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Two new wood-rotting fungi in the family Hymenochaetaceae, Fulvifomes dracaenicolasp. nov. and Hymenochaete dracaenicolasp. nov., are described and illustrated from tropical China based on morphological characteristics and molecular data. It is worth to mention that both of them grow on Dracaena cambodiana which is a kind of angiosperm tree distributed in tropical regions. F. dracaenicola is characterised by perennial, pileate, triquetrous basidioma with yellowish brown fresh pores which becoming honey yellow with silk sheening upon drying, a dimitic hyphal system in trama and monomitic in context, and subglobose basidiospores measuring 4.8–5 × 4–4.1 μm. H. dracaenicola is characterised by annual, resupinate basidioma with a clay buff hymenophore, a dimitic hyphal system, absence of tomentum and cortex, presence of subulate setae, absence of cystidia, presence of cystidioles and simple hyphidia, and oblong ellipsoid basidiospores measuring 5.2–5.8 × 2.5–2.8 µm. The phylogenetic analyses based on ITS + nLSU rDNA sequences confirm the placement of two new species respectively in Fulvifomes and Hymenochaete. Phylogenetically closely related species to the two new species are discussed.

A new hymenochaetoid species, Hymenochaete longisterigmata, is described from Himachal Pradesh, India.

Antecedentes y Objetivos: Hymenochaete es el género con el mayor número de especies de la familia Hymenochaetaceae en México, teniendo registradas 25 especies. Se caracteriza por su basidioma principalmente resupinado, aunque puede ser pileado o estipitado, de colores pardos, con presencia de setas y reacción xantocroide. El presente estudio tiene por objetivo describir una nueva especie de Hymenochaete.Métodos: Los materiales estudiados en fresco se describieron macro y micro morfológicamente usando microscopio estereoscópico y óptico, y tomando fotos in situ. Se revisaron ejemplares de los herbarios ENCB y FCME, así como literatura especializada para su descripción.Resultados clave: Hymenochaete liliae sp. nov. se caracteriza por el basidioma resupinado, adnato, carnoso, himenóforo liso, con numerosas setas, margen determinado, abrupto, con sistema hifal monomítico, septos simples; setas subfusiformes, abundantes en el himenio, 69-80 × 6-8 µm, agudas, con cristales y basidiosporas elipsoides, de paredes delgadas, 5-8 × 2-3 µm. Aunque se asemeja a H. rhabarbarina, se diferencia por presentar setas cubiertas con cristales y esporas de 4.8-6 × 2.3-3.3 µm. También se podría confundir con H. minuscula por su color del basidioma; sin embargo, las setas son de menor tamaño (40-60 µm), así como los basidios (15-20 µm). Se separa de H. cinnamomea por no presentar un basidioma estratoso, setas con cristales, de 69-80 × 6-8 µm, basidiosporas de 5-8 × 2-3 µm, elipsoidales.Conclusiones: Se propone Hymenochaete liliae como una especie nueva, que se distribuye en el bosque tropical del estado de Oaxaca, y hasta la fecha solo reportada de la localidad tipo.

The paper records 34 species of the genus Hymenochaete Lev. (Hymenochaetaceae) from India out of which 14 species are new records and addition to Indian Mycoflora. All the new records are described and illustrated in detail. The collected material has been deposited in the cryptogamic section herbarium at Botanical Survey of India (NRC) Dehradun (BSD). A key to all the Indian species has been provided for their easy identification.

Mycorrhizal helper bacteria (MHB) play an important role in mediating mycorrhizal symbiosis, which improves the growth and nutrient uptake of plants. This study examined the growth-promoting effects and mechanisms of pine growth after inoculation with the MHB Bacillus pumilus HR10 and/or Hymenochaete sp. Rl. The effect of B. pumilus HR10 on Hymenochaete sp. Rl growth, enzyme activity and gene expression related to mycorrhiza formation were determined. The growth, root activity, nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium content and chlorophyll fluorescence activity of Pinus thunbergii and the mycorrhizal colonization intensity of Hymenochaete sp. Rl-inoculated pine seedlings after inoculation with B. pumilus HR10 were also evaluated. The results showed that B. pumilus HR10 promoted growth, regulated the expression of mycorrhizal-related genes and affected the β-1,3-glucanase activity of Hymenochaete sp. Rl. The mycorrhizal colonization intensity of pine seedlings co-inoculated with B. pumilus HR10 and Hymenochaete sp. Rl was 1.58-fold higher than seedlings inoculated with only Hymenochaete sp. Rl. Inoculation with B. pumilus HR10 and/or Hymenochaete sp. Rl increased lateral root number and root activity of pine seedlings and chlorophyll fluorescence activity of pine needles compared with the control. Bacillus pumilus HR10 facilitated nutrient uptake by enhancing the mycorrhizal proliferation of pine and induced greater photosynthesis and root activity of pine seedlings, which confirms its role as an outstanding plant-growth-promoting rhizobacterium. These findings improve our understanding of the mechanism of B. pumilus HR10 promotion of mycorrhizal symbiosis.

