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Acteoside (ACT) is an important medicinal component, but its content is scarce. To obtain higher purity of ACT, the adsorption method was used to purify it. In this study, a broad-pore-domain hyper-crosslinked polymer (BHP-Kae) was prepared to adsorb ACT from Cistanche tubulosa, which is a medicinal plant. BHP-Kae-3 possessed a unique broad-pore-domain structure. This structure reduced the transfer resistance of ACT and facilitated the rapid diffusion of ACT into BHP-Kae-3, increasing the adsorption capacity. In addition, the surface and pore channels of BHP-Kae-3 contained abundant functional groups (-OH, C=O), which provided a large number of adsorption sites and facilitated ACT adsorption, thereby improving selectivity. The experimental results showed that BHP-Kae-3 exhibited a good adsorption capacity for ACT; the adsorption capacity was 105.12 mg/g, and the selectivity was 3.41. This study demonstrates the potential for efficient separation of natural products using broad-pore-domain adsorbents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polymer materials formed by conventional metal‐ligand bonds have very low branch functionality, the crosslinker of such polymer usually consists of 2–4 polymer chains and a single metal ion. Thus, these materials are weak, soft, humidity‐sensitive, and unable to withstand their shape under long‐term service. In this work, a new hyperbranched metal–organic cluster (MOC) crosslinker containing up to 16 vinyl groups is prepared by a straightforward coordination reaction. Compared with the current typical synthesis of metal–organic cages (MOCs) or metal–organic‐polyhedra (MOP) crosslinkers with complex operations and low yield, the preparation of the MOC is simple and gram‐scale. Thus, MOC can serve as a high‐connectivity crosslinker to construct hyper‐crosslinked polymer networks. The as‐prepared elastomer exhibits mechanical robustness, creep‐resistance, and humidity‐stability. Besides, the elastomer possesses self‐healing and recyclability at mild condition as well as fluorescence stability. These impressive comprehensive properties are proven to originate from the hyper‐crosslinked topological structure and microphase‐separated morphology. The MOC‐driven hyper‐crosslinked elastomers provide a new solution for the construction of mechanically robust, durable, and multifunctional polymers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent times, heterogenization of homogeneous molecular catalysts onto various porous solid support structures has attracted significant research focus as a method for combining the advantages of both homogeneous as well as heterogeneous catalysis. The design of highly efficient, structurally robust and reusable heterogenized single‐site catalysts for the CO2 hydrogenation reaction is a critical challenge that needs to be accomplished to implement a sustainable and practical CO2‐looped renewable energy cycle. This study demonstrated a heterogenized catalyst [Ir‐HCP‐(B/TPM)] containing a molecular Ir‐abnormal N‐heterocyclic carbene (Ir‐aNHC) catalyst self‐supported by hierarchical porous hyper‐crosslinked polymer (HCP), in catalytic hydrogenation of CO2 to inorganic formate (HCO2−) salt that is a prospective candidate for direct formate fuel cells (DFFC). By employing this unique and first approach of utilizing a directly knitted HCP‐based organometallic single‐site catalyst for CO2‐to‐HCO2− in aqueous medium, extremely high activity with a single‐run turnover number (TON) up to 50816 was achieved which is the highest so far considering all the heterogeneous catalysts for this reaction in water. Additionally, the catalyst featured excellent reusability furnishing a cumulative TON of 285400 in 10 cycles with just 1.6 % loss in activity per cycle. Overall, the new catalyst displayed attributes that are important for developing tangible catalysts for practical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hyper-crosslinked porous organic nanomaterials, especially the hyper-crosslinked polymers (HCPs), are a unique class of materials that combine the benefits of high surface area, porous structure, and good chemical and thermal stability all rolled into one. A wide range of synthetic methods offer an enormous variety of HCPs with different pore structures and morphologies, which has allowed HCPs to be developed for gas adsorption and separations, chemical adsorption and encapsulation, and heterogeneous catalysis. Here, we present a systematic review of recent approaches to pore size modulation and morphological tailoring of HCPs and their