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Invasive black and pale swallow-worts (Vincetoxicum nigrum (L.) Moench, and Vincetoxicum rossicum Kelopow), which are related to milkweeds, can act as ecological traps for monarch butterflies (Danaus plexippus L. (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae)) as they lay eggs on them that fail to develop. A recently approved biological control agent against swallow-worts, Hypena opulenta Christoph, occupies the same feeding guild on swallow-worts as monarch larvae and could be perceived as a competitor to monarchs. We tested how the presence of this defoliating moth on swallow-worts may influence monarch host selection. In a two-year field experiment, we placed pale swallow-wort plants that were either infested with H. opulenta or noninfested as well as common milkweed (Asclepias syriaca L.), into monarch habitats to assess oviposition rates. In the laboratory, monarchs were either given a choice or not between milkweeds and black swallow-worts with or without H. opulenta. While monarchs strongly preferred common milkweed in the field, up to 25% of the eggs we observed were laid on pale swallow-wort, without preference for swallow-wort with (10.7%) or without (14.3%) H. opulenta. In laboratory choice and no-choice tests, monarchs did not lay any eggs on black swallow-wort, likely because of the long-term laboratory rearing on common milkweeds. Our results confirm that pale swallow-wort may act as an oviposition sink to monarchs in Michigan as well. Since the biological control program is still in its infancy, the nature of interactions between monarchs and H. opulenta may change as the biocontrol agent becomes more widespread.

It is important to develop efficient and cost-effective methods for monitoring the establishment and fitness of biological control agents. Understanding how simple and obtainable measurements of insects or their body parts relate to reproductive life-history traits could facilitate assessing the fitness of biological control agent populations in the field. Across many insect taxa, female size represents a principal constraint on potential fecundity. Here, we investigate the relationship between pupal measurements and aspects of potential fecundity in Hypena opulenta (Lepidoptera: Erebidae), a recently released biological control agent against Vincetoxicum rossicum and V. nigrum (Apocynaceae) in Ontario Canada. We dissected adult H. opulenta females of different ages to assess their strategy of oogenesis by counting and measuring the number of eggs in their ovarioles and establishing the relationship between pupal measurements and potential fecundity. A second experiment was conducted to determine the relationship between pupal weight and adult longevity. While moths emerged with eggs in their ovarioles, oogenesis continued throughout the adult stage, and mean egg size increased with time after emergence. These observations place the moth closer to being an income breeder on the ovigeny index scale. We observed no significant relationship between pupal weight and total number of eggs; however, pupal weight was positively correlated with adult longevity. These results demonstrate the limited use of general size-fecundity relationships in post-release assessments for insects that are income breeders. However, they also highlight how the understanding of reproductive strategy in H. opulenta can provide important information to aid in its establishment and spread at release sites.

Hypena opulenta, a moth native to Ukraine, was released in 2013–2014 as a biocontrol agent for pale swallow-wort Vincetoxicum rossicum, an invasive vine, in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. Blackli...

1. Pre‐release testing for biological control agents is focused primarily on assessment of host‐range specificity and safety of potential agents. Agent impact is considered pre‐release; however, the ultimate assessment of an agent must occur following release in the field under the target population levels and conditions of the invaded ecosystems. The invasive Eurasian vine, Vincetoxicum rossicum, has spread aggressively through its invaded range of eastern North America since its initial introduction in the late 1800s. In laboratory tests, the Eurasian moth Hypena opulenta has shown great promise as a potential control agent for V. rossicum. 2. We were interested in the defoliating ability of H. opulenta and its subsequent effect on the seed production of V. rossicum under field conditions. To examine this, we established a field site near Kirkfield, Ontario, that consisted of meadow and forest understory plots, both of which were highly invaded by V. rossicum. 3. We report highly significant feeding by H. opulenta in both light conditions. Unexpectedly, we observed a significant increase in seed production following folivory in shade conditions. We observed no significant effect of larval folivory on seed production under sun conditions, where V. rossicum seed production is greater by a factor of 10 as compared to shade conditions. 4. It is unclear how continuous exposure to folivory by H. opulenta will affect mature V. rossicum stands, although it might be expected that such populations would invest in defenses to herbivory, possibly at the expense of reproductive output. In order to better understand if V. rossicum populations in either light condition could exhibit longer‐term compensatory growth in response to folivory, further experimental work is needed that examines inter‐annual variability in V. rossicum reproduction at variable H. opulenta densities.

