 4895 (1) on page 11, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4895.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4321437, {"references":["Foissner, W. (2016) Terrestrial and semiterrestrial ciliates (Protozoa, Ciliophora) from Venezuela and Galapagos. Denisia, 35, 1 - 912."]}

Oxytricha setigera Stokes, 1891 Distribution. BRAZIL: Paran�� River between the Nupelia���s Field Station and the district of Porto S��o Jos��, S��o Pedro do Paran�� (Buosi et al. 2014 b, 2015), (Ad). MEXICO: Coffee plantation La Onza, near Coatepec (Dur��nRam��rez et al. 2015), (Th); Coffee plantation Virginia Armand, near Coatepec (Dur��n-Ram��rez et al. 2015), (Th). Genus Paroxytricha Foissner 2016, Published as part of Dur��n-Ram��rez, Carlos Alberto, Dias, Roberto J��nio Pedroso & Estrada, Rosaura May��n-, 2020, Checklist of ciliates (Alveolata: Ciliophora) that inhabit in bromeliads from the Neotropical Region, pp. 1-36 in Zootaxa 4895 (1) on pages 10-11, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4895.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4321437, {"references":["Buosi, P. R. B., Utz, L. R. P., de Meira, B. R., Segovia da Silva, B. T., Lansac-Toha, F. M., Lansac-Toha, F. A. L. & Velho, L. F. M. (2014 b) Rainfall influence on species composition of the ciliate community inhabiting bromeliad phytotelmata. Zoological Studies, 53, 1 - 12. https: // doi. org / 10.1186 / s 40555 - 014 - 0032 - 4","Buosi, P. R. B., Cabral, A. F., Utz, L. R. P., Vieira, L. C. G. & Velho, L. F. M. (2015) Effects of seasonality and dispersal on the ciliate community inhabiting bromeliad phytotelmata in riparian vegetation of a large tropical river. Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology, 62 (6), 737 - 749. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / jeu. 12232","Duran-Ramirez, C. A., Garcia-Franco, J. G., Foissner, W. & Mayen-Estrada, R. (2015) Free living ciliates from epiphytic tank bromeliads in Mexico. European Journal of Protistology, 51, 15 - 33. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ejop. 2014.09.002","Foissner, W. (2016) Terrestrial and semiterrestrial ciliates (Protozoa, Ciliophora) from Venezuela and Galapagos. Denisia, 35, 1 - 912."]}

Gonostomum kuehnelti Foissner, 1987 Distribution. MEXICO: Coffee plantation Virginia Armand, near Coatepec (Dur��n-Ram��rez et al. 2015), (Th)., Published as part of Dur��n-Ram��rez, Carlos Alberto, Dias, Roberto J��nio Pedroso & Estrada, Rosaura May��n-, 2020, Checklist of ciliates (Alveolata: Ciliophora) that inhabit in bromeliads from the Neotropical Region, pp. 1-36 in Zootaxa 4895 (1) on page 12, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4895.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4321437, {"references":["Duran-Ramirez, C. A., Garcia-Franco, J. G., Foissner, W. & Mayen-Estrada, R. (2015) Free living ciliates from epiphytic tank bromeliads in Mexico. European Journal of Protistology, 51, 15 - 33. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ejop. 2014.09.002"]}

Fragmocirrus espeletiae Foissner, 2000 Distribution. MEXICO: El Tegolome, near the town of Tlanchinol (ps), (Ts). VENEZUELA: South margin of the Henri Pittier National Park, Biological Station Rancho Grande (Foissner 2016)., Published as part of Dur��n-Ram��rez, Carlos Alberto, Dias, Roberto J��nio Pedroso & Estrada, Rosaura May��n-, 2020, Checklist of ciliates (Alveolata: Ciliophora) that inhabit in bromeliads from the Neotropical Region, pp. 1-36 in Zootaxa 4895 (1) on page 12, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4895.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4321437, {"references":["Foissner, W. (2016) Terrestrial and semiterrestrial ciliates (Protozoa, Ciliophora) from Venezuela and Galapagos. Denisia, 35, 1 - 912."]}

