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The characteristics of microhabitats in streams can drive the distribution of tadpoles. We experimentally examined microhabitat selection of tadpoles of Dryophytes plicatus. We used a series of choice experiments to test if tadpoles had preferences for particular substrate types, substrate colors, and vegetation. Tadpoles of D. plicatus had a strong preference for mud substrates over sand, gravel, and rock substrates and preferred darker substrates over lighter substrates. Dryophytes plicatus tadpoles used the non-vegetated side of an aquarium more than the vegetated side. Our experimental results matched previous field observations in the case of the preference for mud substrates but differed from the field observations for substrate color and vegetation, suggesting that basic underlying preferences may be modified by various factors in nature or by learning or conditioning.

Although amphibian consumption by humans has been reported globally, this practice is not well studied despite its direct implications to the decline of amphibian populations. The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) recognizes the need to document the use and trade of species to be considered in assessing their extinction risk. Here the consumption of Duellmanohyla ignicolor tadpoles is documented. It is a micro endemic species categorized as Near Threatened (NT) consumed in a traditional dish called “caldo de piedra” (stone soup) prepared by the Chinantec people (Tsa Ju Jmí’) in Oaxaca, Mexico. Through conversations with local people and stream monitoring, the behavior of tadpoles of this species was documented and aspects of their exploitation and habitat use described. Places where caldo de piedra is still consumed were determined and using a spatial analysis with Geographic Information Systems, the distribution of the species in relation to those localities was analyzed. A number of other areas where tadpoles of this species might also occur and be exploited is predicted. In conclusion, the school behaviour, surface feeding, and the preference for deeper waterbodies that these tadpoles exhibit makes them vulnerable to being caught in large quantities. As they are consumed locally, are not commercialized, and the species distribution range is wider than caldo de piedra consumption, this implies a low risk for their populations. However, the tadpoles’ reliance on streams with depths x̄ = 60 cm and flux x̄ = 0.65 m/s reduces the availability of sites for their optimal development.

Several species of Cophomantini are known to have an enlarged prepollex, commonly modified as an osseous spine. We surveyed the osteology and myology of the prepollex and associated elements of 94 of the 190 species of Cophomantini, sampling all genera, except Nesorohyla. Two distinct prepollex morphologies were found: a blade-shaped and a spine-shaped morphology. We described the observed variation in 17 discrete characters to study their evolution in the most inclusive phylogenetic hypothesis for Cophomantini. Both morphologies evolved multiple times during the evolutionary history of this clade, but the origin of the spine-shaped distal prepollex in Boana and Bokermannohyla is ambiguous. The articulation of metacarpal II with the prepollex through a medial expansion of the metacarpal proximal epiphysis is a synapomorphy for Boana. The shape of the curve of the spine, and a large post-articular process of the distal prepollex, are synapomorphies for the Boana pulchella group, the latter being homoplastic in the Bokermannohyla martinsi group. Muscle character states associated with the spine-shaped prepollex are plesiomorphic for Cophomantini. We discuss evolution, function, behaviour and sexual dimorphism related to the prepollical elements. A bony spine is associated with fights between males, but forearm hypertrophy could be more related with habitat than with territorial combat.

Made available in DSpace on 2022-04-29T08:34:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2021-10-01 Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas Vocal sacs are among the most conspicuous features of anurans and are particularly striking in casque-headed treefrogs (Hylidae: Hylinae: Lophyohylini) with their wide array of morphologies. In this paper, we assessed the anatomy of vocal sacs in representatives of the Lophyohylini, described eight discrete characters and studied their evolution. We inferred that dorsolateral projections of the vocal sacs were already present during the early evolution of the tribe. Subsequently, they reached surprising volumes in some species, whereas in others they were notably reduced. We inferred between nine and 11 independent events of reduction of the size and lateral projections of the vocal sac, showing unprecedented levels of plasticity for the structure. Moreover, these events were strongly correlated with the colonization of phytotelmata as breeding sites, probably due to their confined space which hampers the inflation of large vocal sacs. Finally, we discuss the evolution of paired lateral vocal sacs in different groups of anurans, and the extent to which the paired and dorsally-projecting lobes of most Trachycephalus differ from those of distantly related taxa. Our findings highlight how variation in internal structure affects the shape of the inflated vocal sac and provides a framework applicable across the Anura. Laboratório de Herpetologia 11.330-900 Instituto de Biociências Campus Do Litoral Paulista Universidade Estadual Paulista, São Paulo División Herpetologiá Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales bernardino Rivadavia- CONICET, Avenida Ángel Gallardo 470 Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biologiá Experimental Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales Universidad de Buenos Aires Laboratório de Herpetologia 11.330-900 Instituto de Biociências Campus Do Litoral Paulista Universidade Estadual Paulista, São Paulo