Many insects exhibit a short-day diapause response, whereby diapause is induced when daylength falls below a critical threshold. This response is an adaptation to ensure synchrony between periods of insect activity, and the availability of resources, but it can cause problems when organisms are moved to new locations, where early or late-induced diapause can prove a barrier to establishment. We explored the role of photoperiod in diapause induction in Hypena opulenta, a recently introduced classical biological control agent for invasive swallow-worts in North America. We conducted four experimental cage releases as well as a growth chamber experiment to determine the threshold photoperiod for diapause induction in H. opulenta. We determined that the critical photoperiod for inducing diapause in 50% of H. opulenta is 15 h 35 min, which the moth only experiences in the Ottawa release site around summer solstice. This may lead to univoltinism, premature diapause, and poor establishment at some North American release sites. Our results can inform practical aspects of the biological control program for H. opulenta, such as fine-tuning methodologies for stockpiling diapausing pupae in the laboratory and narrowing down the optimal time window for releases at a given location. Additionally, our results will be important for the development of a temperature-based phenology model to more accurately predict voltinism in H. opulenta across the invasive range of swallow-worts in North America.

Black and pale swallow-wort (Vincetoxicum nigrum and Vincetoxicum rossicum, Apocynaceae) are twining vines from Europe that have become invasive in eastern North America. Hypena opulenta (Lepidoptera: Erebidae), a defoliating moth from the Ukraine, has recently been released in Canada and a request for release in the United States is under review. Its potential multivoltinism, and hence repeated defoliation of swallow-worts, combined with low-light levels in an understory environment may be promising for controlling forest infestations of swallow-worts. We conducted a greenhouse study of the impact of larval defoliation on seedlings and mature (flowering) plants of black and pale swallow-wort at different frequencies (once or twice) and degrees of defoliation (50 or 100%-seedlings; three or six larvae per stem-mature plants). Defoliation occurred under two forest light-regimes: low-light conditions typical of deeply-shaded forest habitats and higher light levels representative of a more open canopy or forest edge. Plants grown under higher light conditions were generally larger and produced many more seeds than heavily-shaded plants. One round of complete defoliation by H. opulenta, but not necessarily two, generally reduced biomass and seed production for both species and life stages, except for root mass of mature plants. No mature plants died and little seedling mortality occurred apart from black swallow-wort that had been completely defoliated twice under low light. Pale and black swallow-wort seedlings and mature plants appear to be tolerant of moderate defoliation damage. Complete defoliation repeated within and across years may be needed for suppression of forest infestations of swallow-wort.

To meet growing global food demand, producers are actively searching for ways tocrop yield. One way to boost yield is to reduce arthropod damage. However, insecticides are becoming less effective and can have detrimental effects on human health and the environment. Learning how to harness natural pest control is one way to reduce arthropod damage to crops and avoid adverse effects of insecticide use. Therefore, we examined the diets of two bat species that are likely to provide pest control services across the United States corn belt: the eastern red bat (Lasiurus borealis) and the big brown bat (Eptesicus fuscus). We also show that primer choice can impact the diversity of taxa detected and resecent adavances in primer design can improve diet detection studies. Using new ANML primers to isolate prey DNA in fecal material, we found a more diverse diet than previously reported for both bat species. Big brown bats consumed an average of 16.2 species from 8.5 genera. Red bats consumed an average of 28.6 species from 15.8 genera. We found pest genera in 92 % of big brown bat samples and 94 % of red bat samples. For both bat species, approximately two pest genera were detected in each sample. Corn rootworms (Diabrotica), Cloverworms (Hypena), plant bugs (Lygus), wireworms (Melanotus), seed corn beetles (Stenolophus), and armyworms (Spodoptera) were the most frequently consumed agricultural pests. We confirm earlier studies that document beetles (Coleoptera) and moths (Lepidoptera) as the most common prey items of big brown and red bats, respectively. However, we also document a diverse diet for both bat species that includes many true bugs (Hemiptera). Because pest control services of big brown and red bats are not completely overlapped, we conclude that a diverse bat community is essential to maximize pest control services by bats.