Sterkiella histriomuscorum Foissner, Blatterer, Berger & Kohmann, 1991 Distribution. BRAZIL: Paran�� River between the Nupelia���s Field Station and the district of Porto S��o Jos��, S��o Pedro do Paran�� (Buosi et al. 2014 b, 2015), (Ad). VENEZUELA: South margin of the Henri Pittier National Park, Biological Station Rancho Grande (Foissner 2016)., Published as part of Dur��n-Ram��rez, Carlos Alberto, Dias, Roberto J��nio Pedroso & Estrada, Rosaura May��n-, 2020, Checklist of ciliates (Alveolata: Ciliophora) that inhabit in bromeliads from the Neotropical Region, pp. 1-36 in Zootaxa 4895 (1) on page 11, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4895.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4321437, {"references":["Buosi, P. R. B., Utz, L. R. P., de Meira, B. R., Segovia da Silva, B. T., Lansac-Toha, F. M., Lansac-Toha, F. A. L. & Velho, L. F. M. (2014 b) Rainfall influence on species composition of the ciliate community inhabiting bromeliad phytotelmata. Zoological Studies, 53, 1 - 12. https: // doi. org / 10.1186 / s 40555 - 014 - 0032 - 4","Buosi, P. R. B., Cabral, A. F., Utz, L. R. P., Vieira, L. C. G. & Velho, L. F. M. (2015) Effects of seasonality and dispersal on the ciliate community inhabiting bromeliad phytotelmata in riparian vegetation of a large tropical river. Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology, 62 (6), 737 - 749. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / jeu. 12232","Foissner, W. (2016) Terrestrial and semiterrestrial ciliates (Protozoa, Ciliophora) from Venezuela and Galapagos. Denisia, 35, 1 - 912."]}

Cotterillia bromelicola 2 Foissner & Stoeck, 2011 Distribution. COSTA RICA: (Dunthorn et al. 2012; Foissner 2016). MEXICO: Coffee plantation La Onza, near Coatepec (Dur��n-Ram��rez et al. 2015), (Th); Coffee plantation Virginia Armand, near Coatepec (Dur��n-Ram��rez et al. 2015), (Th); La Joya (Dur��n-Ram��rez et al. 2019), (Ty); Santuario del Bosque de Niebla, near Xalapa (Dur��n-Ram��rez et al. 2015), (Th); (Dur��n-Ram��rez et al. 2019), (Ts); Surroundings of the town of Xalapa (Foissner & Stoeck 2011), (Th)., Published as part of Dur��n-Ram��rez, Carlos Alberto, Dias, Roberto J��nio Pedroso & Estrada, Rosaura May��n-, 2020, Checklist of ciliates (Alveolata: Ciliophora) that inhabit in bromeliads from the Neotropical Region, pp. 1-36 in Zootaxa 4895 (1) on page 9, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4895.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4321437, {"references":["Foissner, W. & Stoeck, T. (2011) Cotterillia bromelicola nov. gen., nov. spec., a gonostomatid ciliate (Ciliophora, Hypotricha) from tank bromeliads (Bromeliaceae) with de novo originating dorsal kineties. European Journal of Protistology, 47, 29 - 50. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ejop. 2010.08.003","Dunthorn, M., Stoeck, T., Wolf, K., Breiner, H. W. & Foissner, W. (2012) Diversity and endemism of ciliates inhabiting Neotropical phytotelmata. Systematics and Biodiversity, 10 (2), 195 - 205. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 14772000.2012.685195","Foissner, W. (2016) Terrestrial and semiterrestrial ciliates (Protozoa, Ciliophora) from Venezuela and Galapagos. Denisia, 35, 1 - 912.","Duran-Ramirez, C. A., Garcia-Franco, J. G., Foissner, W. & Mayen-Estrada, R. (2015) Free living ciliates from epiphytic tank bromeliads in Mexico. European Journal of Protistology, 51, 15 - 33. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ejop. 2014.09.002","Duran-Ramirez, C. A., Mayen-Estrada, R. & Romero-Niembro, V. M. (2019) Ciliate community structure in bromeliads of different types of vegetation in eastern Mexico. Acta Protozoologica, 58 (3), 155 - 165. https: // doi. org / 10.4467 / 16890027 AP. 19.015.11916"]}

Sterkiella cavicola (Kahl, 1935) Foissner, Blatterer, Berger & Kohmann, 1991 Distribution. MEXICO: Coffee plantation Virginia Armand, near Coatepec (Dur��n-Ram��rez et al. 2015), (Th)., Published as part of Dur��n-Ram��rez, Carlos Alberto, Dias, Roberto J��nio Pedroso & Estrada, Rosaura May��n-, 2020, Checklist of ciliates (Alveolata: Ciliophora) that inhabit in bromeliads from the Neotropical Region, pp. 1-36 in Zootaxa 4895 (1) on page 11, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4895.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4321437, {"references":["Duran-Ramirez, C. A., Garcia-Franco, J. G., Foissner, W. & Mayen-Estrada, R. (2015) Free living ciliates from epiphytic tank bromeliads in Mexico. European Journal of Protistology, 51, 15 - 33. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ejop. 2014.09.002"]}

