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Mesoplodon eueu sp. nov. Holotype NMNZ MM003000, a pregnant, 5.06 m long adult female named Nihongore by Te Rūnanga o Makaawhio. Collected by Ramari Stewart, Nathaniel Scott and Don Neale after beachcast on 27 November 2011. The complete skeletons of the female and fetus are held by Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa (NMNZ, Wellington, Aotearoa New Zealand; specimen MM003000), and a tissue sample is held in the New Zealand Cetacean Tissue Archive (NZCeTA, Universityof Auckland, Auckland, Aotearoa New Zealand; all institutional abbreviations in electronic supplementary material, S1). Type locality Waiatoto Spit, South Westland, Aotearoa New Zealand. Paratypes Adult females (PEM N0136 and PEM N3438) and adult male (PEM N1114) held at Port Elizabeth Museum (Gqeberha, South Africa) and adult males (SAM-ZM-041596 and SAM- ZM-039840) held at Iziko South African Museum (Cape Town, South Africa). Full description of paratypes is found in electronic supplementary material S2. Etymology The scientific and common names acknowledge links with Indigenous communities in South Africa and Aotearoa New Zealand, respectively, and were chosen in consultation with these peoples. Most of the South African strandings come from territory inhabited by the Khoisan peoples. Guided by the Khoisan Council, we chose the name //eu//’eu (simplified to eueu to fit nomenclature standards; correct pronunciation available in associated audio clip a 1 in the electronic supplementary material), which means ‘big fish’ in Khwedam (from the Khoe language family). In Aotearoa New Zealand, Māori cultural expert Brad Haami developed a shortlist of potential names meaningful in the Māori language, whichwasthen sent for comment to Te Rūnanga o Ngāi Tahu. The selected common name, Ramari’ s beaked whale, pays homage to Māoritohunga (expert) Ramari Stewart, who has kept traditional knowledge alive, contributed extensively to scientific research on marine mammals, and helped prepare the skeleton of the holotype. The word ‘Ramari’ means a rare event in the Māori language, reflecting the elusive nature of most beaked whales. Diagnosis Molecular characteristics M. eueu differs from M. mirus based on nuclear DNA markers, and from M. mirus and its closest relatives M. europaeus, M. ginkgodens and M. bidens using mtDNA markers (figure 2). M. mirus is distinct from all other mesoplodont species based on previous mitochondrial and nuclear DNA trees [7,20,24]. Mitochondrial DNA: analysis of mitochondrial data includes sequences from the holotypes of both M. mirus and M. eueu at all sequence lengths. Over the 304 bp mitochondrial control region segment, M. eueu is distinguished by seven fixed differences from M. mirus, with F ST = 0.85 (p dA = 0.04 between the two species. At the full mitochondrial genome lengths, M. eueu is distinguished by 579 fixed differences from M. mirus with F ST = 0.96 (p dA = 0.04 (electronic supplementary material, table S2). Nuclear DNA: reduced representation sequencing with ddRAD showed M. eueu had a distinct admixture pattern to M. mirus (figure 2), and an F ST = 0.64 (p M. mirus and M. eueu weredistinguished by 1909 fixed differences (12%, per SNP allele error rate = 0.002), across a dataset of 15671 SNPs found between or within both species. Comparison of one whole nuclear genome each from M. mirus and M. eueu showed a level of nucleotide divergence of 0.28%. Morphological characters M. eueu is a larger (5.3 m) species of Mesoplodon differing from all other members of the genus except M. mirus, M. hectori and M. perrini in having tusks positioned at the tip of the mandible. It also differs from M. hectori and M. perrini in having smaller, less triangular tusks and from M. mirus in having a relatively shorter rostrum with a wider base, a shorter mandibular symphysis, wider premaxillary sac fossae and crests, and a taller cranium. External appearance The external appearances of M. eueu and M. mirus are not known to be consistently distinguishable. Both species are rotund mesoplodonts with bodies that taper towards the tail and rostrum, with somewhat bulbous and well-defined melons, a mostly straight beak and short, straight gape. Colouration is generally grey with a dark eye patch in both species, but there may be specific colouration patterns linked to M. eueu; for example, a female that stranded in South Africa showed a whitish dorsal colouration from the fin to caudal peduncle [14]. However, Aguilar et al. [6] reported M. mirus with varying dorsal and ventral white colouration in the Canary and Azores Islands, so colouration patterns linked to species cannot yet be conclusively defined. Distribution M. eueu probably occurs throughout temperate SH waters, with reports from several locations. Genetic methods have confirmed at least some of these records in South Africa ([20], this study), Australia [20] and Aotearoa New Zealand [11]. Nomenclatural acts This published work and the nomenclatural acts it contains are registered in ZooBank (http://zoobank.org/), the online registration system for the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN). The ZooBank Life Science Identifier is urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub: C61A1A33-B234-476E- AA24-86C6ED130C10, and for the new species is urn:lsid:zoo bank.org:act: C56121C4-1E15-4A07-A270-D92AF43AE74A., Published as part of Carroll, Emma L., McGowen, Michael R., McCarthy, Morgan L., Marx, Felix G., Aguilar, Natacha, Dalebout, Merel L., Dreyer, Sascha, Gaggiotti, Oscar E., Hansen, Sabine S., Helden, Anton van, Onoufriou, Aubrie B., Baird, Robin W., Baker, C. Scott, Berrow, Simon, Cholewiak, Danielle, Claridge, Diane, Constantine, Rochelle, Davison, Nicholas J., Eira, Catarina, Fordyce, R. Ewan, Gatesy, John, Greg Hofmeyr, G. J., Martín, Vidal, Mead, James G., Mignucci-Giannoni, Antonio A., Morin, Phillip A., Reyes, Cristel, Rogan, Emer, Rosso, Massimiliano, Silva, Mónica A., Springer, Mark S., Steel, Debbie & Olsen, Morten Tange, 2021, Speciation in the deep: genomics and morphology reveal a new species of beaked whale Mesoplodon eueu., pp. 1-10 in Proceedings of the Royal Society B 288 (1961) on pages 5-6, DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2021.1213

Mesoplodon eueu sp. nov. Holotype NMNZ MM003000, a pregnant, 5.06 m long adult female named Nihongore by Te Rūnanga o Makaawhio. Collected by Ramari Stewart, Nathaniel Scott and Don Neale after beachcast on 27 November 2011. The complete skeletons of the female and fetus are held by Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa (NMNZ, Wellington, Aotearoa New Zealand; specimen MM003000), and a tissue sample is held in the New Zealand Cetacean Tissue Archive (NZCeTA, Universityof Auckland, Auckland, Aotearoa New Zealand; all institutional abbreviations in electronic supplementary material, S1). Type locality Waiatoto Spit, South Westland, Aotearoa New Zealand. Paratypes Adult females (PEM N0136 and PEM N3438) and adult male (PEM N1114) held at Port Elizabeth Museum (Gqeberha, South Africa) and adult males (SAM-ZM-041596 and SAM- ZM-039840) held at Iziko South African Museum (Cape Town, South Africa). Full description of paratypes is found in electronic supplementary material S2. Etymology The scientific and common names acknowledge links with Indigenous communities in South Africa and Aotearoa New Zealand, respectively, and were chosen in consultation with these peoples. Most of the South African strandings come from territory inhabited by the Khoisan peoples. Guided by the Khoisan Council, we chose the name //eu//’eu (simplified to eueu to fit nomenclature standards; correct pronunciation available in associated audio clip a 1 in the electronic supplementary material), which means ‘big fish’ in Khwedam (from the Khoe language family). In Aotearoa New Zealand, Māori cultural expert Brad Haami developed a shortlist of potential names meaningful in the Māori language, whichwasthen sent for comment to Te Rūnanga o Ngāi Tahu. The selected common name, Ramari’ s beaked whale, pays homage to Māoritohunga (expert) Ramari Stewart, who has kept traditional knowledge alive, contributed extensively to scientific research on marine mammals, and helped prepare the skeleton of the holotype. The word ‘Ramari’ means a rare event in the Māori language, reflecting the elusive nature of most beaked whales. Diagnosis Molecular characteristics M. eueu differs from M. mirus based on nuclear DNA markers, and from M. mirus and its closest relatives M. europaeus, M. ginkgodens and M. bidens using mtDNA markers (figure 2). M. mirus is distinct from all other mesoplodont species based on previous mitochondrial and nuclear DNA trees [7,20,24]. Mitochondrial DNA: analysis of mitochondrial data includes sequences from the holotypes of both M. mirus and M. eueu at all sequence lengths. Over the 304 bp mitochondrial control region segment, M. eueu is distinguished by seven fixed differences from M. mirus, with F ST = 0.85 (p dA = 0.04 between the two species. At the full mitochondrial genome lengths, M. eueu is distinguished by 579 fixed differences from M. mirus with F ST = 0.96 (p dA = 0.04 (electronic supplementary material, table S2). Nuclear DNA: reduced representation sequencing with ddRAD showed M. eueu had a distinct admixture pattern to M. mirus (figure 2), and an F ST = 0.64 (p M. mirus and M. eueu weredistinguished by 1909 fixed differences (12%, per SNP allele error rate = 0.002), across a dataset of 15671 SNPs found between or within both species. Comparison of one whole nuclear genome each from M. mirus and M. eueu showed a level of nucleotide divergence of 0.28%. Morphological characters M. eueu is a larger (5.3 m) species of Mesoplodon differing from all other members of the genus except M. mirus, M. hectori and M. perrini in having tusks positioned at the tip of the mandible. It also differs from M. hectori and M. perrini in having smaller, less triangular tusks and from M. mirus in having a relatively shorter rostrum with a wider base, a shorter mandibular symphysis, wider premaxillary sac fossae and crests, and a taller cranium. External appearance The external appearances of M. eueu and M. mirus are not known to be consistently distinguishable. Both species are rotund mesoplodonts with bodies that taper towards the tail and rostrum, with somewhat bulbous and well-defined melons, a mostly straight beak and short, straight gape. Colouration is generally grey with a dark eye patch in both species, but there may be specific colouration patterns linked to M. eueu; for example, a female that stranded in South Africa showed a whitish dorsal colouration from the fin to caudal peduncle [14]. However, Aguilar et al. [6] reported M. mirus with varying dorsal and ventral white colouration in the Canary and Azores Islands, so colouration patterns linked to species cannot yet be conclusively defined. Distribution M. eueu probably occurs throughout temperate SH waters, with reports from several locations. Genetic methods have confirmed at least some of these records in South Africa ([20], this study), Australia [20] and Aotearoa New Zealand [11]. Nomenclatural acts This published work and the nomenclatural acts it contains are registered in ZooBank (http://zoobank.org/), the online registration system for the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN). The ZooBank Life Science Identifier is urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub: C61A1A33-B234-476E- AA24-86C6ED130C10, and for the new species is urn:lsid:zoo bank.org:act: C56121C4-1E15-4A07-A270-D92AF43AE74A.

Berardius bairdii Stejneger, 1883 —Baird’s Beaked Whale Berardius bairdii Stejneger, 1883 p.75; Type locality- Commander Islands, Bering Sea, Russia; Kuroda, 1938 p.14; Won, 1968 p.218; Kim et al., p.76; Kim, 2004 p.233. Range: The species mostly occurs in the cold temperate waters of the North Pacific and ranges into Korean waters during March to October, with peaks of occurrence between May and August. Along the east coast of Korea, B. bairdii migrates from the North as far South as Jumunjin Pier (central east coast) and returns to the North in October (Fig. 86). Several strandings and by-catch in the East Sea are recorded every year (Kim 2004). Remarks: None. Conservation status: The species is listed by CITES on Appendix I. This species is not protected by either South Korea or North Korea., Published as part of Jo, Yeong-Seok, Baccus, John T. & Koprowski, John L., 2018, Mammals of Korea: a review of their taxonomy, distribution and conservation status, pp. 1-216 in Zootaxa 4522 (1) on pages 130-131, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4522.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/2610198, {"references":["Stejneger, L. (1883) Contributions to the history of the Commander Islands. No. 1. - Notes on the Natural History, Including descriptions of new Cetaceans. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 6, 58 - 89. https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00963801.344.58","Kuroda, N. (1938) A list of the Japanese Mammals. Published by Author, Tokyo, 122 pp.","Won, H. K. (1968) The mammals of Korea. Institute of Science Press, Pyeongyang, 408 pp. [in Korean]","Kim, Z. G. (2004) Suborder Pinnipedia & Order Cetacea. In: Won, B. O. (Ed.), The mammals of Korea. Dongbang Media Press, Seoul, pp. 184 - 254. [in Korean]"]}

Genus Berardius Duvernoy, 1851 Two species have been recognized based on genetic analyses, B. arnuxii in the Southern Hemisphere and B. bairdii in the North Pacific Ocean (Dalebout 2002, Dalebout et al. 2004). Mead and Brownell (2005) suggested that Berardius could be monotypic. A third and as yet unnamed species (informally known as ���Karasu���) was described in 2016 in the North Pacific (Morin et al. 2017)., Published as part of Jo, Yeong-Seok, Baccus, John T. & Koprowski, John L., 2018, Mammals of Korea: a review of their taxonomy, distribution and conservation status, pp. 1-216 in Zootaxa 4522 (1) on page 129, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4522.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/2610198, {"references":["Dalebout, M. L. (2002) Species identity, genetic diversity and molecular systematic relationships among the Ziphiidae (beaked whales). PhD Dissertation, University of Auckland, Auckland, 382 pp.","Dalebout, M. L., Baker, C. S., Mead, J. G., Cockcroft, V. G. & Yamada, T. K. (2004) A comprehensive and validated molecular taxonomy of beaked whales, Family Ziphiidae. Journal of Heredity, 95, 459 - 473. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / jhered / esh 054","Mead, J. G. & Brownell Junior, R. L. (2005) Order Cetacea. In: Wilson D. E. & Reeder, D. M. (Eds.), Mammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference. 3 rd Edition. The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, Maryland, pp. 723 - 743.","Morin, P. A., Baker, C., Brewer, R. S., Burdin, A. M., Dalebout, M. L. Dines, J. P., Fedutin, I., Filatova, O., Hoyt, E., Jung J., Lauf, M., Potter, C. W., Richard, G., Ridgway, M., Robertson, K. M. & Wade, P. R. (2017) Genetic structure of the beaked whale genus Berardius in the North Pacific, with genetic evidence for a new species. Marine Mammal Science, 33, 96 - 111. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / mms. 12345"]}

Mesoplodon ginkgodens Nishiwaki and Kamiya, 1958 —Ginkgo-toothed Beaked Whale Mesoplodon ginkgodens Nishiwaki and Kamiya, 1958 p.53; Type locality- Oiso Beach, Sagami Bay (near Tokyo), Japan; Kim et al., p.79; Kim, 2004 p.236. Range: The overall range of the species covers temperate and tropical waters in the North Pacific and Indian Oceans. Most of the records have originated from the seas around Japan (Taylor et al. 2008). Despite the regular stranding of ginkgo-toothed beaked whales in Japan (Yamada 2009), no stranding or by-catch has been reported in the waters of Korea (Fig. 89). Remarks: Despite the absence of records in Korea, the species has been listed as present since the National Fisheries Research Institute published Whales of Korea in 2000. Dalebout et al. (2012) presented genetic and morphological data supporting the resurrection of M. hotaula as either a separate species or a subspecies of M. ginkgodens. Three Mesoplodon stocks were identified in the Pacific Ocean. However, at this point, no subspecific classification has been proposed., Published as part of Jo, Yeong-Seok, Baccus, John T. & Koprowski, John L., 2018, Mammals of Korea: a review of their taxonomy, distribution and conservation status, pp. 1-216 in Zootaxa 4522 (1) on page 133, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4522.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/2610198, {"references":["Nishiwaki, M. & Kamiya, T. (1958) A beaked whale Mesoplodon stranded at Oiso Beach, Japan. Scientific Reports of the Whales Research Institute, Tokyo, 13, 53 - 83.","Kim, Z. G. (2004) Suborder Pinnipedia & Order Cetacea. In: Won, B. O. (Ed.), The mammals of Korea. Dongbang Media Press, Seoul, pp. 184 - 254. [in Korean]","Taylor, B. L., Baird, R., Barlow, J., Dawson, S. M., Ford, J., Mead, J. G., Notarbartolo di Sciara, G., Wade, P. & Pitman, R. L. (2008) Mesoplodon ginkgodens. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2008. Avaialbe from: http: // www. iucnredlist. org / (accessed 14 January 2016)","Yamada, T. K. (2009) Mesoplodon ginkgodens Nishiawaki & Kamiya, 1958. In: Ohdachi, S. D., Ishibashi, Y., Iwasa, M. A. & Saitoh, T. (Eds.), The Wild Mammals of Japan. Shoukadoh, Kyoto, pp. 350 - 351.","Dalebout, M. L., Baker, C. S., Steel, D., Thompson, K., Robertson, K. M., Chivers, S. J., Perrin, W. F., Goonatilake, M., Anderson, R. C., Mead, J. G., Potter, C. W., Yamada, T. K., Thompson, L. & Jupiter, D. (2012) A newly recognised beaked whale (Ziphiidae) in the Tropical Indo-Pacific: Mesoplodon hotaula or M. ginkgodens hotaula. Consideration by the Scientific Committee of the International Whaling Commission, SC / 64 (SM 3,) 1 - 16."]}

The Korean Peninsula and its associated Pacific islands have a distinctive, yet poorly studied mammalian fauna. Korea was a land of invasions and wars for many centuries. The loss of large mammals per unit area that has occurred in Korea may have been greater than in any other country. The peninsula has a depauperate rodent community. The forests are mostly harvested, replaced by intensive agriculture. Unfortunately, the dissemination of information about the mammals of Korea and their taxonomy has been limited because most publications were written in Japanese or Korean. We provide an updated checklist of all the species of Korean mammals, including a review of their taxonomy, distribution, and conservation status based on information extracted from international museum collections, local survey databases (Wildlife Survey and National Nature-Environmental Survey, South Korea) and a literature review. We identify 84 species of terrestrial mammals and 43 species of marine mammals that occur, or once occurred, in Korea. Due to previous, erroneous identifications, we delisted three soricids, two vespertilionids, one phocid, one sciurid and one murid. In total, we confirm the presence in Korea of 127 species of mammals distributed in eight Orders and 32 Families. We provide dichotomous keys for the identification of all the Korean species of mammals together with updated distribution maps.