Made available in DSpace on 2020-12-12T02:03:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2020-05-01 Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) Agencia Nacional de Promoción Científica y Tecnológica The hylid tribe Sphaenorhynchini is composed of the single genus Sphaenorhynchus. A recent total evidence phylogenetic analysis of all the 15 currently described species of Sphaenorhynchus recovered S. pauloalvini as the earliest diverging taxon of this genus. Sphaenorhynchus pauloalvini is diagnosed by molecular evidence and several phenotypic characters that differentiate it from the remaining species of Sphaenorhynchus. On the basis of molecular evidence and an extensive list of phenotypic characters, we erect a new monotypic genus for S. pauloalvini and redefine the former Sphaenorhynchus to include the remaining species of this genus. Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales “Bernardino Rivadavia”-CONICET División Herpetología, Ángel Gallardo 470 Universidade Federal Do Rio de Janeiro Museu Nacional Departamento de Vertebrados, Quinta da Boa Vista, São Cristóvão Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) Instituto de Biociências Departamento de Biodiversidade and Centro de Aquicultura (CAUNESP), Avenida 24A, 1515, Bela Vista Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) Instituto de Biociências Departamento de Biodiversidade and Centro de Aquicultura (CAUNESP), Avenida 24A, 1515, Bela Vista FAPESP: #2013/50741-7 FAPESP: #2014/50342-8 FAPESP: #2018/15425-0 Agencia Nacional de Promoción Científica y Tecnológica: 820/2015 Agencia Nacional de Promoción Científica y Tecnológica: ANPCyT

Resumen: Una publicacion reciente reporto al hilido endemico del Bosque Atlantico Trachycephalus mesophaeus para la ecoregion Chaquena en Argentina. En este trabajo, analizamos el especimen de referencia y demostramos que se trata de un ejemplar incorrectamente determinado del microhilido asiatico Kaloula pulchra , una especie comercializada a nivel mundial. De esta forma, no existe evidencia para considerar que T. mesophaeus esta presente en Argentina. Abstract: A recent publication reported the Atlantic Forest endemic hylid Trachycephalus mesophaeus for the Chacoan ecoregion in Argentina. In this paper, we analyzed the voucher specimen and showed that it is a misidentified specimen of the Asiatic microhylid Kaloula pulchra , a species commonly commercialized in the pet trade worldwide. Therefore, there is no evidence for the occurrence of T. mesophaeus in Argentina.

