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Although all populations show extensive pollen immigration, the occurrence of spatial genetic structure and biparental inbreeding decreased genetic diversity and effective population size. The Brazilian savanna is the second largest Neotropical biome, and a globally important biodiversity hotspot. Basic knowledge of the ecology and genetics of its species can help conserve this important biome. We investigated genetic diversity, spatial genetic structure (SGS), pollen dispersal, and mating system in three Hymenaea stigonocarpa populations (AS, PE, IT) in the Brazilian savanna, using microsatellite loci and samples of adult trees from all populations and seeds from the IT population. As a result of the long geographic distance between populations, the genetic differentiation among them was high (0.397). Individuals of the IT population presented a grouped distribution due to root propagation, resulting in low genotypic richness ( $$\mathrm{GR}$$ = 0.194) and allelic richness ( $$R$$ = 4), and high SGS ( $$\mathrm{Sp}$$ = 0.064) compared to AS and PE ( $$\mathrm{GR}$$ > 0.98, R > 5, $$\mathrm{Sp}$$

Hymenaea stigonocarpa is anarboreal medicinal species used in the recovery of degraded areas. However, little is known about its nutritional requirements during the seedling phase, especially concerning to potassium. In this context, the aim of this study was to evaluate if potassium doses promote morphophysiological changes in Hymenaea stigonocarpa seedlings.A completely randomized design, consisting in six KCl doses (0, 50, 100, 150, 200 and 250 mg dm-3KCl) and four replications was applied. Biometric, biomass, physiological and potassium content variables were assessed. Hymenaea stigonocarpa displayed significant physiological and biometric responses to potassium fertilization, with the highest values observed at doses ranging from 150 to 200 mg dm-3 KCl. Moreover, concentration effects were noted regarding to potassium contents in seedling leaves and stems.

O Cerrado é um hotspot mundial de biodiversidade e vem sofrendo com a expansão das áreas destinadas produção de commodities. Mais da metade de sua área foi desmatada ou transformada por ação antrópica, incluindo a introdução e/ou expansão de plantas oportunistas. Atualmente, inúmeras espécies se tornaram invasoras de ambientes naturais do bioma. Buscando mitigar este processo invasivo, a utilização de espécies nativas que inibam o desenvolvimento das plantas invasoras e ao mesmo tempo favoreçam a biodiversidade nativa representa uma estratégia promissora. Dessa forma, este estudo avaliou o potencial alelopático da rizosfera de plântulas de Hymenaea stigonocarpa (jatobá-do-cerrado) na germinação e crescimento inicial das espécies invasoras, Megathyrsus maximus e Ipomoea triloba, e da cultivada, Sesamum indicum, plantadas em solo previamente ocupado por plântulas de jatobá-do-cerrado. Ademais, avaliou-se o efeito fitotóxico do extrato aquoso de suas raí­zes em coleóptilos de Triticum aestivum, usando o percentual de inibição do seu crescimento. As espécies alvo plantadas em solo previamente ocupado por plântulas de jatobá-do-cerrado apresentaram inibição significativa do crescimento em comparação ao controle. A inibição do crescimento de S. indicum foi de 31% da parte aérea e de 48% da radicular; enquanto M. maximum teve inibição de 41 e 84%, respectivamente. Já I. triloba não germinou. Contudo, não se observou alteração significativa do alongamento dos coleóptilos de T. aestivum expostos ao extrato de jatobá-do-cerrado. Os resultados obtidos sugerem potencial atividade alelopática desta nativa sobre plantas daninhas, indicando seu uso como estratégia em processos de recuperação de áreas degradadas do Cerrado com o benefí­cio de controlar o desenvolvimento de invasoras.

Aqueous extracts of the fruit shell of Hymenaea stigonocarpa were tested as an eco-friendly corrosion inhibitor for mild steel in 0.5 mol L−1 H2SO4. Corrosion data were obtained from potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance experiments. Surface analysis was carried out by scanning electron microscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, and ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry. The steel corrosion rate decreased in the presence of the fruit shell extract. Inhibition efficiency reached a maximum of ~90%. Activation energy of the inhibited corrosion process increased 2.5 times compared with the uninhibited process. Organic molecules present in the plant extract were detected on the steel surface. The development of an inhibitor film was modeled by the Langmuir isotherm. The fruit shell extract acted as a corrosion inhibitor decreasing the rate of hydrogen evolution.

The conservation of plant genetic resources is essential for breeding programs. Regarding the native species of the Brazilian Cerrado biome, many studies have demonstrated their high potential for use in both medicines and foods. Hymenaea stigonocarpa, a tree with wide occurrence in the Cerrado, has economic importance, and due its extractive use, the establishment of a breeding program is relevant for sustainable use and conservation. Thus, the first germplasm collection of the species was installed at the Federal University of Goias (UFG). To know the magnitude of genetic variability and how it was distributed in the collection, 353 individuals, distributed in 119 families from 24 subpopulations collected in the Cerrado biome, were genotyped using capillary electrophoresis. Nine pairs of microsatellite markers were genotyped. The UFG germplasm collection showed a high level of genetic diversity (mean $$\bar{H}e$$ = 0.554) at the evaluated loci. By Analysis of Molecular Variance (AMOVA), a significant genetic structure was detected (θP = 0.152, p

This study is aimed to investigate the in vitro anti-leishmanial activity of ethanolic, aqueous or dichloromethane extracts of leaves, flowers, fruits or roots, of six medicinal plant species, namely, Nectandra megapotamica, Brunfelsia uniflora, Myrcianthes pungens, Anona muricata, Hymenaea stigonocarpa and Piper corcovandesis. After isolation and analysis of chemical components by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-HRMS/MS), the extracts were also tested for toxicity in J774.A1 macrophages and human erythrocytes. Phenolic acids, flavonoids, acetogenins, alkaloids and lignans were identified in these extracts. Grow inhibition of promastigotes forms of Leishmania amazonensis and Leishmania braziliensis and the cytotoxicity in J774.A1 macrophages were estimated by the XTT method. The most promising results for L. amazonensis and L. braziliensis were shown by the ethanolic extract of the fruits of Hymenaea stigonocarpa and dichloromethane extract of the roots of Piper corcovadensis, with IC 50 of 160 and 150 μg mL−1, resp. Ethanolic extracts of A. muricata (leaf), B. uniflora (flower and leaf), M. pungens (fruit and leaf), N. megapotamica (leaf), and aqueous extract of H. stigonocarpa (fruit) showed IC 50 > 170 μg mL−1 for L. amazonensis and > 200 μg mL−1 for L. braziliensis. The extracts exhibited low cytotoxicity towards J774.A1 macrophages with CC 50 > 1000 μg mL−1 and hemolytic activity from 0 to 46.1 %.

