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The ongoing Arctic warming has been pronounced in winter and has been associated with an increase in downward longwave radiation. While previous studies have demonstrated that poleward moisture flux into the Arctic strengthens downward longwave radiation, less attention has been given to the impact of the accompanying increase in snowfall. Here, utilizing state-of-the-art sea ice models, we show that typical winter snowfall (snow water equivalent) anomalies of around 1.0 cm, accompanied by positive downward longwave radiation anomalies of ∼5 W m−2, can cause basinwide sea ice thinning by around 5 cm in the following spring over the Arctic seas in the Eurasian–Pacific seas. In extreme cases, this is followed by a shrinking of summer ice extent. In the winter of 2016/17, anomalously strong warm, moist air transport combined with ∼2.5-cm increase in snowfall (snow water equivalent) decreased spring ice thickness by ∼10 cm and decreased the following summer sea ice extent by 5%–30%. This study suggests that small changes in the pattern and volume of winter snowfall can strongly impact the sea ice thickness and extent in the following seasons.

The annular mode at the surface, referred to as the Arctic Oscillation (AO) in the Northern Hemisphere and the Antarctic Oscillation (AAO) in the Southern Hemisphere, is statistically defined by the leading mode of variability of sea level pressure (SLP) or geopotential height. Its principal component time series is set as the AO or AAO index. Although this metric is widely used, it needs an empirical orthogonal function analysis which introduces the complexity in the multi-model analysis. As an alternative measure, the zonal index (ZI), which is traditionally defined as the zonal-mean SLP difference between the two reference latitudes, has also been used. Here we re-evaluate the interannual and trend relationships between the ZI and the AO/AAO index using the two reanalysis datasets and 35 climate model simulations for both the present and future climate. For all datasets, the spatio-temporal variability of the Southern-Hemisphere ZI is almost identical to that of the AAO index. The ZI is still useful to examine the AO-related circulation variability and change in the Northern Hemisphere but mostly in the cold season. The data-dependent ZI, optimized for each data, exhibits a rather weak relationship with the AO index. This result suggests that the interannual variability and long-term trend of the midlatitude circulation can be concisely quantified by computing the fixed-latitude ZI in all seasons in the Southern Hemisphere and in the cold season in the Northern Hemisphere, not only for reanalysis data but also for climate model datasets which have significant biases varying from model to model.

SUMMARY: The expression of aquaporin-1 (AQP1) in choroid plexus and aquaporin-4 (AQP4) in astrocyte of the hippocampal formation (HF) was studied in the rat to determine the role of AQP1 and AQP4 in the pathophysiology of systemic hyponatremia (SH). SH was induced by coadministration of dextrose solution intraperitoneally and through subcutaneous implantation of an osmotic minipump containing 8-deamino-arginin vasopressin (50ng/µl/h) for 24 and 48 h. Twenty- four and 48 h after the drug administration, there were significant reductions in Na+ concentration (111 ± 5 and 104 ± 2 mmol) and serum osmolarity (240 ± 13 and 221 ± 14 mOsm/L) as compared with control values (140 ± 4.7 mmol and 296 ± 5.2 mOsm/L), (p

In the Visible Korean, serially sectioned images with real color and high resolution have been prepared from four cadaveric subjects: male whole body, female whole body, male head, and female pelvis. Recently, segmented images of the female whole body were manufactured, permitting the distribution of the complete four data sets. The purpose of this report was to promote the applications of sectioned and segmented images from the Visible Korean by announcing them. Reduced image data were loaded to self-developed browsing software; using the browsing software, the contents could be quickly grasped and evaluated by other investigators. The four data sets were compared to disclose the individual merits and demerits. The sectioned and segmented images showed the possibility to be used to reconstruct the stereoscopic volume and surface models of body structures. The Visible Korean is expected to contribute to the interactive simulation of medical learning and clinical practice.

The El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is a climate mode in the tropical Pacific. The ENSO teleconnections are known to affect Arctic temperature; however, the robustness of this relationship remains debated. We find that Arctic surface temperatures during three major El Niño events are remarkably well simulated by a state-of-the-art model when nudged to the observed pantropical sea surface temperatures (SSTs). SST perturbation experiments show that the 1982–1983 warm pan-Arctic and the 1997–1998 cold pan-Arctic during winter can be explained by far eastern equatorial Pacific SSTs being higher during 1997–1998 than 1982–1983. Consistently, during the 2017–2018 La Niña, unusually low SSTs in the same region contributed to pan-Arctic warming. These pan-Arctic responses to the SSTs are realized through latent heating anomalies over the western and eastern tropical Pacific. These results highlight the importance of accurately representing SST amplitude and pattern for Arctic climate predictions.