applications to catalysis. We mainly compare the effects of pore size modulation and morphological tailoring on catalytic applications, aiming to pave the way for researchers to develop HCPs with an optimal performance for modern applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The synthesis of efficient and sustainable heterogeneous Pd-based catalysts has been an active field of research due to their crucial role in carbon–carbon coupling reactions. In this study, we developed a facile and eco-friendly in situ assembly technique to produce a PdFe bimetallic hyper-crosslinked polymer (HCP@Pd/Fe) to use as a highly active and durable catalyst in the Ullmann reaction. The HCP@Pd/Fe catalyst exhibits a hierarchical pore structure, high specific surface area, and uniform distribution of active sites, which promote catalytic activity and stability. Under mild conditions, the HCP@Pd/Fe catalyst is capable of efficiently catalyzing the Ullmann reaction of aryl chlorides in aqueous media. The exceptional catalytic performance of HCP@Pd/Fe is attributed to its robust absorption capability, high dispersion, and strong interaction between Fe and Pd, as confirmed by various material characterizations and control experiments. Furthermore, the coated structure of a hyper-crosslinked polymer enables easy recycling and reuse of the catalyst for at least 10 cycles without any significant loss of activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Hyper-crosslinked polymeric adsorbent possesses 1088 m2/g surface area. • Removal efficiency >80 % for ciprofloxacin (CPX) and doxycycline (DOX) within one min. • Bed capacity of 313.5 mg/g (CPX) and 372.4 mg/g (DOX) in column mode were estimated. • Adsorption mechanisms include π-π and electrostatic interaction along with pore-filling effect. The global concern of emergent aquatic pollutants, especially pharmaceutical contaminants, emphasizes the necessity for metal-free adsorbents to tackle water contamination issues. In this direction, a biphenyl-derived hyper-crosslinked polymer (poly-biph) was utilized as an adsorbent for the removal of ciprofloxacin (CPX) and doxycycline (DOX) from water. Micro-mesoporous hyper-crosslinked polymeric adsorbent (poly-biph) was synthesized by using biphenyl as precursor and formaldehyde dimethyl acetal (FDA) as crosslinker via microwave assisted method. It exhibits specific surface area (SA BET) and pore volume of 1088 m2/g and 1.3 cm3/g, respectively. The spectral analysis confirmed the successful crosslinking of biphenyl with the linker FDA. The sorption efficiency of metal-free poly-biph for CPX and DOX was evaluated via batch and continuous flow modes under various operational parameters. poly-biph exhibited swift removal efficiency (>80 %) for CPX and DOX within a min. The batch mode sorption modeling revealed a chemisorption process and remarkable maximum sorption capacity of 470.8 and 425.1 mg/g for CPX and DOX, respectively. The continuous-flow studies of poly-biph revealed the better applicability of the Clark kinetic model with a maximum bed capacity of 313.5 and 372.4 mg/g for CPX and DOX, respectively. Synergistic mechanisms, including π-π interaction, electrostatic interaction, and pore-filling effect, were found to be the main driving forces for the sorptive removal of CPX and DOX onto poly-biph. The findings indicated that poly-biph possesses the ability to effectively eliminate DOX and CPX from the aquatic environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • A low-cost adsorbent PBCD-B-D was prepared based on partially benzylated cyclodextrin. • The maximum adsorption capacity of Trp was 524.58 mg·g−1 (almost highest till now). • Adsorption equilibrium was achieved within one minute. • After 4 cycles of reuse, 83.67% of the adsorption capacity was remained. • Aromatic amino acids were adsorbed specifically from amino acids mixed solution. The adsorption separation technology is of key significance in the purification of aromatic amino acids (AAAs) and the production of their derivatives. However, defects are always present in existing adsorbents for AAAs with slow adsorption rates, low adsorption capacity, and poor regeneration performance. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop more efficient adsorbents for AAAs to improve separation and purification efficiency and productivity. In this study, partially benzylated cyclodextrin-based hyper-crosslinked porous polymers (PBCD-B-D) were prepared, among which the one with β-cyclodextrin as monomer (PBβ-CD-B-D) exhibited an extremely rapid adsorption process, a high adsorption capacity for AAAs, and a good selectivity toward AAAs over other amino acids. Specifically, the adsorption of AAAs reached equilibrium within one minute, while the equilibrium adsorption capacities of PBβ-CD-B-D for Trp and Phe were up to 524.58 mg·g−1 (almost the highest till now) and 189.48 mg·g−1, respectively. The pseudo-second-order kinetic model and the Freundlich model were better suited for describing the adsorption process. The comprehensive analysis of experimental results suggested that host–guest cooperation and π-π interactions may be the two dominant factors affecting the adsorption of AAAs on PBβ-CD-B-D. In addition, PBβ-CD-B-D exhibited good reusability, with the adsorption capacity remaining at 83.67 % after 4 adsorption–desorption cycles. Due to its low cost, good reusability, and excellent adsorption performance, PBβ-CD-B-D has great potential for application in the adsorptive removal and recovery of AAAs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lignin is widely found in nature and attracts increasing concern as the renewable carbon material. In this work, hyper‐crosslinked lignin was successfully prepared and applied for adsorbing dyes such as rhodamine B (RhB), methylene blue (MB) and Congo Red (CR) in wastewater. The characteristics of the alkaline lignin and hyper‐crosslinked lignin were identified by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT‐IR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and N2 adsorption and desorption measurements. The results show that the hyper‐crosslinked lignin is composed of uniform and porous nanoparticles with smaller size as compared to the sheet and‐ block structure of alkaline lignin. The specific surface area and pore structure of the hyper‐crosslinked lignin have been greatly optimized, while retaining the functional groups on the surface of the alkali lignin. The Brunner‐Emmet‐Teller (BET) surface area of the hyper‐crosslinked lignin reaches up to 402.8 m2 ⋅ g−1, and the adsorption capacity of RhB is up to 1332 mg ⋅ g−1. The isotherm model and thermodynamic results indicate that the adsorption process conforms to the Langmuir model, mainly showing a single‐layer spontaneous chemical endothermic process. In addition, HCP−L showed good selective adsorption performance for cationic dyes with the adsorption amounts of 228 mg ⋅ g−1 for MB, while that of the anionic dye CR (89 mg ⋅ g−1) was comparatively low. The adsorption mechanism was hydrogen bonding and π‐π stacking in addition to the electrostatic effect caused by the negative charge on the surface of HCP−L. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Exploring and designing a non‐precious metal‐based electrocatalyst for oxygen reduction reactions with high efficiency is imperative for commercializing fuel cell technology. In the present work, an approach to synthesize N, and S ‐doped porous carbon catalysts with trace Fe derived from N, S enriched hyper‐crosslinked polymer for ORR by ZnCl2 activation at high temperature is described. The optimized catalyst (HCP‐NSZn‐900) exhibited an impressive catalytic activity towards ORR due to its high surface area, excellent porosity, and effective doping of Fe and heteroatoms. Accordingly, HCP‐NSZn‐900 demonstrates a high onset potential of 0.98 V (vs. RHE) with a large diffusion‐limited current density of 4.72 mA cm−2, and improved tolerance to methanol crossover, significantly longer durability in contrast to the Pt/C catalyst. Furthermore, HCP‐NSZn‐900 confirmed the 4‐electron transfer selectivity (n∼4.0). Therefore, the synthesized materials could be a potential replacement for Pt/C catalyst for energy conversion technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] Adsorbents with high surface area, thermal stability and microwave absorption ability are highly desired for cyclic adsorption and microwave regeneration processes. However, most polymeric adsorbents are transparent to microwaves. Herein, porous hyper-crosslinked polymers (HCP) of (4,4′-bis((chloromethyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-benzyl chloride)) with different carbon black (CB) contents were synthesized via the Friedel-Crafts reaction. CB was selected as the filler due to its low cost and high dielectric loss and was embedded inside the polymer structure during polymerization. CB-containing composites showed enhanced thermal stability at elevated temperatures, and more than a 90-times increase in the dielectric loss factor, which is favorable for microwave regeneration. Nitrogen physisorption analysis by the Bruner-Emmett-Teller isotherms demonstrated that CB presence in the polymer structure nonlinearly decreases the surface area and total pore volume (by 38% and 26%, respectively at the highest CB load). Based on the characterization testing, 4 wt% of CB was found to be an optimum filler content, having the highest MW absorption and minimal effect on the adsorbent porosity. HCP with 4 wt% CB allowed a substantial increase in the desorption temperature and yielded more than a 450% enhancement in the desorption efficiency compared to HCP without CB. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The nucleophilic substitution and Friedel-Crafts alkylation were performed for chloromethylated polystyrene, and the hydroquinone-modified hyper-crosslinked polymer, namely, PS-KHQ-HCP, was prepared accordingly. The nucleophilic substitution offered plentiful oxygen for PS-KHQ-HCP and the Friedel-Crafts alkylation provided PS-KHQ-HCP with hyper-crosslinking frameworks. As a result, PS-KHQ-HCP possessed abundant oxygen (13.04 wt.%) and high Brunauer-Emmett-Teller surface area (437 m2/g). The adsorption experiments indicated that PS-KHQ-HCP displayed efficient adsorption to aniline with a maximum adsorption capacity of 166.8 mg/g at the original solution pH of 7.8, and the adsorption enthalpy (ΔH: -18.62 kJ/mol) and adsorption entropy (ΔS: -62.87 J/(mol·K)) were predicted to be negative. The kinetic curve displayed that it was sufficient for the adsorption to reach equilibrium within 120 min. The adsorption mechanism revealed that the introduced oxygen was beneficial for the adsorption because of the possible hydrogen bonding and acid-base interaction.

A new and efficient hypercrosslinked polymer-based zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 composite called ZIF-8-HCP was synthesized. The properties of the material including zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 and hypercrosslinked polymer were analyzed using seven characterization methods. In addition, the materials were used as adsorbents for the dispersion solid-phase extraction for the separation and determination of phenolic acids in orange peel samples. The adsorption capacities of the resulting materials were characterized. The selectivity of zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 was greatly enhanced after the introduction of a hyper-crosslinked polymer as the skeleton. The microstructure modification introduced a large number of mesoporous sites that allowed better adsorption of the caffeic acid and ferulic acid targets. The adsorption capacities of the composite ZIF-8-HCP were 31.72 mg/g for the former and 15.58 mg/g for the latter. In addition, the limits of detection and quantification were 0.0188 and 0.0627 μg/mL and 0.0177 and 0.0592 μg/mL, respectively. A feasible analytical method was established for the targets in orange peel samples using the ZIF-8-HCP with satisfactory extraction recoveries of 92.90% and 98.87%. The proposed method using the synthesized material was employed to the trace determination of the phenolic acids by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herein, two novel amino-functionalized triazine-based hyper-crosslinked porous polymer (NH 2 -HCPs) (named as DPT-BB, DPT-DX) were designed and synthesized by direct crosslinking of 2,4-diamino-6-phenyl-1,3,5-triazine (DPT) with 4,4′-bis(chloromethyl)-1,1′-biphenyl (BB) or α, α′-dichloro-p-xylene (DX). Thanks to the amino functional group and hyper-crosslinked porous structure, NH 2 -HCPs displayed remarkable adsorption ability for phenolic EDCs. The adsorption mechanism mainly involved hydrogen bond, π-π interaction, hydrophobic interaction and pore filling. Thus DPT-BB was applied as solid phase extraction sorbent to extract phenolic EDCs from water and orange juice samples prior to quantitative analysis by high performance liquid chromatography. Under the optimal conditions, detection limit as low as 0.07–0.2 ng mL−1 for water and 0.1–0.27 ng mL−1 for orange juice was achieved. Good recoveries spanned the range of 83.5%–114% were obtained for spiked samples, with relative standard deviations below 8.9%. The results demonstrated that the developed method displayed excellent practicability for sensitive analysis of EDCs. [Display omitted] • A novel amino-functionalized triazine-based HCP (DPT-BB) was successfully fabricated. • DPT-BB contains amino-functional groups and a highly cross-linked porous structure. • DPT-BB showed significant adsorption capacity to EDCs. • DPT-BB was applied to sensitive determination of EDCs in water and juice samples. • Hydrogen bond and π-π interaction played an important role in the extraction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A hyper-crosslinked polymer benzenedimethanol (HCP-BDM) was synthesized and explored as a solid-phase microextraction (SPME) fiber coating material. To prepare the HCP-BDM, 1,4-benzenedimethanol monomer was self-condensed via a simple Friedel-Crafts alkylation reaction. The physical-chemical properties of the HCP-BDM material were characterized by infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, thermogravimetric and analysis nitrogen adsorption-desorption isotherms. The HCP-BDM coated fiber demonstrated excellent adsorption performance for some organochlorine pesticides (OCPs). An effective HCP-BDM fiber-based SPME method combined with gas chromatography-micro electron capture detector was established for the analysis of the OCPs from various vegetable samples. The linear ranges were observed from their corresponding limits of quantification (LOQs) to 50 ng g −1 for the OCPs, with correlation coefficients varied from 0.9952 to 0.9992. Their limits of detection at S/N  = 3 ranged from 0.058 to 0.14 ng g −1 . The single fiber repeatability and fiber-to-fiber reproducibility, expressed as the relative standard deviations (RSDs), were from 3.4% to 8.8% and from 6.7% to 9.6%, respectively. The established method was finally applied to the analysis of the OCPs from cucumber, Chinese cabbage and tomato samples with satisfactory recoveries and repeatability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new hyper-crosslinked β -cyclodextrin porous polymer, HCP(BnCD-DCX), was synthesized by crosslinking benzylated β -CD (BnCD) with dichloroxylene (DCX) via a Friedel-Crafts alkylation route. The polymer showed high surface area and thermal stability, making it an efficient adsorbent for the removal toward bisphenol A from water. The adsorption process of bisphenol A on the polymer followed the pseudo-second-order model and Langmuir isotherm model. The maximum adsorption capacity of bisphenol A on HCP(BnCD-DCX) was calculated to be 278 mg g −1 at 25 °C. Host-guest and π-π interactions between bisphenol A and HCP(BnCD-DCX) contributed to the high adsorption capacity. Moreover, the peak pore size distribution of the polymer (1.3 nm) matched well with the maximum molecular z length of bisphenol A, also benefitting for the adsorption efficiency. Our strategy may open a new avenue for designing various hyper-crosslinked polymers for water treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • β-CD-HCP used as IT-SPME glass fiber coating by an in-situ preparation method. • The IT-SPME glass fiber showed excellent adsorption performance for PAHs. • The adsorption mechanism of β-CD to PAHs investigated by DFT experiments. • A simple and online method established for PAHs analysis in water samples. Governments and organizations are paying increasing attention to the monitoring of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the environment. In this study, a β-cyclodextrin-based hyper-crosslinked polymer (β-CD-HCP) was prepared via the Friedel–Crafts reaction and used as a coating for an in-tube solid-phase microextraction (IT-SPME) glass fiber based on an in-situ preparation method. Subsequently, it was used for the analysis of six PAHs in water samples. The β-CD-HCP showed an excellent adsorption performance for the PAHs owing to its unique structural characteristics and multiple bonding forces (hydrophobic interaction, π–π, and electrostatic interactions) between the β-CD-HCP and PAHs. The adsorption mechanism of the β-CD to PAHs was investigated using density functional theory calculation experiments. By coupling high-performance liquid chromatography with a diode array detector, an online analysis method was established for the PAHs with a wide linear range (0.01–20 µg L–1), high enrichment factor (2130–2670), and low limits of detection (0.004–0.008 µg L–1). The PAHs in the water samples were successfully analyzed using this proposed online method with satisfactory recoveries in the range of 79.9–106.7% and relative standard deviations under 4.0%. The above results demonstrate that the prepared β-CD-HCP-based IT-SPME glass fiber has good application prospects for the pretreatment of PAHs in various aqueous environmental samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A benzotrizole-based hyper-crosslinked polymer (HCP) was employed to load cobalt and prepare a novel metal-containing nitrogen-doped carbon catalyst for the selective hydrogenation of quinoline. The high porosity, large surface area and nitrogen-containing monomer of HCP made a positive contribution to metal loading. Owing to the excellent thermostability of HCP, the original porous texture of HCP was partially reserved during pyrolysis, which