Hymenaea stigonocarpa (Mart. Ex Hayne), popularly known as jatobá-do-cerrado, is a fruit tree widely distributed in the Brazilian Savanna, has multiple uses and is a promising genetic resource. This study aimed to physically characterize fruits and seeds of H. stigonocarpa, as well as to estimate the phenotypic variability at three hierarchical levels: populations, mother trees within populations, and fruits/seeds within mother trees. Fruits from six mother trees were sampled from each of the 25 natural populations found in the Brazilian Savanna. The morphometric characterization of 742 fruits was carried out by evaluating 10 quantitative traits in fruits and seeds. In addition, comparative analyses were performed between the average values of H. stigonocarpa and the botanical variety H. stigonocarpa var. brevipetiolata. Significant phenotypic variations were noticed at all hierarchical levels. A high phenotypic differentiation among the populations was observed for quantitative traits (fruit mass and size, pulp mass and seed mass), being higher when H. stigonocarpa var. brevipetiolata was included in the analysis. RESUMO Hymenaea stigonocarpa (Mart. Ex Hayne), popularmente conhecida como jatobá-do-cerrado, é uma árvore frutífera amplamente distribuída no Cerrado, a qual possui múltiplos usos e é um recurso genético promissor. Objetivou-se caracterizar fisicamente frutos e sementes de H. stigonocarpa, bem como estimar a variabilidade fenotípica em três níveis hierárquicos: populações, matrizes dentro de populações e frutos/sementes dentro de matrizes. Frutos de seis matrizes foram amostrados de cada uma das 25 populações naturais encontradas no Cerrado. A caracterização morfométrica de 742 frutos foi realizada avaliando-se 10 caracteres quantitativos em frutos e sementes. Além disso, foram realizadas análises comparativas entre os valores médios de H. stigonocarpa e a variedade botânica H. stigonocarpa var. brevipetiolata. Variações fenotípicas significativas ocorreram em todos os níveis hierárquicos. Observou-se alta diferenciação fenotípica entre as populações para caracteres quantitativos (massa e tamanho do fruto, massa da polpa e da semente), a qual foi ainda maior quando H. stigonocarpa var. brevipetiolata foi incluída na análise

Made available in DSpace on 2021-06-25T12:41:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2020-10-01. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2021-07-15T14:36:38Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 S0102-33062020000400694.pdf: 4920450 bytes, checksum: 7d50760f2adac1260bbe43c0827e9ab3 (MD5) Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) Programa Agua Brasil WWF Banco do Brasil Agencia Nacional das Aguas Ecological restoration by direct seeding in the Cerrado biome still lacks information about native species germination, the need for dormancy overcoming and seed bank formation. This study aims to verify the effects of dormancy overcoming on germination of four tree species and the ability of 12 tree species to form seed banks for restoration use. Our results showed wide variation of species' germination rates. Overcoming dormancy enhanced germination for Dirnorphandra moths, Hyrnenaea stigonocarpa, and Peltophorurn dubiurn and decreased it for Copaifera langsdorffii, but was only cost-effective for H. stigonocarpa. Regarding the ability to form seed banks, only H. stigonocarpa and Cecropia pachystachya germinated and live seedlings of Terminalla corrugata were found after being buried for six months, thus forming a transient seed bank. Despite the fact that overcoming dormancy may optimize germination after direct seeding, maintaining dormancy mechanisms of species that can form seed banks could be essential for species establishment over time in restoration areas. Hence, our key decision criteria based on seed costs and seed and labor availability would be useful for the seeding actions of restoration practitioners. Univ Fed Mato Grosso do Sul, Inst Biociencias, Lab Ecol Intervencao, BR-79070900 Campo Grande, MS, Brazil Univ Fed Mato Grosso do Sul, Inst Biociencias, Programa Posgrad Biol Vegetal, BR-79070900 Campo Grande, MS, Brazil Univ Fed Mato Grosso do Sul, Inst Biociencias, Programa Posgrad Ecol & Conservacao, BR-79070900 Campo Grande, MS, Brazil Univ Estadual Paulista, Dept Ciencia Florestal Solos & Meio Ambiente, Fac Ciencias Agron, BR-18610034 Botucatu, SP, Brazil Univ Estadual Paulista, Dept Ciencia Florestal Solos & Meio Ambiente, Fac Ciencias Agron, BR-18610034 Botucatu, SP, Brazil CAPES: 001

Dendrochronology is a valuable tool to understanding climate-growth and growth-age relationships of native tree species from tropical forests. The information obtained from growth rings can elucidate climate responses of tree-growth under the ongoing environmental changes and support the development of sustainable forest management strategies based on species and site conditions. The Cerrado, which is a vast tropical savannah ecoregion of Brazil, has precipitation seasonality capable of inducing the formation of annual tree rings in moisture sensitive woody species. Hymenaea stigonocarpa is the typical tree species in the Cerrado with proven annual tree rings. It is an important commercial species that has been massively exploited for timber causing the considerable reduction of its natural populations. This study provides information about tree age and growth trajectories as well as climatic-growth signals of H. stigonocarpa in southeastern Brazil. We sampled 13 trees for tree-ring analysis. Tree-ring measurement and analysis were conducted using standard dendrochronological techniques. Sampled trees revealed the young successional stage of the stand, with ages varying from 20 to 35 years old. Nine out of 13 trees were used to build the standard chronology (1981 to 2013) that was positively correlated with precipitation at the end of the growing season (March-April). The chronology was able to capture SST anomalies patterns related to the South American Monsoon System. Growth modeling indicated that minimum logging diameter of 10.4cm is achieved at 24 years of age. The results reported here add valuable contribution to the discussion of sustainable management strategies for Cerrado ecoregion species.

A few years ago, concerns about the need to recover degraded areas and to restructure the landscape began. One of the difficulties to produce native seedlings, among several factors, is the dormancy of the seeds of some species because even in favorable environments the seeds do not germinate. The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of different methods of overcoming dormancy in the emergence of two species of the Fabaceae family, native to the Cerrado of the northeast of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. Seven treatments were used for both species, where there was a combination of scarification with immersion in water. The dormancy break methods applied to interfere with the germination percentage and the emergence velocity index for both species. To Dimorphandra mollis, the best treatment is a scarification opposite to the hilum followed by immersion in water for 9 hours. To Hymenaea stigonocarpa, the use of at least two scarifications followed by immersion in water favors the percentage of germinated seeds while, two lateral scarifications to the hilum, combined with immersion in water, favors the velocity of the emergence of these seeds. Hace unos años, comenzaron las preocupaciones sobre la necesidad de recuperar áreas degradadas y reestructurar el paisaje. Una de las dificultades para producir plántulas nativas, entre varios factores, es la latencia de las semillas de algunas especies porque incluso en ambientes favorables las semillas no germinan. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la influencia de diferentes métodos para superar la latencia en la aparición de dos especies de la familia Fabaceae, nativas del Cerrado del noreste de Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil. Se utilizaron siete tratamientos para ambas especies, donde hubo una combinación de escarificación con inmersión en agua. Los métodos de interrupción de la latencia aplicados interfieren con el porcentaje de germinación y el índice de velocidad de emergencia para ambas especies. Para Dimorphandra mollis, el mejor tratamiento es una escarificación opuesta al hilio seguida de inmersión en agua durante 9 horas. Para Hymenaea stigonocarpa, el uso de al menos dos escarificaciones seguidas de inmersión en agua favorece el porcentaje de semillas germinadas, mientras que dos escarificaciones laterales al hilio, combinadas con la inmersión en agua, favorecen la velocidad de aparición de estas semillas. Alguns anos atrás começaram as preocupações com a necessidade de recuperar áreas degradadas e reestruturar a paisagem. Uma das dificuldades para produzir mudas nativas, entre vários fatores, é a dormência das sementes de algumas espécies, porque mesmo em ambientes favoráveis as sementes não germinam. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a influência de diferentes métodos de superação da dormência no surgimento de duas espécies da família Fabaceae, nativas do Cerrado do nordeste do Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil. Sete tratamentos foram utilizados para ambas as espécies, onde houve uma combinação de escarificação e imersão em água. Os métodos de quebra de dormência aplicados para interferir na porcentagem de germinação e no índice de velocidade de emergência para ambas as espécies. Para Dimorphandra mollis, o melhor tratamento é uma escarificação oposta ao hilo seguida de imersão em água por 9 horas. Para Hymenaea stigonocarpa, o uso de pelo menos duas escarificações seguidas de imersão em água favorece o percentual de sementes germinadas, enquanto duas escarificações laterais ao hilo, combinadas à imersão em água, favorecem a velocidade de emergência dessas sementes.