We surveyed moths on Gageodo island in the southwestern sea of the Korean Peninsula over three years (2009, 2012, 2013) and found a total of 253 species in 18 families. Geometridae had the greatest species richness, with 63 species, followed by Noctuidae, Erebidae, Crambidae and Sphingidae. The annual changes in species richness and abundance were not different and seasonal occurrence of species showed a unimodal pattern in which the numbers of species and individuals increased from April and May, peaked in June and decreased to September and October. Seven moth species (Pyralidae: Herculia drabicilialis Yamanaka, Didia striatella (Inoue); Crambidae: Clupeosoma pryeri (Butler), Demobotys pervulgalis (Hampson), Yezobotys dissimilis (Yamanaka), Syllepte cissalis Yamanaka; Erebidae: Hypena sinuosa (Wileman)) are reported for the first time in Korea.

The present study evaluated the seasonal variation of a population of Hypena sp. in the Gruta Taboa (Sete Lagoas, Minas Gerais, Brazil), in relation to changes in temperature and humidity during the dry (July 1999 and July 2000) and rainy (January 2000 and January 2001) seasons. The Hypena sp. population responded to external seasonality, being distributed closer to the cave entrance during the rainy season, in which temperature and humidity fluctuated around 21 °C and 85%, respectively. During the dry season abundance was higher in sections farther from the entrance (deeper sections) (19.2 °C temperature and 80% humidity). The results showed that this species is influenced by external environmental factors, even in a tropical region where the external climate fluctuations are lower compared to temperate regions.

DNA barcoding, based on a fragment of cytochrome c oxidase I (COI) mtDNA, is as an effective molecular tool for identification, discovery, and biodiversity assessment for most animals. However, multiple gene markers coupled with more sophisticated analytical approaches may be necessary to clarify species boundaries in cases of cryptic diversity or morphological plasticity. Using 339 moths collected from mountains surrounding Beijing, China, we tested a pipeline consisting of two steps: (1) rapid morphospecies sorting and screening of the investigated fauna with standard COI barcoding approaches; (2) additional analyses with multiple molecular markers for those specimens whose morphospecies and COI barcode grouping were incongruent. In step 1, 124 morphospecies were delimited into 116 barcode units, with 90% of the conflicts being associated with specimens identified to the genus Hypena. In step 2, 55 individuals representing all 12 Hypena morphospecies were analysed using COI, COII, 28S, EF-1a, Wgl sequences or their combinations with the BPP (Bayesian Phylogenetics and Phylogeography) multigene species delimitation method. The multigene analyses supported the delimitation of 5 species, consistent with the COI analysis. We conclude that a two-step barcoding analysis pipeline is able to rapidly characterize insect biodiversity and help to elucidate species boundaries for taxonomic complexes without jeopardizing overall project efficiency by substantially increasing analytical costs.

A biological control program has been initiated against the European swallow-worts Vincetoxicum nigrum (L.) Moench and V. rossicum (Kleopow) Barbar. (Family Apocynaceae) that have become invasive in North America. The leaf-feeding moth, Hypena opulenta Christoph (Lepidoptera: Erebidae), originating from eastern Europe, has been under measurement as a potential biological control agent of swallow-worts since 2006. In this study we measured the host range of H. opulenta by screening 82 potential host plant species for larval development under no-choice conditions. In addition, we also monitored female fecundity, longevity, and oviposition preference among suitable larval hosts. Successful larval development occurs only on Vincetoxicum spp. Partial larval development by one larva was observed on Boehmeria cyclindrica (L.) Sw. (Urticaceae) to the final instar, but this individual failed to pupate. Exploratory feeding occurred on Gonolobus stephanotrichus Griseb. (Apocynaceae) and Urtica dioica L. (Urticaceae), but all larvae failed to develop past the first and second instar, respectively. Additional testing with mature larvae on a subset of the plant species demonstrates that no species outside the genus Vincetoxicum are suitable for complete larval development of H. opulenta. The longevity and fecundity of females raised on each target weed are similar and gravid females do not display an oviposition preference among Vincetoxicum spp. Hypena opulenta does not present a risk to any native plant species or species of economic importance in North America. Petitions have been submitted for experimental open-field releases of H. opulenta in the United States and Canada.