resulted in highly dispersive Co species in the N-doped carbon material. The remaining mesopores in Co@CN catalyst during thermal decomposition provided available diffusion channels for substrates, which facilitated their full contact with catalytic active sites and their effective conversion. The prepared Co@CN catalyst achieved a conversion rate of 100% and a selectivity of 100% in the hydrogenation of quinoline into 1, 2, 3, 4-tetra-hydroquinoline in water at 100 °C under 3 MPa H 2. The as-synthesized catalyst had good reuse performance, exhibiting >95% conversion rate and >99% selectivity even after 12 cycles. Moreover, the catalyst could also be applied to the selective hydrogenation of a serial of quinoline derivatives. The study provided a useful strategy for constructing metal-doped carbon materials which might be applicable for other metals and other reactions. [Display omitted] • Cobalt was loaded by a benzotrizole-based hyper-crosslinked polymer (HCP). • The porosity of HCP partially reserved in pyrolyzed N-doped carbon catalyst. • Co nanoparticles were uniformly distributed on N-doped carbon. • Co@CN showed excellent catalytic activity and reusability for hydrogenation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • A β-CD-based hydroxyl-functionalized hyper-crosslinked polymer was greenly prepared. • It showed to be a good SPE adsorbent for the extraction of phenylurea herbicides. • A method suitable for determination of the analytes in real sample was established. Water resources are frequently contaminated by organic micropollutants (OMPs), which present a significant peril to ecosystem and well-being of the people. Phenylurea herbicides (PUHs) are an important class of OMPs since they are widely used in modern agriculture. However, efficient extraction of PUHs from water is of challenge because of their high water affinity. Therefore, the synthesis of novel adsorbent capable of effectively extracting PUHs from water is urgently needed. Here, three novel hydroxyl-functional hyper-crosslinked polymers (HCPs) were synthesized through Friedel-Crafts reaction by using the brominated β-cyclodextrin, i.e., heptakis(6-bromo-6-deoxy)-β-CD) [(CD-(Br) 7)], as the building unit. Among them, PQ-CD-HCP, which was synthesized by using p-quaterphenyl (PQ) and CD-(Br) 7 , had the best adsorption capability for the PUHs. Finally, the quantitative determination of the PUHs for environmental waters was realized by using the PQ-CD-HCP as the solid-phase adsorbent in conjunction with high-performance liquid chromatographic detection. Under the optimal conditions, the limits of detection for environmental water samples were 0.02–0.05 ng mL−1. The method recoveries were 86.0%-116.5% with the relative standard deviations ≤ 7.8%. The PQ-CD-HCP also showed good adsorption performance for other OMPs such as triazine herbicides, chlorophenols, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, endocrine disruptors, nitroimidazoles and benzoylureas insecticides, indicating its good application prospect. The adsorption experiments show that the PQ-CD-HCP extracts the analytes by encapsulation, π-stacking, hydrophobic and hydrogen bonding interactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we describe the synthesis and gas adsorption properties of a porous carbonaceous material, obtained from commercial expanded polystyrene. The first step consists of the Friedel-Craft reaction of the dissolved polystyrene chains with a bridging agent to form a highly-crosslinked polymer, with permanent porosity of 0.7 cm 3 /g; then, this polymer is treated with potassium hydroxide at a high temperature to produce a carbon material with a porous volume larger than 1.4 cm 3 / g and a distribution of ultramicro-, micro-, and mesopores. After characterization of the porous carbon and determination of the bulk density, the methane uptake was measured using a volumetric apparatus to pressures up to 30 bar. The equilibrium adsorption isotherm obtained is among the highest ever reported for this kind of material. The interest of this product lies both in its excellent performance and in the virtually costless starting material.