Palladium decoration is performed on La0.6Sr0.4CoO3-δ (LSC) with different loadings (5 to 30 wt.%) to improve its oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) activity without sacrificing its oxygen evolution reaction (OER) capability. The Pd decoration yields a higher specific surface area as loading concentration increases and leads to the formation of more porous active sites for efficient activity. Both aqueous and organic media are used to study the electrocatalytic activity of the prepared Pd-LSC composite. In aqueous media, the Pd-LSC materials exhibit higher ORR and OER activities than native LSC and RuO2. For example, as Pd loading increases in aqueous media (5

The ongoing Arctic warming has been pronounced in winter and has been associated with an increase in downward longwave radiation. While previous studies have demonstrated that poleward moisture flux into the Arctic strengthens downward longwave radiation, less attention has been given to the impact of the accompanying increase in snowfall. Here, utilizing state-of-the art sea ice models, we show that typical winter snowfall anomalies of 1.0 cm, accompanied by positive downward longwave radiation anomalies of ~5 W m-2 can decrease sea ice thickness by around 5 cm in the following spring over the Eurasian Seas. This basin-wide ice thinning is followed by a shrinking of summer ice extent in extreme cases. In the winter of 2016–17, anomalously strong warm/moist air transport combined with ~2.5 cm increase in snowfall decreased spring ice thickness by ~10 cm and decreased the following summer sea ice extent by 5–30%. Projected future reductions in the thickness of Arctic sea ice and snow will amplify the impact of anomalous winter snowfall events on winter sea ice growth and seasonal sea ice thickness.

Major winter El Nino events cause tropical Indian Ocean warming that persists into the following seasons. Previous studies have shown that Indian summer monsoon rainfall was above normal after major El Nino events due to anomalous warming over the North Indian Ocean (NIO). In this review, we revisit the delayed El Nino impact by analyzing the strongest events: 1982–1983, 1997–1998, and 2015–2016. During summers of 1983 and 1998, the influence of preceding winter El Nino event persisted into the summer via an anomalously warm NIO, with the latter in turn driving increasing rainfall over the Indian subcontinent. In 2016 summer, however, this warming was not followed by a significant increase in monsoon rainfall likely because NIO warming was weaker, whereas the warm sea surface temperature anomalies over the equatorial Indian Ocean persisted longer. These results highlight the importance of the Indian Ocean sea surface temperature pattern on monsoon variability.

The combined effect of the Madden−Julian oscillation (MJO) and Arctic oscillation (AO) on the temperature variation over Asia is investigated using the thermodynamic budget equation. Because of the distinct geographical origin of the two atmospheric modes, the influence of AO is more dominant in the higher latitude, whereas the MJO impact is more predominant in the lower latitude. Hence, the physical process responsible for the surface cold anomaly is different for northern and southern Asia. Cold anomaly appears in most of Asia 20–25 days after the MJO phase 6 (corresponding to the phase 2–3). However, more strengthened cold anomaly occurs over northern Asia under the negative AO state and it is caused by advection of temperature anomaly by climatological northerly wind associated with the East Asia winter monsoon flow. On the other hand, much stronger cold anomaly is seen over southern Asia under the positive AO state for the same lag day of the initial MJO phase 6. Aside from the upward overturning circulation forced by the tropical MJO over the subtropics and lower midlatitudes, the weakening of the East Asia subtropical jet by the positive AO induces additional upward motion over southern Asia to adjust the thermal wind balance. The combined effect of the MJO and AO also influences on the occurrence of extreme cold event. Under the negative (positive) AO phase, the extreme cold event occurrence probability over northern (southern) Asia increases by 90% (60%) compared to that for all winter days. The relative increase rate for the MJO phases 2–3 is ~30% over southern Asia. The cold event occurrence probability for the combined modes is about the twice that for only MJO impact, suggesting that an incorporation of both modes enhance the predictability of extreme cold event.