Mesoplodon densirostris (Blainville, 1817) —Blainville’s Beaked Whale Delphinus densirostris Blainville, 1817 p.178; Type locality- Unknown. Mesoplodon densirostris: Kuroda, 1938 p.14; Kim et al., 2000 p.82; Kim, 2004 p.235. Range: The species has a cosmopolitan distribution but is rarely observed in the waters of Korea (Kim 2004; Fig. 88). In February 1998, one adult (4.7 m in length) became stranded at Incheon (west coast; Incheon Coast Guard, unpublished data). Remarks: The species represents the Subgenus Dioplodon (Nowak 2003)., Published as part of Jo, Yeong-Seok, Baccus, John T. & Koprowski, John L., 2018, Mammals of Korea: a review of their taxonomy, distribution and conservation status, pp. 1-216 in Zootaxa 4522 (1) on page 133, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4522.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/2610198, {"references":["Blainville, H. (1817) Dauphin Densirostre (Delphinus densirostris). In: Societe de Naturalistes et d'Agriculteurs (Ed.), Nouveau Dictionnaire D'Histoire Naturelle, Appliquee Aux arts, A l'AgrIculture, a l'Economie rurale et domestique, a la Medecine, etc. Fol. 9. Chez Deterville, Paris, pp. 178 - 179. [in French]","Kuroda, N. (1938) A list of the Japanese Mammals. Published by Author, Tokyo, 122 pp.","Kim, Z. G., Lee, J. U., Baik, C. I., Sohn, H. S., Park, C. S., Lee, D. W., Choi, K. H., Hong, B. Q., Kim, S. T., Park, J. H., Cho, Y. M., Cha, H. K. & Hwang, K. S. (2000) Whales and Dolphins off Korean Peninsula. National Fisheries Research & Development Institute, Busan, 137 pp. [in Korean]","Kim, Z. G. (2004) Suborder Pinnipedia & Order Cetacea. In: Won, B. O. (Ed.), The mammals of Korea. Dongbang Media Press, Seoul, pp. 184 - 254. [in Korean]","Nowak, R. M. (2003) Walker's Marine Mammals of the World. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, 264 pp."]}

Mesoplodon stejnegeri True, 1885 —Stejneger’s Beaked Whale Mesoplodon stejnegeri True, 1884 [1885] p.584; Type locality- Commander Islands, Bering Sea, Russia; Kim et al., 2000 p.80; Kim, 2004 p.235. Range: Stranding and by-catch of Stejneger’s beaked whales have mostly occurred along the east coast of southern Gangwon Province and Gyeongsangbuk Province (Fig. 87). The population in the East Sea has likely become isolated from the Pacific Ocean (Loughlin & Perez 1985). Few observations of the species have occurred during marine surveys in Korea (Cetacean Research Institute 2007). Remarks: Although isolated populations reside in the East Sea, the taxonomic status of the population remains uncertain., Published as part of Jo, Yeong-Seok, Baccus, John T. & Koprowski, John L., 2018, Mammals of Korea: a review of their taxonomy, distribution and conservation status, pp. 1-216 in Zootaxa 4522 (1) on page 133, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4522.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/2610198, {"references":["True, F. W. (1885 [1886]) On a new species of porpoise, Phocaena dalli, from Alaska. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 8, 95 - 98. https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00963801.8 - 495.95","True, F. W. (1884 [1885]) A provisional list of the mammals of North and Central America, and the West Indian Islands. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 7, 587 - 611.","Kim, Z. G., Lee, J. U., Baik, C. I., Sohn, H. S., Park, C. S., Lee, D. W., Choi, K. H., Hong, B. Q., Kim, S. T., Park, J. H., Cho, Y. M., Cha, H. K. & Hwang, K. S. (2000) Whales and Dolphins off Korean Peninsula. National Fisheries Research & Development Institute, Busan, 137 pp. [in Korean]","Kim, Z. G. (2004) Suborder Pinnipedia & Order Cetacea. In: Won, B. O. (Ed.), The mammals of Korea. Dongbang Media Press, Seoul, pp. 184 - 254. [in Korean]","Loughlin, T. R. & Perez, M. A. (1985) Mesoplodon stejnegeri. Mammalian Species, 250, 1 - 6. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 3503801","Democratic People's Republic of Korea (2007) National biodiversity strategy and action plan of DPR Korea. Democratic People's Republic of Korea, Pyongyang, 122 pp."]}

Key to species of Genus Mesoplodon in Korea 1 White pattern present on throat................................................................. M. stejnegeri - White pattern absent on throat........................................................................... 2 2 Forehead flattened; male tusk very large; lower jaw massive with strongly arched contour................. M. densirostris - Long forehead with small rounded melon; male has small flattened tusks that barely protrude from gum line of the middle of lower jaw (female tusk absence); jawline strongly arched........................................... M. ginkgodens, Published as part of Jo, Yeong-Seok, Baccus, John T. & Koprowski, John L., 2018, Mammals of Korea: a review of their taxonomy, distribution and conservation status, pp. 1-216 in Zootaxa 4522 (1) on pages 132-133, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4522.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/2610198

Genus Ziphius G. Cuvier, 1823 Ziphius is a monotypic genus with a worldwide distribution., Published as part of Jo, Yeong-Seok, Baccus, John T. & Koprowski, John L., 2018, Mammals of Korea: a review of their taxonomy, distribution and conservation status, pp. 1-216 in Zootaxa 4522 (1) on page 129, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4522.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/2610198, {"references":["Cuvier, G. [Barron] (1823) Recherches sur les ossemens fossiles, ou l'on retablit les caracteres de plusieurs animaux dont les revolutions du globe ont detruit les especes. Chez G. Dufour et E. d'Ocagne, Paris, 470 pp."]}

Ziphius cavirostris G. Cuvier, 1823 —Cuvier’s Beaked Whale, goose-beaked whale Ziphius cavirostris G. Cuvier, 1823 p.350; Type locality- France; Kim et al., 2000 p.78; Kim, 2004 p.234. Z. grebnitzkii Stejneger, 1883 p.77; Type locality- Commander Islands, Bering Sea, Russia. Range: No official records verified strandings or by-catch of Cuvier’s beaked whales from the waters of Korea. However, molecular investigations confirmed that the meat of Z. cavirostris was sold at markets in Korea (Dalebout et al. 2005). Since a federal law in South Korea prohibits the import of whale meat from other countries or deep-sea fisheries, there is high probability that the meet of Z. cavirostris in markets was poached from Korean waters (Fig. 85). Remarks: Despite regional variation in morphology (Dalebout et al. 2005), Z. cavirostris is considered a monotypic species., Published as part of Jo, Yeong-Seok, Baccus, John T. & Koprowski, John L., 2018, Mammals of Korea: a review of their taxonomy, distribution and conservation status, pp. 1-216 in Zootaxa 4522 (1) on page 129, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4522.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/2610198, {"references":["Cuvier, G. [Barron] (1823) Recherches sur les ossemens fossiles, ou l'on retablit les caracteres de plusieurs animaux dont les revolutions du globe ont detruit les especes. Chez G. Dufour et E. d'Ocagne, Paris, 470 pp.","Kim, Z. G., Lee, J. U., Baik, C. I., Sohn, H. S., Park, C. S., Lee, D. W., Choi, K. H., Hong, B. Q., Kim, S. T., Park, J. H., Cho, Y. M., Cha, H. K. & Hwang, K. S. (2000) Whales and Dolphins off Korean Peninsula. National Fisheries Research & Development Institute, Busan, 137 pp. [in Korean]","Kim, Z. G. (2004) Suborder Pinnipedia & Order Cetacea. In: Won, B. O. (Ed.), The mammals of Korea. Dongbang Media Press, Seoul, pp. 184 - 254. [in Korean]","Stejneger, L. (1883) Contributions to the history of the Commander Islands. No. 1. - Notes on the Natural History, Including descriptions of new Cetaceans. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 6, 58 - 89. https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00963801.344.58","Dalebout, M. L., Robertson, K. M., Frantzis, A., Engelhaupt, D. A. N., Mignucci-Giannoni, A. A., Rosario-Delestre, R. J. & Baker, C. S. (2005) Worldwide structure of mtDNA diversity among Cuvier's beaked whales (Ziphius cavirostris): implications for threatened populations. Molecular Ecology, 14, 3353 - 3371. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 294 X. 2005.02676. x"]}

Genus Africanacetus Bianucci, Lambert & Post, 2007 TYPE SPECIES. ��� Africanacetus ceratopsis Bianucci, Lambert & Post, 2007 by original designation. OTHER REFERRED SPECIES. ��� Africanacetus gracilis Ichishima, Augustin, Toyofuku & Kitazato, 2017., Published as part of Lambert, Olivier, Muizon, Christian de, Duhamel, Guy & Plicht, Johannes Van Der, 2018, Neogene and Quaternary fossil remains of beaked whales (Cetacea, Odontoceti, Ziphiidae) from deep-sea deposits off Crozet and Kerguelen islands, Southern Ocean, pp. 135-160 in Geodiversitas 40 (6) on page 143, DOI: 10.5252/geodiversitas2018v40a6, http://zenodo.org/record/5745694, {"references":["BIANUCCI G., LAMBERT O. & POST K. 2007. - A high diversity in fossil beaked whales (Odontoceti, Ziphiidae) recovered by trawling from the sea floor off South Africa. Geodiversitas 29: 5 - 62.","ICHISHIMA H., AUGUSTIN A. H., TOYOFUKU T. & KITAZATO H. 2017. - A new species of Africanacetus (Odontoceti: Ziphiidae) found on the deep ocean floor off the coast of Brazil. Deep Sea Research Part II. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. dsr 2.2016.12.002"]}

Genus Izikoziphius Bianucci, Lambert & Post, 2007 TYPE SPECIES. ��� Izikoziphius rossi Bianucci, Lambert & Post, 2007 by original designation. OTHER REFERRED SPECIES. ��� Izikoziphius angustus Bianucci, Lambert & Post, 2007., Published as part of Lambert, Olivier, Muizon, Christian de, Duhamel, Guy & Plicht, Johannes Van Der, 2018, Neogene and Quaternary fossil remains of beaked whales (Cetacea, Odontoceti, Ziphiidae) from deep-sea deposits off Crozet and Kerguelen islands, Southern Ocean, pp. 135-160 in Geodiversitas 40 (6) on page 149, DOI: 10.5252/geodiversitas2018v40a6, http://zenodo.org/record/5745694, {"references":["BIANUCCI G., LAMBERT O. & POST K. 2007. - A high diversity in fossil beaked whales (Odontoceti, Ziphiidae) recovered by trawling from the sea floor off South Africa. Geodiversitas 29: 5 - 62."]}

Genus Khoikhoicetus Bianucci, Lambert & Post, 2007 TYPE SPECIES. ��� Khoikhoicetus agulhasis Bianucci, Lambert & Post, 2007 by original designation. OTHER SPECIES INCLUDED. ��� Khoikhoicetus kergueleni n. sp., Published as part of Lambert, Olivier, Muizon, Christian de, Duhamel, Guy & Plicht, Johannes Van Der, 2018, Neogene and Quaternary fossil remains of beaked whales (Cetacea, Odontoceti, Ziphiidae) from deep-sea deposits off Crozet and Kerguelen islands, Southern Ocean, pp. 135-160 in Geodiversitas 40 (6) on page 138, DOI: 10.5252/geodiversitas2018v40a6, http://zenodo.org/record/5745694, {"references":["BIANUCCI G., LAMBERT O. & POST K. 2007. - A high diversity in fossil beaked whales (Odontoceti, Ziphiidae) recovered by trawling from the sea floor off South Africa. Geodiversitas 29: 5 - 62."]}

Genus Xhosacetus Bianucci, Lambert & Post, 2007 TYPE AND ONLY REFERRED SPECIES. ��� Xhosacetus hendeysi Bianucci, Lambert & Post, 2007 by original designation., Published as part of Lambert, Olivier, Muizon, Christian de, Duhamel, Guy & Plicht, Johannes Van Der, 2018, Neogene and Quaternary fossil remains of beaked whales (Cetacea, Odontoceti, Ziphiidae) from deep-sea deposits off Crozet and Kerguelen islands, Southern Ocean, pp. 135-160 in Geodiversitas 40 (6) on page 153, DOI: 10.5252/geodiversitas2018v40a6, http://zenodo.org/record/5745694, {"references":["BIANUCCI G., LAMBERT O. & POST K. 2007. - A high diversity in fossil beaked whales (Odontoceti, Ziphiidae) recovered by trawling from the sea floor off South Africa. Geodiversitas 29: 5 - 62."]}

International audience; Although a high number of extant beaked whale species (Cetacea, Odontoceti, Ziphiidae) live in the Southern Ocean and neighbouring areas, only little is known about the past occupation of the region by these highly specialized, deep diving and echolocating cetaceans. Recently, longline fishing activities along the seafloor at depths of 500-2000 m off the sub-antarctic Crozet and Kerguelen islands, Indian sector of Southern Ocean, resulted in the accessory “capture” of tens of ziphiid fossil cranial remains. Our description and comparison of the best-preserved and most diagnostic crania from this sample lead to the identification of more than eight species in at least seven genera: the hyperoodontines Africanacetus ceratopsis, Khoikhoicetus kergueleni n. sp., Hyperoodontinae indet. aff. Africanacetus, and Mesoplodon sp. aff. Mesoplodon layardii, the ziphiines Izikoziphius rossi and Ziphius sp., and the ziphiids indet. Nenga sp. aff. Nenga meganasalis and Xhosacetus hendeysi. Unsurprisingly, with at least four species in common (A. ceratopsis, Izikoziphius rossi, X. hendeysi, and Ziphius sp.), the assemblage displays high similarities with assemblages described from deep-sea deposits off South Africa, providing thus new data on the palaeogeographic distribution of several extinct species and indicating a roughly similar geochronological age for at least a part of the as semblages. The limited amount of data available points to a pre-Pliocene age for a large part of the Crozet-Kerguelen assemblage, suggesting a relatively early, Miocene colonization of the Southern Ocean by crown ziphiids. Contrastingly, 14C radiometric dating of two specimens of Mesoplodon sp. aff. Mesoplodon layardii yielded latest Pleistocene-earliest Holocene ages. These results reveal the presence either of an extinct species of Mesoplodon in the Southern Ocean only a few thousands years ago, or of an up-to-now unidentified extant species closely related to the strap-toothed whale M. layardii.; Bien qu’un grand nombre d’espèces de baleines à bec (Cetacea, Odontoceti, Ziphiidae) habitent de nos jours l’océan Austral et les zones avoisinantes, l’occupation passée de cette région par ces cétacés à sonar hautement spécialisés, se nourrissant à grandes profondeurs, reste très mal connue. Récemment, des activités de pêche à la palangre menées sur le fond de l’océan à des profondeurs de 500 à 2000 mètres au large des îles sub-antarctiques de Crozet et Kerguelen, dans le secteur indien de l’océan Austral, ont permis la « capture » accessoire de dizaines de restes crâniens fossiles de ziphiidés. La description et la comparaison des crânes les mieux préservés et les plus diagnostiques de cette collection a permis l’identification de plus de huit espèces dans au moins sept genres : les hyperoodontinés Africanacetus ceratopsis, Khoikhoicetus kergueleni n. sp., Hyperoodontinae indet. aff. Africanacetus, et Mesoplodon sp. aff. Mesoplodon layardii, les ziphiinés Izikoziphius rossi et Ziphius sp., et les ziphiidés indet. Nenga sp. aff. Nenga meganasalis et Xhosacetus hendeysi.Sans surprise, avec au moins quatre espèces en commun (A. ceratopsis, Izikoziphius rossi, X. hendeysi, et Ziphius sp.), cet assemblage montre les plus grandes similitudes avec les assemblages décrits des dépôts océaniques profonds au large de l’Afrique du Sud. Ces similitudes fournissent de nouvelles données sur la distribution paléogéographique de plusieurs espèces éteintes et indiquent des âges géochronologiques similaires pour au moins une partie de ces assemblages. La quantité limitée de données disponibles indique un âge pré-Pliocène pour une bonne partie de l’assemblage de Crozet-Kerguelen, ce qui suggère une colonisation relativement précoce de l’océan Austral par des ziphiidés du groupe-couronne. D’un autre côté, la datation radiométrique au 14C de deux spécimens de Mesoplodon sp. aff. Mesoplodon layardii a fourni des âges allant du Pléistocène terminal au tout début de l’Holocène. Ces résultats indiquent soit la présence d’une espèce éteinte de Mesoplodon dans l’océan Austral il y a seulement quelques milliers d’années, soit la présence d’une espèce moderne, non encore identifiée et proche parente de la baleine à bec de Layard Mesoplodon layardii.