The removal of dye and toxic ionic pollutants from water is an extremely important issue that requires systematic and efficient adsorbent preparation strategies. To address this challenge, we developed composite chitosan (CS)-based hydrogels containing hyper-crosslinked polymer (HCP) particles to be used as broad-spectrum adsorbents. The goal is to efficiently combine the dye adsorption ability of chitosan and the capacity of the porous particles of trapping pollutant molecules. The HCP particles are well distributed and firmly embedded into the chitosan matrix and the composite hydrogels exhibit improved mechanical properties. Adsorption experiments reveal a synergistic effect between CS and HCP particles, and the samples are able to remove both anionic and cationic dyes (indigo carmine, rhodamine 6G and sunset yellow) from water. The maximum dye uptake is higher than that of comparable biosorbents. Moreover, the mechanical properties of the composite hydrogels are enhanced respect to pure CS, and the samples can be regenerated and reused keeping their adsorption ability unaltered over successive cycles of adsorption, desorption, and washing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel facile and one-pot approach was developed for the preparation of hyper-crosslinked polymers (HCPs) via the Friedel-Crafts reaction between the waste expanded polystyrene foam (WEPS) and 1,2-dichloroethane in this study. 1,2-dichloroethane as a cost-effective chemical agent was used as both the solvent and the cross-linker for HCPs. The obtained HCPs showed large specific surface areas and good thermal stability. The highest CO 2 adsorption capacity (1.987 mmol/g) and the adsorption selectivity ratio (CO 2 over N 2 ) of 23.4 at 273 K and 1.13 bar were achieved among the prepared HCPs. This study provides a simple and cost-effective method to convert WEPS into value-added adsorbents for the capture and storage of carbon dioxide as the greenhouse gas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Three nitrogen rich hyper-crosslinked polymers (N -HCPs) were synthesized. • The novel N -HCPs exhibited remarkable capability to extract aflatoxins (AFs). • N -HCP was used as sorbent for detecting trace AFs in rice and fragrant rice. • A sensitive method was developed for simultaneous determination of four AFs in grain. • Adsorption mechanism and human health risk assessment were studied. Using heterocyclic phenyl-imidazole (2-phenylimidazole, 4,5-diphenylimidazole and 2,4,5-triphenylimidazole) as monomer, three novel hyper-crosslinked polymers (PI-HCP, DPI-HCP and TPI-HCP) with large specific surface area and excellent chemical stability were fabricated by Friedel-Crafts reaction. With PI-HCP as solid phase extraction adsorbent, a high performance liquid chromatography-fluorescence detection method was developed for sensitive determination of aflatoxins B 1 , B 2 , G 1 and G 2 in rice and fragrant rice samples. Under optimized conditions, the established method provided wide linear range, low detection limit and satisfactory recovery. Moreover, the adsorption mechanism was also explored. The polar interaction, hydrogen bonding and π-π stacking interactions between PI-HCP and AFs might be the main adsorption mechanisms. This work provides a powerful tool for simultaneous determination of four AFs in food grains with great application potential in AFs monitoring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hyper-crosslinked porous polystyrene adsorbents were successfully synthesized from 4-nitrobenzyl chloride using the Friedel-Crafts alkylation reaction. These porous polymer samples were characterized by SEM, TEM, FT-IR and TGA for their morphology, surface functionality and thermal stability. Nitrogen adsorption and desorption at 77 K were used for characterizing their pore textural properties. The adsorption properties of CO2 and N2 were determined volumetrically at 298 K and gas pressures up to 10 bar. The experimental results showed that the porous polymer adsorbents have a relatively high N-content (up to 1.05%), a large BET surface area (up to 1275 m²/g) and a large pore volume (up to 1.338 cm³/g). It was observed that both pore texture and N-content in the porous polymers are equally important for adsorbing CO2. The equilibrium selectivity for CO2/N2 separation on the five samples is well correlated with the N-content and micropore volume percentage in the polymers, and the N-content strongly affects the adsorbent selection parameter. Adding N-functional group in porous polymer adsorbents is an effective way for improving their capability for CO2/N2 separation. Using the CO2 adsorption capacity alone is not sufficient for evaluating adsorbents, and the adsorbent selection parameter is calculated to screen adsorbents for CO2 capture from flue gas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The efficient syntheses of tetrakis(thiophenol)methane and of a new poly(disulfide) hyper-crosslinked polymer based on the former monomer are described. Controlled de-polymerization as well as surface post-functionalization are successfully