As a result of survey on the Lepidoptera Yeongsil area Mt. Hallasan National Park, Jeju Island, Totally of 292 species in 22 familes of the Lepidoptera were identified and listed. Among them, eleven species are newly added to the Lepidoptera fauna of Jeju Island; Apotomis vaccini Kuznetsov, 1969, Olethreutes transversana (Christoph, 1881) and Pandemis heparana (Dennis et Schiffermuller, 1775) of Tortricidae, Calamotropha okanoi Bleszyski, 1961, Hypsopygia kawabei Yamanaka, 1965 and Pempelia ellenella (Roesler, 1975) of Pyralididae, Tethea consimilis (Warren, 1912) of Thyatirida, Dysstroma citrata (Linnaeus, 1761) and Pseudepione marginaria (Wilemann, 1911) of Geometridae, Hypena stygiana Butler, 1878 and Xestia tabida (Butler, 1878) of Noctuidae. These results may reflect that the natural environment of Yeongsil area is relatively specific on this island and well conserved.

Two species of the genus Hypena Schrank, 1802, H. nigrobasalis (Herz, 1904) and H. conspersalis Staudinger, 1888, are reported for the first time from China. Adults and genitalic characteristics of the two species are briefly redescribed, with illustrations and their distribution.

Exploratory surveys were conducted in Europe to locate potential biological control agents of Vincetoxicum nigrum and Vincetoxicum rossicum and to collect known specialist herbivores of Vincetoxicum hirundinaria (Abrostola asclepiadis, Chrysolina a. asclepiadis, Eumolpus asclepiadeus and Euphranta connexa). Development of the most abundant herbivores found attacking leaves, roots, and developing seeds was evaluated in the laboratory on three Vincetoxicum spp. Field surveys revealed that the highest diversity of herbivores was associated with the abundant and widespread V. hirundinaria. No new herbivores were reported from V. hirundinaria or V. nigrum, but the leaf-feeding noctuid Hypena opulenta was recorded for the first time attacking V. rossicum and V. scandens in Ukraine. Based upon larval survival and development and adult fecundity, the leaf feeders A. asclepiadis, C. a. asclepiadis, and H. opulenta, perform better on V. nigrum and V. rossicum than on V. hirundinaria. Larval performance of the root feeder E. asclepiadeus followed a similar pattern, but adult fecundity of this insect did not vary among host plant species. Immature development time of the pre-dispersal seed feeder E. connexa is similar among hosts, but larvae grow larger on V. nigrum and V. hirundinaria than on V. rossicum. All herbivores are promising biological control agents of Vincetoxicum in North America and we have prioritized host range testing with H. opulenta and E. asclepiadeus.

A classical biological control program has been initiated against the invasive European swallow-worts Vincetoxicum nigrum and Vincetoxicum rossicum in North America. The noctuid moth Hypena opulenta , discovered feeding on V. rossicum in forests of southeastern Ukraine, is currently under evaluation as a potential biological control agent. In this study the life cycle of H. opulenta and factors affecting diapause induction were evaluated. Additionally, larval impact of H. opulenta on Vincetoxicum spp. performance was tested to determine whether future screening is worthwhile. Adults of H. opulenta begin oviposition 2 days after emergence and produce approximately 600 eggs. Larvae develop through five larval instars and overwinter as pupae. Pupal diapause is facultative, resulting in at least two generations per year. Diapause induction is affected by photoperiod and seasonal changes in plant quality as evidenced by increasing diapause induction when larvae are grown under a short day photoperiod and on senescing plants in the fall. Feeding by two larvae per plant caused reductions in aboveground biomass to V. rossicum resulting in decreased reproductive output (flower, seedpod, and seed production). Only flower production of V. nigrum was negatively affected by larval feeding. The results of this study indicate that H. opulenta is a promising agent against forested populations of V. rossicum and warrants completion of host specificity testing and examination of population dynamics of H. opulenta . This practice of conducting impact assessments of herbivores that are apparent specialist feeders prior to conducting the full battery of host specificity tests should improve agent selection by reducing the costs associated with screening ineffective agents.