81. Hymenochaete sharmae Hembrom, K. Das & A. Parihar, sp. nov. (Figs 1-5) Distinct from other Hymenochaete species by the combination of resupinate, closely adnate, greyish white to purplish grey basidiomata with chalky white floccose margins when fresh, its cracked, separable hymenophore becoming rusty brown to charcoal black and papery thin when mature, ellipsoid basidiospores (5-6.26-7 × 3-3.68-5 Μm) and occurrence on bamboos. TYPUS. — India. Jharkhand, Sahibganj district, Taljhari block, Sogorbhanga village, on the dead stump of bamboos, 40 m a.s.l., 24°59’07.3”N, 87°43’27.8”E, 13.XI.2016, M.E. Hembrom, MEH-70191 (holo-, CAL [CAL 1535]!). MYCOBANK. — MB 830163. GENBANK. — KY929017, MK588753 (nrITS,), KY929018, MK588836 (nrLSU).Etymology. — Commemorating Dr. Jai Ram Sharma, the pioneer worker who revised Indian Hymenochaetaceae. OTHER SPECIMENS EXAMINED. — India. Jharkhand: Sahibganj district, Mandro Block, Chaldi on the forest track to Chaldi from Solbandha, Sahibganj, 210 m a.s.l., 25°11’16.0”N, 87°36’52.7’E, on dead roots of Bamboos, 9.XI.2011, M.E. Hembrom, MEH-70173; Sahibganj district, Borio block, Simaljori from Kairasol Pir-Baba, 119 m a.s.l., 25°09’40.0”N, 87°41’15.1”E, on dead roots of bamboos, 30.IX.2017, M.E. Hembrom, MEH-70191; Borio block, Dalabari village, 122 m a.s.l., 25°02’38.2”N, 87°39’12.2”E, on standing dead bamboos, 26.VIII.2013, M.E. Hembrom, MEH-66088; Sahibganj district, Taljhari block, Gogi approach from Simaljori to Karanpurato, 228 m a.s.l., 25°09’00.1”N, 87°42’21.6”E, on dead bamboo stump, 30.IX.2017, M.E. Hembrom, MEH-70198; Taljhari block, Dhamdhamia village, 40 m a.s.l., 24°56’55.4”N, 87°45’32.7”E, on dead stump of bamboos, 28.IX.2015, M.E. Hembrom, MEH-69985; Sahibganj district, Pathna-Barharwa block, Chandragoda paharia hilly areas, 240 m a.s.l., 24°51’10.0”N, 87°38’18.4”E, on dead stump of bamboos, 7.IX.2013, M.E. Hembrom, MEH-66204; Rajmahal hills, Godda district, Boarijor block, Tatkunda from Boarijor-Lalmatia road, 225 m a.s.l., 25°01’19.3”N, 87°24’07.0”E, on dead stump of bamboos, 1.IX.2013, M.E. Hembrom, MEH-66168; Boarijor block, Amarpur Puriabadar, 398 m a.s.l., 25°00’03.0”N, 87°27’45.8”E, on dead stump of bamboos, 8.IX.2014, M.E. Hembrom, MEH-66450; Rajmahal hills, Pakur district, Litipara block, Charaknarapahar from Sathia-Narchi, 356 m a.s.l., 24°44’01.3”N, 87°34’30.3”E, on dead stump of bamboos, 18.VIII.2014, M.E. Hembrom, MEH-66912; Pakur district, Hiranpur block, Dangapara, 310 m a.s.l., 24°37’05.6”N, 87°28’30.2”E, on dead stump of bamboos, 28.VIII.2014, M.E. Hembrom, MEH-66258; Rajmahal hills, Dumka district, Ramgarh block, Kakni, Karbindha, 214 m a.s.l. 24°30’14.2”N, 87°16’06.9”E, on dead bamboos, 17.IX.2015, Samuel Murmu, SM-15-09; Dumka district, Gopikandar block, Gariapani to Dumurtola, 130 m a.s.l., 24°24’32.2”N, 87°29’49.6”E, on dead stump of bamboos, 20.X.2015, M.E. Hembrom, MEH-69927; Dumka district, Kathikund block, Kanhaideeh village, 140 m a.s.l., 24°19’42.0”N, 87°30’54.7”E, on dead stump of bamboos, 18.IX.2015, M.E. Hembrom, MEH-69912; Dumka district, Sikaripara block, Karakata forest area, 323 m a.s.l., 24°12’52.9”N, 87°30’15.3”E, on dead stump of bamboos, 23.X.2015, M.E. Hembrom, MEH-69957; Dumka district, Maslia block, Madhuban bichkhora hills, 160 m a.s.l., 24°14’31.9”N, 87°12’45.6”E, on dead stump of bamboos, 21.X.2015, Samuel Murmu, SM-15-16. DESCRIPTION Basidiomata Annual, resupinate, widely effused up to 600 mm or more long in the longest direction, papery thin, 160-500 Μm thick in section, closely adnate, inseparable when fresh, initially appearing as small slightly grayish brown patches, then growing in irregular pattern in all directions on the host surface and finally becoming fused with adjacent basidiomata covering entire lower part of bamboo nodes, internodes and roots before fading to give appearance of a mark of grayish white ‘paint’. Hymenophore Smooth when fresh but gradually cracking into distinct various angular shapes and finally detaching off from host as brittle papery crust, irregularly and distantly papillate, azonate, grayish brown then violet white to pale violet to dark brown to pale blue, becoming greyish violet at maturity, finally chestnut brown to charcoal brown in old specimens. Margin 1-5 mm wide, floccose, chalky white. Subiculum smooth, sandy, duplex, pale orange to greyish orange towards host surface while greyish white towards hymenophore. Hyphal system Monomitic, septate, hyphae swelling in KOH, IK-, CB-, older tissue more or less darkening towards substrata and mostly unchanging toward hymenium in KOH. Subiculum of repeatedly branched, compactly interwoven generative hyphae and setae; cortex absent. Generative hyphae 3-6 Μm wide, septate, much branched, moderate to distinctly thick-walled, pale yellow to hyaline. Setae evenly distributed throughout the context, 10-80 × 6-15 Μm, acuminate (mostly) to few with lateral swellings; tip acute (mostly) to more or less obtuse, few sheathed with hyaline