Mesoplodon guentheri Krefft, 1871b Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (ser. 4) 7: 368, figs 1–2. (1 May 1871). Common name. Strap-toothed Beaked Whale. Current name. Mesoplodon layardii (J. Gray, 1865c), following Perrin (2009g). Holotype. All material by subsequent determination. The holotype is thought to be the following material, but further verification is required: PA.358, PA.358.001, skull and artificial dentaries, the skull has also been labelled PA.363; PA.358.002, near complete, partly articulated skeleton, (pelvic bones listed in Palmer Register not yet located); PA.359, original dentaries; PA.363, three hyoid bones; PA.364, three sternum bones. The original entries written by Palmer in the P Register for PA.358 and PA.359 are “ Mesoplodon Thomsonii, Little Bay nr Long Bay ” and the Remarks column lists 358 as “Skeleton. Jaws restored” and for 359 “fractured jaws of above”. Palmer did not mark either entry as being a type. A subsequent entry against PA.358 and PA.359 in 1918 signed by A. R. McCulloch states: “evidently the holotype of the name Callidon guntheri ”. Bannister (1988b) cites registration numbers for the holotype as “P358, 359, and 364 skeleton” but this reflects confusion about the registration numbers and material in the collection at that time. The holotype was stranded in late 1870 (Scott, 1873: 116). The sex of the holotype was not recorded in the original description (perhaps because the body was “very much hacked and lacerated”), or in the Palmer Register entry. Sexual dimorphism was later recognized in this taxon and the specimen was considered to be female (e.g., by J. Ogilby, 1892). Condition. PA.358.001: damaged whole skull, missing anterior part of rostrum which has been replaced by wood/ cast, left side of braincase missing and replaced with wood/ cast; both dentaries and teeth are artificial, modelled from wood. PA.358.002: damaged whole skeleton; some ribs are broken, but have been repaired. The skeleton is partially articulated (rib cage separate to vertebrae). PA.359 (original dentaries): incomplete and damaged dentaries: both dentaries missing teeth, left dentary is broken in two places, wired together; right dentary is fragmented and wired together; missing coronoid and condylar processes; angular process broken off but wired together. Type locality. Little Bay, near Long Bay, Sydney, NSW (Krefft, 1871b,c). Comments. Krefft’s brief description was based on one complete skeleton of a whale which he states was 18 feet long. A drawing of a tooth accompanied his description but he did not provide cranial measurements or illustrations of the skull. He also mentioned some preserved viscera, which are no longer in the collection. Krefft stated that the skeleton was complete but that the body was badly lacerated. P Register annotations made in the late 19th and early 20th century indicate uncertainty about the identity of Krefft’s original specimen, which remains unresolved pending a comprehensive assessment of Mesoplodon material at the AM and archival photographs. Gray (1871a), in a footnote to Krefft’s paper (Krefft, 1871b), proposed the genus Callidon, based on tooth morphology of the holotype of guentheri, which he believed was radically different from his concept of tooth morphology of Mesoplodon. However, Flower (in Krefft, 1871c) expressed the view that such differences in tooth morphology were likely to be due to age or sex. Krefft (1873c) does not mention guentheri in his comprehensive summary of Australian whale taxa, implying that he no longer recognized it as a valid species. (Article 32.5.2.1 of the Code dictates that diacritic marks of German names must be amended, thus güntheri becomes guentheri.), Published as part of Parnaby, Harry E., Ingleby, Sandy & Divljan, Anja, 2017, Type Specimens of Non-fossil Mammals in the Australian Museum, Sydney, pp. 277-420 in Records of the Australian Museum 69 (5) on page 343, DOI: 10.3853/j.2201-4349.69.2017.1653, http://zenodo.org/record/5237800, {"references":["Krefft, G. 1871 b. Notice of a new Australian Ziphioid whale ... with a note by Dr. J. E. Gray, F. R. S. Annals and Magazine of Natural History (series 4) 7 (41): 368. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222937108696393","Gray, J. E. 1865 c. Notes on the whales of the Cape; by E. L. Layard, Esq., of Cape Town, Corr. Memm. With Descriptions of two new species; by Dr. J. E. Gray. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 33 (1865): 357 - 359. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1469 - 7998.1865. tb 02350. x","Perrin, W. F. 2009 g. Mesoplodon guentheri Krefft, 1871. In World Cetacea Database, ed. W. F. Perrin. [Accessed 12 July 2017].","Bannister, J. L. 1988 b. Ziphiidae. In Zoological Catalogue of Australia. Vol. 5. Mammalia, ed. D. W. Walton, pp. 193 - 197. Canberra: Australian Government Publishing Service.","Scott, A. W. 1873. Mammalia, Recent and Extinct; an Elementary Treatise for the Use of the Public Schools of New South Wales. Sydney: Thomas Richards, Government Printer. xii + 142 + vii pp.","Ogilby, J. D. 1892. Catalogue of Australian Mammals, with Introductory Notes on General Mammalogy. Sydney: Trustees, Australian Museum. xvi + 142 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 1130","Gray, J. E. 1871 a. Notice of a new Ziphioid whale. Annals and Magazine of Natural History (series 4) 7 (41): 368. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222937108696393","Krefft, G. 1871 c. Letter read from Gerard Krefft on Little Bay stranding. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 39 (1871): 630 - 631."]}

Mesoplodon thomsoni Krefft in Scott, 1873 Mammalia, Recent and Extinct, 116. (preface dated 21 July 1873). Common name. Strap-toothed Beaked Whale. Current name. Mesoplodon layardii (J. Gray, 1865c), following Perrin (2009i). Holotype. Not determined. Possibly the same specimen as the holotype of Mesoplodon guentheri. Material. All of the following entries in the Palmer Register were originally entered in Palmer’s hand as “ Mesoplodon thomsoni ”, none of which are marked by Palmer as a type: PA.356, original entry by Palmer is Fairy Ck Wollongong, 25 vertebrae; and PA.357, Fairy Ck, portion of skull, but registration or collection dates are not provided for either and it is not clear if they are of the same individual; PA.358, from Little Bay, skeleton jaws restored; PA.359, fractured jaws of above; PA.363, no locality given, 2 pelvic bones and 3 hyoid bones; PA.364, no locality given, 3 portions of sternum. Mesoplodon thomsoni is also written on four of the six bones registered under PA.363 and PA. 364 in very old style writing. Type locality. Uncertain. Generally assumed to be Little Bay, Sydney (e.g., J. Ogilby 1892; Iredale & Troughton, 1934) but possibly also Fairy Ck Wollongong if the name was based on PA.356 and PA.357. Comments. There appears to be no published description of this taxon, which is usually cited as a manuscript name of Krefft. A search of Krefft’s archival documents might resolve current uncertainty surround the type material and type locality of this name. Ogilby (1892) has been cited as the author of the name but the overlooked compilation of Scott (1873) is the earliest published use of the name thomsoni that we have found but he did not provide a description. Scott (1873: 116) lists “ Mesoplodon Thomsoni Krefft MSS ” as a possible synonym of “Sowerby’s Ziphius Mesoplodon sowerbiensis de Blainville ” [= Mesoplodon bidens]. He states: “ The skeleton in the Australian Museum, which, for the present is considered as a synonym, is that of an animal stranded at the latter end of 1870 on the beach near Little Bay “. This could be interpreted to mean that thomsoni is the same taxon as the animal stranded near Little Bay, or that thomsoni was based on that specimen. In a newspaper article on Australian whales published after Scott (1873), Krefft (1873c) states that “A splendid specimen in the Australian Museum collection has been named in honour of the late Professor A. M. Thomson, Mesoplodon Thomsonii; it appears, however, to be identical with the above species [Mesoplodon Sowerbiensis] ”. Krefft did not cite authorship of thomsonii or mention an associated locality in his newspaper article of October 1873 and it appears that he no longer believed that it was a valid species. The name had apparently fallen into disuse, although Ramsay (1890b: 109) lists a whale skeleton on display at the AM as “ Mesoplodon thomsoni ”. The only information provided by Ogilby (1892: 71) is a passing comment that the name Mesoplodon thomsoni used by Krefft in an unpublished manuscript of a whale stranded at Little Bay, was in his opinion likely to be a female example of Mesoplodon layardii (Gray, 1865c).Assuming that Ogilby examined Krefft’s manuscript, and was not paraphrasing Scott, it would appear that the type locality is Little Bay. Given that thomsoni has been linked with an animal from Little Bay (Scott, 1873; Ogilby, 1892), it is possible that Krefft simply recycled the holotype of guentheri by applying the name thomsoni to honour the premature death of his colleague Professor Thomson (Alexander Morrison Thomson, 1841–1871). However, it is also possible that Krefft based the name on another specimen, perhaps P.356, a Mesoplodon stranded near Wollongong and originally entered as thomsoni by Palmer. However, thomsoni was the only species name entered by Palmer for PA.358 and 359, the holotype of Mesoplodon guentheri Krefft. Rediscovery of Krefft’s unpublished manuscript describing thomsoni, if it has survived, could resolve this. Iredale & Troughton (1934) mistakenly attribute thomsoni to Flower (1878: 416) as noted by Hershkovitz (1966). Bannister (1988b) attributes Mesoplodon thomsoni to Ogilby, 1892 but misspelt it as “ thompsoni”. Order Carnivora, Published as part of Parnaby, Harry E., Ingleby, Sandy & Divljan, Anja, 2017, Type Specimens of Non-fossil Mammals in the Australian Museum, Sydney, pp. 277-420 in Records of the Australian Museum 69 (5) on pages 344-345, DOI: 10.3853/j.2201-4349.69.2017.1653, http://zenodo.org/record/5237800, {"references":["Scott, A. W. 1873. Mammalia, Recent and Extinct; an Elementary Treatise for the Use of the Public Schools of New South Wales. Sydney: Thomas Richards, Government Printer. xii + 142 + vii pp.","Gray, J. E. 1865 c. Notes on the whales of the Cape; by E. L. Layard, Esq., of Cape Town, Corr. Memm. With Descriptions of two new species; by Dr. J. E. Gray. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 33 (1865): 357 - 359. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1469 - 7998.1865. tb 02350. x","Perrin, W. F. 2009 i. Mesoplodon thomsoni Ogilby, 1892. In World Cetacea Database, ed. W. F. Perrin. [Accessed 12 July 2017].","Ogilby, J. D. 1892. Catalogue of Australian Mammals, with Introductory Notes on General Mammalogy. Sydney: Trustees, Australian Museum. xvi + 142 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 1130","Ramsay, E. P. 1890 b. Guide to the contents of the Australian Museum. Sydney: Australian Museum. 146 pp.","Flower, W. H. 1878. A further contribution to the knowledge of the existing Ziphioid Whales. Genus Mesoplodon. Transactions of the Zoological Society of London 10 (9): 415 - 438, pls lxxi-lxxiii. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1878. tb 00468. x","Hershkovitz, P. 1966. Catalogue of Living Whales. Bulletin of the United States National Museum 246: 1 - 259. https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 03629236.246","Bannister, J. L. 1988 b. Ziphiidae. In Zoological Catalogue of Australia. Vol. 5. Mammalia, ed. D. W. Walton, pp. 193 - 197. Canberra: Australian Government Publishing Service."]}

Mesoplodon longirostris Gray, 1873a Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1873: p. 145. (June 1873). Common name. Strap-toothed Beaked Whale. Current name. Mesoplodon layardii (J. Gray, 1865c), following Perrin (2009h). Holotype. Probably the same specimen as the holotype of Mesoplodon guentheri Krefft, 1871b, see previous account. Type locality. Little Bay, Sydney, NSW according to Gray (1873b). Comments. The basis and authorship of the name Mesoplodon longirostris has remained confused and is discussed in detail below. We present new insights into the origin of this name, and suggest that potentially embarrassing mistakes are possibly the reason the basis of this name has remained obscure in the literature. It is likely that Gray, who was responsible for publishing the name, was misled by photographs sent by Krefft of an inaccurately reconstructed rostrum of the damaged holotype skull of Mesoplodon guentheri Krefft, stranded at Little Bay, Sydney in 1870. The initial reconstruction by AM preparator Henry Barnes resulted in an excessively elongated rostrum but it appears that Gray published the name Mesoplodon longirostris before being alerted to the mistake. Support for this scenario is found in a letter from Krefft to Gray dated February 11, 1873 (BMNH Library Krefft letter 258, no. 22). Krefft refers to a Mesoplodon skeleton that he had named but did not describe. Although Krefft does not mention the name longirostris in the letter, no other name applied to Mesoplodon by Krefft matches the details given in the letter. Krefft states: “The other whale skeleton which you refer to is Mesoplodon Sowerbiensis … There are only two teeth, one in each mandible and of these I must have sent you photographs [Krefft included drawings indicating that the tooth scarcely emerged from the bone] … I named this specimen without describing it which is very reprehensible, but I thought it would turn out to be a known species and save me the trouble of enlarging upon it. Van Beneden’s figure Plate XXII [= Van Beneden & Gervais, 1880 [1868–1879]) is very much like ours, there is however some difference in the shape of the skull and in the mandible … Van [Beneden] gives another figure Plate XXVI which shows only one tooth in each very similar to ours—see photograph enclosed. The head was very much broken in particular the rostral portion of it and it has been clumsily mended but I shall get it altered when there is time to do so.” Further support stems from a newspaper account of Australian whales, in which Krefft (1873c, published in December) makes oblique remarks that resonate with his letter to Gray. Krefft writes: “ a smaller whale, of a rare genus, was stranded at Little Bay … It took Henry Barnes several days to patch the lower jaw together, and the beak being restored rather larger than the original (as was found out afterwards from Van Beneden and Gervai’s splendid book); this misrepresentation multiplied by photographs sent to scientific institutions abroad, has caused considerable confusion ever since.” Krefft provided a comprehensive list of the cetacean species recorded from Australian waters in his newspaper article but makes no mention of Mesoplodon longirostris, perhaps implying that he no longer regarded it to be a valid species. Gray (1873a: 145; published in June) established the name Mesoplodon longirostris when he remarked that “ Mesoplodon longirostris of Krefft” was either “ Berardius hectori ” or a new species, based on a photograph of a skeleton sent by Krefft. Gray noted that the specimen appeared to have no teeth (evidently not visible in the photograph), and had a “beak” nearly twice the length of the head compared to 1.5 times the length in “Dr Hector’s figure” (presumably of “ Berardius hectori ”). In August 1873 Gray presented a paper repeating these remarks verbatim (Gray, 1874: 89), including attribution of longirostris to Krefft but this was already outdated by his earlier remarks that longirostris was a synonym (Gray, 1873a, published June). Hershkovitz (1966) cites Gray (1873a) as the author of longirostris. Although Gray clearly attributed authorship of the name longirostris to Krefft, attribution is to Gray, given that diagnostic criteria were proposed by him (Article 50.1, the Code). The first publication of the name Mesoplodon longirostris, as a nomen nudum, was by Gray (1873b), published in January 1873 (publication date per Evenhuis, 2003) thus predating his paper of June establishing longirostris (Gray 1873a). In his January paper, Gray (1873b) concluded that the photograph sent by Krefft, on which Krefft had written “ Mesoplodon longirostris Krefft ” was the same animal stranded at Little Bay to which Krefft (1871b) had earlier applied the name “ Mesoplodon Güntheri ”. He stated that his conclusion was based on the fact that both were full skeletons (apparently rare in world collections at that time) about 18 foot long. In that paper, Gray (1873b) stated that he regarded “ longirostris Krefft ” to be an unpublished name, and regarded the photographed specimen to be “ Callidon güntheri ” — Gray (1871a) had earlier erected Callidon for the holotype of Mesoplodon guentheri, on the mistaken belief that its tooth structure differed from Mesoplodon. Although Gray (1873b) published the name longirostris as a junior synonym of Mesoplodon guentheri the name is not available (a nomen nudum) because he did not provide a description or diagnosis (Article 12.1, the Code). Perhaps Gray did not have time to amend his publication of the name longirostris in his June paper (Gray, 1873a) after being informed in Krefft’s letter of February, that the rostral reconstruction of the Little Bay whale was highly inaccurate. We have not located any reference to longirostris in either the AM registers or on any specimen labels but this would not be surprising if our interpretation of the history of this name is correct., Published as part of Parnaby, Harry E., Ingleby, Sandy & Divljan, Anja, 2017, Type Specimens of Non-fossil Mammals in the Australian Museum, Sydney, pp. 277-420 in Records of the Australian Museum 69 (5) on page 344, DOI: 10.3853/j.2201-4349.69.2017.1653, http://zenodo.org/record/5237800, {"references":["Gray, J. E. 1873 a. Notice of the skeleton of the New Zealand Right Whale (Macleayius australiensis) and other Whales, and other New Zealand Marine Mammalia. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 41 (1873): 129 - 145.","Gray, J. E. 1865 c. Notes on the whales of the Cape; by E. L. Layard, Esq., of Cape Town, Corr. Memm. With Descriptions of two new species; by Dr. J. E. Gray. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 33 (1865): 357 - 359. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1469 - 7998.1865. tb 02350. x","Perrin, W. F. 2009 h. Mesoplodon longirostris Gray, 1873. In World Cetacea Database, ed. W. F. Perrin. [Accessed 12 July 2017].","Krefft, G. 1871 b. Notice of a new Australian Ziphioid whale ... with a note by Dr. J. E. Gray, F. R. S. Annals and Magazine of Natural History (series 4) 7 (41): 368. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222937108696393","Gray, J. E. 1873 b. On Berardius and other Ziphioid whales. Annals and Magazine of Natural History (series 4) 11 (61): 17 - 19. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222937308696756","Gray, J. E. 1874. List of Seals, Whales and Dolphins of New Zealand. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 6: 87 - 89.","Hershkovitz, P. 1966. Catalogue of Living Whales. Bulletin of the United States National Museum 246: 1 - 259. https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 03629236.246","Evenhuis, N. L. 2003. Publication and dating of the journals forming the Annals and Magazine of Natural History and the Journal of Natural History. Zootaxa 385: 1 - 68. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 385.1.1","Gray, J. E. 1871 a. Notice of a new Ziphioid whale. Annals and Magazine of Natural History (series 4) 7 (41): 368. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222937108696393"]}