Made available in DSpace on 2018-12-11T16:54:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2018-01-01 Hymenaea stigonocarpa is a neotropical tree that is economically important due to its high-quality wood; however, because it has been exploited extensively, it is currently considered threatened. Microsatellite loci were used to investigate the pollen and seed dispersal, mating patterns, spatial genetic structure (SGS), genetic diversity, and inbreeding depression in H. stigonocarpa adults, juveniles, and open-pollinated seeds, which were sampled from isolated trees in a pasture and trees within a forest fragment in the Brazilian savannah. We found that the species presented a mixed mating system, with population and individual variations in the outcrossing rate (0.53-1.0). The studied populations were not genetically isolated due to pollen and seed flow between the studied populations and between the populations and individuals located outside of the study area. Pollen and seed dispersal occurred over long distances (>8 km); however, the dispersal patterns were isolated by distance, with a high frequency of mating occurring between near-neighbor trees and seeds dispersed near the parent trees. The correlated mating for individual seed trees was higher within than among fruits, indicating that fruits present a high proportion of full-sibs. Genetic diversity and SGS were similar among the populations, but offspring showed evidence of inbreeding, mainly originating from mating among related trees, which suggests inbreeding depression between the seed and adult stages. Selfing resulted in a higher inbreeding depression than mating among relatives, as assessed through survival and height. As the populations are not genetically isolated, both are important targets for in situ conservation to maintain their genetic diversity; for ex situ conservation, seeds can be collected from at least 78 trees in both populations separated by at least 250 m. Faculdade de Engenharia de Ilha Solteira/UNESP Ilha Solteira, SP Brazil Instituto de Biociências de Botucatu/UNESP Botucatu, SP Brazil Instituto Florestal de São Paulo São Paulo, SP Brazil

In face of the global situation, a practice which has been gaining strength is producing seedlings for environmental restoration. Among the species that stand out for such activity is Hymenaea stigonocarpa. However, little is known about their nutritional requirements. The objective of this study was to evaluate the morphophysiological behavior of H. stigonocarpa seedlings submitted to phosphorus doses. The design was completely randomized with five doses (0, 100, 200, 300 and 400 mg dm-3) and four replicates. Physiological, morphological, biomass and phosphorus content analyses were performed. There was a difference for root mass ratio, leaf mass ratio, shoot mass ratio, leaf area and root area. The dose of 200 mg dm-³ is recommended for H. stigonocarpa seedlings.

Fungi of the genus Aspergillus may promote damage to the physiological quality of forest seeds, and plant extracts have been used to control microflora associated with these seeds. Thus, the aim of the present work was to perform the phytochemical characterization of ethanolic and aqueous extracts obtained from Eugenia dysenterica leaves (cagaita), as well as to evaluate the effect of these extracts on the development of Aspergillus sp. isolated from Hymenaea stigonocarpa seeds (jatobá-do-cerrado). For this, qualitative phytochemical analysis of extracts was carried out and their effect on Aspergillus sp mycelial growth, sporulation and spore germination was evaluated. As a result, phenols, hydrolysable tannins, flavonols, flavanones, xanthones, flavones, free steroids and saponins were found in both extracts, which could be used in the search for new antifungal compounds in the treatment of stored forest seeds, since extracts have secondary compounds that allow inhibiting Aspergillus sp mycelial growth.

Laboratorio de Fitoterapicos Departamento de Ciencias Biologicas Faculdade de Ciencias e Letras de Assis Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Avenida Dom Antonio 2100

The objective of this study was to evaluate the action of Hymenaea stigonocarpa bark hydroalcoholic extract against a mutagenic compound using A. cepa meristematic root cells as a test system. The treatment groups were: Negative Control (NC) – distilled water; Positive Control (PC) – paracetamol at a concentration of 0.008 mg/mL, Jatoba Control (JC) – aqueous fraction jatobá-do-cerrado at 0.5 or 1.0 or 1.5 mg/mL, and Simultaneous Treatment (ST) - jatobá-do-cerrado aqueous fraction at a concentration of 0.5 or 1.0 or 1.5 mg/mL associated with paracetamol solution at a concentration of 0.008 mg/mL. All groups were analyzed at 24 and 48 h. Five onion bulbs (five replications) were used for each treatment group. The root tips were fixed in Carnoy and slides prepared by the crush technique. Cells were analyzed throughout the cell cycle, totaling 5,000 for each treatment group at each exposure time. Mitotic indices were subjected to statistical analysis using the chi-square test (p

Liming is beneficial for plants as it promotes pH elevation, neutralization of toxic aluminum, increase in calcium (Ca²+) and magnesium (Mg²+) supply, and provides greater root systems. However, it is known that different species, mainly those native to the Cerrado, respond in different ways to this technique. Given the above, the objective of this study was to determine how Hymenaea stigonocarpa (“Jatobá-do-Cerrado”) seedlings respond to liming in Dystrophic Red Latosol. The plants were cultivated in four-liter pots, submitted to different base saturation (natural soil, 30, 45, 60 and 75% V) and maintained in a greenhouse. Biometrics, biomass, nutritional content and physiological parameters were evaluated. A difference in Ca²+ and Mg²+ contents between leaves and stems was observed, leading to significant reductions in stomatal conductance, transpiration, internal CO2 concentration and internal and external CO2 concentration ratios, resulting in a reduction of the investment in growth and biomass. Given these results, there is no need for liming in the production of H. stigonocarpa seedlings in a Dystrophic Red Latosol. RESUMO A calagem é benéfica para as plantas por promover a elevação do pH, neutralização do alumínio tóxico, aumentar o fornecimento de cálcio (Ca²+) e magnésio (Mg²+) e propiciar maior sistema radicular. No entanto, sabe-se que as espécies, principalmente nativas do Cerrado, respondem de formas distintas a essa técnica. Diante do exposto, o objetivo deste estudo foi determinar de que forma mudas de Hymenaea stigonocarpa (“Jatobá-do-Cerrado”) respondem a calagem em Latossolo Vermelho Distrófico. As plantas foram cultivadas em vasos de quatro litros, submetidas a diferentes saturações de bases (solo natural, 30, 45, 60 e 75% de V) e mantidas em casa de vegetação. Foram avaliadas a biometria, biomassa, teor nutricional e parâmetros fisiológicos. Houve diferença para o teor de Ca²+ e Mg²+ nas folhas e caule e isso culminou na redução significativa da condutância estomática, transpiração, concentração interna de CO2 e a relação concentração interna e externa de CO2, o que levou a redução do investimento em crescimento e biomassa. Diante dos resultados obtidos, para a produção de mudas de H. stigonocarpa em Latossolo Vermelho Distrófico não há necessidade de realizar calagem.