crystalline contents, with or without lumen, hyaline to dark brown. Hymenium Generative hyphae 2-4 Μm wide, septate, branched, thinwalled, interwoven, hyaline. Setae 25-80 × 9-15 Μm, randomly and sparsely distributed, subulate; tip acute to obtuse, sheathed (mostly) with crystalline hyaline contents, emergent up to 25 Μm, dark brown. Cystidia Absent. Cystidioles Present, 16.5-24 × 3-3.5 Μm, thin-walled, hyaline. Hyphidia Emergent, septate, sparsely branched, obtuse to ampullate, hyaline. Basidia 12-16 × 4-6 Μm, clavate, 4-sterigmate, septate at base. Basidioles 11-16 × 4-5 Μm, clavate, septate at base. Basidiospores 5-6.26-7 × 3-3.68-5 Μm, Q = 1.4-1.66-1.96, ellipsoid, thin-walled, smooth, hyaline, inamyloid, acyanophilic. NOTES This species is one of the common wood-rotting corticoid fungi in Rajmahal Hills of Jharkhand, India (Fig. 1). It can easily be recognized in the field by its exclusive occurrence on bamboos, on which it forms remarkably thin, membranous, closely adnate, smooth to slightly papillate (under 10×), purplish grey to grayish white basidiomata which gradually crack into easily separable dark brown crusts (partially lamellate when associated with other wood inhabiting lower fungi). Under the microscope, the combination of emergent setae and hyphoid elements coupled with the relatively large-sized, ellipsoid basidiospores are significant taxonomic features. Further diagnostic features include the chalky white, floccose margin with highly variable size of setae. 0.1 The above-mentioned combination of morphological features is very distinct from six additional bambusicolous species of Hymenochaete reported from South East Asia (Nie et al. 2017). Hymenochaete bambusicola S.H. He is distinct microscopically due to the presence of unusual dimitic hyphal system while absence of any hyphal layer in H. innexa G. Cunn. is quite characteristic (Nie et al. 2017). Absence of any hyphoid elements in the hymenium of H. muroiana I. Hino & Katum., H. orientalis S.H. He, H. rhabarbarina (Berk.) Cooke, and H. tropica S.H. He & Y.C. Dai segregates them from our species (Nie et al. 2017). Our nrITS- and nrLSU-based phylogenies (Figs 2, 3), with 43 and 35 sequences respectively, fully resolved the genus Hymenochaete. Respective sequences (KY929017, MK588753 for MEH-70191 and MEH- 66088 in case of nrITS; KY929018, MK588836 for MEH-70191 and MEH- 66088 in case of nrLSU) derived from present Indian species are found to be clustered amongst few Asian species of Hymenochaete in both of our phylogenetic estimations. However, H. sharmae Hembrom, K. Das & A. Parihar, sp. nov., is recovered with strong support as a distinct taxon in both these phylogenetic analyses, being sister to the clade leading to H. japonica Yasuda and H. duportii Pat. Morphologically, the present species resembles Hydnochaete duportii because of the formation of resupinate, effused basidiomata, cracking at maturity. However, the latter species differs by its umber brown margin, relatively thick basidiomata, and cylindrical basidiospores 4-5 × 1.5-2 Μm (Ryvarden 1982). Similarly, Hydnochaete japonica, originally reported from Japan, is phylogenetically close to the present species but its pileate to effused reflexed basidiomata (more than 2 mm thick), dark brown to black hymenophore and rusty brown margin (Ryvarden 1982) allow to separate it. Another resupinate, papery thin species, Hymenochaete murina Bres. (included in both of our phylogenetic analyses) is very distinct because of its concolorous margin and medium-sized setae measuring 45-50 × 7-10 Μm (Léger 1998). H. peroxydata (Berk. ex Cooke) Baltazar et al. has relatively thick basidiomata exceeding 2 mm in thickness, cinnamon colored margin, cylindrical basidiospores measuring 3-4 × 1.5-2 Μm, and blunt, medium to long, 35-70 × 7-15 Μm setae (Ryvarden 1982) and occurrs on dicotyledonous hosts. The resupinate H. sphaerospora J.C. Léger & Lanq., which shares with our species the presence of hyphoid elements in the hymenium, differs in its 0.5-1 mm thick basidiomata and globose to subglobose basidiospores (Léger 1998)., Published as part of Wang, Xiang-Hua, Das, Kanad, Bera, Ishika, Chen, Yu-Hui, Bhatt, Rajendra Prasad, Ghosh, Aniket, Hembrom, Manoj Emanuel, Hofstetter, Valérie, Parihar, Arvind, Vizzini, Alfredo, Xu, Tai-Min & Zhao, Chang-Lin, 2019, Fungal Biodiversity Profiles 81 - 90, pp. 57-95 in Cryptogamie, Mycologie 20 (5) on pages 58-65, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-mycologie2019v40a5, http://zenodo.org/record/7814899, {"references":["NIE T., TIAN Y., LIU S. L., YANG J. & HE S. H. 2017. - Species of Hymenochaete (Hymenochaetales, Basidiomycota) on bamboos from East Asia, with descriptions of two new species. MycoKeys 20: 51 - 65. https: // doi. org / 10.3897 / mycokeys. 20.11754","RYVARDEN L. 1982. - The genus Hydnochaete Bres. (Hymenochaetaceae). Mycotaxon 15: 425 - 447.","LEGER J. C. 1998. - Le genre Hymenochaete Leveille. Bibliotheca Mycologica 171: 1 - 319."]}