Parnaby, Harry E., Ingleby, Sandy, Divljan, Anja (2017): Type Specimens of Non-fossil Mammals in the Australian Museum, Sydney. Records of the Australian Museum 69 (5): 277-420, DOI: 10.3853/j.2201-4349.69.2017.1653, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3853/j.2201-4349.69.2017.1653

8. Hubbs’s Beaked Whale Mesoplodon carlhubbsi French: Baleine-a-bec de Hubbs / German: Hubbs-Zweizahnwal / Spanish: Zifio de Hubbs Other common names: Arch-beaked Whale Taxonomy. Mesoplodon carlhubbsi Moore, 1963, “LaJolla, California, 32° 51° 41” N. Lat., 117° 15' 19° W. Long.” This species is monotypic. Distribution. Endemic to N Pacific Ocean, the majority ofrecords come from W North America from 32° 42° N to 54° 18’ N,also recorded on the Pacific coast ofJapan from 35% to 41° 42° N. This suggests that distribution of this species spans the N Pacific Ocean, but with no records from the C Pacific Ocean, it remains possible that there are separate E and W populations. It has been suggested that distribution of this species is related to the deep current system of the subarctic. Descriptive notes. Total length 470-532 cm; weight ¢.1000-1500 kg (unconfirmed). Body of Hubbs’s Beaked Whale is spindle-shaped, with greatest girth around its mid-point. Flukes are wide in relation to body length, and tailstock is compressed laterally. Dorsal fin is small and set approximately two-thirds of the distance between tip of beak and end of the tail. Coloration is typically dark brown, dark gray, or black. Adult male Hubbs’s Beaked Whales have a white tip to their beak and a white patch posterior to the eye. Females andjuveniles may be paler on the ventral surface. Rostrum and lowerjaw form a short, poorly defined beak; there are two grooves on the throat. In adult males, lower jaw is slightly arched with a single tusk set on each side midway along its length. Adult males also may have many long, pale scars caused by tusks of other males during male-male combat. Habitat. Thought to be restricted to water depths greater than 200 m, but there have been few confirmed sightings of Hubbs’s Beaked Whales at sea. Food and Feeding. Little is known about diets of Hubbs’s Beaked Whales, but they seem to eat of deep-water squid. In common with other species of beaked whales, feeding likely occurs at great depth, often over 500 m and possibly as deep as 3000 m or more. Foraging dives may be up to an hour in length. Breeding. There is no specific information available for this species, but it is assumed that tusks of Hubbs’s Beaked Whales are used during aggressive interactions between males, presumably over females. Activity patterns. There is no information available for this species. Movements, Home range and Social organization. There is no specific information available for this species, but as with other species of Mesoplodon, Hubbs’s Beaked Whaleis likely to occur primarily in groups of five individuals orless. Status and Conservation. CITES Appendix II. Classified as Data Deficient on The IUCN Red List. There are no estimates of global population size of Hubbs’s Beaked Whale. Like other species of beaked whales, Hubbs’s Beaked Whale may be at risk from a range of human activities, including noise pollution, bycatch from driftnet fisheries, and ingestion of plastic debris, and it also may be threatened by climate change. Nevertheless, nothing is known about the form or extent of these potential impacts. Bibliography. Heyning (1984), Macleod, Perrin et al. (2006), MacLeod, Santos & Pierce (2003), Mead (1989b)., Published as part of Russell A. Mittermeier & Don E. Wilson, 2014, Ziphiidae, pp. 326-357 in Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 4 Sea Mammals, Barcelona :Lynx Edicions on page 351, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6608481

16. Ginkgo-toothed Beaked Whale Mesoplodon ginkgodens French: Baleine-a-bec du Japon / German: Japan-Zweizahnwal / Spanish: Zifio de dientes de Ginkgo Other common names: Japanese Beaked Whale Taxonomy. Mesoplodon ginkgodens Nishiwaki & Kamiya, 1958, Japan, “Oiso Beach, Sagami Bay, near Tokyo.” Historically, there has been confusion about the number ofspecies or subspecies contained in the classification of M. ginkgodens. It was originaly described in 1958 from an animal which stranded in Japan, while a second similar species, M. hotaula, was described independently in 1963 from an animal which stranded in Sri Lanka. Based on morphological similarities, these two species were synonymized under the name M. ginkgodens by J. C. Moore and R. M. Gilmore in 1965. However, recent molecular analysis, published in 2014, has resulted in these two species being separated again. Monotypic. Distribution. Warmer waters ofthe Pacific and Indian oceans in an area ranging from S India and Sri Lanka to Taiwan, Japan, SE Australia, Galapagos Is, and California. Exact distribution remains unclear due to the small number of known strandings, and the taxonomic confusion between the Ginkgo-toothed Beaked Whale and the Deraniyagala’s Beaked Whale (Mesoplodonhotaula). Descriptive notes. Total length 470-528 cm; weight ¢.1000 kg (unconfirmed). Body of the Ginkgo-toothed Beaked Whale is spindle-shaped, with greatest girth around its midpoint. Flukes are wide in relation to body length, and tailstock is compressed laterally. Dorsal fin is small and set approximately two-thirds the distance between tip of the beak and end ofthe tail. Coloration is typically dark brown, dark gray, or black. Female and juvenile Ginkgo-toothed Beaked Whales may be paler on ventral surface. Rostrum and lower jaw form a beak that is indistinct from the low sloping forehead. There are two grooves on the throat. Adult males have a single tusk on each side of the lower jaw. Tusks are positioned approximately one-third of the way along the mandibles, but only the very tips of tusks emerge from gums. Male Ginkgo-toothed Beaked Whales are unusual because they seem to lack any of the long, pale, linear scars caused by tusks of other males that are found on males of most species of beaked whales. Habitat. Primarily waters greater than 200 m deep. Nothing further is known about habitat preferences of Ginkgo-toothed Beaked Whales. Food and Feeding. There is no specific information available for this species, but in common with other species of beaked whales, Ginkgo-toothed Beaked Whales are thought to consume deep-water squid and, to a lesser extent, deep-water fish. They likely forage at depths greater than 500 m. Breeding. There is no information available for this species. Activity patterns. There is no information available for this species. Movements, Home range and Social organization. There is no specific information available for this species, but Ginkgo-toothed Beaked Whales likely occur in small groups. Status and Conservation. CITES Appendix II. Classified as Data Deficient on The IUCN RedList. There are no estimates of global population size of the Ginkgo-toothed Beaked Whale. Like other species of beaked whales, the Ginkgo-toothed Beaked Whale is potentially affected by ingestion of plastic debris and noise pollution, and individuals can be killed as bycatch in driftnet fisheries. Nevertheless, nothing is known about the form or extent of these potential impacts. Bibliography. Dalebout et al. (2014), MacLeod et al. (2006), Mead (1989b), Moore & Gilmore (1965), Rice (1998).

14. Hector’s Beaked Whale Mesoplodon hectori French: Baleine-a-bec de Hector / German: HectorZweizahnwahl / Spanish: Zifio de Hector Other common names: Skew-beaked Whale Taxonomy. Berardius hectori Gray, 1871, New Zealand, Wellington, “killed in Tatai [sic] Bay [= Titai Bay], Cook’s Straits.” This species is monotypic. Distribution. Most records come from either New Zealand or the Atlantic coast of South America, but also recorded in Tasmania, Western Australia, and South Africa; distribution remains unclear due to the small number of confirmed strandings. There are no records of this species between New Zealand and the Pacific coast of South America, but it is unclear whether this represents a break in distribution or a lack of research activity in this region. Earlier records from the Pacific coast of USA have since been reclassified as Perrin’s Beaked Whale (M. perrini). Descriptive notes. Total length 343-443 cm; weight ¢.500 kg (unconfirmed). Body of Hector’s Beaked Whale is spindle-shaped, with greatest girth around its midpoint. Flukes are wide in relation to body length, and tailstock is compressed laterally. Dorsal fin is small and set approximately two-thirds the distance between tip of the beak and end of the tail. Coloration is typically dark brown, dark gray, or black dorsally and pale underneath. Rostrum and lowerjaw form a beak thatis indistinct from the low sloping forehead. There are two grooves on the throat. Adult males have a single tusk on each side of the lowerjaw; these tusks are positioned close to tips of mandibles; they are approximately triangular in shape and are laterally flattened. Habitat. Presumably waters greater than 200 m deep. Nothing further is known about habitat preferences of Hector’s Beaked Whale. Food and Feeding. Hector’s Beaked Whale is known to consume deep-water cephalopods and may consume other deep-water organisms such as fish and invertebrates. Theylikely forage at depths greater than 500 m for much of their lives. Breeding. There is no information available for this species. Activity patterns. There is no information available for this species. Movements, Home range and Social organization. There is no specific information available for this species, but Hector’s Beaked Whaleslikely occur in small groups. Status and Conservation. CITES Appendix II. Classified as Data Deficient on The [IUCN Red List. There are no estimates of global population size of Hector’s Beaked Whale. Like other species of beaked whales, Hector’s Beaked Whale is potentially affected by ingestion of plastic debris, bycatch in driftnetfisheries, climate change, and noise pollution. Nevertheless, nothing is known about the form or extent of these potential impacts. Bibliography. Dalebout et al. (2002), MacLeod et al. (2006), Mead (1989b)., Published as part of Russell A. Mittermeier & Don E. Wilson, 2014, Ziphiidae, pp. 326-357 in Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 4 Sea Mammals, Barcelona :Lynx Edicions on page 353, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6608481

6. Shepherd’s Beaked Whale Tasmacetus shepherd French: Baleine-a-bec de Shepherd / German: Tasmanien-Schnabelwal / Spanish: Zifio de Shepherd Other common names: Tasman Beaked Whale, Tasman Whale, Tasmanian Beaked Whale Taxonomy. 7 Tasmacetus shepherdi Oliver, 1937, New Zealand, North Island, “cast upon the beach at Ohawe, in the province of Taranaki.” This species is monotypic. Distribution. Poorly known due to a lack of records for the species, but it appears to have a circumpolar distribution within colder waters in the Southern Hemisphere. Descriptive notes. Total length 600-700 cm; weight ¢.5000 kg (unconfirmed). Body of Shepherd’s Beaked Whale is spindle-shaped, with greatest girth around its midpoint. Flukes are wide in relation to body length, and tailstock is compressed laterally. Dorsal fin is small and set approximately two-thirds the distance between tip of the beak and end ofthe tail. Coloration is more complex than in most species of beaked whales; Shepherd’s Beaked Whales are dark on the dorsal surface and pale underneath. They also have a pale patch on their forehead and a pair of pale patches running along the side of the body. Adult males may also have linear scars from intraspecific aggression. Rostrum and lowerjaw form a welldefined beak, and there are two grooves on the throat. Shepherd’s Beaked Whale is unique in the family Ziphiidae because it has 17-27 pairs of small, peg-like, functional teeth in both upper and lower jaws. Adult males also have a pair of large conical tusks at the tip of the lower jaw that are presumed to function as weapons in male-male combat. Tusks of females do not erupt from gums. Habitat. There is no specific information available for this species other than its preference for deep oceanic waters. Food and Feeding. It is thought that Shepherd’s Beaked Whale primarily consumes deep-water fish rather than squid, but this is based on information from a very small number of individuals. As with other species of beaked whales, Shepherd’s Beaked Whale likely forages at depths greater than 500 m for much ofits life. Breeding. There is no information available for this species. Activity patterns. There is no information available for this species. Movements, Home range and Social organization. There is no information available for this species. Status and Conservation. CITES Appendix II. Classified as Data Deficient on The IUCN Red List. There are no estimates of global population size of Shepherd’s Beaked Whale. [tis rarely sighted at sea and may be naturally rare within its distribution. Like other species of beaked whales,it is potentially affected by ingestion of plastic debris and noise pollution, and it may be caught as bycatch in driftnet fisheries. As a species that is apparently restricted to cooler waters, it may also be vulnerable to effects of climate change. Nevertheless, nothing is known about the form or extent of these potential impacts. Bibliography. Macleod et al. (2006), Mead (1989c), Rice (1998)., Published as part of Russell A. Mittermeier & Don E. Wilson, 2014, Ziphiidae, pp. 326-357 in Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 4 Sea Mammals, Barcelona :Lynx Edicions on page 349, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6608481

12. True’s Beaked Whale Mesoplodon marus French: Baleine-a-bec de True / German: True-Zweizahnwal / Spanish: Zifio de True Taxonomy. Mesoplodon mirus True, 1913, USA, “stranded in the outer bank of Bird Island Shoal in the harbor of Beaufort, North Carolina.” There are currently no recognized subspecies, but it is possible that the northern and southern forms are sufficiently distinct to be considered subspecies. Monotypic. Distribution. Anti-tropical distribution: N Atlantic Ocean, in a poorly defined region ranging from Ireland to the Canary Is in the E, and from Nova Scotia to Florida in the W, Southern Hemisphere, recorded in S Brazil, South Africa, Madagascar, and S Australia. Nevertheless, due to the small number of records, the full extent of its distribution in the Southern Hemisphere is unclear. Descriptive notes. Total length 480-540 cm; weight 1000-1400 kg. Female True’s Beaked Whales may beslightly larger than males. Body is spindle-shaped, with greatest girth around its midpoint. Flukes are wide in relation to body length, and tailstock is compressed laterally. Dorsal fin is small and set approximately two-thirds the distance between tip of the beak and end of the tail. Coloration differs between True’s Beaked Whales found in the North Atlantic Ocean and those found in the Southern Hemisphere. In the Northern Hemisphere form, individuals are medium to dark gray on top and paler underneath, with a dark patch just behind the eye. In the Southern Hemisphere form, there is an additional white or pale area on each side on the flank from the dorsal fin back toward flukes. Adult males may have a number of long white lines that are unpigmented scars from aggressive male-male interactions. Rostrum and lowerjaw form a short but distinct beak, and there are two grooves on the throat. Adult males have a pair of conical tusks at the tip of the rostrum; these may become heavily worn over time. Habitat. Primarily waters greater than 200 m deep. In common with other species of Mesoplodon, True’s Beaked Whales may be more common in areas of complex seabed topography, but this still has to be confirmed. Food and Feeding. Little is known about the diet of True’s Beaked Whale, but in common with other species of Mesoplodon, it is presumed to feed on deep-water squid and deep-water fish. As with other species of beaked whales, True’s Beaked Whales likely forage at depths greater than 500 m for much of their lives. Breeding. There is no information available for this species. Activity patterns. There is no information available for this species. Movements, Home range and Social organization. There is no specific information available for this species, but sightings at sea have been of relatively small groups of five or fewer individuals. Nothing is known about typical composition of these groups. Status and Conservation. CITES Appendix II. Classified as Data Deficient on The IUCN Red List. There are no estimates of global population size of True’s Beaked Whale. Like other species of beaked whales, True’s Beaked Whale is potentially affected by ingestion of plastic debris, bycatch in driftnet fisheries, and noise pollution. As a species restricted to cooler waters, it may also be vulnerable to effects of climate change. Nevertheless, nothing is known about the form or extent of these potential impacts. Bibliography. Dalebout et al. (2007), MacLeod et al. (2006), Mead (1989b), Rice (1998), Ross (1984)., Published as part of Russell A. Mittermeier & Don E. Wilson, 2014, Ziphiidae, pp. 326-357 in Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 4 Sea Mammals, Barcelona :Lynx Edicions on page 352, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6608481