Analyses of a mid-Holocene climate model ensemble and paleo-proxies reveal that the mid-Holocene Northern Hemisphere was warm., The Holocene thermal maximum was characterized by strong summer solar heating that substantially increased the summertime temperature relative to preindustrial climate. However, the summer warming was compensated by weaker winter insolation, and the annual mean temperature of the Holocene thermal maximum remains ambiguous. Using multimodel mid-Holocene simulations, we show that the annual mean Northern Hemisphere temperature is strongly correlated with the degree of Arctic amplification and sea ice loss. Additional model experiments show that the summer Arctic sea ice loss persists into winter and increases the mid- and high-latitude temperatures. These results are evaluated against four proxy datasets to verify that the annual mean northern high-latitude temperature during the mid-Holocene was warmer than the preindustrial climate, because of the seasonally rectified temperature increase driven by the Arctic amplification. This study offers a resolution to the “Holocene temperature conundrum”, a well-known discrepancy between paleo-proxies and climate model simulations of Holocene thermal maximum.

Arctic summer sea ice extent exhibits substantial interannual variability, as is highlighted by the remarkable recovery in sea ice extent in 2013 following the record minimum in the summer of 2012. Here, the mechanism via which Arctic Oscillation (AO)-induced ice thickness changes impact summer sea ice is explored, using observations and reanalysis data. A positive AO weakens the basin-scale anticyclonic sea ice drift and decreases the winter ice thickness by 15 and 10 cm in the Eurasian and the Pacific sectors of the Arctic, respectively. Three reanalysis datasets show that the upward surface heat fluxes are reduced over wide areas of the Arctic, suppressing the ice growth during the positive AO winters. The winter dynamic and thermodynamic thinning preconditions the ice for enhanced radiative forcing via the ice–albedo feedback in late spring–summer, leading to an additional 10 cm of thinning over the Pacific sector of the Arctic. Because of these winter AO-induced dynamic and thermodynamics effects, the winter AO explains about 22% (r = −0.48) of the interannual variance of September sea ice extent from 1980 to 2015.

A sudden stratospheric warming (SSW) is often defined as zonal-mean zonal wind reversal at 10 hPa and 60°N. This simple definition has been applied not only to the reanalysis data but also to climate model output. In the present study, it is shown that the application of this definition to models can be significantly influenced by model mean biases (i.e., more frequent SSWs appear to occur in models with a weaker climatological polar vortex). To overcome this deficiency, a tendency-based definition is proposed and applied to the multimodel datasets archived for phase 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5). In this definition, SSW-like events are defined by sufficiently strong vortex deceleration. This approach removes a linear relationship between SSW frequency and intensity of the climatological polar vortex in the CMIP5 models. The models’ SSW frequency instead becomes significantly correlated with the climatological upward wave flux at 100 hPa, a measure of interaction between the troposphere and stratosphere. Lower stratospheric wave activity and downward propagation of stratospheric anomalies to the troposphere are also reasonably well captured. However, in both definitions, the high-top models generally exhibit more frequent SSWs than the low-top models. Moreover, a hint of more frequent SSWs in a warm climate is found in both definitions.

A 3D structured NiCo 2 O 4 @Co 3 O 4 hybrid was prepared by a two-step hydrothermal approach and subsequently employed as a highly efficient catalyst in oxygen reduction reactions (ORRs)/oxygen evolution reactions (OERs) and from a Li–O 2 battery perspective. The Co-NC possesses interconnected NiCo 2 O 4 nanorods grown over a Co 3 O 4 nanosheet structure, which facilitates charge transfer and enhances the electrical conductivity. Moreover, the 3D structured hybrids are directly used as a cathode catalyst for the Li–O 2 system and displayed a maximum in-depth-specific discharge capacity of 4386 mA h g −1 . In addition, significantly improved and stable cycling performance up to 60 cycles is observed compared with Co 3 O 4 nanosheets at the limited capacity range of 500 mA h g −1 . The excellent electrochemical performance of the NiCo 2 O 4 @Co 3 O 4 hybrid is mainly associated with the oxygen-deficient 3D architecture providing more catalytic active sites and can accommodate more discharge products. Further, ORR/OER activities of NiCo 2 O 4 @Co 3 O 4 hybrid in aqueous media are also evaluated in 0.1 M KOH solution using the rotating ring disk electrode technique. For instance, the OER activity of NiCo 2 O 4 @Co 3 O 4 hybrid (apex current is 4.18 mA cm −2 ) is an approximately 2.25 times higher than that of commercial RuO 2 catalyst (1.84 mA cm −2 ). Since the catalytic activity in aqueous and organic medium is not necessarily the same, but of NiCo 2 O 4 @Co 3 O 4 hybrid exhibiting excellent ORR/OER characteristics in both cases is worth mentioning.