Fourteen species of Hymenochaete and three species of Hymenochaetopsis from Europe are treated, including their distribution and host characteristics. Four new species are described, viz. Hymenochaete canescens, H. jaapii, H. pilatii and H. rhododendri. Two species are new for Europe, viz. Hymenochaete longispora and Hymenochaetopsis laricicola.

The genus name Hydnoporia is reinstated to encompass the Hymenochaete tabacina group currently addressed to Pseudochaete (illegitimate genus) or Hymenochaetopsis. Identity of the type species of Hydnoporia, Sistotrema fuscescens (= Hydnoporia olivacea in current sense), is clarified, and a lectotype is selected. In total, 12 species are combined in Hydnoporia: H. corrugata, H. gigasetosa, H. lamellata, H. laricicola, H. latesetosa, H. lenta, H. rhododendri, H. rimosa, H. subrigidula, H. tabacina, H. tabacinoides, and H. yasudai. Hydnoporia diffissa is described as new. Analyses of all available ITS (94) and newly produced tef1 sequences (20) indicate that there are at least 20–27 species in the genus. Identity of the type species of Hymenochaete, H. rubiginosa, is clarified; the name is retained for the species so named in Europe while other species are present in North America and East Asia. Additionally, three new combinations in Hymenochaete are proposed: H. campylopora (= Cyclomyces fuscus), H. microcycla (= Cyclomyces tabacinus), and H. saepiaria.

In this study, eight-month-old ectomycorrhizae of Tuber borchii with Corylus avellana were synthesized to explore the influence of T. borchii colonization on the soil properties and the microbial communities associated with C. avellana during the early symbiotic stage. The results showed that the bacterial richness and diversity in the ectomycorrhizae were significantly higher than those in the control roots, whereas the fungal diversity was not changed in response to T. borchii colonization. Tuber was the dominant taxon (82.97%) in ectomycorrhizae. Some pathogenic fungi, including Ilyonectria and Podospora, and other competitive mycorrhizal fungi, such as Hymenochaete, had significantly lower abundance in the T. borchii inoculation treatment. It was found that the ectomycorrhizae of C. avellana contained some more abundant bacterial genera (e.g., Rhizobium, Pedomicrobium, Ilumatobacter, Streptomyces, and Geobacillus) and fungal genera (e.g., Trechispora and Humicola) than the control roots. The properties of rhizosphere soils were also changed by T. borchii colonization, like available nitrogen, available phosphorus and exchangeable magnesium, which indicated a feedback effect of mycorrhizal synthesis on soil properties. Overall, this work highlighted the interactions between the symbionts and the microbes present in the host, which shed light on our understanding of the ecological functions of T. borchii and facilitate its commercial cultivation.