Cynanchum rossicum (dog-strangling vine) and C. louiseae (black dog-strangling vine) are introduced, perennial herbs or small twining vines in the Milkweed family (Asclepiadaceae). Generic placement of these two species has been problematic, but are here treated as members of Cynanchum subgenus Vincetoxicum. The species occur primarily in natural upland areas, including understories of woodlands, pastures, old fields, shores, flood plains and ruderal areas of southern Ontario and Quebec and the northeastern United States. Ecosystems on well-drained, stony soils are often densely colonized, but both species can tolerate a wide moisture regime. Plants establish in full sun or under forest canopies and may form monospecific stands in all light conditions. They often form dense colonies which smother other vegetation and reduce invertebrate and vertebrate biodiversity. Reproduction is by polyembryonic, wind-dispersed seeds. Effective control is primarily by herbicides, since mechanical control is difficult and no biological control agents have been developed. A third European species, C. vincetoxicum, has been reported as an occasional garden escape in southern Ontario and the northeastern United States, but has not yet become naturalized. Information on this species is included because of its close relationship with C. rossicum and its better known biology. Key words: Dog-strangling vine, swallow-wort, Cynanchum, Vincetoxicum, CYKNI, invasive plant, weed biology

The current status of species of Lepidoptera associated with Lantana camara L. (lantana; Verbenaceae) in South Africa was reviewed following a survey aimed at confirming their identity, geographic range, impact on the weed, and parasitism. Six species of Lepidoptera are established on lantana of which two are native, two were probably inadvertently introduced, one was deliberately introduced, and the status of one is unknown. Hypena laceratalis Walker and Characoma submediana Wiltshire (both Noctuidae) are indigenous to South Africa and have extended their host range from native plants to include lantana. Epinotia lantana (Busck) (Tortricidae) and Lantanophaga pusillidactyla (Walker) (Pterophoridae) are exotic species that are presumed to have been inadvertently introduced with the weed. Although three species were deliberately introduced as biological control agents, only Salbia haemorrhoidalis Guenee (Pyralidae) was successfully established. The origin of the serpentine leaf-miner, Aristaea onychota (Meyrick) (Gracillariidae) is still unclear. The moths have mostly established throughout the geographic range of L. camara in South Africa, although S. haemorrhoidalis is restricted to the moist eastern inland and coastal regions. Field populations of all six Lepidoptera species usually occurred at low densities over their established range, but occasionally increased to high densities in localized areas. As a result, the overall impact of these species was usually minimal, and only S. haemorrhoidalis and H. laceratalis were considered to significantly reduce the growth and reproductive rates of lantana. The recovery of several hymenopteran and dipteran parasitoid species from the Lepidoptera species surveyed suggests that a high incidence of parasitism may be the major factor limiting population increases of most of the moth species. This study supports the contention that additional agents are required to supplement the biological control of L. camara in South Africa.

Hypena proboscidalis (Linnaeus, 1758) D e s c r i p t i o n. Egg subspherical (fig. 9). Egg pale yellow. As egg develops, it becomes taupe (n = 2). According to Döring (1955) height 0.4 mm, diameter 0.48–0.5 mm. Chorion ridged, marked on two thirds surface. Micropylar area sharply expressed, represented by rosette and 1 row long, narrow and pointed cells (fig. 10). Rosette slightly elevated, with 11–12 petalled cells. There are 16–20 of the 35–40 broad longitudinal ridges radiate from cells of micropylar area. Transverse walls filiform, much less distinct than ridges (fig. 11). Aeropyles weakly expressed at walls junctions. The entire surface of small, densely placed fibers. S h a p e o f g n a w e d h o l e s i n e g g s. Caterpillars nibble out oval opening at lateral part of egg. O v i p o s i t i o n. Eggs laid in single-layer tight clusters where they pressed one to another., Published as part of Dolinskaya, I. V, 2014, Egg Morphology Of Some Nolidae And Erebidae (Lepidoptera, Noctuoidea), pp. 553-561 in Vestnik Zoologii 48 (6) on page 555, DOI: 10.2478/vzoo-2014-0066, http://zenodo.org/record/6453432, {"references":["Doring, E. Zur Morphologie der Schmetterlingseier. - Berlin: Akademie-Verlag, 1955. - 154 S."]}