22. Gervais’s Beaked Whale Mesoplodon europaeus French: Baleine-a-bec de Gervais / German: Gervais-Zweizahnwal / Spanish: Zifio de Gervais Other common names: European Beaked Whale, Gulf Stream Beaked Whale Taxonomy. Diophlodon europaeus Gervais, 1855, English Channel, “qui provient d’un individu harponné dans la Manche.” This species is monotypic. Distribution. Endemic to subtropical and tropical waters of the Atlantic Ocean in an area ranging from N USA to Brazil and from Ireland to Guinea-Bissau; its distribution may continue as far S as Uruguay in the W, and possibly as far S as Angola in the E. It is occasionally recorded stranding in temperate waters, but these may represent vagrant individuals. Descriptive notes. Total length 420-485 cm; weight ¢.800 kg (unconfirmed). Gervais’s Beaked Whale is one of the few species of beaked whales where females are larger than males, although this difference is relatively small: females are only 6% longer than males. Body is spindle-shaped, with greatest girth around its midpoint. Flukes are wide in relation to body length, and tailstock is compressed laterally. Dorsal fin is small and set approximately two-thirds the distance between tip of the beak and end of the tail. Coloration is typically dark brown, dark gray, or black and paler underneath. There may be a white patch around the genitalslit in some adult females. Rostrum and lower jaw form a beak thatis indistinct from the low, sloping forehead. There are two grooves on the throat. Adult male Gervais’s Beaked Whales have a single triangular tusk on each side of the lower jaw. Tusks are positioned close to but not at tip of mandible. Adult males may have long, linear pale scars on their backs that are caused by tusks of other males during male-male combat. Habitat. Primarily waters greater than 200 m deep. Occurrence of Gervais’s Beaked Whale may be linked to areas of complex seabed topography. Food and Feeding. Little is known about the diet of Gervais’s Beaked Whales. In common with other species of beaked whales, they are thought to consume deep-water squid and,to a lesser extent, deep-water fish. They may also be one of the few species of beaked-whales that commonly consume deep-water crustaceans. Breeding. Almost nothing is known about the reproductive biology of Gervais’s Beaked Whale. Females give birth to a single offspring after gestation that is likely twelve months. Offspring are likely dependent on their mothers for at least one year. Individuals may live as long as 48 years. Activity patterns. There is no information available for this species. Movements, Home range and Social organization. There is no specific information available for this species, but they are known to occur in small groups that typically consist of fewer than five individuals. Nothing is known about the typical composition of these groups. Status and Conservation. CITES Appendix II. Classified as Data Deficient on The [UCN Red List. There are no estimates of global population size of Gervais’s Beaked Whale. Like other species of beaked whales, Gervais’s Beaked Whale is potentially affected by ingestion of plastic debris and noise pollution, and it may be caught as bycatch in driftnet fisheries. Nevertheless, nothing is known about the form or extent of these potential impacts. Bibliography. Macleod (2006), MacLeod & D'Amico (2006), MacLeod et al. (2006), Mead (1989b), Norman & Mead (2001)., Published as part of Russell A. Mittermeier & Don E. Wilson, 2014, Ziphiidae, pp. 326-357 in Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 4 Sea Mammals, Barcelona :Lynx Edicions on page 357, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6608481

15. Gray’s Beaked Whale Mesoplodon grayi French: Baleine-a-bec de Gray / German: Gray-Zweizahnwal / Spanish: Zifio de Gray Other common names: Scamperdown Whale, Southern Beaked Whale Taxonomy. Mesoplodon gray: Von Haast, 1876, New Zealand, “the Chatham Islands...from specimens stranded...on the Waitangi beach of the main island of that group.” This species is monotypic. Distribution. Ranges from temperate waters of the S Atlantic, Indian, and S Pacific oceans to waters of Antarctica. A single specimen stranded on the Dutch coast is thought to have been a vagrant individual. Descriptive notes. Total length 450-500 cm; weight ¢.900 kg (unconfirmed). Body of Gray's Beaked Whale is spindle-shaped, with greatest girth around its midpoint. Flukes are wide in relation to body length, and tailstock is compressed laterally. Dorsal fin is small and set approximately two-thirds the distance betweentip of the beak and end of the tail. Colorationis typically dark brown, dark gray, or black and paler on the ventral surface. Tip of rostrum is often colored white, especially in adult males. Rostrum and lower jaw form a long distinct beak, and there are two grooves on the throat. Adult males have a single tusk on each side of the lower jaw; tusks are positioned about halfway along the jaw line. Tusks are approximately triangular but may become heavily worn over time. Habitat. Waters greater than 200 m deep. In common with other species of Mesoplodon, Gray's Beaked Whale may be more common in areas of complex seabed topography, but this still has to be confirmed. Food and Feeding. While it is often assumed that Gray's Beaked Whales consume deep-water cephalopods, analyses of stomach contents suggest that they may primarily consume deep-water fish species. In common with other species of beaked whales, Gray's Beaked Whales likely forage at depths greater than 500 m for much of their lives. Breeding. Almost nothing is known about the reproductive biology of Gray’s Beaked Whale. Females give birth to a single offspring after gestation that is likely twelve months. Offspring likely remain dependent on their mothers for at least one year. Activity patterns. There is no information available for this species. Movements, Home range and Social organization. There is no specific information available for this species, but sightings of Gray's Beaked Whales at sea tend to be of relatively small groups of five or fewer individuals. Nothing is known about the typical composition of these groups. Status and Conservation. CITES Appendix II. Classified as Data Deficient on The [UCN Red List. There are no estimates of global population size of Gray's Beaked Whale. It may be one of the more abundant species of Mesoplodon and may be relatively common in some areas, such as waters to the south of New Zealand. Like other species of beaked whales, Gray’s Beaked Whale is potentially affected by ingestion of plastic debris and noise pollution, and individuals can be caught as bycatch in driftnet fisheries. As a species restricted to cooler waters, it may also be vulnerable to effects of climate change. Nevertheless, nothing is known about the form or extent ofthese potential impacts. Bibliography. Macleod, Perrin et al. (2006), MacLeod, Santos & Pierce (2003), Mead (1989b), Rice (1998)., Published as part of Russell A. Mittermeier & Don E. Wilson, 2014, Ziphiidae, pp. 326-357 in Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 4 Sea Mammals, Barcelona :Lynx Edicions on page 355, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6608481

16. Ginkgo-toothed Beaked Whale Mesoplodon ginkgodens French: Baleine-a-bec du Japon / German: Japan-Zweizahnwal / Spanish: Zifio de dientes de Ginkgo Other common names: Japanese Beaked Whale Taxonomy. Mesoplodon ginkgodens Nishiwaki & Kamiya, 1958, Japan, “Oiso Beach, Sagami Bay, near Tokyo.” Historically, there has been confusion about the number ofspecies or subspecies contained in the classification of M. ginkgodens. It was originaly described in 1958 from an animal which stranded in Japan, while a second similar species, M. hotaula, was described independently in 1963 from an animal which stranded in Sri Lanka. Based on morphological similarities, these two species were synonymized under the name M. ginkgodens by J. C. Moore and R. M. Gilmore in 1965. However, recent molecular analysis, published in 2014, has resulted in these two species being separated again. Monotypic. Distribution. Warmer waters ofthe Pacific and Indian oceans in an area ranging from S India and Sri Lanka to Taiwan, Japan, SE Australia, Galapagos Is, and California. Exact distribution remains unclear due to the small number of known strandings, and the taxonomic confusion between the Ginkgo-toothed Beaked Whale and the Deraniyagala’s Beaked Whale (Mesoplodonhotaula). Descriptive notes. Total length 470-528 cm; weight ¢.1000 kg (unconfirmed). Body of the Ginkgo-toothed Beaked Whale is spindle-shaped, with greatest girth around its midpoint. Flukes are wide in relation to body length, and tailstock is compressed laterally. Dorsal fin is small and set approximately two-thirds the distance between tip of the beak and end ofthe tail. Coloration is typically dark brown, dark gray, or black. Female and juvenile Ginkgo-toothed Beaked Whales may be paler on ventral surface. Rostrum and lower jaw form a beak that is indistinct from the low sloping forehead. There are two grooves on the throat. Adult males have a single tusk on each side of the lower jaw. Tusks are positioned approximately one-third of the way along the mandibles, but only the very tips of tusks emerge from gums. Male Ginkgo-toothed Beaked Whales are unusual because they seem to lack any of the long, pale, linear scars caused by tusks of other males that are found on males of most species of beaked whales. Habitat. Primarily waters greater than 200 m deep. Nothing further is known about habitat preferences of Ginkgo-toothed Beaked Whales. Food and Feeding. There is no specific information available for this species, but in common with other species of beaked whales, Ginkgo-toothed Beaked Whales are thought to consume deep-water squid and, to a lesser extent, deep-water fish. They likely forage at depths greater than 500 m. Breeding. There is no information available for this species. Activity patterns. There is no information available for this species. Movements, Home range and Social organization. There is no specific information available for this species, but Ginkgo-toothed Beaked Whales likely occur in small groups. Status and Conservation. CITES Appendix II. Classified as Data Deficient on The IUCN RedList. There are no estimates of global population size of the Ginkgo-toothed Beaked Whale. Like other species of beaked whales, the Ginkgo-toothed Beaked Whale is potentially affected by ingestion of plastic debris and noise pollution, and individuals can be killed as bycatch in driftnet fisheries. Nevertheless, nothing is known about the form or extent of these potential impacts. Bibliography. Dalebout et al. (2014), MacLeod et al. (2006), Mead (1989b), Moore & Gilmore (1965), Rice (1998)., Published as part of Russell A. Mittermeier & Don E. Wilson, 2014, Ziphiidae, pp. 326-357 in Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 4 Sea Mammals, Barcelona :Lynx Edicions on page 355, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6608481

4. Northern Bottlenose Whale Hyperoodon ampullatus French: Baleine-a-bec boréale / German: Nordlicher Entenwal / Spanish: Zifio calderén septentrional Other common names: Bottlehead, Bottlie, Common Bottlenose Whale, Flounder's Head, North Atlantic Bottlenose Whale Taxonomy. Balaena ampullatus Forster, 1770, Maldon (England). Forster named this species based on descriptions of whales seen at sea by P. Kalm during his travels in North America and on the description written by T. Pennant in 1769 of S. Dale’s “beaked whale” which was found stranded in Maldon, Essex, United Kingdom,as long ago as September 1717. Monotypic. Distribution. Restricted to the cooler waters of the N Atlantic Ocean, as far N as the Davis Strait, Jan Mayen, and Spitsbergen, and as far S as NE USA, Azores, and Canary Is; in E Atlantic Ocean, this species appears to be relatively rare S of Bay of Biscay. Although its occurrence seems to be relatively continuous in some parts of its distribution, such as in the E Atlantic Ocean, it appears to be more fragment ed in others, such as in the waters off E Canada. Descriptive notes. Total length 600-1000 cm; weight 7500-10,000 kg. The Northern Bottlenose Whale is the only beaked whale where there is evidence that adult males are consistently larger than adult females. Body is spindle-shaped, with greatest girth around its midpoint. Flukes are wide in relation to body length, and tailstock is compressed laterally. Dorsal fin is small and set approximately two-thirds the distance between tip of the beak and end of the tail. Coloration is typically dark brown, dark gray, or black. Unlike many other species of beaked whales, Northern Bottlenose Whales, even older males, do not accumulate white linear scars resulting from intraspecific aggression. Rostrum and lower jaw form a short but well-defined beak, and there are two grooves on the throat. Shape of forehead is notably sexual dimorphic. In young males and females, forehead is rounded and similar to that of the bottlenose dolphins (7ursiops spp.). As males mature, forehead becomes enlarged and flattened due to growth of bony crests on maxillary bones of the skull. When fully mature, heads of adult males can rise almost vertically from the beak. With maturity, pigmentation of skin on the front of the forehead may become reduced until it becomes a pale white in the oldest males. Unlike many other species of beaked whales, adult males have no functional teeth and lack tusks that are one of the most distinctive features of the family Ziphiidae. Habitat. Deep oceanic waters and generally in areas where water depths are greater than 500 m. Northern Bottlenose Whales appear to favor areas with complex seabed topography and are most commonly recorded in canyons along shelf margins, around oceanic islands, or around seamounts. Northern Bottlenose Whales may be yearround residents in some locations. In others, there is evidence of large-scale seasonal movements. In particular, a large number of individuals seem to move into the Norwegian Sea in early spring and summer and move out again in late summer and early autumn. Its not known where these individuals go, but seasonal patterns of strandings around the Faroe Islands, UK, and the Republic of Ireland suggest that they may move through the Faroe-Shetland channel and into the Atlantic Frontier region to the west of the British Isles. During these movements, it is not uncommon for some individual Northern Bottlenose Whales to stray into shallower shelf waters, where they may remain for extended periods of time before either leaving or stranding. Food and Feeding. Primary prey of the Northern Bottlenose Whale throughout most of its distribution is the squid Gonatusfabricii, but they consume a wide range ofspecies of deep-water squid, and deep-water fish are not uncommon in the diet in some locations. They primarily consume a very narrow range of prey sizes. Most prey is 0-5-6% of an individual whale’s total body length. Prey capture is almost certainly achieved through suction feeding. Information from dive tags suggests that most foraging of Northern Bottlenose Whales occurs at or near the seabed and that they spend ¢.67% of theirlife at water depths greater than 1000 m. Individual dives are commonly longer than 30 minutes and may last more than an hour. Breeding. Northern Bottlenose Whales become sexually mature at a body length of ¢.600 cm for females and c.730 cm for males when they are 7-8 years old. Gestation lasts for ¢.12 months, and a single offspring is born at a length of ¢.300-350 cm. Weaning is thought to occur after one year, and there may be a minimum of two years between births. Nothing is known of the courtship behavior of Northern Bottlenose Whales, but it appears that males engage in aggressive interactions that involve head butting, and this may be the function of the large maxillary crests found in adult males. Males also appear to form long-term alliances, but it is not known how this relates to mating. Northern Bottlenose Whales maylive as long as 37 years, with males possibly living longer than females. Activity patterns. There is no specific information available for this species, but the majority of their time is spent foraging at depths greater than 500 m. Movements, Home range and Social organization. Some populations of Northern Bottlenose Whales, such as the one found in and around the Gully (a submarine canyon off the east coast of Nova Scotia, Canada), are known to be resident, but there is evidence of large-scale seasonal movements in other areas, such as the Norwegian Sea. Movements of individuals have only been studied in the population found in the Gully. Individuals studied remain resident in this area for extended periods of time; however, it is not known how representative this population is of the species as a whole. Northern Bottlenose Whales usually occur in small groups of 1-4 individuals, with a maximum group size of¢.20 individuals. Studies ofthe social organization of the Gully population suggest that it has a social system similar to that of some populations of Common Bottlenose Dolphin (Tursiops truncatus), where males form long-term stable alliances and females form loose and more fluid associations. Nevertheless, it is not known how representative thisis of the species as a whole. Evidence from whaling suggests that a tight social bond can exist among individuals in a single group, with other whales coming to the aid of a harpooned individual. Status and Conservation. CITES Appendix I. Classified as Data Deficient on The IUCN Red List. There are no estimates of global population size of Northern Bottlenose Whales, although estimates are available from some regions. A population of ¢.40,000 individuals has been estimated for the eastern North Atlantic as a whole, with estimates ofjust over 3000 individuals for Icelandic waters and just under 300 for Faroese waters. However,it is not clear how reliable these estimates are due to difficulties associated with conducting surveys for deep-diving species that spend prolonged periods of time below the surface. An isolated population of ¢.160 individuals is known to occur around the Gully off Nova Scotia. Commercial whalers hunted Northern Bottlenose Whales, and more than 65,000 were killed between the mid-1800s when they were first targeted and 1977 when whaling for this species was banned. By then, the global population may have been as low as 30% ofits pre-whaling size. It is now estimated to have rebounded to ¢.60% of that size, but it is thought that many subpopulations are still depleted. Small numbers of Northern Bottlenose Whales are still killed in traditional drive fisheries in the Faroe Islands from time to time. Although whaling was the main conservation issue for Northern Bottlenose Whales in the past, at present other known or potential impacts are of more concern. These include damage to deep-water ecosystems from fishing and noise pollution from shipping and military activities. Impacts of such activities on oceanic species are difficult to study and quantify, and it is not currently known how great a threat they are to Northern Bottlenose Whales as a species or to individual populations or subpopulations within their distribution. As a species restricted to cooler waters, Northern Bottlenose Whales may also be at risk from effects of climate change. Nevertheless, nothing is known about the form or extent of these potential impacts. Bibliography. Gowans & Rendell (1999), Gowans et al. (2001), Hooker, Whitehead & Gowans (1999), Hooker, Whitehead, Gowans & Baird (2002), MacLeod (2006, 2009), MacLeod & D'Amico (2006), Macleod, Perrin et al. (2006), MacLeod, Pierce & Santos (2004), MacLeod, Santos & Pierce (2003), Mead (1989a), Rice (1998)., Published as part of Russell A. Mittermeier & Don E. Wilson, 2014, Ziphiidae, pp. 326-357 in Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 4 Sea Mammals, Barcelona :Lynx Edicions on pages 348-349, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6608481