In this study, three different methods (fruiting body collection, mycelial isolation, and 454 sequencing) were implemented to determine the diversity of wood-inhabiting basidiomycetes from dead Manchurian fir (Abies holophylla). The three methods recovered similar species richness (26 species from fruiting bodies, 32 species from mycelia, and 32 species from 454 sequencing), but Fisher’s alpha, Shannon-Wiener, Simpson’s diversity indices of fungal communities indicated fruiting body collection and mycelial isolation displayed higher diversity compared with 454 sequencing. In total, 75 wood-inhabiting basidiomycetes were detected. The most frequently observed species were Heterobasidion orientale (fruiting body collection), Bjerkandera adusta (mycelial isolation), and Trichaptum fusco-violaceum (454 sequencing). Only two species, Hymenochaete yasudae and Hypochnicium karstenii, were detected by all three methods. This result indicated that Manchurian fir harbors a diverse basidiomycetous fungal community and for complete estimation of fungal diversity, multiple methods should be used. Further studies are required to understand their ecology in the context of forest ecosystems.

Three new species of Hymenochaete from Russian Far East are described based on morphological and ITS rDNA data. Hymenochaete adhaerens sp. nov. is a resupinate species closely related to H. macrospora, from which it differs in having longer basidiospores and setae. The basidiocarps of H. cupulata sp. nov. are effused-reflexed, resembling those of the European H. ulmicola, from which it differs in having setae inflated at the basal part and shorter basidiospores. Both H. adhaerens and H. cupulata inhabit bark of living elm trees (Ulmus spp.). H. manshurica sp. nov. is resupinate and morphologically similar to the North American H. corticolor, from which it differs in having narrower setae and basidiospores; it has been collected from bark of living Tilia manshurica.

Se reconocen 23 registros nuevos para la micobiota de Jalisco, de los cuales los órdenes más representativos fueron los Agaricales, Hymenochaetales y Russulales. De ellos se describen a Albatrellus caeruleoporus, Amanita jacksonii, Hydnellum ferrugineum, Hymenochaete damicornis, Pluteus salicinus, Ramaria araiospora var. araiospora y Suillus tomentosus var. discolor, y se proporciona información acerca de su importancia económica y distribución ecológica.

In the frame of studying the diversity of wood-rotting macrofungi in Aegean islands, a notable Mediterranean biodiversity “hotspot”, the following hymenochaetoid species are reported for the first time in Greece: Fomitiporia erecta, Fomitiporia rosmarini, Hymenochaete fuliginosa, Inonotus cuticularis and Phylloporia ribis. The records of F. erecta and F. rosmarini are the first ever on Quercus coccifera in a worldwide context. Furthermore, they extend the known distribution of both species to the east Mediterranean region as well. The detected occurrence of P. ribis constitutes the first report of this genus for Greece; it was found on living trees and shrubs of Crataegus monogyna and Rhamnus alaternus in Andros and on Spartium junceum in Naxos. I. cuticularis was recorded on Acer sempervirens living tree trunk in Andros and on Quercus ithaburensis subsp. macrolepis in Agios Efstratios, while H. fuliginosa was detected in Ikaria on Quercus ilex. Detailed descriptions are provided for all five taxa, and th...

Six species of Hymenochaete are found on bamboos in East Asia. Among them, H. bambusicola and H. orientalis are described and illustrated as new to science. Hymenochaete bambusicola is found exclusively on dead bamboos in northern Thailand and southwestern China, and characterized by the presence of dendrohyphidia and skeletal hyphae. It is phylogenetically and morphologically closely related to H. innexa, H. koeljalgii and H. tropica. Hymenochaete orientalis is found on bamboos in Taiwan and on angiosperm branches in southern China. It is distinguished by the absence of a hyphal layer and by having relatively large, oblong-ellipsoid to cylindrical basidiospores. Hymenochaete orientalis is morphologically similar to H. longispora and H. cinnamomea, and forms a distinct lineage close to H. cinnamomea in the ITS+nrLSU based phylogenetic analyses. An identification key to the six species on bamboos is given.

Species delimitation in Hymenochaete sensu lato was evaluated based on partial nucLSU rDNA sequences, isoenzyme analyses and morphological data. Analyses of LSU data revealed Hymenochaete sensu stricto and Pseudochaete as distinct monophyletic genera. Transfer of Hydnochaete olivacea into genus Pseudochaete and Dichochaete setosa into genus Hymenochaete (as H. resupinata) was supported by the results of molecular analyses. A new species Hymenochaete koeljalgii from Tanzania was described. The species of genus Hymenochaete sensu stricto were divided into four well-supported clades possessing no distinctive morphological characters.