Because the consumption and use of native fruit, there is need for research on strategies for maintenance propagation of the species. Jatoba is a fruitful tree of great importance to the Brazilian fauna, cuisine and reclamation and thus is essential to obtain high quality seedlings. This study aimed at the formation of Jatoba seedlings on different substrates. The experiment was conducted at Experimental Farm for Teaching, Research and Extension of UNESP, Campus Ilha Solteira, SP, located in Selvíria/MS for the period 13 October 2011 to 11 February. For producing the seedlingsm we used a black screen of polypropylene (Sombrite®) with 50% light reduction and black plastic bags 15 x 21,5 cm (1.8 L) filed with different substrates: (S1) soil control; (S2) soil (50%) + manure (50%); (S3) soil + mineral fertilizer; (S4) soil (50%) + mineral fertilizer + manure (50%); (S5) soil + limestone; (S6) soil (50%) + limestone + manure (50%); (S7) soil + mineral fertilizer + limestone; (S8) soil (50%) + limestone + manure + mineral fertilizer (50%). Emergence of seeds was evaluated daily and fortnightly and after emergence of seeds were observed height and stem diameter. At 120 days after emergence, we evaluated the length of root system, shoot and root dry mass, total dry mass, shoot/ lap diameter (S/D), relation between shoot and root dry mass (SDM/RDM), relation between shoot and root fresh mass (SFM/RFM), relation between length of shoot/root (LS/LR) and Dickson's Quality Score (DQS). Experimental design was completely randomized in factorial with 8 x 7 reviews substrates. Proceeded with analysis of variance unfolding of significant interactions with the Tukey test for comparisons of means of the substrate factor and time factor for polynomial regression. Treatment pure soil substrate (S1) provided to the Jatoba seedlings the largest biomass formation of shoot and root dry mass. The addition of manure to the substrate did not benefit the development of the Jatoba seedlings. O jatobazeiro é uma espécie frutífera de grande importância para fauna brasileira, culinária e recuperação de áreas degradadas. Este trabalho teve por objetivo a formação de mudas de jatobazeiro em diferentes substratos. Foi realizado na área experimental da Fazenda de Ensino, Pesquisa e Extensão da Unesp, Campus de Ilha Solteira, SP, localizada em Selvíria/MS, no período de 13 de Outubro de 2011 a 11 de fevereiro de 2012. Para a produção das mudas utilizou-se viveiro telado polipropileno preto (Sombrite®) com 50% de redução de luz e sacos plásticos preto de 15 x 21,5 cm (1,8 L) preenchidos com diferentes substratos: (S1) solo (testemunha); (S2) solo (50% + esterco bovino (50%); (S3) solo+ adubo mineral; (S4) solo (50%) + adubo mineral + esterco (50%); (S5) solo + calcário; (S6) solo (50%) + calcário + esterco (50%); (S7) solo + calcário + adubo mineral e (S8) solo (50%) + calcário + adubo mineral + esterco (50%). Foram avaliadas diariamente a emergência das sementes e quinzenalmente após a emergência das sementes foram verificadas a altura e diâmetro de caule. Aos 120 dias após a semeadura foi verificado o comprimento do sistema radicular (CR), fitomassas das matérias secas do sistema radicular e da parte aérea, massa seca total (MST), relação parteaérea/diâmetro do colo (RPAD), relação massa fresca da parte aérea/massa fresca do sistema radicular (RMF), relação massa seca da parte aérea/massa seca do sistema radicular (RMS), relação comprimento da parte aérea/comprimento do sistema radicular RPA/SR e Índice de Qualidade de Dickson (IQD). O delineamento experimental utilizado foi inteiramente casualizado no esquema fatorial com 7 avaliações x 8 substratos. Procedeu-se análise de variância com desdobramento de interações significativas com teste de Tukey para comparações das médias do fator substrato e regressão polinomial pata fator tempo. O tratamento substrato solo puro (S1) proporcionou as mudas de jatobazeiro maior acúmulo de fitomassa da matéria seca aérea e radicular. A adição do esterco aos substratos não beneficiou o desenvolvimento das mudas do jatobazeiro.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior A compreensão dos efeitos da elevada concentração de CO2 ([CO2]) sobre os vegetais tem grande relevância em ecossistemas severamente ameaçados, como o Cerrado. O aumento da [CO2] pode influenciar nos processos fisiológicos e de crescimento das plantas, e sua interação com fatores ambientais, como a herbivoria, pode modificar as respostas das espécies vegetais. O presente trabalho objetivou avaliar as respostas fotoquímicas do fotossistema II (PSII) e de crescimento em Hymenaea stigonocarpa Mart. Ex Hayne crescendo em atmosfera enriquecida com CO2 e expostas a eventos de herbivoria simulada. As plantas foram dispostas em quatro câmaras de topo aberto submetidas a duas [CO2] (390 ppm e 1000 ppm). Após 313 dias mantidas nessas condições, iniciou-se o tratamento que simula a ação de herbívoros. Em cada planta foi removido o equivalente a 50% da área das folhas de 50% das folhas da parte inferior ou superior do caule num prazo de quatro dias (12,5%/dia). Para avaliar as respostas fisiológicas foram determinadas a fluorescência da clorofila a e o índice de clorofila. Essas medições foram realizadas antes e após o início do experimento em folhas localizadas na parte mediana do caule, tanto nas plantas que tiveram partes do limbo removidas, quanto nas plantas que não passaram por remoção de tecido foliar. Após a simulação de herbivoria foram avaliados o crescimento, a produção de nectários extraflorais, a nutrição mineral das folhas e a produção de biomassa. Plantas de H. stigonocarpa crescendo sob elevada [CO2] após a remoção de tecido foliar na parte superior do caule apresentaram maiores valores da taxa de transporte de elétrons (TTE), eficiência fotoquímica efetiva do fotossistema II (Φ FSII) , clorofila a (Chla) e clorofila b (Chlb). As folhas jovens nas plantas de H. stigonocarpa foram capazes de compensar a eliminação de parte de suas lâminas foliares aumentando seu rendimento fotossintético. Por outro lado, a perda de tecido foliar na parte inferior do caule nas plantas crescendo sob elevada [CO2] resultou em indivíduos com maiores alturas, comprimento de ramos, comprimento de raiz, número de folhas, área foliar, número de nós e velocidade de expansão foliar. Quando submetida à herbivoria simulada com remoção de tecido na parte inferior do caule, H. stigonocarpa responde alocando mais biomassa para partes diretamente relacionadas com a captura de recursos essenciais, como água e luz. Desta forma, o aumento da [CO2] irá amenizar os efeitos negativos da herbivoria foliar em plantas de H. stigonocarpa, devido aos ajustamentos que melhoram seu desempenho mediante a perda de tecido foliar tanto na parte inferior quanto superior do caule. Understanding the effects of high CO2 concentration ([CO2]) on plant species has great relevance in severely threa tered ecosystems, such as the Cerrado. The increase of [CO2] may influence physiological and growth processes, and their interaction with environmental factors, such as herbivory, may modify the responses of plant species. The present work aimed to evaluate the photochemical of photosystem II (PSII) and growth responses of Hymenaea stigonocarpa Mart. Ex Hayne growing in an atmosphere enriched with CO2 and exposed to events of simulated herbivory. The plants were arranged in four open top chambers subjected to two [CO2] (390 ppm and 1000 ppm). After 313 days under these conditions, treatment that simulates the action of herbivores was started. In each plant the equivalent of 50% of the leaf area of 50% of leaves in the lower or upper part of stem was removed along four days (12.5% / day). To evaluate the physiological responses, chlorophyll a fluorescence and chlorophyll index were determined. These measurements were performed before and after the beginning of the experiment on leaves located in the middle part of the stem, both of the plants that had parts of the leaf tissue removed, and in the plants that did not undergo removal of leaf tissue. After the simulation of herbivory, the growth, the production of extrafloral nectars, the mineral nutrition of the leaves and the biomass production were evaluated. Plants of H. stigonocarpa growing under high [CO2] after the removal of leaf tissue in the upper part of the stem presented higher values of electron transport rate (TTE), effective photochemical efficiency of photosystem II (ΦFSII), chlorophyll a (Chla) and chlorophyll b (Chlb). Young leaves of H. stigonocarpa plants were able to compensate the simulated herbivory, increasing their photosynthetic yield. On the other hand, loss of leaf tissue in the lower part of the stem in plants growing under high [CO2] resulted in higher heights, length of branches, root length, number of leaves, leaf area, number of nodes and leaf expansion velocity. When submitted to simulated herbivory with tissue removal in the lower part of the stem, H. stigonocarpa responds allocating more biomass to parts directly related to the capture of essential resources, such as water and light. Thus, the increase of [CO2] will attenuate the negative effects of foliar herbivory on H. stigonocarpa plants, due to the adjustments that improve its performance through the loss of leaf tissue in both lower and upper parts of the stem.