Circinella filiformis (Foissner, 1982) Foissner, 1994 Distribution. VENEZUELA: South margin of the Henri Pittier National Park, Biological Station Rancho Grande (Foissner 2016)., Published as part of Dur��n-Ram��rez, Carlos Alberto, Dias, Roberto J��nio Pedroso & Estrada, Rosaura May��n-, 2020, Checklist of ciliates (Alveolata: Ciliophora) that inhabit in bromeliads from the Neotropical Region, pp. 1-36 in Zootaxa 4895 (1) on page 12, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4895.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4321437, {"references":["Foissner, W. (2016) Terrestrial and semiterrestrial ciliates (Protozoa, Ciliophora) from Venezuela and Galapagos. Denisia, 35, 1 - 912."]}

Cyrtohymena quadrinucleata (Dragesco & Njin��, 1971) Foissner, 1989 Distribution. MEXICO: Coffee plantation La Onza, near Coatepec (Dur��n-Ram��rez et al. 2015), (Th); Coffee plantation Virginia Armand, near Coatepec (Dur��n-Ram��rez et al. 2015), (Th); Santuario del Bosque de Niebla, near Xalapa (Dur��n-Ram��rez et al. 2015), (Th). VENEZUELA: South margin of the Henri Pittier National Park, Biological Station Rancho Grande (Foissner 2016)., Published as part of Dur��n-Ram��rez, Carlos Alberto, Dias, Roberto J��nio Pedroso & Estrada, Rosaura May��n-, 2020, Checklist of ciliates (Alveolata: Ciliophora) that inhabit in bromeliads from the Neotropical Region, pp. 1-36 in Zootaxa 4895 (1) on page 10, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4895.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4321437, {"references":["Duran-Ramirez, C. A., Garcia-Franco, J. G., Foissner, W. & Mayen-Estrada, R. (2015) Free living ciliates from epiphytic tank bromeliads in Mexico. European Journal of Protistology, 51, 15 - 33. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ejop. 2014.09.002","Foissner, W. (2016) Terrestrial and semiterrestrial ciliates (Protozoa, Ciliophora) from Venezuela and Galapagos. Denisia, 35, 1 - 912."]}

Aspidisca cicada (M��ller, 1786) Clapar��de & Lachmann, 1858 Distribution. BRAZIL: Paran�� River between the Nupelia���s Field Station and the district of Porto S��o Jos��, S��o Pedro do Paran�� (Buosi et al. 2014 b, 2015), (Ad)., Published as part of Dur��n-Ram��rez, Carlos Alberto, Dias, Roberto J��nio Pedroso & Estrada, Rosaura May��n-, 2020, Checklist of ciliates (Alveolata: Ciliophora) that inhabit in bromeliads from the Neotropical Region, pp. 1-36 in Zootaxa 4895 (1) on page 9, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4895.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4321437, {"references":["Buosi, P. R. B., Utz, L. R. P., de Meira, B. R., Segovia da Silva, B. T., Lansac-Toha, F. M., Lansac-Toha, F. A. L. & Velho, L. F. M. (2014 b) Rainfall influence on species composition of the ciliate community inhabiting bromeliad phytotelmata. Zoological Studies, 53, 1 - 12. https: // doi. org / 10.1186 / s 40555 - 014 - 0032 - 4","Buosi, P. R. B., Cabral, A. F., Utz, L. R. P., Vieira, L. C. G. & Velho, L. F. M. (2015) Effects of seasonality and dispersal on the ciliate community inhabiting bromeliad phytotelmata in riparian vegetation of a large tropical river. Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology, 62 (6), 737 - 749. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / jeu. 12232"]}

Hemisincirra inquieta Hemberger, 1985 Distribution. VENEZUELA: South margin of the Henri Pittier National Park, Biological Station Rancho Grande (Foissner 2016)., Published as part of Dur��n-Ram��rez, Carlos Alberto, Dias, Roberto J��nio Pedroso & Estrada, Rosaura May��n-, 2020, Checklist of ciliates (Alveolata: Ciliophora) that inhabit in bromeliads from the Neotropical Region, pp. 1-36 in Zootaxa 4895 (1) on page 12, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4895.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4321437, {"references":["Foissner, W. (2016) Terrestrial and semiterrestrial ciliates (Protozoa, Ciliophora) from Venezuela and Galapagos. Denisia, 35, 1 - 912."]}