Pseudochaete latesetosa and P. subrigidula collected from southern China are described as new species based on a combination of morphological and molecular characters. Both the species have narrowly cylindrical to allantoid basidiospores and encrusted setae, which are diagnostic characters of Pseudochaete. P. latesetosa is similar to P. tabacina, except that the latter has resupinate, effused-reflexed or pileate basidiocarps and well-developed cortex and tomentum. P. subrigidula resembles P. rigidula in macroscopical and anatomical structures, but the latter has shorter setae and basidiospores. The phylogenetic results inferred from analysis of combined ITS and nLSU rDNA sequences show that the two species were nested within the Pseudochaete clade and were separated from other sampled species as well as from each other. Illustrated descriptions of these two species are provided.

The taxonomy and phylogeny of Hymenochaete and its allied genera in Hymenochaetaceae in China are studied based on morphological characters and molecular analysis. The morphology of more than 1200 specimens were studied and 123 ITS sequences (including 104 new sequences) of 71 taxa and 94 nLSU rDNA sequences (including 51 new sequences) of 78 taxa of Hymenochaetaceae were used in the phylogenetic analysis. Three new species, Hymenochaete huangshanensis, H. minor and H. tropica are introduced. The genus Pseudochaete is supported by the data presented here, with inclusion of an additional seven species transferred herein from Hymenochaete, Hydnochaete and Cyclomyces. Three species of Hydnochaete and two species of Cyclomyces studied nested within the Hymenochaete clade, and combinations of five species from the two former genera to Hymenochaete are proposed. According to our results, Hymenochaete is a morphologically variable genus composed of taxa with corticioid, hydnoid, lamellate and poroid hymenophores, and this would be the same for Pseudochaete with more taxa included. Fifty species of Hymenochaete and eight species of Pseudochaete have so far been found in China, and identification keys to the two genera are provided.

Although the use of macrofungi in popular medicine is very common, especially in East Asia, the knowledge about their pharmacological properties is poorly investigated. The aim of this work was to evaluate the pharmacological potential of six species of macroscopic fungi: Phellinus rimosus (Berk.) Pilat (Hymenochaetaceae), Pycnoporus sanguineus (L.) Murrill (Poyporaceae), Hymenochaete rheicolor (Mont.) Lev. (Hymenochaetaceae), Hexagonia papyracea Berk. (Polyporaceae), Datronia caperata (Berk.) Ryvarden (Polyporaceae), and Lepiota sp. (Agaricaceae), collected in the state of Bahia, in north-eastern Brazil. Extracts of these species were obtained and tested to determine their cytotoxicity in normal mouse spleen cells. Immunomodulatory, antineoplasic and antiparasitic activities were investigated. Four macrofungi extracts (Phellinus rimosus, Hymenochaete rheicolor, Lepiota sp., and Datronia caperata) inhibited the lymphoproliferative response stimulated by concanavalin A in 65–96% of inhibition in mitogen-in...

Based on nuclear rDNA sequences of 18 species of the corticioid genus Hymenochaete, one species of the stipitate Stipitochaete, two species of the hydnoid Hydnochaete, one species of the hydnoid Asterodon, two species of the cyclolamellate to poroid Cyclomyces, two species of the cyclolamellate to poroid Coltricia and 11 more species of the poroid Hymenochaetales, we examined the position of Hymenochaete within the Hymenochaetales, the infrageneric structure of Hymenochaete, and the relationships between Hymenochaete, Stipitochaete, Hydnochaete, Cyclomyces and Coltricia. In addition, the nuclear behaviour of the vegetative mycelium was studied for 10 selected taxa of Hymenochaete and one taxon of Hydnochaete. Hymenochaete appears to be polyphyletic, and a new genus, Pseudochaete, is proposed to accommodate the holocoenocytic H. tabacina, which is more closely related to the poroid Hymenochaetales, Onnia and Porodaedalea. The splitting of Hymenochaete into four anatomically distinct sections is not supported by our data. Stipitochaete is not a separate genus. Hydnochaete duportii and H. japonica, as well as Cyclomyces fuscus and C. tabacinus are not distinctly separated and are suggested to be transferred to Hymenochaete.

Hymenochaete angustispora and H. verruculosa spp. nov . are described and illustrated from Shanxi Province, northern China. Hymenochaete angustispora was collected on Vitex negundo , and is characterized by resupinate basidiocarps, the absence of a hyphal layer, and narrowly cylindrical to allantoid basidiospores 5–7 × 1.8–2.2 µm. Hymenochaete verruculosa was collected on Cornus sp. , and is distinct by the effuso-reflexed basidiocarps with a verruculose hymenophore, the presence of a cortex and hyphal layer, and small ellipsoid basidiospores 3.5–4.5 × 2–2.8 µm. Hymenochaete colliculosa , collected on Berberis sp. , is reported in China for the first time. The phylogeny of 57 Hymenochaete species was inferred from a concatenated dataset of nuc rDNA ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 (ITS barcode) and D1-D2 domains of nuc 28S rDNA (28S) sequences.