RESUMO Este trabalho teve como objetivo conhecer a diversidade vegetal de uma área de Cerrado em Prudente de Morais, MG, bem como suas indicações medicinais. Foram feitas nove excursões à reserva da Fazenda Experimental Santa Rita da Empresa de Pesquisa Agropecuária de Minas Gerais (FESR/EPAMIG) (19°26’20”’ S e 44°09’15”’ W). O material vegetal coletado foi herborizado, identificado e incorporado ao acervo do Herbário PAMG/EPAMIG. O sistema de classificação utilizado foi o APG III. Após a identificação, realizou-se uma pesquisa bibliográfica buscando dados sobre a utilização medicinal das espécies. Coletaram-se 108 espécies pertencentes a 47 famílias. As famílias mais representativas foram: Fabaceae, com 16 espécies, Myrtaceae com sete espécies, Asteraceae e Rubiaceae com seis espécies cada, Malpighiaceae e Solanaceae com cinco espécies cada, Erythroxylaceae, Euphorbiaceae e Vochysiaceae, com quatro espécies cada, Anacardiaceae, Apocynaceae, Lamiaceae e Sapindaceae com três espécies cada, Annonaceae, Arecaceae, Bignoniaceae, Celastraceae e Primulaceae com duas espécies cada. Vinte e nove famílias foram monoespecíficas. Das 108 espécies, 39 são árvores (36%), 43 arbustos (40%), seis subarbustos (5,5%), 14 lianas (13%) e seis são ervas (5,5%). Sessenta e seis (61%) espécies pertencentes a 39 famílias (83%) são utilizadas popularmente, para o tratamento de alguma doença. As famílias com maior número de espécies medicinais foram: Fabaceae com oito espécies; Rubiaceae com cinco espécies e Solanaceae com quatro espécies. As espécies que apresentaram mais finalidades terapêuticas foram: Brosimum gaudichaudii Trécul (Moraceae), Caryocar brasiliense Cambess. (Caryocaraceae), Cochlospermum regium (Mart. ex Schrank) Pilg. (Bixaceae), Croton urucurana Bail. (Euphorbiaceae), Gomphrena officinalis Mart. (Amaranthaceae), Hymenaea stigonocarpa Mart. ex Hayne (Fabaceae), Lithrea molleoides (Vell.) Engl. (Anacardiaceae), Myracrodruon urundeuva Allemão (Anacardiaceae) e Randia. armata (Sw.) DC. (Rubiaceae). As finalidades terapêuticas que apresentaram maior número de espécies foram: tônico (15 spp., 22,7%), afecções do aparelho respiratório (13 spp., 19,6%), afecções da pele (12 spp., 18%) e febres (12 spp., 18%). O conhecimento tradicional sobre as plantas medicinais do cerrado deve ser mais investigado para que seja preservado, valorizado, e para que medidas conservacionistas sejam tomadas evitando que essas plantas desapareçam antes que sua utilização tradicional seja corroborada pela ciência. ABSTRACT This study aimed to investigate the plant diversity of a Cerrado area in Prudente de Morais, MG, and its medicinal indications. Nine field trips were made to the reserve of Fazenda Experimental Santa Rita of the Empresa de Pesquisa Agropecuária de Minas Gerais (FESR/EPAMIG) (19°26’20” S and 44°09’15” W). The plant material collected was herborized, identified and incorporated into the collection of the Herbarium PAMG/EPAMIG. The classification system used was the APG III. After identification, we carried out a literature search to find data about the medical use of the species. 108 species were collected, belonging to 47 families. The most representative families were Fabaceae, with 16 species, Myrtaceae with seven species, Asteraceae and Rubiaceae with six species each, Malpighiaceae and Solanaceae with five species each, Erythroxylaceae, Euphorbiaceae and Vochysiaceae, with four species each, Anacardiaceae, Apocynaceae, Lamiaceae and Sapindaceae with three species each, Annonaceae, Arecaceae, Bignoniaceae, Celastraceae and Primulaceae with two species each. Twenty-nine families were monoespecific. From the 108 species, 39 are trees (36%), 43 are shrubs (40%), six are subshrubs (5.5%), 14 are climbing (13%) and six are herbs (5.5%). Sixty-six (61%) species belonging to 39 families (83%) are commonly used for the treatment of diseases. The families with the highest number of medicinal species were the Fabaceae with eight species; the Rubiaceae with five species and the Solanaceae with four species. The species showing more therapeutic purposes were: Brosimum gaudichaudii Trécul (Moraceae), Caryocar brasiliense Cambess. (Caryocaraceae), Cochlospermum regium (Mart. Ex Schrank) Pilg. (Bixaceae), Croton urucurana Bail. (Euphorbiaceae), Gomphrena officinalis Mart. (Amaranthaceae), Hymenaea stigonocarpa Mart. ex Hayne (Fabaceae), Lithrea molleoides (Vell.) Engl. (Anacardiaceae), Myracrodruon urundeuva Allemão (Anacardiaceae) and Randia. armata (Sw.) DC. (Rubiaceae). The therapeutic purposes indicated by the highest number of species were: tonic (15 spp., 22.7%), diseases of the respiratory system (13 spp., 19.6%), skin affections (12 spp., 18%) and fever (12 spp., 18%). The traditional knowledge of medicinal plants of the Cerrado should be investigated further in order to be preserved and enhanced. In that sense, conservation measures should be taken for these plants do not disappear before their traditional use is supported by science.

Made available in DSpace on 2018-12-11T16:51:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2018-11-01 The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of different water deficiency and rehydration levels on the concentrations of osmoregulators in two plant species (Hymenaea courbaril and H. Stigonocarpa) in the Amazon. We adopted a 2 × 5 × 5 factorial system, referring to 2 species (H. courbaril and H. stigonocarpa) and 5 stages of hydration and rehydration. The five hydration and rehydration stages were established in: (1) Control treatment E0; (2) Plants with 13 days of stress after incubation—E13; (3) Plants with 26 days of stress E26; (4) The plants that were established after 26 days after incubation and rehydrated for two days (RD2); (5) rehydrated for two days (RD4). The plants that were established after 26 days after incubation and rehydrated for four days. The experiment totaled fifty young plants with five replicates. Biochemical measurements were performed at the beginning of the experiment (E0) at 13 (E13) and 26 (E26) days after the water stress, in which the plants were rehydrated, repeating the analyses after two (RD2) and four (RD4) days. Both species increased the sucrose concentration by 18%, with a decrease of 52% in starch content. The RD4 time presented the highest mean starch concentration (0.19 mmol g−1 of the residue for H. courbaril and 0.27 mmol g−1 of residue for H. stigonocarpa). Increased proline concentrations were recorded for controls until RD2 for both species. For glycine betaine, the highest increases in treatments E26 and RD2 were observed for the H. courbaril species. Our rehydration period was not sufficient for total recovery of pre-stress concentrations of all studied solutes. Universidade estadual paulista júlio de mesquita filho Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia (UFRA), Campus Capanema Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia, Campus Belém Universidade Federal de Viçosa (UFV) Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Fiho (UNESP) Universidade do Estado do Pará (UEPA) Universidade estadual paulista júlio de mesquita filho Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Fiho (UNESP)

The Brazilian Savannah, known as “Cerrado,” has an extensive biodiversity, but it is under explored. Among the native vegetables is the jatoba-do-cerrado (Hymenaea stigonocarpa Mart.), a legume with great potential for exploration for its content of dietary fiber. Legumes are an important source of nutrient compounds, such as phenolic compounds and vitamins that have antioxidant properties. This study aimed at determining the chemical composition and antioxidant activity of the jatoba flour. The jatoba flour showed high fiber content (insoluble and soluble fiber 47.8 and 12.8 g.100 g –1 , respectively), significant amounts of carotenoids such as beta-carotene and lutein, and some minerals such as calcium: 145 mg.100 g –1 , magnesium: 125 mg.100 g –1 , and potassium: 1352 mg.100 g –1 . The jatoba flour extracted with different solvents (water, methanol, and acetone) exhibited antioxidant activity by the DPPH, FRAP, and ORAC methods. The solvent used in the extraction affected the total phenolic content and antioxidant activity. Acetone extraction produced the best results. Therefore, the jatoba flour is an ingredient that can be used to develop new products with properties that promote health.