17. Deraniyagala’s Beaked Whale Mesoplodon hotaula French: Baleine-a-bec de Deraniyagala / German: Deraniyagala-Zweizahnwal / Spanish: Zifio de Deraniyagala Taxonomy. Mesoplodon hotaula Deraniyagala, 1963, Sri Lanka, washed ashore “in a dying condition” on 26 January 1963 at Ratmalana (6° 49’ N, 79° 52’ E), approxiately 8 km south of Colombo, on the west coast of Sri Lanka. Historically, there has been confusion about whether or not M. hotaula represents a species in its own right. It was originally described in 1963 from an animal which stranded in Sri Lanka, but based on morphological similarities, J. C. Moore and R. M. Gilmore synonymized it with M. ginkgodens in 1965. However, recent molecular analysis, published in 2014, has resulted in M. hotaula being resurrected as a species in its own right. Monotypic. Distribution. Warmer waters ofthe Pacific and Indian oceans in an area ranging from E Africa, S India and Sri Lanka to Galapagos Is, and possibly as far as Central and South America. Exact distribution remains unclear due to the small number of known strandings, and the taxonomic confusion between the Deraniyagala’s Beaked Whale and the Ginkgo-toothed Beaked Whale (M. ginkgodens). Descriptive notes. Total length ¢.400-450 cm; weight ¢.1000 kg (unconfirmed). Body of the Deraniyagala’s Beaked Whale is spindle-shaped, with greatest girth around its midpoint. Flukes are wide in relation to body length, and tailstock is compressed laterally. Dorsal fin is small and set approximately two-thirds the distance between tip of the beak and end ofthe tail. Colorationis typically dark on top and light ventrally, with a pale lowerjaw and chin. Rostrum and lowerjaw form a beak that is indistinct from the low sloping forehead. There are two grooves on the throat. Adult males have a single tusk on each side of the lower jaw. Tusks are positioned approximately one-third of the way along the mandibles. In common with Ginkgo-toothed Beaked Whales, male Deraniyagala’s Beaked Whale may lack anyof the long, pale, linear scars caused by tusks of other males that are found on males of most species of beaked whales, but this is based on information from a single individual. However, broken tusks on two specimens suggests that aggressive male—male combat (the cause ofsuch scars) may occur. Habitat. Primarily waters greater than 200 m deep. Nothing further is known about habitat preferences of Deraniyagala’s Beaked Whales. Food and Feeding. There is no specific information available for this species, but in common with other species of beaked whales, Deraniyagala’s Beaked Whale are thought to consume deep-water squid and, to a lesser extent, deep-water fish. They likely forage at depths greater than 500 m. Breeding. There is no information available for this species. Activity patterns. There is no information available for this species. Movements, Home range and Social organization. There is no specific information available for this species, but Deraniyagala’s Beaked Whaleslikely occur in small groups. Status and Conservation. As a new species, Deraniyagala’s Beaked Whale has not yet evaluated. However,it is mostlikely it will be listed on CITES Appendix II (along with most other beaked whales) and classified as Data Deficient on The IUCN Red List. There are no estimates of global population size of the Deraniyagala’s Beaked Whale. Like other species of beaked whales, the Deraniyagala’s Beaked Whale is potentially affected by ingestion of plastic debris and noise pollution, and individuals can be killed as bycatch in driftnet fisheries. Nevertheless, nothing is known about the form or extent of these potential impacts. Bibliography. Dalebout et al. (2014), Moore & Gilmore (1965)., Published as part of Russell A. Mittermeier & Don E. Wilson, 2014, Ziphiidae, pp. 326-357 in Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 4 Sea Mammals, Barcelona :Lynx Edicions on pages 355-356, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6608481

18. Sowerby’s Beaked Whale Mesoplodon bidens French: Baleine-a-bec de Sowerby / German: Sowerby-Zweizahnwal / Spanish: Zifio de Sowerby Other common names: North Atlantic Beaked Whale, North Sea Beaked Whale Taxonomy. Physeter bidens Sowerby, 1804, UK, Scotland, “stranded on the estate of James Brodie, Esq. F. LL. S., in the county of Elgin.” This species is monotypic. Distribution. Restricted to the cooler waters of the N Atlantic Ocean from 71° 30" N in the Norwegian Sea, Iceland, and [Labrador (Canada) in the N, to Madeira, Azores, and NE USA to the S; single records from the Gulf of Mexico and E Mediterranean Sea are thought to represent vagrant individuals. In general, this species appears to be more widespread in E Atlantic Ocean than in W Atlantic Ocean, which may be related to preferences for cooler water temperatures. Descriptive notes. Total length 450-550 cm; weight 1000-1500 kg. Body of Sowerby’s Beaked Whale is spindle-shaped, with greatest girth around its midpoint. Flukes are wide in relation to body length, and tailstock is compressed laterally. Dorsalfin is small and set approximately two-thirds the distance between tip of the beak and end of the tail. Coloration is typically dark brown, dark gray, or black on top and paler underneath. Rostrum and lowerjaw form a long, well-defined beak, and there are two grooves on the throat. Adult males have two triangular tusks midway along the lower jaw that stick up alongside the upperjaw. Tusks can become heavily worn in older males, and they do not erupted in juveniles and adult females. Adult males may also have many long pale scars that are caused by the tusks of other males during male-male combat. Habitat. Generally restricted to water depths greater than 200 m. Most sightings of Sowerby’s Beaked Whales are associated with areas of complex seabed topography, such as shelf edges, canyons, seamounts, and oceanic islands, but they may also occur in other oceanic habitats. Distribution of Sowerby’s Beaked Whaleis restricted to cooler waters, and most records come from waters cooler than 15°C. Food and Feeding. Sowerby’s Beaked Whale is one of the few species of beaked whales that seems to primarily consume deep-water fish rather than deep-water squid. It is known to take a wide range of bentho-pelagic fish, including deep-water gadoids. Almost all of its prey is 1-6% of an individual’s total body length, with a clear mode at 2-3%. In common with other species of beaked whales, feeding likely occursat great depth, often over 500 m and possibly as deep as 3000 m or more. Foraging dives may be up to an hourin length. Breeding. Little is known about breeding in Sowerby’s Beaked Whale. Although unconfirmed,it is thought that reproduction is seasonal, with offspring born in spring or summer, and that gestation is twelve months. Activity patterns. There is no information available for this species. Movements, Home range and Social organization. There is no specific information available for this species, but as with other species of Mesoplodon, Sowerby’s Beaked Whale is seen in small groups, typically of five individuals or less, and groups larger than ten individuals are rarely encountered. Small groups tend to consist of females and immature individuals with one adult male. Larger groups may contain more than one adult male. Status and Conservation. CITES Appendix II. Classified as Data Deficient on The [UCN Red List. There are no estimates of global population size of Sowerby’s Beaked Whale. It is one of the most commonly encountered species of Mesoplodon within much ofits distribution. As with other species of beaked whales, Sowerby’s Beaked Whale may be at risk from climate change, noise pollution, bycatch by driftnetfisheries, and ingestion ofplastic debris. Nevertheless, nothing is known about the form or extent of these potential impacts. Bibliography. Hooker & Baird (1999b), Macleod (2006), MacLeod & DAmico (2006), MacLeod, Perrin et al. (2006), MacLeod, Santos & Pierce (2003), Mead (1989b)., Published as part of Russell A. Mittermeier & Don E. Wilson, 2014, Ziphiidae, pp. 326-357 in Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 4 Sea Mammals, Barcelona :Lynx Edicions on page 356, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6608481

Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2014): Ziphiidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 4 Sea Mammals. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 326-357, ISBN: 978-84-96553-93-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6608481

7. Longman’s Beaked Whale Indopacetus pacificus French: Baleine-a-bec de Longman / German: Indopazifik-Schnabelwal / Spanish: Zifio de Longman Other common names: Indo-Pacific Beaked Whale, Tropical Bottlenose Whale Taxonomy. Mesoplodon pacificus Longman, 1926. Australia, Queensland, “found at Mackay.” This species is monotypic. Distribution. Throughout the warmest waters of the Indian and Pacific oceans, it has a cross-equatorial distribution occurring from as far N as the Arabian Sea, S India, Japan, and Mexico to as far S as South Africa and Australia; its occurrence appears to be relatively continuous within its distribution; it has not been recorded in the Atlantic Ocean. Descriptive notes. Total length 565-650 cm; weight ¢.7500 kg (unconfirmed). Until the start of the 21* century, Longman’s Beaked Whale was only known, with any certainty, from two partial skulls, and even today little is known about its morphology because few stranded specimens have been studied. Sightings at sea do provide some basic information about what Longman’s Beaked Whale looks like, and it appears to be similar to the Southern Bottlenose Whale (Hyperoodon planifrons). Body of Longman’s Beaked Whale is spindle-shaped, with greatest girth around its midpoint. Flukes are wide in relation to body length, and tailstock is compressed laterally. Dorsal fin is small and set approximately two-thirds of the distance between tip of the beak and end of the tail. Coloration is typically dark brown, dark gray, or black. Rostrum and lower jaw form a short but well-defined beak, and there are two grooves on the throat. Dentition of Longman’s Beaked Whale is restricted to a single pair of tusks at the tip of the lower jaw. These teeth only erupt in males, where they form a pair of conical tusks. Habitat. There is no specific information available for this species, but like all species of beaked whales, Longman’s Beaked Whale is restricted to deeper oceanic waters. Food and Feeding. There is no specific information available for this species, but L.ongman’s Beaked Whale is presumed, like other beaked whale species, to feed on deepwater squid and fish species. In common with other species of beaked whales, feeding of Longman’s Beaked Whale is likely to occur at great depth, often over 500 m and possibly as deep as 3000 m or more. Foraging dives may be up to an hour in length. Breeding. There is no information available for this species. Activity patterns. There is no specific information available for this species, but if, as is the case in other species of beaked whales, it consumes relatively small prey, Longman’s Beaked Whales spend a large proportion (60-70%) of their time foraging. Movements, Home range and Social organization. There is no specific information available for this species, but Longman’s Beaked Whale is one of only three species of beaked whales that occurs in large groups. Maximum group size is ¢.100 individuals, while the average group size is ¢.20 individuals. Nothing is known about composition of these groups. Status and Conservation. CITES Appendix II. Classified as Data Deficient on The [UCN Red List. There are no estimates of global population size of Longman’s Beaked Whale. It is thought to be more abundant in the western part of its distribution, where water temperatures are warmer, but it does not appear to be a particularly common. It has been estimated that there may be ¢.1000 Longman’s Beaked Whales in waters around Hawaii and ¢.300 in the eastern North Pacific. Nothing is known about threats to Longman’s Beaked Whale, although potential threats include being killed as bycatch in driftnet fisheries, noise pollution, and ingestion of plastic debris. Bibliography. Anderson et al. (2006), Dalebout et al. (2003), MacLeod et al. (2006), Mead (1989b), Pitman et al. (1999), Rice (1998)., Published as part of Russell A. Mittermeier & Don E. Wilson, 2014, Ziphiidae, pp. 326-357 in Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 4 Sea Mammals, Barcelona :Lynx Edicions on page 351, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6608481

Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2014): Ziphiidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 4 Sea Mammals. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 326-357, ISBN: 978-84-96553-93-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6608481

11. Perrin’s Beaked Whale Mesoplodon perrini French: Baleine-a-bec de Perrin / German: Perrin-Zweizahnwal / Spanish: Zifio de Perrin Other common names: California Beaked Whale Taxonomy. Mesoplodon perrini Dalebout et al., 2002, USA, Carlsbad, California. This species is monotypic. Distribution. It is known from a handful of strandings on California coast in W USA, and one possible sighting at sea, also off California; it is not known how reflective these records are of the actual distribution of the species at sea. Descriptive notes. Total length 390-443 cm; weight ¢.700 kg (unconfirmed). Body of Perrin’s Beaked Whale is spindle-shaped, with greatest girth around its midpoint. Flukes are wide in relation to body length, and tailstock is compressed laterally. Dorsal fin is small and set approximately two-thirds the distance between tip of the beak and end of the tail. Coloration of Perrin’s Beaked Whale is poorly known, but it appears to be dark on top and paler underneath. Adult males may have a number of long white lines that are unpigmented scars from aggressive male—male interactions. Rostrum and lower jaw form a short indistinct beak, and there are two grooves on the throat. In adult males, there is a pair of laterally compressed, triangular tusks close to the tip of the lower jaw. Habitat. There is no specific information available for this species, but it is presumed to occur primarily in waters greater than 200 m deep. Food and Feeding. There is no specific information available for this species, but in common with other species of Mesoplodon, it is presumed to feed on deep-water squid and deep-water fish. As with other species of beaked whales, Perrin’s Beaked Whales are likely to forage at depths greater than 500 m for much oftheir lives. Breeding. There is no information available for this species. Activity patterns. There is no information available for this species. Movements, Home range and Social organization. There is no information available for this species. Status and Conservation. CITES Appendix II. Classified as Data Deficient on The [UCN Red List. There are no estimates of global population size of Perrin’s Beaked Whale. Like other species of beaked whales, Perrin’s Beaked Whale is potentially affected by ingestion of plastic debris, bycatch in driftnetfisheries, and noise pollution. Nevertheless, nothing is known about the form or extent of these potential impacts. Bibliography. Dalebout et al. (2002), MacLeod et al. (2006), Mead (1989b)., Published as part of Russell A. Mittermeier & Don E. Wilson, 2014, Ziphiidae, pp. 326-357 in Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 4 Sea Mammals, Barcelona :Lynx Edicions on page 352, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6608481

20. Andrews’s Beaked Whale Mesoplodon bowdoini French: Baleine-a-bec d Andrews / German: Andrews-Zweizahnwal / Spanish: Zifio de Andrews Other common names: Splaytooth Beaked Whale Taxonomy. Mesoplodon bowdoini Andrews, 1908, “collected at New Brighton Beach, Canterbury Province, New Zealand.” This species is monotypic. Distribution. Poorly known, but it appears to be restricted to cooler waters of the Southern Hemisphere between 32° S and the Antarctic convergence; it has been recorded stranding in New Zealand, Australia, Tristan da Cunha, and Tierra del Fuego. Its distribution may be circumpolar, but it is also possible that there is a gap in its distribution between the Chatham Is and South America. Descriptive notes. Total length 390-441 cm; weight ¢.1000 kg (unconfirmed). Body of Andrews’s Beaked Whale is spindle-shaped, with greatest girth around its midpoint. Flukes are wide in relation to body length, and tailstock is compressed laterally. Dorsal fin is small and set approximately two-thirds the distance between tip of the beak and end ofthe tail. Coloration is typically dark brown, dark gray, or black. There are two grooves on the throat, and rostrum and lower jaw form a short, poorly defined beak. In adult males, tip of the beak is white, and lower jaw is slightly arched, with a single tusk on each side midway along its length. Males may also have many long pale scars that are caused by tusks of other males during male-male combat. Habitat. Presumably restricted to water depths greater than 200 m, but there have been few confirmed sightings of Andrews’s Beaked Whale at sea. This habitat preference is based on inferences from other related species of beaked whales. Food and Feeding. Little is known of the diet of Andrews’s Beaked Whale, but it is assumed that, as with other species of Mesoplodon, it primarily consumes deep-water squid and deep-water fish. In common with other species of beaked whales, feeding is likely to occur at great depth, often over 500 m and possibly as deep as 3000 m or more. Foraging dives may be up to an hour in length. Breeding. There is no specific information available for this species, but it is assumed that tusks are used during aggressive interactions between males, presumably over females. Activity patterns. There is no information available for this species. Movements, Home range and Social organization. There is no specific information available forthis species, but as with other species of Mesoplodon,it likely occurs in small groupsoffive or fewer individuals. Status and Conservation. CITES Appendix II. Classified as Data Deficient on The [UCN Red List. There are no estimates of global population size of Andrews’s Beaked Whale. It is not known whether lack of confirmed sightings means that it is genuinely rare, or whetherit is just difficult to detect and identify with any level of accuracy. Like other species of beaked whales, Andrews’s Beaked Whale may be at risk from a range of human activities including climate change, noise pollution, bycatch, and ingestion of plastic debris. Nevertheless, nothing is known about the form or extent of these potential impacts. Bibliography. Baker (2001), MacLeod et al. (2006), Mead (1989b)., Published as part of Russell A. Mittermeier & Don E. Wilson, 2014, Ziphiidae, pp. 326-357 in Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 4 Sea Mammals, Barcelona :Lynx Edicions on pages 356-357, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6608481