Oxytricha ottowi 2 Foissner, 1996 Distribution. BRAZIL: (Dunthorn et al. 2012). JAMAICA: (Dunthorn et al. 2012)., Published as part of Dur��n-Ram��rez, Carlos Alberto, Dias, Roberto J��nio Pedroso & Estrada, Rosaura May��n-, 2020, Checklist of ciliates (Alveolata: Ciliophora) that inhabit in bromeliads from the Neotropical Region, pp. 1-36 in Zootaxa 4895 (1) on page 10, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4895.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4321437, {"references":["Dunthorn, M., Stoeck, T., Wolf, K., Breiner, H. W. & Foissner, W. (2012) Diversity and endemism of ciliates inhabiting Neotropical phytotelmata. Systematics and Biodiversity, 10 (2), 195 - 205. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 14772000.2012.685195"]}

Urosomoida agiliformis Foissner, 1982 Distribution. VENEZUELA: South margin of the Henri Pittier National Park, Biological Station Rancho Grande (Foissner 2016)., Published as part of Dur��n-Ram��rez, Carlos Alberto, Dias, Roberto J��nio Pedroso & Estrada, Rosaura May��n-, 2020, Checklist of ciliates (Alveolata: Ciliophora) that inhabit in bromeliads from the Neotropical Region, pp. 1-36 in Zootaxa 4895 (1) on page 11, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4895.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4321437, {"references":["Foissner, W. (2016) Terrestrial and semiterrestrial ciliates (Protozoa, Ciliophora) from Venezuela and Galapagos. Denisia, 35, 1 - 912."]}

Caudiholosticha tetracirrata (Buitkamp & Wilbert, 1974) Berger, 2003 Distribution. VENEZUELA: North border of the Henri Pittier National Park, surroundings of the village of Choroni (Foissner 2016), (Ts)., Published as part of Dur��n-Ram��rez, Carlos Alberto, Dias, Roberto J��nio Pedroso & Estrada, Rosaura May��n-, 2020, Checklist of ciliates (Alveolata: Ciliophora) that inhabit in bromeliads from the Neotropical Region, pp. 1-36 in Zootaxa 4895 (1) on page 13, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4895.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4321437, {"references":["Foissner, W. (2016) Terrestrial and semiterrestrial ciliates (Protozoa, Ciliophora) from Venezuela and Galapagos. Denisia, 35, 1 - 912."]}

Anteholosticha antecirrata Berger, 2006 Distribution. MEXICO: Coffee plantation La Onza, near Coatepec (Dur��n-Ram��rez et al. 2015), (Th); Santuario del Bosque de Niebla, near Xalapa [recorded as Holosticha muscorum] (Dur��n-Ram��rez et al. 2015), (Th)., Published as part of Dur��n-Ram��rez, Carlos Alberto, Dias, Roberto J��nio Pedroso & Estrada, Rosaura May��n-, 2020, Checklist of ciliates (Alveolata: Ciliophora) that inhabit in bromeliads from the Neotropical Region, pp. 1-36 in Zootaxa 4895 (1) on page 13, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4895.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4321437, {"references":["Duran-Ramirez, C. A., Garcia-Franco, J. G., Foissner, W. & Mayen-Estrada, R. (2015) Free living ciliates from epiphytic tank bromeliads in Mexico. European Journal of Protistology, 51, 15 - 33. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ejop. 2014.09.002"]}

Pseudourostyla franzi Foissner, 1987 Distribution. MEXICO: Coffee plantation Virginia Armand, near Coatepec (Dur��n-Ram��rez et al. 2015), (Th); Santuario del Bosque de Niebla, near Xalapa (Dur��n-Ram��rez et al. 2015), (Th)., Published as part of Dur��n-Ram��rez, Carlos Alberto, Dias, Roberto J��nio Pedroso & Estrada, Rosaura May��n-, 2020, Checklist of ciliates (Alveolata: Ciliophora) that inhabit in bromeliads from the Neotropical Region, pp. 1-36 in Zootaxa 4895 (1) on page 13, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4895.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4321437, {"references":["Duran-Ramirez, C. A., Garcia-Franco, J. G., Foissner, W. & Mayen-Estrada, R. (2015) Free living ciliates from epiphytic tank bromeliads in Mexico. European Journal of Protistology, 51, 15 - 33. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ejop. 2014.09.002"]}