The authors present an approximate analytical model for wind-induced sea-ice drift that includes an ice–ocean boundary layer with an Ekman spiral in the ocean velocity. This model provides an analytically tractable solution that is most applicable to the marginal ice zone, where sea-ice concentration is substantially below 100%. The model closely reproduces the ice and upper-ocean velocities observed recently by the first ice-tethered profiler equipped with a velocity sensor (ITPV). The analytical tractability of our model allows efficient calculation of the sea-ice velocity provided that the surface wind field is known and that the ocean surface geostrophic velocity is relatively weak. The model is applied to estimate intraseasonal variations in Arctic sea ice cover due to short-timescale (around 1 week) intensification of the southerly winds. Utilizing 10 m surface winds from ERA-Interim reanalysis, the wind-induced sea-ice velocity and the associated changes in sea-ice concentration are calculated and compared with satellite observations. The analytical model captures the observed reduction of Arctic sea-ice concentration associated with the strengthening of southerlies on intraseasonal time scales. Further analysis indicates that the wind-induced surface Ekman flow in the ocean increases the sea-ice drift speed by 50% in the Arctic summer. It is proposed that the southerly wind-induced sea-ice drift, enhanced by the ocean's surface Ekman transport, can lead to substantial reduction in sea-ice concentration over a timescale of one week.

Perovskites La0.6Sr0.4CoO3-δ (LSC) and Ba0.5Sr0.5Co0.8Fe0.2O3-δ (BSCF) are still low in the catalytic activity of oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) although it exhibits relatively good catalytic activity for oxygen evolution reaction (OER). In this work, palladium (Pd) was deposited over the LSC surface to improve the ORR activity of the LSC. The Pd decorated perovskite La0.6Sr0.4CoO3-δ (Pd/LSC) was characterized by using various analytic techniques. Pd was deposited on the surface of LSC powders in nanostructured forms without giving a influence on the crystallinity of LSC. The surface area of the Pd/LSC samples dramatically increased over 10 wt% due to the formation of Pd porous structure over the perovskite surface. The electrochemical characterization of the Pd/LSC was examined in both aqueous and non-aqueous electrolyte solutions. In aqueous electrolyte, the Pd/LSC materials exhibited higher ORR and OER activities than LSC and KB. The ORR activity rapidly increased with the increase of Pd wt% deposited in order of 5 References [1] Mi Young Oh et. al., Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, 80 (2019) 686–695.]

This study was conducted to assess the anthropogenic impact on the metal concentration in agricultural soils in the vicinity of a Zn smelter. We determined Pb isotope ratios to trace source of metals and calculate source apportionment. 19.7% of the agricultural soil samples had Zn concentrations exceeding the Korean worrisome level (WL). The isotopic variation in the contaminated agricultural soils reflected the input of contaminants derived from the Zn smelter. The spatial distribution of Zn concentrations and Pb isotopes suggested that the Zn smelter dust fallout was the major source of heavy metal pollution in the agricultural soils. Lead isotope compositions of soil horizon I was comparable to those of soil horizon II, indicating that smelter-origin Zn had migrated vertically. Binary mixing between Zn concentrates and background soils could explain the variations in Pb isotope ratios in the contaminated agricultural soils. Source apportionment calculations showed that for agricultural soils that were found to exceed the Korean countermeasure standard (CS), the average proportion of smelter-origin Zn was 45.8%-83.3% while for agricultural soils that exceeded the WL but were below the CS, the average proportion of smelter-origin Zn was 36.3%-68.1%. The remainder was derived from a geogenic source.

The concept of feedback is key in assessing whether a perturbation to a system is amplified or damped by mechanisms internal to the system. In polar regions, climate dynamics are controlled by both radiative and non-radiative interactions between the atmosphere, ocean, sea ice, ice sheets and land surfaces. Precisely quantifying polar feedbacks is required for a process-oriented evaluation of climate models, a clear understanding of the processes responsible for polar climate changes, and a reduction in uncertainty associated with model projections. This quantification can be performed using a simple and consistent approach that is valid for a wide range of feedbacks, offering the opportunity for more systematic feedback analyses and a better understanding of polar climate changes., Estimating the magnitude of radiative and non-radiative feedbacks is key for understanding the climate dynamics of polar regions. Here the authors propose an inclusive methodology to quantify the influence of all those feedbacks, stimulating more systematic analyses in observational and model ensembles.