O domínio Cerrado apresenta uma flora magnífica, composta por espécies frutíferas de grande porte, como o jatobá-do-cerrado (Hymenaea stigonocarpa), que produz anualmente volumosas quantidades de frutos, que servem de alimento para a fauna e moradores locais. O trabalho tem por objetivo avaliar, por técnicas cromatográficas por CG-MS e espectrométricas na região do infravermelho, os óleos extraídos da casca, arilo e sementes desta leguminosa. Avaliando também o rendimento de óleo extraído pelo sistema de soxlhet. Foram obtidos rendimentos lipídicos de 3,94, 1,83 e 3,47% respectivamente para casca, arilo e semente. Os compostos químicos avaliados por cromatografia gasosa (CG-MS) apresentaram compostos como: 4,6-di (1,1 - dimetiletil)-2-metil fenol, um agente antioxidante natural encontrado em vegetais, que neste estudo foi encontrado nos óleos da casca e arilo com teores de 18,90 e 11,90% respectivamente. Teores importantes de ácido isoesteárico de 45,80% no óleo do arilo, e para o óleo da semente, porcentagens expressivas de palmitato de metila 52,90; ácidos heneicosanóico de 38,40% e de pentacosanóico igual a 46,20%. A análise de FT-IR apresentou grupamentos funcionais característicos de ácidos graxos como observados normalmente em outros óleos vegetais. O trabalho fornece dados importantes sobre as características químicas dos óleos extraídos do fruto de H. stigonocarpa, aumentando assim o conhecimento sobre esta espécie da família Leguminosae, que está presente no domínio Cerrado, bem como compor conhecimento científico no uso racional destes óleos nas indústrias alimentícia e farmacêutica. Palavras-chave: Espectroscopia no Infravermelho. Cromatografia Gasosa. Constituição Química Abstract Cerrado domain presents a magnificent flora, composed of large fruit species, such as jatobá-do-cerrado (Hymenaea stigonocarpa), which annually produces large quantities of fruits that serve as food for the fauna and local inhabitants. The objective of this work is to evaluate the oils extracted from the bark, aril and seeds of this legume by GC-MS and spectrometric techniques in the infrared region. Also, to evaluate the oil yield extracted by the soxlhet system. Lipid yields of 3.94, 1.83 and 3.47% respectively were obtained for bark, aril and seed. The chemical compounds evaluated by gas chromatography (GC-MS) presented compounds as 4,6-di (1,1-dimethylethyl) -2-methyl phenol, a natural antioxidant agent found in vegetables, where in this study it was found in bark oils and aryl with contents of 18.90 and 11.90% respectively. Important isostearic acid contents of 45.80% in aryl oil, and for seed oil, significant percentages of methyl palmitate 52.90; heneicosanoic acids of 38.40% and pentacosanoic acids equals to 46.20%. The FT-IR analysis showed functional groupings characteristic of fatty acids as normally observed in other vegetable oils. This work provides important information on the chemical characteristics of the oils extracted from the H. stigonocarpa fruit, thus increasing the knowledge about this species of the Leguminosae family that is present in the Cerrado domain, as well as to compose scientific knowledge on the rational use of these oils in the food and pharmaceutical industries. Keywords: Infrared Spectroscopy. Gas Chromatography. Chemical Constitution.

The jatoba, Hymenaea stigonocarpa Mart. Ex Hayne (Fabaceae), is a tree species native to the Brazilian Cerrado and is recommended for recovering degraded areas. The fruit of this species is used for food and traditional medicine purposes, and its propagation occurs occurs through seeds. This study aimed to record, for the first time in Brazil, the occurrence of an insect pest on jatoba fruits. We sampled 58 H. stigonocarpa fruits from September to October 2017, on a typical Brazilian Savanna area in the municipality of Monte Carmelo, Minas Gerais (18°50′26″ S and 47°19′04″ W). The emergence of nine adults belonging to the Ectomyelois muriscis (Dyar, 1914) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) species was recorded on four jatoba fruits (6.9%). The insect only occurred on injuried fruits. The larva was fed from the pulp of the fruit until reaching the pupa stage, but not consuming the seeds. This is the first record of E. muriscis on jatoba fruits in Brazil.

The occurrence of weeds has been the main obstacle to vegetation recovery in Cerrado areas unduly occupied by agricultural and livestock activities. This study evaluates the effect of different pre-emergent herbicides on the emergence, survival, and early development of seedlings of the native species jatoba ( Hymenaea stigonocarpa ), urucum ( Bixa orellana ), dry flour ( Albizia hasslerii ), and white jurema ( Mimosa interrupta ). The experiment was carried out under greenhouse conditions in a completely randomized experimental design with five replicates, where the treatments were constituted by herbicides: isoxaflutole, applied at the doses of 100, 200, and 300 g ai ha -1 ; pendimethalin, at 500, 1000, and 4000 g ai ha -1 ; and trifluralin, at 600, 1200, and 2400 g ai ha -1 ; in addition to a control treatment, without the application of herbicides. Herbicide phytotoxicity was evaluated at 35 days after emergence for the number of emerged seedlings, number of leaves per seedling, seedling height and diameter, and root and shoot dry weight. With the results obtained, it is possible to affirm that under the conditions of the experiment, all the herbicides and doses used did not affect the emergence and early development of seedlings of species H. stigonocarpa and B. orellana . For species A. hasslerii , the dose of 300 g ai ha -1 of herbicide isoxaflutole was not selective. All doses of the herbicide trifluralin showed selectivity for species M. interrupta .

We investigated antioxidant capacity, phenolic content and phytotoxic effects in seven species of fruit native to Brazil: Acrocomia aculeata, Hymenaea stigonocarpa, Tamarindus indica, Byrsonima intermedia, Psidium firmum, Myrciaria cauliflora and Ficus obtusifolia. Phytotoxic effects were assessed from crude ethanol extracts and semipurified fractions. In four of the seven fruits, total phenolic content, as determined by Folin-Ciocalteu assay, was higher in the peel than in the pulp. We found that total phenolic content correlated significantly with antioxidant capacity. High-performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection revealed the presence of the flavonoids quercetin and rutin in some fruits. We also evaluated the allelopathic effects of the crude ethanol extract and semipurified fractions. In most of the essays, the ethyl acetate fractions showed the highest level of activity.