Aspidisca lynceus (M��ller, 1773) Ehrenberg, 1830 Distribution. BRAZIL: Paran�� River between the Nupelia���s Field Station and the district of Porto S��o Jos��, S��o Pedro do Paran�� (Buosi et al. 2014 b, 2015), (Ad)., Published as part of Dur��n-Ram��rez, Carlos Alberto, Dias, Roberto J��nio Pedroso & Estrada, Rosaura May��n-, 2020, Checklist of ciliates (Alveolata: Ciliophora) that inhabit in bromeliads from the Neotropical Region, pp. 1-36 in Zootaxa 4895 (1) on page 9, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4895.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4321437, {"references":["Buosi, P. R. B., Utz, L. R. P., de Meira, B. R., Segovia da Silva, B. T., Lansac-Toha, F. M., Lansac-Toha, F. A. L. & Velho, L. F. M. (2014 b) Rainfall influence on species composition of the ciliate community inhabiting bromeliad phytotelmata. Zoological Studies, 53, 1 - 12. https: // doi. org / 10.1186 / s 40555 - 014 - 0032 - 4","Buosi, P. R. B., Cabral, A. F., Utz, L. R. P., Vieira, L. C. G. & Velho, L. F. M. (2015) Effects of seasonality and dispersal on the ciliate community inhabiting bromeliad phytotelmata in riparian vegetation of a large tropical river. Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology, 62 (6), 737 - 749. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / jeu. 12232"]}

Oxytricha opisthomuscorum Foissner, Blatterer, Berger & Kohmann, 1991 Distribution. MEXICO: Santuario del Bosque de Niebla, near Xalapa (Dur��n-Ram��rez et al. 2015), (Th)., Published as part of Dur��n-Ram��rez, Carlos Alberto, Dias, Roberto J��nio Pedroso & Estrada, Rosaura May��n-, 2020, Checklist of ciliates (Alveolata: Ciliophora) that inhabit in bromeliads from the Neotropical Region, pp. 1-36 in Zootaxa 4895 (1) on page 10, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4895.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4321437, {"references":["Duran-Ramirez, C. A., Garcia-Franco, J. G., Foissner, W. & Mayen-Estrada, R. (2015) Free living ciliates from epiphytic tank bromeliads in Mexico. European Journal of Protistology, 51, 15 - 33. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ejop. 2014.09.002"]}

Stylonychia mytilus (M��ller, 1773) Ehrenberg, 1830 Distribution. BRAZIL: Paran�� River between the Nupelia���s Field Station and the district of Porto S��o Jos��, S��o Pedro do Paran�� (Buosi et al. 2014 b, 2015), (Ad)., Published as part of Dur��n-Ram��rez, Carlos Alberto, Dias, Roberto J��nio Pedroso & Estrada, Rosaura May��n-, 2020, Checklist of ciliates (Alveolata: Ciliophora) that inhabit in bromeliads from the Neotropical Region, pp. 1-36 in Zootaxa 4895 (1) on page 11, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4895.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4321437, {"references":["Buosi, P. R. B., Utz, L. R. P., de Meira, B. R., Segovia da Silva, B. T., Lansac-Toha, F. M., Lansac-Toha, F. A. L. & Velho, L. F. M. (2014 b) Rainfall influence on species composition of the ciliate community inhabiting bromeliad phytotelmata. Zoological Studies, 53, 1 - 12. https: // doi. org / 10.1186 / s 40555 - 014 - 0032 - 4","Buosi, P. R. B., Cabral, A. F., Utz, L. R. P., Vieira, L. C. G. & Velho, L. F. M. (2015) Effects of seasonality and dispersal on the ciliate community inhabiting bromeliad phytotelmata in riparian vegetation of a large tropical river. Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology, 62 (6), 737 - 749. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / jeu. 12232"]}

Uroleptus lepisma (Wenzel, 1953) Foissner, 1998 Distribution. DOMINICAN REPUBLIC: (Foissner et al. 2003). ECUADOR: (Foissner et al. 2003). MEXICO: Santuario del Bosque de Niebla, near Xalapa (Dur��n-Ram��rez et al. 2015), (Th)., Published as part of Dur��n-Ram��rez, Carlos Alberto, Dias, Roberto J��nio Pedroso & Estrada, Rosaura May��n-, 2020, Checklist of ciliates (Alveolata: Ciliophora) that inhabit in bromeliads from the Neotropical Region, pp. 1-36 in Zootaxa 4895 (1) on page 13, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4895.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4321437, {"references":["Foissner, W., Struder-Kypke, M., van der Staay, G., Moon-van der Staay, S. & Hackstein, J. (2003) Endemic ciliates (Protozoa, Ciliophora) from tank bromeliads (Bromeliaceae): a combined morphological, molecular, and ecological study. European Journal of Protistology, 39, 365 - 372. https: // doi. org / 10.1078 / 0932 - 4739 - 00005","Duran-Ramirez, C. A., Garcia-Franco, J. G., Foissner, W. & Mayen-Estrada, R. (2015) Free living ciliates from epiphytic tank bromeliads in Mexico. European Journal of Protistology, 51, 15 - 33. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ejop. 2014.09.002"]}