Mid-Holocene climate was characterized by strong summer solar heating that decreased Arctic sea ice cover. Motivated by recent studies identifying Arctic sea ice loss as a key driver of future climate change, we separate the influences of Arctic sea ice loss on mid-Holocene climate. By performing idealized climate model perturbation experiments, we show that Arctic sea ice loss causes zonally asymmetric surface temperature responses especially in winter: sea ice loss warms North America and the North Pacific, which would otherwise be much colder due to weaker winter insolation. In contrast, over East Asia, sea ice loss slightly decreases the temperature in early winter. These temperature responses are associated with the weakening of mid-high latitude westerlies and polar stratospheric warming. Sea ice loss also weakens the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation, although this weakening signal diminishes after 150–200 years of model integration. These results suggest that mid-Holocene climate changes should be interpreted in terms of both Arctic sea ice cover and insolation forcing., Mid-Holocene climate was characterized by strong summer solar heating that decreased Arctic sea ice cover. Here the authors show that this sea ice loss had profound effects on the climate system, distinct from direct effects of solar heating, over North America, northern Asia, and the North Atlantic.

Δ 14 C values of leaves of a deciduous tree record to those of atmospheric CO 2 within error and were used to map out Δ 14 C distribution in Korea. We collected ginkgo ( Ginkgo biloba Linnaeus , a deciduous tree) leaf samples in mid-June to early July from 2009 to 2013 in Korea to obtain the regional distribution of Δ 14 C. Commonly CO 2 emitted from fossil fuel consumption dilutes atmospheric 14 C, while operations and accidents at nuclear power plants can increase it. The distribution maps of Δ 14 C from 2010 to 2013 in Korea shows that Δ 14 C values in the northwestern and southeastern parts of Korea are lower than those of the other parts of Korea, which is consistent with the population and industry patterns. Decrease rates of annually averaged Δ 14 C values in Korea over the study period are larger than those of Pt. Barrow, Alaska, USA (71.3°N, 156.5°W), so the difference between them and those of Pt. Barrow, Alaska, USA became larger annually. This may be due to the increase in fossil fuel consumption in Korea and China. The decrease rate between 2010 and 2011 was smaller than in other years. This could be the effect of the Fukushima power plant accident which occurred in March 11, 2011, but further study is needed to clarify it.

This work provides a new perspective on the major factors controlling the East Asian summer monsoon (EASM) in July and a promising physical–statistical forecasting of the EASM ahead of summer. Dominant modes of the EASM are revealed from the variability of large-scale air masses discerned by equivalent potential temperature, and they are found to be dynamically connected with the anomalous sea surface temperatures (SSTs) over the three major oceans of the world and their counterparts of prevailing atmospheric oscillation or teleconnection patterns. Precipitation over northern East Asia (NEA) during July is enhanced by the tropical central Indian Ocean warming and central Pacific El Niño–related SST warming, the northwestern Pacific cooling off the coast of NEA, and the North Atlantic Ocean warming. Using these factors and data from the preceding spring seasons, the authors build a multiple linear regression model for seasonal forecasting. The cross-validated correlation skill predicted for the period 1994 to 2012 is up to 0.84, which far exceeds the skill level of contemporary climate models.

The Arctic summer sea ice area has been rapidly decreasing in recent decades. In addition to this trend, substantial interannual variability is present, as is highlighted by the recovery in sea ice area in 2013 following the record minimum in 2012. This interannual variability of the Arctic summer sea ice area has been attributed to the springtime weather disturbances. Here, by utilizing reanalysis- and satellite-based sea ice data, this study shows that summers with unusually small sea ice area are preceded by winters with anomalously strong downward longwave radiation over the Eurasian sector of the Arctic Ocean. This anomalous wintertime radiative forcing at the surface is up to 10–15 W m−2, which is about twice as strong than that during the spring. During the same winters, the poleward moisture and warm-air intrusions into the Eurasian sector of the Arctic Ocean are anomalously strong and the resulting moisture convergence field closely resembles positive anomalies in column-integrated water vapor and tropospheric temperature. Climate model simulations support the above-mentioned findings and further show that the anomalously strong wintertime radiative forcing can decrease sea ice thickness over wide areas of the Arctic Ocean, especially over the Eurasian sector. During the winters preceding the anomalously small summer sea ice area, the upper ocean of the model is anomalously warm over the Barents Sea, indicating that the upper-ocean heat content contributes to winter sea ice thinning. Finally, mass divergence by ice drift in the preceding winter and spring contributes to the thinning of sea ice over the East Siberian and Chukchi Seas, where radiative forcing and upper-ocean heat content anomalies are relatively weak.