13. Strap-toothed Whale Mesoplodon layardii French: Baleine-a-bec de Layard / German: Layard-Zweizahnwal / Spanish: Zifio de Layard Other common names: Layard’s Beaked Whale, Strap-toothed Beaked Whale Taxonomy. Ziphius layardii Gray, 1865, type locality not given, probably South Africa. This species is monotypic. Distribution. Occurs from the temperate waters of S Atlantic, Indian, and S Pacific oceans to the waters of Antarctica. A record from Burma (= Myanmar) is thought to represent a vagrant individual. Descriptive notes. Total length 550-625 cm; weight 1000-1300 kg. Female Strap-toothed Whales are c¢.5% larger than males. Body is spindle-shaped, with greatest girth around its midpoint. Flukes are wide in relation to body length, and tailstock is compressed laterally. Dorsal fin is small and set approximately two-thirds the distance between tip of the beak and end ofthe tail. Straptoothed Whales are a mix of black and yellowish-gray or white. Rostrum and lower jaw form a long, distinct beak, and there are two grooves on the throat. Adult males have a single tusk on each side of the lowerjaw; these tusks are positioned approximately halfway along the jaw line. Tusks are approximately triangular in maturing males, but in fully adult males, they can be up to 30 cm long and cross over the top of the upper jaw, apparently limiting the extent to which individuals can open their jaws, but this does not seem to interfere with feeding. Habitat. Primarily waters greater than 200 m deep. As with other species of Mesoplodon, Strap-toothed Whales may be more common in areas of complex seabed topography, but thisstill has to be confirmed. Food and Feeding. Strap-toothed Whales consume a wide variety of species of deepwater squid. Although tusks of adult males appearto limit the extent to which they can open their jaws, this does not appear to affect feeding ability. In common with other species of beaked whales, Strap-toothed Whales likely forage at depths greater than 500 m for much of their lives. Breeding. Female Strap-toothed Whales give birth to a single offspring after gestation thatis likely twelve months. Offspring are likely to remain dependent on their mothers for at least one year. Activity patterns. There is no information available for this species. Movements, Home range and Social organization. There is no specific information available for this species, but sightings of Strap-toothed Whales at sea tend to be of relatively small groups of five or fewer individuals. Nothing is known about the typical composition of these groups. Status and Conservation. CITES Appendix II. Classified as Data Deficient on The IUCN Red List. There are no estimates of global population size of the Straptoothed Whale. Like other species of beaked whales, the Strap-toothed Whale is potentially affected by ingestion of plastic debris and noise pollution, and individuals may be caught as bycatch in driftnet fisheries. As a species restricted to cooler waters, Strap-toothed Whales also may be vulnerable to impacts of climate change. Nevertheless, nothing is known about the form or extent of these potential impacts. Bibliography. Macleod et al. (2006), Mead (1989b), Sekiguchi et al. (1996)., Published as part of Russell A. Mittermeier & Don E. Wilson, 2014, Ziphiidae, pp. 326-357 in Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 4 Sea Mammals, Barcelona :Lynx Edicions on pages 352-353, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6608481

10. Pygmy Beaked Whale Mesoplodon peruvianus French: Baleine-a-bec du Pérou / German: Zwergzweizahnwal / Spanish: Zifio del Peru Other common names: Lesser Beaked Whale, Mesoplodon species A, Peruvian Beaked Whale Taxonomy. Mesoplodon peruvianus Reyes, Mead & Van Waerebeek, 1991, “Playa Paraiso (11° 12’ S), Huacho, Lima, Peru.” This species was formerly known as “ Mesoplodon species A ” based on sightings of a then unknown species of beaked whale. Monotypic. Distribution. E tropical Pacific from 28° N to 29° S. A single record from New Zealand is currently thought to represent a vagrant individual, but it may be that the distribution of this species is wider than initially thought. Descriptive notes. Total length 370-390 cm; weight ¢.500 kg (unconfirmed). Body of the Pygmy Beaked Whale is spindle-shaped, with greatest girth around its midpoint. Flukes are wide in relation to body length, and tailstock is compressed laterally. Dorsal fin is small and set approximately two-thirds the distance between tip of the beak and end of the tail. Females and juvenile Pygmy Beaked Whales are dark on top and paler underneath. Adult males have a distinct white chevron on their backs. Adult males may have a number of long white lines that are unpigmented scars from aggressive male-male interactions. Rostrum and lower jaw form a short but distinct beak, and there are two grooves on the throat. Lower jaw of adult males is arched, and a small pair of tusks is found midway along it. Habitat. All confirmed sightings from deep, oceanic waters, and it is presumed that this reflects habitat preferences of the Pygmy Beaked Whale. Food and Feeding. The Pygmy Beaked Whale is thought to primarily consume deepwater fish, but this is based on a very small sample. It also may consume deep-water squid. As with other species of beaked whales, the Pygmy Beaked Whale is likely to forage at depths greater than 500 m for much ofits life. Breeding. There is no information available for this species. Activity patterns. There is no information available for this species. Movements, Home range and Social organization. There is no specific information available for this species, but it is known to occur in small groups of five or fewer individuals. Typical composition of these groups remains unclear. Status and Conservation. CITES Appendix II. Classified as Data Deficient on The [UCN Red List. There are no estimates of global population size of the Pygmy Beaked Whale. It may be one of the more common species of Mesoplodon in some parts of its distribution. Like other species of beaked whales,it is potentially affected by ingestion of plastic debris, bycatch in driftnet fisheries, and noise pollution. Nevertheless, nothing is known about the form or extent of these potential impacts. Bibliography. Macleod et al. (2006), Pitman & Lynn (2001), Reyes et al. (1991)., Published as part of Russell A. Mittermeier & Don E. Wilson, 2014, Ziphiidae, pp. 326-357 in Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 4 Sea Mammals, Barcelona :Lynx Edicions on page 352, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6608481

2. Arnoux’s Beaked Whale Berardius arnuxii French: Baleine-a-bec dArnoux / German: Arnoux-Schnabelwal / Spanish: Zifio de Arnoux Other common names: New Zealand Beaked Whale, Southern Fourtoothed Whale Taxonomy. Berardius arnuxi Duvernoy, 1851, “échoué sur la cote, dans le port d’Akaroa, presqu’ile de Bancks, dans la Nouvelle-Zélande” (= New Zealand, Canterbury Prov., Akaroa). This species is monotypic. Distribution. Subantarctic and Antarctic waters from Antarctica to South Africa, S Australia, N New Zealand, and South America. Descriptive notes. Total length 800- 930 cm; weight ¢.9000 kg. There is no clear evidence of sexual dimorphism in body size of Arnoux’s Beaked Whale. Its bodyis spindle-shaped, with greatest girth around its midpoint. Flukes are wide in relation to body length, and tailstock is compressed laterally. Dorsal fin is small and set approximately two-thirds the distance between tip of the beak and end ofthe tail. Coloration is typically dark brown, dark gray, or black. Bodies of some individuals, especially older ones, can be covered in white linear scars from intraspecific aggression or pale oval scars from attacks by cookie-cutter sharks (/sistius spp.). Rostrum and lowerjaw form a moderately long beak that is clearly distinct from the melon. Adults have two pairs oftusks set in the lowerjaw; front pair is larger. Unlike many other species of beaked whales, tusks erupt in adults to become functional in both males and females. Tusks of Arnoux’s Beaked Whales can become heavily worn in older individuals. Habitat. There is no specific information available for this species, but like all species of beaked whales, Arnoux’s Beaked Whaleis restricted to deeper oceanic waters. Food and Feeding. Little is known about the diet of Arnoux’s Beaked Whale, but they are known to consume deep-water squid and possibly deep-water fish. In common with otherspecies of beaked whales, feeding is likely to occur at great depth, often greater than 500 m and possibly as deep as 3000 m or more. Foraging dives may be up to an hour in length, and prey capture is likely to be by suction feeding. Breeding. There is no specific information available for this species, but based on information from the related Baird’s Beaked Whale (B. baurdii), individuals are likely to become sexually mature at ¢.10 years of age and physically mature at ¢.20 years. Some individuals may live as long as 80 years. Activity patterns. There is no specific information available for this species, but if, as is the case in other beaked whales, it consumes relatively small prey, individual Arnoux’s Beaked Whales likely spend a large proportion (60-70%) of their time foraging at great depths. Movements, Home range and Social organization. There is no specific information available for this species, but as with the related Baird's Beaked Whale, Arnoux’s Beaked Whale seems to occur in larger groups than most species of beaked whales, and there may be as many as 80 individuals in the largest groups. Groups are likely to contain multiple adult males and females, as well as dependent offspring. Nothing is known about possible substructuring within these groups. Status and Conservation. CITES Appendix I. Classified as Data Deficient on The [IUCN Red List. There are no estimates of global population size of Arnoux’s Beaked Whales. [t appears to be uncommon throughoutits distribution, and it is considered by some to be naturally rare. Arnoux’s Beaked Whale is likely to be affected by the same factors that affect other species of beaked whales, including noise pollution, overfishing of deep-water ecosystems, and ingestion of plastic debris. As a species restricted to cooler water, Arnoux’s Beaked Whales may also be at risk from effects of climate change. Nevertheless, nothing is known about the form or extent of these potential impacts. Bibliography. Balcomb (1989), Macleod (2006), MacLeod & D'Amico (2006), MacLeod et al. (2006), Rice (1998)., Published as part of Russell A. Mittermeier & Don E. Wilson, 2014, Ziphiidae, pp. 326-357 in Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 4 Sea Mammals, Barcelona :Lynx Edicions on page 347, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6608481

19. Blainville’s Beaked Whale Mesoplodon densirostris French: Baleine-a-bec de Blainville / German: Blainville-Zweizahnwal / Spanish: Zifio de Blainville Other common names: Cow-fish, Dense-beaked Whale, Tropical Beaked Whale Taxonomy. Delphinus densirostris de Blainville, 1817, type locality unknown. This species is monotypic. Distribution. Widely distributed in tropical and subtropical waters throughout the world. It is occasionally recorded stranding in temperate waters, but these may represent vagrant individuals. Descriptive notes. Total length 425-475 cm; weight ¢.800 kg (unconfirmed). Body of Blainville’s Beaked Whale is spindle-shaped, with greatest girth around its midpoint. Flukes are wide in relation to body length, and tailstock is compressed laterally. Dorsal fin is small and set approximately two-thirds the distance between tip of the beak and end of the tail. Coloration is typically dark brown, dark gray, or black. Female and juvenile Blainville’s Beaked Whales may be paler on ventral surface; adult males may have a dark underside. Rostrum and lowerjaw form a distinct beak, and there are two grooves on the throat. Lower jaw is clearly arched in males and females, making Blainville’s Beaked Whale one of the most easily recognizable species of Mesoplodon. In adult males,this arching is enhanced to raise tusks above the height of upperjaw and head. Adult males are almost always covered with a tangled mass of ruts and pale scars between blowhole and dorsalfin, and this area may appear almost uniformly white. Tusks of other males cause these injuries during male-male combat. Habitat. Occurs in waters 200 m to 1500 m deep. Blainville’s Beaked Whale is the best known of the species of Mesoplodon and is particularly common around oceanic islands, although it may also occur in the open ocean. One study found that its occurrence was linked to upwelling of deep-water currents that likely increased density of prey in the area where they were found. Food and Feeding. Blainville’s Beaked Whales consume deep-water squid and, to a lesser extent, deep-water fish. They forage at depths of 500-1500 m, usually at or close to the seabed. It appears that prey are pursued and consumed individually, and prey capture is by suction feeding. Breeding. Blainville’s Beaked Whales give birth to a single offspring. Gestation is about twelve months. Young remain with their mothers for several years and may suckle for more than one year. Presence of sexually dimorphic tusks and heavy scarring on adult males indicates that male-male competition is likely intense. Nevertheless, the exact nature of the breeding system of Blainville’s Beaked Whale remains unclear. Activity patterns. Blainville’s Beaked Whales spend the majority of their time foraging at considerable depth. When at the surface, they rarely show conspicuous surface behaviors, although they are known to breach and “spy-hop” (vertical half-rise out of the water) on occasion. Movements, Home range and Social organization. In the few areas where Blainville’s Beaked Whales have been studied, they show a degree ofsite fidelity, with the same individuals being recorded repeatedly in the same areas over a number of years. Nevertheless, sizes of home ranges of individuals remain unknown. Groups of Blainville’s Beaked Whales are typically small, with five or fewer individuals, and usually consist of a number of females, their offspring, and immature individuals. In most groups, a single adult male also is present. In larger groups, there may be more than one adult male, but this is unusual and such sightings may represent a temporary aggregation of two separate groups rather than one true multimale group. Status and Conservation. CITES Appendix II. Classified as Data Deficient on The IUCN Red List. There are no estimates of global population size of Blainville’s Beaked Whale. Itis thought that it is the most widely distributed and one of the most common species of Mesoplodon. Blainville’s Beaked Whale are caught in driftnet fisheries as bycatch and affected by ingestion of plastic debris and noise pollution. In particular, there have been a number of mass strandings that coincided with military exercises that used mid-frequency sonar. Nevertheless, the extent to which this represents a conservation issue for individuals, isolated subpopulations, or for the species as a whole is unknown. Bibliography. Johnson et al. (2004), MacLeod (2006), MacLeod & D'Amico (2006), MacLeod & Zuur (2005), Macleod et al. (2006), Mead (1989b), Tyack et al. (2006)., Published as part of Russell A. Mittermeier & Don E. Wilson, 2014, Ziphiidae, pp. 326-357 in Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 4 Sea Mammals, Barcelona :Lynx Edicions on page 356, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6608481

5. Southern Bottlenose Whale Hyperoodon planifrons French: Baleine-a-bec australe / German: Sidlicher Entenwal / Spanish: Zifio calderén meridional Other common names: Antarctic Bottlenose, Flatheaded Bottlenosed Whale, Flower’s Bottle-nosed Whale, Pacific Beaked Whale Taxonomy. Hyperoodon planifrons Flower, 1882, “found upon the sea-beach of Lewis Island in the Dampier Archipelago, north-western Australia.” This species is monotypic. Distribution. Subantarctic and Antarctic waters from Antarctica to South Africa, S Australia, N New Zealand, and South America. Its occurrence appears to be relatively continuous within its distribution. Descriptive notes. Total length 650- 750 cm; weight ¢.6000-7500 kg. Unlike the closely related Northern Bottlenose Whale (H. ampullatus), there is no evidence that male Southern Bottlenose Whales are larger than females; however, this may be due to a lack of information because there are few accurate measurements of body length. Body is spindle-shaped, with greatest girth around its mid-point. Flukes are wide in relation to body length, and tailstock is compressed laterally. Dorsal fin is small and set approximately two-thirds of the distance between tip of the beak and end of the tail. Coloration is typically dark brown, dark gray, or black. Unlike many other species of beaked whales, Southern Bottlenose Whales do not seem to accumulate white linear scars from intraspecific aggression. Rostrum and lower jaw form a short but well-defined beak, and there are two grooves on the throat. There appears to be similar sexual dimorphism in shape of the forehead of the Southern Bottlenose Whale to that found in the Northern Bottlenose Whale, with the forehead of males becoming enlarged as they mature, but the Southern Bottlenose Whale does not develop large bony crests on maxillary bones of the skull, which is one of the most notable differences between the two species. Unlike many other species of beaked whales, adult male Southern Bottlenose Whales have no functional teeth and lack tusks that are one of the most distinctive features of the family Ziphiidae. Habitat. There is no specific information available for this species, but like all species of beaked whales, the Southern Bottlenose Whale is restricted to deeper oceanic waters. Food and Feeding. Southern Bottlenose Whales are known to consume a wide range of deep-water squid. They may consume deep-waterfish on occasion, but these do not appear to be an important part of their diet. In common with other species of beaked whales, feeding likely occurs at great depth, often over 500 m and possibly as deep as 3000 m or more. Foraging dives may be up to an hour in length. Breeding. There is no specific information available for this species, but based on information from the closely related Northern Bottlenose Whale, the Southern Bottlenose Whale is likely to reach sexually mature at c¢.7-11 years, and individuals may live as long as 37 years. Gestation is presumably about one year, and inter-birth intervals are unlikely to be shorter than two years. Activity patterns. There is no specific information available for this species, but if, as is the case in other species of beaked whales, they consume relatively small prey, individual Southern Bottlenose Whales have to spend a large proportion (60-70%) of their time foraging. Movements, Home range and Social organization. There is no specific information available forthis species, but it appears to occur in small groups of 1-4 individuals, with a maximum group size of ¢.20 individuals. Nothing is known about the composition of these groups. Status and Conservation. CITES Appendix I. Classified as Least Concern on The [UCN Red List. It has been estimated that there may be as many as 600,000 Southern Bottlenose Whales south of the Antarctic that convergence in summer months, and it is thought to be one of the most abundant deep-water predatorsin this region. Unlike the Northern Bottlenose Whale, the Southern Bottlenose Whale was not subjected to commercial whaling, and it is unlikely that its global population has been depleted. Like other species of beaked whales, the Southern Bottlenose Whale may be atrisk from anthropogenic activities such as overfishing of deep-water ecosystems. They may be caught as bycatch in driftnet fisheries and are potentially affected by noise pollution and climate change. Nevertheless, nothing is known about the form or extent of these potential impacts. Bibliography. Kasamatsu & Joyce (1995), MacLeod (2006, 2009), MacLeod & D'Amico (2006), MacLeod et al. (2006), Mead (1989a), Rice (1998)., Published as part of Russell A. Mittermeier & Don E. Wilson, 2014, Ziphiidae, pp. 326-357 in Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 4 Sea Mammals, Barcelona :Lynx Edicions on page 349, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6608481