Gonostomum affine (Stein, 1859) Sterki, 1878 Distribution. MEXICO: Coffee plantation La Onza, near Coatepec (Dur��n-Ram��rez et al. 2015), (Th, Ts). VENE-ZUELA: South margin of the Henri Pittier National Park, Biological Station Rancho Grande (Foissner 2016)., Published as part of Dur��n-Ram��rez, Carlos Alberto, Dias, Roberto J��nio Pedroso & Estrada, Rosaura May��n-, 2020, Checklist of ciliates (Alveolata: Ciliophora) that inhabit in bromeliads from the Neotropical Region, pp. 1-36 in Zootaxa 4895 (1) on page 12, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4895.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4321437, {"references":["Duran-Ramirez, C. A., Garcia-Franco, J. G., Foissner, W. & Mayen-Estrada, R. (2015) Free living ciliates from epiphytic tank bromeliads in Mexico. European Journal of Protistology, 51, 15 - 33. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ejop. 2014.09.002","Foissner, W. (2016) Terrestrial and semiterrestrial ciliates (Protozoa, Ciliophora) from Venezuela and Galapagos. Denisia, 35, 1 - 912."]}

Gonostomum bromelicola 1 Foissner 2016 Distribution. JAMAICA: (Foissner 2016), (Ap). MEXICO: Biocultural Reserve Kaxil Kiuic, near Oxkutzcab (ps), (Ab); Reserve of the Biosphere Chamela-Cuixmala (Dur��n-Ram��rez & May��n-Estrada 2018), (Bk, Td, Tr)., Published as part of Dur��n-Ram��rez, Carlos Alberto, Dias, Roberto J��nio Pedroso & Estrada, Rosaura May��n-, 2020, Checklist of ciliates (Alveolata: Ciliophora) that inhabit in bromeliads from the Neotropical Region, pp. 1-36 in Zootaxa 4895 (1) on page 12, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4895.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4321437, {"references":["Foissner, W. (2016) Terrestrial and semiterrestrial ciliates (Protozoa, Ciliophora) from Venezuela and Galapagos. Denisia, 35, 1 - 912.","Duran-Ramirez, C. A. & Mayen-Estrada, R. (2018) Ciliate species from tank-less bromeliads in a dry tropical forest and their geographical distribution in the Neotropics. Zootaxa, 4497 (2), 241 - 257. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4497.2.5"]}

Cotterillia bromelicola 2 Foissner & Stoeck, 2011 Distribution. COSTA RICA: (Dunthorn et al. 2012; Foissner 2016). MEXICO: Coffee plantation La Onza, near Coatepec (Durán-Ramírez et al. 2015), (Th); Coffee plantation Virginia Armand, near Coatepec (Durán-Ramírez et al. 2015), (Th); La Joya (Durán-Ramírez et al. 2019), (Ty); Santuario del Bosque de Niebla, near Xalapa (Durán-Ramírez et al. 2015), (Th); (Durán-Ramírez et al. 2019), (Ts); Surroundings of the town of Xalapa (Foissner & Stoeck 2011), (Th).

Urosomoida reticulata Foissner, Agatha & Berger, 2002 Distribution. COSTA RICA: (Foissner, 2003a); Rio Sarapiqu��, Selva Verde National Park (Foissner et al. 2002)., Published as part of Dur��n-Ram��rez, Carlos Alberto, Dias, Roberto J��nio Pedroso & Estrada, Rosaura May��n-, 2020, Checklist of ciliates (Alveolata: Ciliophora) that inhabit in bromeliads from the Neotropical Region, pp. 1-36 in Zootaxa 4895 (1) on page 11, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4895.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4321437, {"references":["Foissner, W., Agatha, S. & Berger, H. (2002) Soil ciliates (Protozoa, Ciliophora) from Namibia (Southwest Africa), with emphasis on two contrasting environments, the Etosha region and the Namib Desert. Part I. Denisia, 5, 1 - 1063.","Foissner, W. (2003 a) Morphology and ontogenesis of Bromeliophrya brasiliensis gen. n., sp. n., a new ciliate (Protozoa: Ciliophora) from Brazilian tank bromeliads (Bromeliaceae). Acta Protozoologica, 42, 55 - 70."]}