Hypena BRODESCENS Kaye, 1922 Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 67, 991–998 [995], pl. I: fig. 8. Junior subjective synonym of Peliala munda Warren, 1889 (see Kaye & Lamont 1927); this synonymy overlooked by Poole (1989). Holotype, male, pinned: also paratype 3, pinned. Specimen data: Holotype; “Palmiste | 14 | 3 | 21 ” [Handwritten (by Lamont)]. “ Type ” [Handwritten in same hand]. “Lamont | Collection | 1950 - 16 ” [Printed]. “ Type ” [Typewritten in red large font] on verso “ Hypena brodescens Kaye ” [Handwritten in pencil]. Label justifying its holotype status by M.J.W.Cock, 1997. Remarks: This specimen taken at Palmiste, Trinidad by Sir N. Lamont on 14 th March 1921 is unambiguously the holotype. However the date in the original description is erroneously given as “ 14.v. 21 ” but is corrected in Kaye & Lamont (1927). The holotype is illustrated in colour in Pl. I: fig. 8 (Kaye 1922, Kaye & Lamont 1927). By 1927, Kaye and Lamont (1927) synonymised H. brodescens with Peliala munda Warren, 1889 and transferred them both to the genus Bromolocha. Poole (1989) appears to have overlooked this synonymy., Published as part of Bland, Keith P., 2010, Name-bearing Types of Lepidoptera (Insecta), excluding Rhopalocera, in the National Museums of Scotland, Edinburgh, pp. 1-22 in Zootaxa 2394 on page 16, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.275866, {"references":["Kaye, W. J. (1922) New species of Trinidad Moths. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 67, 991 - 998 + plate I.","Kaye, W. J. & Lamont, N. (1927) A catalogue of the Trinidad Lepidoptera Heterocera (Moths). Memoirs of the Department of Agriculture, Trinidad & Tobago, Port-of-Spain. No. 3, 1927, xv + 144 pp., 2 pls.","Poole, R. W. (1989) Lepidopterorum Catalogus (New Series). Fascicle 118, Noctuidae Parts 1 - 30. E. J. Brill, New York."]}

Lantana camara L., a fast-growing verbenaceous shrub from Central and South America, is a toxic invasive weed in many countries. Taxonomically, L. camara is a complex of several cultivars (forms) whose diversity has frustrated attempts at biological control by insect natural enemies that show preferences for some cultivars and an inability to survive on others. Of the 16 insect herbivore species imported into South Africa for biological control of L. camara, six have become established and two were already present. Two leaf-feeding chrysomelid beetle species, Octotoma scabripennis Guerin-Meneville and Uroplata girardi Pic, usually in association with the tingid bug, Teleonemia scrupulosa Stal, are exerting some degree of control. A seed-feeding agromyzid fly, Ophiomyia lantanae (Froggatt), may be contributing to the overall stress on the plant, but its contribution to biocontrol has not been determined. A flower-feeding pyralid moth, Salbia haemorrhoidalis Guenee, is established in low numbers at isolated sites over a wide area. A noctuid moth, Hypena strigata (F.), an African species that was mistakenly ‘imported’ into South Africa, contributes little to biocontrol of L. camara in this country, although it was very successful in Hawaii. The biocontrol of L. camara in South Africa, with its problems and shortcomings, is reviewed and the future of the programme is discussed. A better understanding of the functional relationships and interactions between the various cultivars of L. camara and insect herbivores may improve the chances of succeeding with biological control.

The moth Hypena opulenta (Christoph, 1877) (Lepidoptera: Erebidae) was approved for release in eastern Canada and is pending approval in the United States of America as a biological control agent of the invasive European swallow-worts (Vincetoxicum spp.). Descriptions of the adult in Noctuidae Europeae do not accurately represent the color morph of the rearing colony so a new description is provided. Also for the first time the larva is described and illustrated and a simple key is provided that separates H. opulenta from most of the Hypena spp. in the Northeastern U.S.