Introduction. The fruits of the Brazilian Savannah have potential to improve the human diet, income generation and, consequently, the quality of life for socially vulnerable families. Among the native fruits of the Savannah, one that stands out is the ‘jatoba do cerrado’ (Hymenaea stigonocarpa). Therefore, the physical characteristics, chemical composition (titratable acidity, soluble solids, pH, moisture, ash, proteins, lipids and total dietary fiber), occurrence and content of vitamin C (ascorbic and dehydroascorbic acids), carotenoids (α-carotene, β-carotene, β-cryptoxanthin and lycopene), vitamin E (α, β, γ and δ-tocopherols and tocotrienols) and folates (tetrahydrofolate, 5-methyltetrahydrofolate and 5-formyltetrahydrofolate) were evaluated in pulp of ‘jatoba do cerrado’ from the Brazilian Savannah. Materials and methods. The length, diameter, mass and fruit yield were evaluated. The titratable acidity was determined by volumetric neutralization; pH by potentiometry; soluble solids by refractometry; moisture using an oven; ash using a muffle furnace; proteins by the micro-Kjeldhal method; total dietary fiber by the gravimetric non-enzymatic method; and lipids with a Soxhlet extractor. Vitamin C and carotenoids were analyzed by HPLC-DAD, and vitamin E and folates by HPLC with fluorescence detection. Results and discussion. The jatoba do cerrado’ presented low pulp yield (17.1%) and moisture (8.8 g×100 g–1), and high contents of total dietary fiber (44.3 g×100 g–1), protein (5.6 mg×100 g–1) and energy (193.0 kcal×100 g–1). The fruit presented reduced contents of carotenoids and vitamin C [(0.4 and 8.9) mg×100 g–1, respectively]. The contents of vitamin E and folates [(53.5 and 495.5) μg×100 g–1, respectively] were higher than in other widely consumed fruits. Conclusion. The ‘jatoba do cerrado’ is a source of vitamin C, good source of folates, and excellent source of dietary fiber. Due to its nutritional value, ‘jatoba do cerrado’ is an important dietary alternative; thus, its consumption should be encouraged.

The Hymenaea stigonocarpa and Hymenaea martiana species, commonly known as “jatobá,” produce a sap which is extracted by perforation of the trunk and is commonly used in folk medicine as a tonic. For this study, the authenticity of commercial samples of jatobá was verified by the identification of the main compounds and multivariate analysis and contamination by microbial presence analysis. The acute toxicity of the authentic jatobá sap was also evaluated. The metabolites composition and multivariate analysis revealed that none of the commercial samples were authentic. In the microbiological contamination analysis, five of the six commercial samples showed positive cultures within the range of 1,700–100,000 CFU/mL and the authentic sap produced no signs of toxicity, and from a histological point of view, there was the maintenance of tissue integrity. In brief, the commercial samples were deemed inappropriate for consumption and represent a danger to the population.

Hymenaea stigonocarpa is a deciduous and monoecious Neotropical tree species pollinated by bats. Due to overexploitation and habitat destruction, the population size has drastically diminished in nature. No previous study has investigated Mendelian inheritance, linkage, and genotypic disequilibrium in the available microsatellite markers in this species. So, our aim was to estimate these parameters using six microsatellite loci in a sample of 470 adults and 219 juveniles from two populations of H. stigonocarpa. In addition, 30 seeds per tree from 35 seed-trees were collected. Each seed was kept record of the seed-trees and fruit origin. Based on the six microsatellite loci, we found that only 10.6% of the cases showed significant deviations from Mendelian segregation and 15.3% showed linkage. We detected no evidence of genotypic disequilibrium between the loci in the adult trees or juveniles. Thus, our results suggest that these loci can be used with great accuracy in future genetic analyses of H. stigonocarpa populations.

In areas where soil surface horizons were removed, the main edaphic problems are reduced amounts of organic matter and nutrients. Revegetation, especially with native species, has been indicated to recover these areas. Under this perspective, the present research has been developed to evaluate the contribution of organic and agro-industrial residues, as conditioners of soil fertility and their effects on initial growth of 'Jatobá-do-cerrado' seedlings. The treatments consisted of 4 agro-industrial residue doses (0, 15, 30 and 45 Mg ha-1) and 4 organic residue doses (0, 8, 16 and 32 Mg ha-1), with 16 treatments and 10 replicates. After 8 months of development, the soil was evaluated for phosphorus, organic matter, hydrogen potential, potassium, calcium, magnesium, potential acidity, aluminum and sum of bases, and plants were evaluated for leaf chlorophyll, height, collar diameter, fresh and dry matter of shoots and roots, and root length. The addition of residues to the degraded soil increased the fertility by raising calcium and magnesium levels. Agro-industrial residues contributed to increasing height, shoot dry matter and chlorophyll of H. stigonocarpa, while organic residues improved shoot fresh matter and chlorophyll. RESUMO Dentre os principais problemas edáficos observados em áreas de empréstimo se encontram as quantidades reduzidas de matéria orgânica e nutrientes. Para a recuperação dessas áreas a revegetação tem sido indicada especialmente com espécies nativas. Nesta perspectiva desenvolveu-se o presente trabalho para avaliar a contribuição de resíduos, um orgânico e um agroindustrial, como condicionantes da fertilidade do solo e seus efeitos sobre o crescimento de mudas de jatobá-do-cerrado. Os tratamentos consistiram de 4 doses (0, 15, 30 e 45 Mg ha-1) de resíduo agroindustrial e 4 doses (0, 8, 16 e 32 Mg ha-1) de resíduo orgânico com 16 tratamentos e 10 repetições. Transcorridos 8 meses o solo foi avaliado para fósforo, matéria orgânica, potencial de hidrogênio, potássio, cálcio, magnésio, acidez potencial e alumínio e as plantas para clorofila foliar, altura, diâmetro do coleto, massa fresca e seca da parte aérea do sistema radicular e comprimento de raízes. A adição dos resíduos ao solo degradado incrementou a fertilidade elevando os teores de cálcio e magnésio. O resíduo agroindustrial promoveu incrementos em altura, massa seca da parte aérea e clorofila enquanto o resíduo orgânico influenciou a massa fresca da parte aérea e a clorofila.

Critérios ecofisiológicos precisam ser conhecidos para adoção de modelos eficientes de manejo florestal, uma vez que são estabelecidas relações entre fatores ambientais e respostas metabólicas das espécies. A transpiração é influenciada por vários fatores, inclusive, pela espécie florestal. Neste trabalho, propõe-se relacionar medidas de transpiração obtidas no "Transpirômetro de Equilíbrio" (Transpirômetro) e no "Porômetro de Estado de Estacionário" (Porômetro) para as seguintes espécies florestais: Ipê amarelo (Tabebuia serratifolia Nichols), Jatobá (Hymenaea stigonocarpa Mart. Ex Hayne), Bálsamo (Myroxilom balsamum Harms.), Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehn. e E. citriodora Hook. O experimento foi instalado na casa de vegetação da Universidade Federal de Goiás. Consistiu de cinco tratamentos com quatro repetições em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado. E com duração de três meses. Diante dos resultados obtidos, pode-se notar que os valores de transpiração do Transpirômetro foram superiores aos do Porômetro para os eucaliptos, em todos os dias. Para jatobá e ipê, a transpiração medida no Transpirômetro foi menor do que o do Porômetro em pelo menos um dia. Quanto ao bálsamo, o valor foi semelhante em ambos os equipamentos no DJ 292. Essas diferenças se justificam uma vez que o Porômetro registra a transpiração instantânea na folha e o Transpirômetro quantifica da planta toda, sendo, portanto, uma medida cumulativa. As espécies estudadas apresentam diferentes respostas: os eucaliptos transpiram mais do que as nativas, sendo doze vezes mais do que bálsamo, sete a mais do que o ipê e seis vezes a transpiração do jatobá. Ecophysiological criteria need to be known in order to adopt effective forest management models, since through them relationships are established between environmental factors and metabolic responses of species. Transpiration is influenced by several factors, including the relevant species. This study aims to relate measurements of transpiration using a 'Balance State Transpirometer' (Transpirometer) and a 'Steady State Porometer' (Porometer) for the following forest species: Yellow Ipe (Tabebuia serratifolia Nichols), Jatoba (Hymenaea stigonocarpa Mart. Ex Hayne), Balsamo (Myroxilom balsamum Harms.), Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehn. and E. citriodora Hook. The experiment was set up in the greenhouse of the Federal University of Goiás and consisted of five treatments with four replicates in a completely randomized design, over a period of three months. Results revealed that transpiration values provided by the Transpirometer were higher than those provided by the Porometer for the eucalyptuses, in all days. As for jatoba and ipe, the transpiration measured by the Transpirometer was lower than that measured by the Porometer in at least one day. And as for balsamo, the value measured was similar in both devices on JD 292. These differences are justified by the fact that the Porometer records leaf transpiration instantly while the Transpirometer quantifies transpiration by the entire plant and therefore is a cumulative measure. The species being studied had different response: the eucalyptuses transpire more than the native trees, namely twelve times more than balsamo, seven times more than ipe and six times as much as jatoba.