conducted on this novel material. Direct prove of post-functionalization is obtained through solid-state fluorescence emission spectroscopy, and the number of unreacted thiol-functions on the surface of the polymeric material is indirectly quantified by de-polymerization of the post-functionalized material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we adopted a simple and efficient strategy to prepare a β-cyclodextrin (β-CD)-modified hyper-crosslinked polymer (CDM-HCP). The structures and physicochemical properties of the as-synthesized polymer were also evaluated. It was applied to the removal of anilines from aqueous solutions. The introduction of β-CD into the hyper-crosslinked polymer significantly enhanced adsorption properties for the removal of various amines. The adsorption kinetics agreed with the pseudo-second-order mode very well. The adsorption isotherm data of p-methylaniline (p-MA) and p-aminobenzoic acid (p-ABC) were in agreement with the Langmuir isotherm, whereas aniline and p-chloroaniline (p-CA) were fitted best with the Freundlich model. The maximum adsorption capacities (qmax) determined by adsorption isotherms were 148.97 mg/g for aniline, 198.45 mg/g for p-MA, 293.71 mg/g for p-CA, and 622.91 mg/g for p-ABC, respectively. It had higher adsorption capacities than those of some commercial polymeric resins, such as XAD-4, PA66, and AB-8. The interaction mechanism was investigated by FTIR, XPS, and the ONIOM2 method. A CDM-HCP can be regenerated efficiently and used repeatedly, indicating its potential technological applications in removing organic pollutants from actual industrial effluents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A hyper‐crosslinked polymer (XAD‐4‐pc) was developed by modifying the commercial polystyrene resin (XAD‐4) through a Friedel–Crafts reaction, followed by impregnation with polyethyleneimine (PEI) for CO2 capture. The physicochemical properties of the as‐synthesized adsorbents were analyzed by different characterization techniques, and the adsorption behavior of CO2 on these adsorbents was evaluated in a self‐assembled adsorption setup with gas chromatography. Experimental results found that the Brunauer–Emmett–Teller surface area and pore volume of XAD‐4‐pc were significantly higher than that of XAD‐4, which was favorable to the improvement of PEI loading and CO2 adsorption. The maximum CO2 uptake for PEI‐functionalized XAD‐4‐pc was 3.24 mmol g−1 at 25 °C. The adsorption isotherm of CO2 on the adsorbent was well described by the Langmuir equation, and the kinetics data could be accurately described by Avrami model over the entire adsorption range. The diffusion mechanism study showed that the film diffusion and intraparticle diffusion were mainly the rate‐limiting steps. Moreover, this adsorbent could be well regenerated at relatively low temperature and exhibited stable regenerability after five adsorption‐regeneration cycles, showing its high potential for the capture of CO2 from flue gases. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2020, 137, 48479. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we describe the synthesis and gas adsorption properties of a porous carbonaceous material, obtained from commercial expanded polystyrene. The first step consists of the Friedel-Craft reaction of the dissolved polystyrene chains with a bridging agent to form a highly-crosslinked polymer, with permanent porosity of 0.7 cm3/g; then, this polymer is treated with potassium hydroxide at a high temperature to produce a carbon material with a porous volume larger than 1.4 cm3/g and a distribution of ultramicro-, micro-, and mesopores. After characterization of the porous carbon and determination of the bulk density, the methane uptake was measured using a volumetric apparatus to pressures up to 30 bar. The equilibrium adsorption isotherm obtained is among the highest ever reported for this kind of material. The interest of this product lies both in its excellent performance and in the virtually costless starting material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A hypercrosslinked polymer of tetrakis‐(4‐thiyphenyl)methane held together by disulfide bonds is shown by T. Muller, S. Bräse, and co‐workers. The powder is made up of condensed spherical particles, with a non‐uniform size distribution and diameters ranging from 0.5 to 1.7 μm. On page 1054, the surface can be post‐functionalized with maleimides. When this material is depolymerized under controlled mild conditions, only monomer and monofunctionalized mono mer in a ratio of 3:1 are obtained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]