The surface warming in recent decades has been most rapid in the Arctic, especially during the winter. Here, by utilizing global reanalysis and satellite datasets, it is shown that the northward flux of moisture into the Arctic during the winter strengthens the downward infrared radiation (IR) by 30–40 W m−2 over 1–2 weeks. This is followed by a decline of up to 10% in sea ice concentration over the Greenland, Barents, and Kara Seas. A climate model simulation indicates that the wind-induced sea ice drift leads the decline of sea ice thickness during the early stage of the strong downward IR events, but that within one week the cumulative downward IR effect appears to be dominant. Further analysis indicates that strong downward IR events are preceded several days earlier by enhanced convection over the tropical Indian and western Pacific Oceans. This finding suggests that sea ice predictions can benefit from an improved understanding of tropical convection and ensuing planetary wave dynamics.

In medicine, the neuroanatomy of the oculomotor (III), trochlear (IV), and abducens nerves (VI) is learned essentially by cadaver dissection, histological specimens, and MRI. However, these methods have many limitations and it is necessary to compensate for the insufficiencies of previous methods. The aim of this research was to present sectioned images and surface models that allow the whole courses of III, IV, and VI and circumjacent structures to be observed in detail. To achieve this, the structures of whole courses of III, IV, and VI were traced on the sectioned images, and surface models of the structures were reconstructed. As a result, nucleus of III, Edinger-Westphal nucleus, nucleus of IV, and nucleus of VI and their fibers were identified on brainstem in the sectioned images. In the sectioned images, III, IV, and VI passed both sides of the cavernous sinus and entered at the orbit through the superior orbital fissure. In the sectioned images, III, IV, and VI innervated extraocular muscles in orbit. In surface models, the whole courses of III, IV, and VI and circumjacent structures could be explored freely three-dimensionally. The greatest advantage of the sectioned images was that they allowed the whole courses of III, IV, and VI and circumjacent structures to be observed as real colored in an unbroken line. In addition, the surface models allowed the stereoscopic shapes and positions of III, IV, and VI to be comprehended. The sectioned images and surface models could be applied for medical education purposes or training tools. All data generated during this study is available free of charge at anatomy.dongguk.ac.kr/cn/. Anat Rec, 298:436–443, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

The inter- and intrahemispheric climate responses to a change in obliquity are investigated using the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory Climate Model, version 2.1. (GFDL CM2.1). Reduced obliquity causes a weakening of the seasonal insolation contrast between the summer and winter hemispheres and a strengthening of the meridional insolation gradient within the summer hemisphere. The interhemispheric insolation change is associated with weakening of the cross-equatorial Hadley circulation and reduced heat transport from the summer hemisphere to the winter hemisphere, in both the ocean and atmosphere. In contrast, the intrahemispheric insolation change is associated with increased midlatitude summer eddy activity as seen by the increased atmospheric heat transport at those latitudes. Analysis of the zonal mean atmospheric meridional overturning circulation on isentropic surfaces confirms the increase of the midlatitude eddy circulation, which is driven by changes of sensible and latent heat fluxes, as well as changes in the stratification or distribution of entropy. It is suggested that the strengthening of this circulation is associated with an equatorward shift of the ascending branch of the winter Hadley cell.

The orographic effect of the Tibetan Plateau on atmospheric poleward heat transport is investigated using an atmospheric general circulation model. The linear interference between the Tibetan Plateau–induced winds and the eddy temperature field associated with the land–sea thermal contrast is a key factor for enhancing the poleward stationary eddy heat transport. Specifically, Tibetan Plateau–induced stationary waves produce northerlies over the cold eastern Eurasian continent, leading to a poleward heat transport. In another hot spot of stationary eddy heat transport over the eastern North Pacific, Tibetan Plateau–induced stationary waves transport relatively warm marine air northward. In an experiment where the Tibetan Plateau is removed, the poleward heat transport is mostly accomplished by transient eddies, similar to the Southern Hemisphere. In the presence of the Tibetan Plateau, the enhanced stationary eddy heat transport is offset by a comparable reduction in transient eddy heat transport. This compensation between stationary and transient eddy heat transport is seen in observed interannual variability. Both the model and observations indicate that an enhanced poleward heat transport by stationary waves weakens transient eddies by decreasing the meridional temperature gradient and the associated westerlies in midlatitudes.

As the existing school building power consumption is expressed by total power consumption, in the view of energy saving is disadvantage. The the power consumption of school building is divided as cooling, heating, lighting and others. The cooling power consumption, heating power consumption, lighting power consumption can be calculated using real total power consumption that gained from Korea Electric Power Corporation(KEPCO). The power consumption for cooling and heating can be calculated using heat transmittance, wall area and floor area, and for lighting is calculated by artificial lighting calculation. but this calculation methods is difficult for laymen. This study was carried out in order to establish the regression equation for cooling power consumption, heating power consumption, lighting power consumption and other power consumption in school building. In order to verify the validity of the regression equation, it is compared regression equation results and calculation results based on real power consumption. As the results, difference between regression result and calculation results for cooling and heating power consumption showed 0.6% and 3.6%.