FAPEMIG - Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior Background: Hymenaea stigonocarpa Mart. (Fabaceae ) is one of the plant species commonly found in Brazilian cerrado. It is popularly known as jatobá-do-cerrado. Phytochemical studies of different parts of the plant demonstrated the presence of sesquiterpenes, diterpenes, and oligosaccharides. The species produces an opaque, translucent, pale yellow, or almost white resin rich in labdanóides compounds, widely used in folk medicine, but without proving its pharmacological actions. Objective: To analyze the H. stigonocarpa resin to confirm its pharmacological actions through specific tests for cicatrization, nociception, and cytotoxicity and to evaluate the chemical composition through the gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Materials and Methods: The cell proliferation/migration capacity was evaluated using the scratch assay method and the cell viability determined by the 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]–tetrazolium 2,5-diphenyl-bromide cytotoxicity assay. In the pharmacological tests were performed Abdominal Contortions induced by acetic acid and Nociceptive Response evaluated by the Formalin Test. GC-MS was used to trace the profile of the bioactive compounds of the resin. Results: It was possible to verify the presence of terpene compounds with the labdanos skeleton. Structures that revealed important pharmacological actions regarding healing, evidenced by the scratch assay test and nociceptive activity demonstrated by the animal tests. No cytotoxic activity was detected at the dosages tested. Conclusion: The results obtained confirm the pharmacological action of the species and can be used to elaborate on new therapies, which will increase the therapeutic arsenal available to the population.

The Brazilian Cerrado is one of the most important ecosystems and due to the extractivism it is necessary to recover the degraded areas. The tree of Hymenaea stigonocarpa Mart. is used in this reforestation system, so the study of post-harvest management of the seed is necessary for the propagation. The objective of this work was to determine the isotherms and the isosteric desorption heat of Hymenaea stigonocarpa Mart. Seeds, and to test the methodology of the Akaike’s information criterion (AIC) and Schwarz’s bayesian information criterion (BIC) for the choice of the best mathematical model. Different mathematical models were fitted to the experimental data and the model that best represents the phenomenon was selected, from the statistical parameters. To obtain the equilibrium moisture content was used static method using desiccants in incubators cameras with control of relative humidity by salt solution. The Oswin Modified model obtained better results according to analyzed parameters, being this model the one selected for prediction of the hygroscopic balance of the Hymenaea stigonocarpa Mart. seeds. It was found that the higher the temperature for the same equilibrium moisture content, the higher the water activity values. The AIC and BIC methodology contributed to the choice of the best mathematical model to predict the hygroscopicity phenomenon. The isosteric heat increased with the decrease in the equilibrium moisture content requiring a greater amount of energy to remove water from the seeds.

This case study examines the pollen dispersal distance, pollen dispersal patterns and intra-family genetic structure for isolated trees in pastures of the bat-pollinated Neotropical tree species Hymenaea stigonocarpa using six microsatellite loci and parentage analysis. The sampling included 28 grouped trees (referred to as the population) and six isolated trees in pastureland along a highway in Mato Grosso do Sul State, Brazil. From the population, we sampled 137 seeds from 12 seed-trees, and from the isolated trees, we sampled 34 seeds from two seed-trees. The results showed that pollen was dispersed over long distances (reaching 7353 m) and therefore the spatially isolated trees were not reproductively isolated. The pollen immigration rate in the population was also high (31%). Isolated trees presented a higher selfing rate (s = 26%) than trees in the population (s= 12%), suggesting that the spatial isolation of the trees increased selfing. However, selfing was responsible for only 30 percent of the inbreeding in offspring and mating among relatives was 70 percent. In the population, excluding selfing, ca 72 percent of the pollen was dispersed over distances < 1000 m (average: 860 m). For the two isolated seed-trees, excluding selfing, the average pollen dispersal distance was 5229 m. The results demonstrate that although pollen can be dispersed over long distances for H. stigonocarpa isolated trees, a high percentage of pollen comes from the same tree (selfing) and mating was correlated. Consequently, seeds must be collected from a large number of seed-trees for conservation purposes.

Univ Fed Minas Gerais, Inst Ciencias Biol, Dept Bot, BR-31270901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil

This paper reports the results of an analytical study to characterize the trunk resin collected from the Hymenaea stigonocarpa Mart. species from the region of Minas Gerais (Brazil), popularly known as Jatoba resin. Hymenaea resins are reported to have been used in artistic applications such as protective varnishes in polychromed sculptures and paintings. Therefore, the identification of the main chemical changes that take place in the resin when it is prepared as a thin film exposed to atmospheric effects have been considered herein. Changes due to the degradation effect of light have been studied on a series of specimens prepared as a thin films and subjected to accelerated UV light ageing. The results based on GC–MS, THM–Py–GC–MS analyses, and on-line trimethylsilylation Py–GC–MS using hexamethyldislylazane as a derivatization reagent, have been compared. The study shows that eperuic acid and its Δ7 and Δ8 isomers, together with copalic acid, are the major components of the studied resin. Other compounds such as kolavenic acid, iso-ozic acid and epi -pinifolic acid are also present in this resin as minor components. This composition differs from those of resins obtained from other species of the Hymenaea genus growing in this Amazonian region. UV light ageing of the Jatoba resin prepared as a thin film results in the appearance of a new isomer of eperuic acid. Some changes in the relative content of the major components present in the resin have also been observed after ageing.

Hymenaea courbaril is a tropical timber species, intensely exploited and found in the Amazon, Atlantic Forest and Brazilian Cerrado biome. Nine highly polymorphic microsatellite loci were developed from a genomic library enriched for AG/TC repeats. In a total of 41 individuals, from two natural populations, seven to 13 alleles per locus were detected and expected heterozygosity ranged from 0.75 to 0.90. Seven loci were effectively transferred to Hymenaea stigonocarpa. High levels of polymorphism make the present primers useful for population genetic studies and are a powerful tool to investigate mating system, gene flow and spatial genetic structure.

A study of the anatomy and ultrastructural aspects of leaf mesophyll and floral nectaries of Hymenaea stigonocarpa Mart. ex Hayne revealed the presence of intercellular pectic protuberances (IPPs) linking adjacent cells in both the leaf palisade cells and the secretory parenchyma of the floral nectary. Samples of the middle third of the leaf blade and of floral nectaries in anthesis were collected, fixed, and processed using standard procedures for light, transmission, and scanning electron microscopies. The IPPs of palisade cells of the mesophyll and the secretory parenchyma cells of the floral nectary take the form of scalae or strands, respectively. No evidence of the specific synthesis of these structures was observed, and they are apparently formed by the separation of adjacent cells due to cell expansion, when intercellular spaces develop. The IPPs observed in H. stigonocarpa increase cellular contact and probably act in apoplastic transport.