Hagenia abyssinica J.F. Gmel. (Rosaceae) is an Afromontane endemic, whose range extends from Ethiopia in the north to Zimbabwe and Mozambique in the south. This thick-stemmed but low-growing tree is restricted to East African high mountains, and is one of the dominants of upper montane forests, often making up the timberline. In this paper 17 aphyllophoroid basidiomycetes are reported on Hagenia from Tanzania. Trees which have been partly debarked by elephants are often troubled by Hymenochaete ochromarginata Talbot. A new species, Hyphodontia submucronata Hjortstam & Renvall is described. Dendrothele griseocana (Bres.) Bourdot & Galzin is reported for the first time from Africa.

In the present investigation 16 species of Phellinus and 6 species of Hymenochaete (collected as an adulterant) were screened for sesquiterpenoids and triterpenoids. A total of 11 spots were detected in both sesquiterpenoids and triterpenoids chromatograms. The terpenoids were not identified. The spots obtained for Phellinus were compared with the spots of Hymenochaete. It was revealed from the SAB and D values that almost half of the species of Phellinus have about 45% to 57% dissimilarity in case of sesquiterpenoids and 50% to 60% dissimilarity with the triterpenoids. However, since both the taxa are from the same family, the spots that were common may be characteristic of the family. Such a study may be used to reveal the adulteration in medicinal Phellinus samples.

Hymenochaete fissurata S.H. He & Hai J. Li, sp. nov. (Figs. 1, 2) MycoBank no.: MB 801312 Carpophorum annuum, effusum, adnatum. Hymenophorum laeve, rimosum. Tomentum, cortex et stratum hypharum adsunt. Systema hypharum monomiticum, hyphae generativae septatae, efibulatae. Setae numerosae, subulatae, acutae, (25–)30–60(–65) × (4.5–)5–8(–9) µm. Sporae ellipsoideae vel ovoideae, IKI–, CB–, (3.5–)3.6–5(–5.2) × (2–)2.1–2.8(–3) µm. Type.— CHINA. Yunnan Prov.: Shangri-La County, Pudacuo Forest Park, alt. 3600 m, on fallen trunk of Rhododendron, 24 September 2011, He 1193 (holotype, BJFC!). Etymology.— fissurata (Lat.) refers to the densely cracked hymenophore surface. Fruitbody. —Basidiocarps annual, effused or effused-reflexed with slightly elevated margins, adnate, woody hard and brittle when dry, first as small colonies, later confluent up to 20 cm or more in the longest dimension, 180–800 µm thick in section. Hymenophore smooth or with some scattered tubercles, pale mousegray, ash-gray to vinaceous gray, irregularly and deeply cracked with edges lifting to expose the substratum when mature; margin thinning out, distinct, cinnamon to yellowish brown when juvenile, becoming indistinct, concolorous and slightly elevated when mature. Hyphal structure.— Hyphal system monomitic; generative hyphae without clamp connections; tissue darkening but otherwise unchanged in KOH. Subiculum. —Tomentum, cortex (with dark line) and hyphal layer present. Cortex composed of strongly agglutinated hyphae, thickening with age, 15–80 µm. Setal hyphae (embedded setae) occasionally present, longer and narrower than hymenial setae. Generative hyphae colorless to yellowish brown, thin- to thickwalled, septate, moderately branched, more or less regularly arranged, compacted and cemented, 2–3 µm in diam. Hymenium. —Hyphae similar to those in subiculum, yellowish brown, thick-walled, agglutinated, 2–2.5 µm in diam. New hymenium grown over the old ones with most setae embedded. Setal layer thickening, composed of one to several rows of overlapping setae. Setae numerous, subulate, reddish brown, some enmeshed with a thin hyphal sheath, smooth, with acute tips, projecting up to 30 µm above the hymenium, (25–)30–60(–65) × (4.5–)5–8(–9) µm. Cystidia absent, simple hyphidia present, not numerous. Basidia clavate, with four sterigmata and a simple septum at base, 10–15 × 3–3.5 µm; basidioles in shape similar to basidia, but smaller. Spores.— Basidiospores ellipsoid to ovoid, hyaline, thin-walled, smooth, IKI–, CB–, (3.5–)3.6–5(–5.2) × (2–)2.1–2.8(–3) µm, L = 4.2 µm, W = 2.5 µm, Q = 1.6–1.7 (n = 60/2). Additional specimens examined.— Hymenochaete fissurata: CHINA. Yunnan Prov.: Lanping County, Changyanshan, on fallen trunk of Rhododendron, 18 September 2011, He1117; Shangri-La County, Pudacuo Forest Park, alt. 3600 m, on fallen trunk of Rhododendron, 24 September 2011, He 1202; Sichuan Prov.: Songpan County, Huanglong Forest Park, alt. 3400 m, on fallen trunk of Rhododendron, 14 September 2012, He 1357; Puge County, Luojishan Forest Park, alt. 3600 m, on dead Rhododendron tree, 19 September 2012, Dai 12978 (paratypes, BJFC!). H. stratura G. Cunn. (1957: 37): NEW ZEALAND. Taranaki, Mt. Egmont, Dawson Falls, on bark of dead branches of Podocarpus hallii, January 1953, J.M. Dingley (holotype, PDD 12463!); Auckland, Waipoua Kauri Forest, on dead branch of Podocarpus totara, 20 January 1955, J.M. Dingley (paratype, PDD 16626!). Remarks.— Hymenochaete fissurata is characterized by its hard and densely cracked basidiocarps, presence of a distinct cortex and hyphal layer (in section Hymenochaete), compacted and cemented hyphae, relatively short setae, and small basidiospores. Microscopically, the new species is very similar to H. stratura which also has a hyphal layer composed of densely compacted and cemented parallel hyphae, short setae and small basidiospores (Cunningham 1957). However, the latter species differs in having coriaceous and more brittle basidiocarps, no cortex in cross section, and is found in New Zealand (Cunningham 1957). Two other species, H. dura Berk. & M.A. Curtis (1868: 334) and H. sordida Speg. (1926: 139) resemble H. fissurata by sharing similar short setae and small basidiospores. While H. dura differs in having basidiocarps without cracks, bifurcate hyphidia and a distribution in the neotropics (Burt 1918, Cunningham 1957, Escobar 1978, Léger 1998), H. sordida is distinct from H. fissurata by having a weakly developed cortex and numerous conglomerates of crystals in the stratified hymenium and hyphal layer (Léger 1998, Parmasto 2006). Hymenochaete fissurata is somewhat similar to H. adusta (Léveillé (1844: 213) Har. & Pat. (1903: 7), which also has woody hard basidiocarps and relatively short setae and small basidiospores. However, the latter species has pileate basidiocarps, both shorter setae and basidiospores, and no cortex (Léger 1998).