In our previous research, we created state-of-the-art sectioned images, color-coded images, and surface models of the human ear. Our ear data would be more beneficial and informative if they were more easily accessible. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to distribute the browsing software and the PDF file in which ear images are to be readily obtainable and freely explored. Another goal was to inform other researchers of our methods for establishing the browsing software and the PDF file. To achieve this, sectioned images and color-coded images of ear were prepared (voxel size 0.1 mm). In the color-coded images, structures related to hearing, equilibrium, and structures originated from the first and second pharyngeal arches were segmented supplementarily. The sectioned and color-coded images of right ear were added to the browsing software, which displayed the images serially along with structure names. The surface models were reconstructed to be combined into the PDF file where they could be freely manipulated. Using the browsing software and PDF file, sectional and three-dimensional shapes of ear structures could be comprehended in detail. Furthermore, using the PDF file, clinical knowledge could be identified through virtual otoscopy. Therefore, the presented educational tools will be helpful to medical students and otologists by improving their knowledge of ear anatomy. The browsing software and PDF file can be downloaded without charge and registration at our homepage (http://anatomy.dongguk.ac.kr/ear/).

Las variaciones arteriales en los miembros superiores pueden causar lesiones iatrogenicas al realizarse procedimientos invasivos. Durante una diseccion de rutina de los patrones de ramificacion de la arteria axilar, se encontro una disposicion aun no informada. En primer lugar, la segunda porcion de la arteria axilar se presento dividida en tres troncos. El tronco lateral se desplazo hacia abajo como una arteria braquiorradial superficial (arteria radial originandose de la arteria axilar). El tronco medial dio origen a la arteria toracica lateral, y se dividio en arteria subescapular y arteria circunfleja humeral posterior. El tronco intermedio dio origen a la arteria circunfleja humeral anterior como se espera para una arteria axilar. En un segundo cadaver, encontramos un tronco comun entre la arteria toracoacromial y una arteria de mayor tamano que se dividio en tres arterias: subescapular, circunfleja humeral posterior y toracica lateral. Consideradas estas variaciones arteriales en conjunto, se discuten las implicaciones clinicas y posibles origenes del desarrollo de las variaciones en la ramificacion de la arteria axilar y su trayecto.

As cities of modern society is developed into high-density areas, they are confronted with several problems. Those problems could be divided into two ways. One is above-average temperatures caused by pollution and the other is the energy depletion. That is the reality we are confronted with. Heat Island, one of the phenomenons of above-average temperatures in cities by reducing greenbelt, occurs and the amount of energy used for air conditioning and heating also increases. In this study, we confirmed the correlation between energy saving effects and frequency of electrical fire as a result of the study on how energy saving effects depending on the temperature change of buildings influence the electrical fire, one of the causes of fire.

The impact of the Tibetan Plateau on the South Asian monsoon is examined using a hierarchy of atmospheric general circulation models. During the premonsoon season and monsoon onset (April–June), when westerly winds over the Southern Tibetan Plateau are still strong, the Tibetan Plateau triggers early monsoon rainfall downstream, particularly over the Bay of Bengal and South China. The downstream moist convection is accompanied by strong monsoonal low-level winds. In experiments where the Tibetan Plateau is removed, monsoon onset occurs about a month later, but the monsoon circulation becomes progressively stronger and reaches comparable strength during the mature phase. During the mature and decaying phase of monsoon (July–September), when westerly winds over the Southern Tibetan Plateau almost disappear, monsoon circulation strength is not much affected by the presence of the Tibetan Plateau. A dry dynamical core with east–west-oriented narrow mountains in the subtropics consistently simulates downstream convergence with background zonal westerlies over the mountain. In a moist atmosphere, the mechanically driven downstream convergence is expected to be associated with significant moisture convergence. The authors speculate that the mechanically driven downstream convergence in the presence of the Tibetan Plateau is responsible for zonally asymmetric monsoon onset, particularly over the Bay of Bengal and South China.