Oxytricha granulifera Foissner & Adam, 1983 Distribution. VENEZUELA: South margin of the Henri Pittier National Park, Biological Station Rancho Grande (Foissner 2016)., Published as part of Dur��n-Ram��rez, Carlos Alberto, Dias, Roberto J��nio Pedroso & Estrada, Rosaura May��n-, 2020, Checklist of ciliates (Alveolata: Ciliophora) that inhabit in bromeliads from the Neotropical Region, pp. 1-36 in Zootaxa 4895 (1) on page 10, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4895.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4321437, {"references":["Foissner, W. (2016) Terrestrial and semiterrestrial ciliates (Protozoa, Ciliophora) from Venezuela and Galapagos. Denisia, 35, 1 - 912."]}

Oxytricha opisthomuscorum Foissner, Blatterer, Berger & Kohmann, 1991 Distribution. MEXICO: Santuario del Bosque de Niebla, near Xalapa (Durán-Ramírez et al. 2015), (Th).

Lamtostyla australis (Blatterer & Foissner, 1988) Petz & Foissner, 1996 Distribution. VENEZUELA: North border of the Henri Pittier National Park, surroundings of the village of Choroni (Foissner 2016), (Ts)., Published as part of Dur��n-Ram��rez, Carlos Alberto, Dias, Roberto J��nio Pedroso & Estrada, Rosaura May��n-, 2020, Checklist of ciliates (Alveolata: Ciliophora) that inhabit in bromeliads from the Neotropical Region, pp. 1-36 in Zootaxa 4895 (1) on page 12, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4895.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4321437, {"references":["Foissner, W. (2016) Terrestrial and semiterrestrial ciliates (Protozoa, Ciliophora) from Venezuela and Galapagos. Denisia, 35, 1 - 912."]}