This article documents the primary (49 species) and secondary (19 species) type material of moths (Lepidoptera: Insecta) present in the collections of the National Museums of Scotland, Edinburgh. Only the primary types (i.e., holotypes and syntypes) are detailed in full and, under their respective authors, these are: K.P.Bland Crypsithyris FALCOVALVA; J.Clayton Beggeria BICORNIS, Phazaca NAKULA, Palpita SPINOSA, Palpita VITIENSIS; G.F.Hampson (1860–1936) Tarache FASCIALIS, Eustrotia OZARBICA; W.J.Kaye (1875–1967) Hydrias ALBIOCHREA, Hypena BRODESCENS, Pococera BRUNNAPEX, Rifargia BRUNNIPENNIS, Lamontia CALIBANA, Plusiodonta CUPRISTRIA, Samea DELICATA, Syngria DELICATA, Mydropastea DISPARATA, Phostria DUPLICATA, Lephana EXCISATA, Sisyrosea GUAICA, Sanys IMPLACATA, Eucalypetra INSUETALIS, Phastia MARICOLOR, Epitomiptera MARMORATA, Parangitia MICAPENNIS, Bryolimnia MONODONTA, Hyalosticta NAPARIMALIS, Sylepta [sic] NIGRALIS, Parangitia NIGROFULGENS, Dicentria NONDESCRIPTA, Metalectra PIPERATA, Sylepta [sic] SEMINIGRALIS, Claphe SIMILAVIS, Redara [sic] TINCTURALIS, Acrolophus TRETUS; J.H.Leech (1862–1900) Percnia FUMIDARIA, Percnia GRISEARIA, Mastigophorus OCHREISTIGMA; F.Moore (1830–1907) Polythlipta DIVARICATA, Artona QUADRIMACULATA; E.C.Pelham-Clinton (1920–1988) Parornix LEUCOSTOLA, Bucculatrix MEREI; D.Povolny Scrobipalpa CLINTONI; A.R.Richardson (1904–1981) Cleora cinctaria BOWESI, Eumichtis lichenea SCILLONEA, Anaitis plagiata SCOTICA, Chesias rufata SCOTICA; E.P.Wiltshire (1910–2004) Teracotona MURTAFAA, Eublemma MUSCATENSIS, Scopula caesaria WALKEROS.

Natural enemies of Lantana camara L. found locally and the species introduced, established and distributed in India are reviewed. The occurrence of the natural enemies: Lantanop‐haga pusillidactyla, Ophiomyia lantanae, Teleonemia scrupulosa, Epinotia lantana, Hypena sp. (near, abyssinialis) and Archips sp.? micaceana in South India were determined in a survey. Distribution of Octotoma scabripennis and Uroplata girardi from North to South India and E. lantana from South to North India is suggested. Introduction of other exotic natural enemies that have proven beneficial elsewhere, namely Calcomyza lantanae, Neogalea esula, Plagiohammus spinipennls and Salbia haemorrhoidalis is recommended to suppress the weed.

32.Hypena abyssinialis Guenee, Delt. et Pyral., 39, 1854; Hampson, Fauna Brit. India, Moths 3: 86, 1895. Piti, Aug. 24, Sept. 20, Swezey. Three moths were reared from slender green caterpillars on a low weed called yerbas babue (no botanical name was learned for it). Widely distributed in Africa, India, Ceylon, Burma, and Australia. Now recorded from Guam., Published as part of Swezey, O. H., 1946, Lepidoptera, Geometridae, Arctiidae, Agrotidae, and Pyralidae of Guam, pp. 163-185 in Insects of Guam II, Honolulu, Hawaii :Bernice P. Bishop Museum Bulletin 189 on page 175, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5165313

33.Hyblaea sanguinea Gaede, Deutsch. Ent. Zeitschr., 26, 1917; Tams, Ins. Samoa 3 (4): 237, 1935. Eighteen specimens: Yona, May 12, Swezey; Umatac, May 14, Swezey; Tumon, May 30, Swezey; Machanao, June 30, Swezey; Sumay, July 15, Swezey; Orote Peninsula, July 18, Sept. 1, Swezey; Piti, July 13, Aug. 17, Sept. 12, at light, Swezey. One in Bishop Museum, Fullaway, 1911. This beautiful moth was described from Fiji and is also known in Samoa. It was very common in Guam, where we record it for the first time. Its caterpillars were always to be found on the leaves of Premna gaudichaudii. The leaves are spun together for shelter or hiding place, and pupation takes place in the same situation. The full-grown caterpillar is 25 mm. long; black, with two narrow, white dorsal lines, an interrupted white line above the spiracles, and a white line below the spiracles; spiracles narrow oval, whitish; underside and legs pale; head entirely black; setae of abdomen white, of moderate length. Chrysalis 15 mm. long; light brown; wing sheaths exten.d to apical margin of fourth abdominal segment; cremaster black, produceq and hooked into silk. Most of our specimens were reared from Premna; one was from an undetermined Philippine tree. The caterpillars were often observed, but rearing was not attempted., Published as part of Swezey, O. H., 1946, Lepidoptera, Geometridae, Arctiidae, Agrotidae, and Pyralidae of Guam, pp. 163-185 in Insects of Guam II, Honolulu, Hawaii :Bernice P. Bishop Museum Bulletin 189 on page 175, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5165313