El objetivo fue presentar imagenes seccionadas en alta calidad de un cuerpo femenino que seria de gran ayuda en la creacion de un atlas, en la diseccion virtual y en diversas aplicaciones para la educacion medica y los ensayos clinicos; ademas, se trata de demostrar la aplicabilidad de las imagenes seccionadas. Un cadaver de sexo femenino fue seccionado en serie utilizando un criomicrotomo y luego fue fotografiado. Las estructuras en las imagenes fueron segmentadas para producir imagenes en Photoshop. En un programa de navegacion de desarrollo propio se almacenaron las imagenes seccionadas y segmentadas. Basado en las imagenes segmentadas, los modelos de superficie fueron construidas en el programa y guardadas como archivo PDF. Las imagenes seccionadas de alta calidad del cuerpo femenino fueron tomadas con intervalos entre 0,2 o 1 mm; tamano en pixeles de 0,1 mm y profundidad de color de 48 bits). En las imagenes obtenidas, las estructuras muy pequenas y complicadas pudieron ser identificadas a color en el cuerpo. Con el fin de determinar la aplicabilidad de las imagenes, se produjo un programa de navegacion que incluye imagenes seccionadas y segmentadas y el archivo PDF que incluye modelos de superficie. Las imagenes seccionadas y los modelos de superficie producidos durante esta investigacion demostraron ser una fuente util como programa medico. Todos los datos generados se encuentran disponibles gratuitamente.

The role of the central Asian mountains on North Pacific storminess is examined using an atmospheric general circulation model by varying the height and the areas of the mountains. A series of model integrations show that the presence of the central Asian mountains suppresses the North Pacific storminess by 20%–30% during boreal winter. Their impact on storminess is found to be small during other seasons. The mountains amplify stationary waves and effectively weaken the high-frequency transient eddy kinetic energy in boreal winter. Two main causes of the reduced storminess are diagnosed. First, the decrease in storminess appears to be associated with a weakening of downstream eddy development. The mountains disorganize the zonal coherency of wave packets and refract them more equatorward. As the zonal traveling distance of wave packets gets substantially shorter, downstream eddy development gets weaker. Second, the central Asian mountains suppress the global baroclinic energy conversion. The decreased baroclinic energy conversion, particularly over the eastern Eurasian continent, decreases the number of eddy disturbances entering into the western North Pacific. The “barotropic governor” does not appear to explain the reduced storminess in our model simulations.

Previous studies have shown that boreal summer Indian monsoon rainfall is, on average, significantly above normal after major El Niño events. In this study, the underlying causes of this rainfall response are examined using both observational analysis and atmospheric general circulation model (AGCM) simulations. Moist static energy budgets for two strong El Niño events (1982/83 and 1997/98), estimated from monthly 40-yr European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts Re-Analysis (ERA-40), suggest that stronger low-level moisture transport and reduced moist stability associated with a warmer north Indian Ocean (NIO) can increase monsoon rainfall, despite a weakened monsoon circulation. The trade-off between a dynamically weaker monsoon and moist processes favoring enhanced monsoonal rainfall is broken during the late monsoon season (August–September) as the warm NIO enhances surface latent heat flux and the monsoon circulation relaxes back to the climatological mean. The monsoon circulation strength and the moist processes work together in the late season, which explains the observed tendency for monsoonal rainfall increases during the late monsoon season after strong winter El Niño conditions. Idealized AGCM experiments with a fixed-depth ocean mixed layer demonstrate that the remnant but weaker-than-peak warm SSTs in the eastern equatorial Pacific during spring and the early summer following winter El Niños substantially contribute to the NIO warming. The results suggest that local air–sea interactions in the tropical Indian Ocean after winter El Niño are strongly dependent on the details of El Niño’s decaying trend.

The strengthening of monsoonal southerlies over East Asia is associated with the westward intensification of the North Pacific subtropical high. Previous work has shown that the seasonal-mean position and strength of subtropical highs are affected by tropical and subtropical diabatic heating. Here it is shown that the synoptic-time-scale strengthening of southerlies over eastern China is dynamically tied to extratropical eddy activity. Composite analysis based on strong southerly wind events highlights an antecedent baroclinic wave train propagating southeastward into eastern China from extratropical central Asia. This wave train generates quasigeostrophic ascent over eastern China that is associated with heavy precipitation. The anomalously cold upper-tropospheric conditions associated with the wave train decrease static stability throughout the lower and middle troposphere in eastern China, while low-level moistening enhances equivalent potential temperature. It is proposed that the resulting reductions in dry and moist static stability intensify the eddy-induced precipitating ascent. These results illustrate how East Asian monsoon circulation and precipitation can be enhanced by the interaction of midlatitude baroclinic waves with the moist subtropical monsoon region.