Cyrtohymena seorakensis sp. n. (Figs. 1–5; Table 1) urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 0F24868A-99CC-4F0C-9F83-139BC5482E9C Diagnosis. Size in vivo 100–150 × 25–35 μm; body slenderly ellipsoid with posterior end narrower than anterior; cytoplasm colorless, cell appear brownish under low magnification due to many crystals. Contractile vacuole at left margin of mid-body, with two inconspicuous collecting canals. Cortical granules spherical, randomly scattered, yellowish, and 0.5–0.8 μm across. Two macronuclear nodules with 2 or 3 micronuclei. Adoral zone occupies about 32% of body length, consists of an average of 28 membranelles. 17 frontal-ventral-transverse cirri of which only four transverse cirri. 13–19 right and 17–21 left marginal cirri. Six dorsal kineties of which kinety 4 commences posterior to mid-body and kineties 5 and 6 are dorsomarginal. Zoobank registration of Cyrtohymena seorakensis sp. n.: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 0F24868A-99CC-4F0C- 9F83-139BC5482E9C Type locality. Terrestrial moss from Seorak Mountain, South Korea (N38° 11′ 7″, E128° 28′ 39″). Type material. The holotype (NIBRPR 0000110249) and two paratype slides (NIBRPR 0000110219 and NI- BRPR 0000110220) with protargol-impregnated specimens have been deposited in the National Institute of Biological Resources (NIBR), South Korea. Ten other paratype slides with protargol-impregnated specimens have been kept in our laboratory. Etymology. Named after the Mountain in which it was discovered. Morphological description. Size in vivo 100–150 × 25–35 μm; on average 97 × 27 μm after protargol prepa- rations (Table 1). Body flexible and slightly contractile; ellipsoid with both ends rounded, posterior end distinctly narrower than anterior, right margin usually slightly concave, left slightly convex; ventral surface flat to slightly convex, dorsal surface distinctly convex (Figs 1A, C, 2A, B, F, G, H). Nuclear apparatus left of midline, in middle half of cell, composed of two ellipsoid macronuclear nodules separated with 2–14 μm wide distance in protargol preparations, and 2 or 3 globular micronuclei near or attached to macronuclear nodules (Figs 1A, E, 2F, G). Contractile vacuole at left margin of mid-body, with two inconspicuous collecting canals (Figs 1A, 2A). Cortical granules yellowish, randomly scattered, and 0.5–0.8 μm across (Figs 1C, 2C, D). Cytoplasm colorless, contains few to many 1–3 μm across lipid droplets, up to 10 μm-sized food vacuoles with fungi, starch grains, and algae, and few to many crystals making cells appear brownish under low magnification (Figs 1A, 2 A–D). Usually crawls slowly forward and backward on bottom of Petri dish culture, rarely swims. Adoral zone of membranelles (AZM) occupies about 32% of body length and composed of 28 membranelles on average, cilia up to 18 μm long in vivo and about 14 μm in SEM preparations (Figs 1A, D, 2 F–I). Undulating membranes in typical Cyrtohymena pattern; paroral membrane commences at about 7.5% of body length and about 1 or 2 μm ahead of endoral, paroral cilia about 8 μm in SEM preparations, attached to each other and covering buc- cal cavity; pharyngeal fibers extend to mid-body (Figs 1D, 2 F–I). Cirral pattern oxytrichid, invariably 17 frontal-ventral-transverse cirri in ~50 morphostatic specimens studied (the opisthe of a single late divider specimen observed with only 14 cirri). Three slightly enlarged frontal cirri about 15 μm in SEM preparations, right cirrus posterior to distal-most adoral membranelle, middle cirrus anterior to buc- cal cirrus, left cirrus anterior to curved paroral membrane. One buccal cirrus right to middle portion of undulating membranes. Invariably four frontoventral cirri in two oblique pairs (V-shaped); anterior pair right of the buccal cirrus and in line with right marginal row; posterior pair slightly anterior and left to right marginal row. Three postoral cirri in anterior half of cell, cirri IV/2 and V/4 close to buccal vertex, distance between V/4 and V/3 about 8 μm on average. Two obliquely arranged pretransverse cirri, with cilia about 13 μm in SEM preparations. Invariably four, slightly thickened, transverse cirri at posterior cell end about 18 μm in vivo. Right marginal cirral row composed of about 16 cirri, commences at about 22% of body length and ends at level of first pretransverse cirrus. Left marginal cirral row composed of an average of 19 cirri, commences left of posterior portion of AZM at about 27% of body length and curved posteriorly to right of cell midline at posterior cell margin (Figs 1A, D, E, 2 F–J; Table 1). Six dorsal kineties (DK) including two dorsomarginal kineties (DK5 and DK6) composed of a total of 62 bristles on average, kinety 1 slightly shortened anteriorly, kineties 2 and 3 bipolar, kinety 3 fragmented posteriorly, kinety 4 begins posterior to mid-body, kinety 5 ends posterior to mid-body, kinety 6 ends in anterior third of body and composed of 3–6 dikinetids. Dorsal bristles 3–4 μm long on average in vivo. Three caudal cirri slightly right of cell’s midline at end of kineties 1, 2, and 4, about 12 μm in SEM preparations (Figs 1E, 2G; Table 1). Resting cyst. Cysts in vivo spherical, 18–20 μm in diameter. Cyst wall about 1 μm thick, structureless in light microscope. Macronuclear nodules fused to a central mass. Cytoplasm hyaline packed with minute lipid droplets up to 2 μm across (Fig. 1B, 2E). Notes on ontogenesis. Only three cells in the middle and late stages of division were observed. The postoral cirrus V/3 was not observed during the late division stages indicating that it was involved in the primordia formation as in other Cyrtohymena species (Singh & Kamra 2015; Voss 1991) (Figs 3A, C, E, 4 A–C). The dorsal morphogenesis is of typical Oxytricha -pattern, that is, parental kineties develop intrakinetally to form kineties 1–3 in both the proter and opisthe. Kinety 3 fragments posteriorly and forms fourth anlage (kinety 4). The parental kineties 4–6 dedifferentiate, and the new kineties 5 and 6 develop de novo on the right side of the cells as dorsomarginal kineties. The three caudal cirri are formed at the posterior end of kineties 1, 2, and 4 of both the proter and opisthe (Figs 3B, D, F, 4D). Phylogeny. The SSU rDNA sequence of Cyrtohymena seorakensis sp. n. is 1,539 base pairs long and has a GC content of 45.44% and available under GenBank accession number MT103333. Cyrtohymena seorakensis sp. n. shows a similarity of 99.9% (one nt difference) with the Indian population of C. citrina and cluster together in the phylogenetic trees (Fig. 5). This clade is a sister to a clade containing C. muscorum, which shows 99.6% similarity with C. seorakensis sp. n., and two urosomoidid species. The Namibian population of C. citrina nests at the base of the clade containing these three Cyrtohymena sequences and shows a similarity of 99.3% (10 nt difference) to C. seorakensis sp. n. The other two sequences of C. citrina are identical to each other (possibly from the same population) and almost identical (0.1% dissimilarity = 1 nt difference) to Australocirrus shii. They cluster together with three neokeronopsid species distant from other Cyrtohymena species.