9. Stejneger’s Beaked Whale Mesoplodon stejnegeri French: Baleine-a-bec de Stejneger / German: Stejneger-Zweizahnwal / Spanish: Zifio de Stejneger Other common names: Bering Sea Beaked Whale, Sabertoothed Beaked Whale Taxonomy. Mesoplodon stejnegert True, 1885, Russia, Commander Islands, “Bering Island.” This species is monotypic. Distribution. Endemic to cold temperate and subpolar waters of N Pacific Ocean, from the relatively shallow waters of the Bering Sea in the N to S Japan (W Pacific Ocean) and C California (E Pacific Ocean); itis the only species of Mesoplodon that commonly occurs in the Sea ofJapan. Descriptive notes. Total length 480-574 cm; weight 1000-1300 kg. Body of Stejneger’s Beaked Whale is spindle-shaped, with greatest girth around its mid-point. Flukes are wide in relation to body length, and tailstock is compressed laterally. Dorsal fin is small and set approximately two-thirds the distance between tip of the beak and end of the tail. Males and females are uniformly gray to black. Adult male Stejneger’s Beaked Whales may have a number of long white lines that are unpigmented scars from aggressing male—male interactions. Rostrum and lowerjaw form a short, indistinct beak, and there are two grooves on the throat. Lowerjaw of adult males is arched, and a pair of triangular tusks is found midway alongit. Habitat. Primarily waters deeper than 200 m, and like other species of Mesoplodon, Stejneger’s Beaked Whale may preferentially occur over areas of complex seabed topography, butits habitat preferences have not been studied in detail. Food and Feeding. Stejneger’s Beaked Whale primarily consumes species of deep-water squid. As with other species of beaked whales, Stejneger’s Beaked Whale islikely to forage at depths greater than 500 m for much ofits life. Breeding. There is no information available for this species. Activity patterns. There is no information available forthis species. Movements, Home range and Social organization. There is nospecific information available for this species, but Stejneger’s Beaked Whales are known to occur in small groups offive or fewer individuals. The typical composition of these groups remains unclear. Status and Conservation. CITES Appendix II. Classified as Data Deficient on The [UCN Red List. There are no estimates of global population size of Stejneger’s Beaked Whale. It may be one of the more common species of Mesoplodon in some parts of its distribution, such as around the Aleutian Islands and in the Sea ofJapan. Like other species of beaked whales, Stejneger’s Beaked Whale is potentially affected by ingestion of plastic debris, bycatch in driftnet fisheries, and noise pollution. As a cool-water species, it may also be affected by climate change. Nevertheless, nothing is known about the form or extent of these potential impacts. Bibliography. Loughlin et al. (1982), MacLeod et al. (2006), Mead (1989b), Rice (1998), Walker & Hanson (1999)., Published as part of Russell A. Mittermeier & Don E. Wilson, 2014, Ziphiidae, pp. 326-357 in Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 4 Sea Mammals, Barcelona :Lynx Edicions on pages 351-352, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6608481

3. Cuvier’s Beaked Whale Ziphius cavirostris French: Baleine-a-bec de Cuvier / German: Cuvier-Schnabelwal / Spanish: Zifio de Cuvier Other common names: Goose-beaked Whale, Goosebeak Whale Taxonomy. Ziphius cavirostrnis G. Cuvier, 1823, France, “dans le département des Bouches-du-Rhone, entre de Fos et I’embouchure du Galégeon” (= between Fos and the mouth of the Galégeon River). No subspecies are currently recognized, but further research may reveal genetic differences between populations in different ocean areas. Monotypic. Distribution. All warm temperate to tropical waters of the world and perhaps in cooler waters in the Southern Ocean and the N Pacific Ocean. It is the only species of beaked whales that commonly occurs in the Mediterranean Sea. Descriptive notes. Total length 600-700 cm; weight 2500-3500 kg. Body of Cuvier’s Beaked Whale is spindle-shaped, with greatest girth around its midpoint. Flukes are wide in relation to body length, and tailstock is compressed laterally. Dorsalfin is small and set approximately two-thirds the distance between tip of the beak and end of the tail. Coloration is typically dark brown or dark gray. Adults of both sexes may have paler heads. In adult males, the pale head is usually very distinct, and a pale patch extends backward from it as far as the dorsal fin. Dorsal surface of adult males may also be covered in pale linear scars that are concentrated between head and dorsal fin. Rostrum and lower jaw form a short beak that is barely distinguishable from the bulbous forehead; there are two grooves on the throat. Adult males have a pair of conical tusksat the tip of the lowerjaw that may become worn down as far as the gums in older individuals. Habitat. Deep, oceanic waters and generally in areas where water depths are more than 500 m. Cuvier’s Beaked Whales appearto favor areas with complex seabed topography and are most commonly recorded in canyons along the shelf margins, around oceanic islands, or around seamounts. Food and Feeding. Cuvier’s Beaked Whales primarily prey on deep-water squid, but they may consume deep-water crustaceans in some parts of their distribution. They primarily consume a very narrow range of prey sizes, with most prey being 0-5-7% of an individual whale’s total body length, with a clear mode at 2-3%. Prey capture is almost certainly achieved by suction feeding. Information from dive tags suggests that most foraging of Cuvier’s Beaked Whales occurs at or near the seabed and that they spend ¢.67% oftheir life at water depths greater than 1000 m. Individual dives are commonly longer than 30 minutes and may last more than an hour. Breeding. Cuvier’'s Beaked Whales become sexually mature at a body length of ¢.580 cm for females and ¢.550 cm for males. Gestation lasts ¢.12 months, and a single offspring is born at a length of ¢.270 cm. Weaning is thought to occur after one year; there may be a minimum of two years between successive offspring for individual females. Nothing is known of their courtship behavior, but it appears that males engage In aggressive interactions, using their tusks, which results in high levels of scarring on the dorsal surface from the head to as far back as the dorsal fin. Activity patterns. There is no specific information available for this species, but the majority of their time is spent foraging at depths greater than 500 m. Movements, Home range and Social organization. Although little is known about movements or home ranges of individual Cuvier’s Beaked Whales, the same individuals have been encountered in the same area repeatedly over several years, which suggests that there is some degree ofsite fidelity. There is evidence of seasonal movements in some parts of the world, such as the north-eastern Atlantic Ocean. In other places, Cuvier’s Beaked Whales appear to be present throughout the year. They typically occur in small groups of one to five individuals, and groups of more than ten are rare. Some groups consist solely of females and their offspring, but a single adult male may also be present in some groups. Status and Conservation. CITES Appendix II. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List, but the Mediterranean subpopulation is classified as Data Deficient. There are no estimates of the global population size of Cuvier’s Beaked Whales, although estimates are available from some regions. For example, a population of ¢.80,000 individuals has been estimated for the eastern tropical Pacific Ocean and c.15,000 for the waters around Hawaii. This would suggest that Cuvier’s Beaked Whale is one of the most abundant species of beaked whale in these regions. It has been taken in small numbers by whalersin several parts of the world, including Japan, but has never been the target of a full-scale commercial fishery. It is one of the main species that has been affected by mass strandings associated with the use of mid-frequency military sonars, which may have conservation implications for local populations. Cuvier’s Beaked Whales may also be affected by overfishing of deep-water ecosystems. They occasionally occur as bycatch in driftnet fisheries. Plastic debris is commonly recorded in the stomachs of Cuvier’s Beaked Whales. In some parts of the world, such as the north-eastern Atlantic Ocean,as many as 80% of individuals contain plastic debris at the time of death. This plastic can cause erosion to the stomach lining and has been implicated in the deaths of several individuals. Nevertheless, effects of these impacts on oceanic species are difficult to study and quantify, and it is not currently known how great a threat they are to Cuvier’s Beaked Whales as a whole or to individual populations or subpopulations. Bibliography. Baird et al. (2009), Dalebout et al. (2005), Evans, D.L. et al. (2001), Frantzis (1998), Heyning (1989b), Johnson et al. (2004), MacLeod (2006), MacLeod, Perrin et al. (2006), MacLeod, Pierce & Santos (2004), MacLeod, Santos & Pierce (2003), McSweeney et al. (2007), Rice (1998)., Published as part of Russell A. Mittermeier & Don E. Wilson, 2014, Ziphiidae, pp. 326-357 in Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 4 Sea Mammals, Barcelona :Lynx Edicions on pages 347-348, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6608481

Genus Tusciziphius Bianucci, 1997 TYPE SPECIES. — Tusciziphius crispus Bianucci, 1997, from Tuscany (Italy), early Pliocene, calcareous nannofossil zone MNN14-15 (Bianucci et al. 2001). OTHER SPECIES INCLUDED. — Tusciziphius atlanticus n. sp. EMENDED DIAGNOSIS. — Tusciziphius differs from all other ziphiines except Imocetus n. gen. and Globicetus n. gen. in having an extremely ossified trapezoidal vertex in which the anterior part of the nasals contact the premaxillary crests. It differs from Globicetus n. gen. and Imocetus n. gen. in the extreme widening and anterior projection of the right premaxillary crest, and in the lesser posterior constriction of the vertex; it further differs from Globicetus n. gen. in lacking a large spherical medial premaxillary rostral prominence; it further differs from Imocetus in lacking a wide facial depression, a rostral maxillary spur-shaped crest, and in having the premaxillary foramen not located posterior to the level of the antorbital notch. Among the other ziphiine genera it further differs from Ziphius and Izikoziphius in the medial fusion of the premaxillae closing the mesorostral groove; it further differs from the possible ziphiine Caviziphius in the shallower excavation of the premaxillary sac fossae., Published as part of Bianucci, Giovanni, Miján, Ismael, Lambert, Olivier, Post, Klaas & Mateus, Octávio, 2013, Bizarre fossil beaked whales (Odontoceti, Ziphiidae) fished from the Atlantic Ocean floor off the Iberian Peninsula, pp. 105-153 in Geodiversitas 35 (1) on page 116, DOI: 10.5252/g2013n1a6, http://zenodo.org/record/5379815, {"references":["BIANUCCI G. 1997. - ffle Odontoceti (Mammalia Cetacea) from Italian Pliocene. ffle Ziphiidae. Palaeontographia Italica 84: 163 - 192.","BIANUCCI G., MAZZA P., MEROLA D., SARTI G. & CASCELLA A. 2001 - ffle Early Pliocene mammal assemblage of Val di Pugna (Tuscany, Italy) in the light of calcareous plankton biostratigraphical data and paleoecological observations. Rivista Italiana di Paleontologica e Stratigrafia 107 (3): 425 - 438."]}

Subfamily ZIPHIINAE Gray, 1850 TYPE GENUS. — Ziphius Cuvier, 1823. OTHER GENERA INCLUDED. — Choneziphius Duvernoy, 1851, Globicetus n. gen., Imocetus n. gen., Izikoziphius Bianucci, Lambert & Post, 2007, Tusciziphius Bianucci, 1997, and possibly Caviziphius Bianucci & Post, 2005. EMENDED DIAGNOSIS. — With the exception of Izikoziphius and Ziphius, members of the subfamily Ziphiinae differ from all other Ziphiidae in the dorsal closure of the mesorostral groove by medial sutural contact of the premaxillae extending posteriorly until the bony nares. With the exception of Choneziphius and Imocetus n. gen., they further differ from all other Ziphiidae in having very elongated nasals with the anterior tip of nasals located anterior to the premaxillary crests (ratio between length of medial suture of nasals and maximum width of nasals> 1.1). ffley further differ from all other Ziphiidae, with the exception of the clade formed by Africanacetus Bianucci, Lambert & Post, 2007, Hyperoodon, Ihlengesi Bianucci, Lambert & Post, 2007, and Mesoplodon Gervais, 1850, in having the ascending process of the premaxilla concave in lateral view, with the posterodorsal portion partly overhanging the bony nares (apart from Choneziphius planirostris (Cuvier, 1823), with bony nares still visible in dorsal view). ffley further differ from all other Ziphiidae, except Beneziphius, Messapicetus, and Ziphirostrum, in having the left premaxillary crest anterolaterally directed., Published as part of Bianucci, Giovanni, Miján, Ismael, Lambert, Olivier, Post, Klaas & Mateus, Octávio, 2013, Bizarre fossil beaked whales (Odontoceti, Ziphiidae) fished from the Atlantic Ocean floor off the Iberian Peninsula, pp. 105-153 in Geodiversitas 35 (1) on page 110, DOI: 10.5252/g2013n1a6, http://zenodo.org/record/5379815, {"references":["GRAY J. E. 1850. - Catalogue of the Specimens of Mammalia in the Collections of the British Museum. Part I - Cetacea. Richard and John E. Taylor, London, 153 p.","CUVIER G. 1823. - Recherches sur les ossements fossiles, 5 (1 ere partie). G. Dufour et E. D'Ocagne, Paris, 405 p.","DUVERNOY G. 1851. - Memoire sur les caracteres osteologiques des genres nouveaux ou des especes nouvelles de cetaces vivants ou fossiles. Annales de Sciences naturelles, Zoology 15: 52 - 68.","BIANUCCI G., LAMBERT O. & POST K. 2007. - A high diversity in fossil beaked whales (Odontoceti, Ziphiidae) recovered by trawling from the sea floor off South Africa. Geodiversitas 29 (4): 561 - 618.","BIANUCCI G. 1997. - ffle Odontoceti (Mammalia Cetacea) from Italian Pliocene. ffle Ziphiidae. Palaeontographia Italica 84: 163 - 192.","BIANUCCI G. & POST K. 2005. - Caviziphius altirostris, a new beaked whale from the Miocene southern North Sea basin. Deinsea 11: 1 - 6."]}

Genus Globicetus n. gen. TYPE AND ONLY SPECIES. — Globicetus hiberus n. gen., n. sp., by present designation. ETYMOLOGY. — From Latin “globus”, for the large spherical medial premaxillary prominence on the rostrum, and from Latin “cetus”, whale. Gender masculine. DIAGNOSIS. — Same as for the species., Published as part of Bianucci, Giovanni, Miján, Ismael, Lambert, Olivier, Post, Klaas & Mateus, Octávio, 2013, Bizarre fossil beaked whales (Odontoceti, Ziphiidae) fished from the Atlantic Ocean floor off the Iberian Peninsula, pp. 105-153 in Geodiversitas 35 (1) on page 124, DOI: 10.5252/g2013n1a6, http://zenodo.org/record/5379815

Genus Globicetus n. gen. TYPE AND ONLY SPECIES. — Globicetus hiberus n. gen., n. sp., by present designation. ETYMOLOGY. — From Latin “globus”, for the large spherical medial premaxillary prominence on the rostrum, and from Latin “cetus”, whale. Gender masculine. DIAGNOSIS. — Same as for the species.

Genus Imocetus n. gen. TYPE AND ONLY SPECIES. — Imocetus piscatus n. sp., by present designation. ETYMOLOGY. — From Latin “imum”, bottom, because it was trawled on the sea floor, and from Latin “cetus”, whale. Gender masculine. DIAGNOSIS. — Same as for the species.

Genus Caviziphius Bianucci & Post, 2005 TYPE AND ONLY SPECIES. — Caviziphius altirostris Bianucci & Post, 2005, known from a single specimen from Steendorp (Belgium), probably late Miocene (Bianucci & Post 2005)., Published as part of Bianucci, Giovanni, Miján, Ismael, Lambert, Olivier, Post, Klaas & Mateus, Octávio, 2013, Bizarre fossil beaked whales (Odontoceti, Ziphiidae) fished from the Atlantic Ocean floor off the Iberian Peninsula, pp. 105-153 in Geodiversitas 35 (1) on page 136, DOI: 10.5252/g2013n1a6, http://zenodo.org/record/5379815, {"references":["BIANUCCI G. & POST K. 2005. - Caviziphius altirostris, a new beaked whale from the Miocene southern North Sea basin. Deinsea 11: 1 - 6."]}

Genus Ziphirostrum du Bus, 1868 TYPE SPECIES. — Ziphirostrum marginatum du Bus, 1868, from Antwerp (Belgium), late Miocene (Lambert 2005). OTHER SPECIES INCLUDED. — Ziphirostrum recurvus (du Bus, 1968) and Z. turniense du Bus, 1868.