Some physiological properties of six strains of Hymenochaete crocicreas Berk. et Br., including the symbiotic germination of Galeola altissima Reich. fil., were investigated. H. crocicreas distributed in the tropical Asia is one of white pocket rot fungi, and G. altissima is a chlorophyll free orchid of which habitat is the south of Tanegashima Island of Japan, Formosa, Malaysia, and India.In the temperature-growth test, 6 isolates of H. crocicreas are divided into two groups due to their growth at high temperature, namely one group grows well at 35°C, but another is reduced their growth. In Bavendamm reaction, all isolates show positive reaction which suggests the presence of polyphenol oxidases. In the germination test, the symbiotic germination takes place with 5 isolates at 23°C and 30°C, and protocorms are larger at 30°C than 23°C except one isolate. Some variation in the ratio of germination and the size of protocorms arise from fungal partners.

A new species, Hymenochaete fissurata is reported from Yunnan and Sichuan Provinces, Southwestern China. It is characterized by hard and densely cracked basidiocarps, presence of a distinct cortex and hyphal layer (in section Hymenochaete ), compacted and cemented hyphae, relatively sho3ew species, which is compared morphologically with similar species. A key to all the 31 species of Hymenochaete recorded in Yunnan and Sichuan Provinces is provided.

Thirty two species of corticioid fungi (Basidiomycota) are recorded from Brunei Darussalam, belonging to the Hericiales, Hymenochaetales, Lachnocladiales, and Stereales sensu lato. The genera Pileodon and Scopulodontia (Stereales) are described as new, to accommodate the new species Pileodon megaspora and Scopulodontia loricata. Hyphoderma effractum, Mucronella belalongensis, and Peniophora bruneiensis are described as new. The new combination Botryodontia subglobosa is proposed. Hymenochaete cacao is considered a synonym of H. adusta; Hyphodontiaformosana is considered a synonym of Botryodontia denticulata.

Styrylpyrones were found to be restricted, among Aphyllophorales, to the Hymenochaetaceae s.s. (lacking asterosetae) and, athough lacking in some representatives, are thus an important characteristic of this family in the same way as the hymenial setae. Three main patterns were encountered corresponding to three major taxonomical divisions: hispidin alone (Phaeolus); hispidin with hymenoquinone (Hymenochaete); and hispidin with dimers (other poroid genera). Among the polypores of this family, styrylpyrones do not allow a clear-cut distinction between genera, but some infrageneric groups are readily characterized.