The Neotropical hylid genus Sphaenorhynchus includes 15 species of small, greenish treefrogs widespread in the Amazon and Orinoco basins, and in the Atlantic Forest of Brazil. Although some studies have addressed the phylogenetic relationships of the genus with other hylids using a few exemplar species, its internal relationships remain poorly understood. In order to test its monophyly and the relationships among its species, we performed a total evidence phylogenetic analysis of sequences of three mitochondrial and three nuclear genes, and 193 phenotypic characters from all species of Sphaenorhynchus. Our results support the monophyly of Sphaenorhynchus with molecular and phenotypic evidence, with S. pauloalvini as the earliest diverging taxon, followed by S. carneus, as the sister taxon of all remaining species of the genus. We recognize three species groups in Sphaenorhynchus (the S. lacteus, S. planicola and S. platycephalus groups), to facilitate its taxonomic study; only three species (S. carneus, S. pauloalvini and S. prasinus) remain unassigned to any group. Sequence data were not available for only two species (S. bromelicola and S. palustris) for which we scored phenotypic data; wildcard behaviour was detected only in S. bromelicola nested inside the S. platycephalus group. On the basis of the resulting phylogenetic hypothesis, we discuss the evolution of oviposition site and a number of phenotypic characters that could be associated with heterochronic events in the evolutionary history of this group. Fil: de Araujo Vieira, Katyuscia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales "Bernardino Rivadavia"; Argentina Fil: Blotto Acuña, Boris Leonardo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales "Bernardino Rivadavia"; Argentina. Universidade de Sao Paulo; Brasil Fil: Confalonieri, Ulisses. Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro; Brasil Fil: Baptista Haddad, Célio Fernando. Universidade Estadual Paulista Julio de Mesquita Filho; Brasil Fil: Faivovich, Julián. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales "Bernardino Rivadavia"; Argentina. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental; Argentina Fil: Grant, Taran. Universidade de Sao Paulo; Brasil

Secondary sexual characters form a diverse group of traits widely spread in amphibians. Within anurans, the Hylini tribe represents an interesting group to examine the evolution of this type of characters because it has different skin structure modifications, including ventrolateral glands, nuptial pads, and unique swollen upper lips. We analysed the skin gland composition in the upper lip of Plectrohyla guatemalensis and the ventrolateral gland of Ptychohyla hypomykter (Hylidae: Hylinae: Hylini). Each of these species is characterized by a different type of sexually dimorphic skin gland; specialized mucous glands (SMGs) in Pl. guatemalensis and specialized serous glands (SSGs) in Pt. hypomykter. The SMGs conform to the general type of sexually dimorphic skin glands in amphibians, whereas SSGs are very rare. Because SMGs are likely involved in the production of sexual pheromones, their distinctive location and their co-occurrence with other secondary sexual characters like long and pointed maxillary and premaxillary teeth in Pl. guatemalensis suggests that the system used for their delivery may be a distinguishing behavioral feature in this species. The presence of both types of glands in Pt. hypomykter (SMGs in nuptial pads, and SSGs in ventrolateral glands) suggests a different or, at least, a complementary role of these two types of glands during reproduction. Fil: Luna, María Celeste. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales "Bernardino Rivadavia"; Argentina Fil: Vásquez Almazán, Carlos Roberto. Universidad de San Carlos; Guatemala Fil: Faivovich, Julián. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales "Bernardino Rivadavia"; Argentina Fil: Brunetti, Andrés Eduardo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Nordeste. Instituto de Biología Subtropical. Instituto de Biología Subtropical - Nodo Posadas | Universidad Nacional de Misiones. Instituto de Biología Subtropical. Instituto de Biología Subtropical - Nodo Posadas; Argentina

Made available in DSpace on 2021-06-25T12:32:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2021-02-01 Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) Agencia Nacional de Promocion Cientifica y Tecnologica Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas (CONICET) Rufford Foundation In this paper we present a phylogenetic analysis of the treefrogs of the Boana pulchella Group with the goals of (1) providing a rigorous test of its monophyly; (2) providing a test of relationships supported in previous studies; and (3) exploring the relationships of the several species not included in previous analyses. The analyses included>300 specimens of 37 of the 38 species currently included in the group, plus 36 outgroups, exemplars of the diversity of Boana and the other genera of the hylid tribe Cophomantini. The dataset included eight mitochondrial genes (12S, 16S, CytB, COI, ND1, tRNA(Ile), tRNA(Leu), and tRNA(Val)) and five nuclear genes (RHO, TYR, RAG-1, CXCR4, SIAH1). The phylogenetic analyses recover the monophyly of the B. pulchella Group with lower support than previous studies, as a result of the inclusion of the B. claresignata Group, which is recovered as its sister taxon. Within the B. pulchella Group, the inclusion of almost all species of the group had little impact on previous notions of its phylogeny, except for the rejection of the hypothesized B. polytaenia Clade (B. goiana and B. phaeopleura are nested in the clade here called the B. prasina Clade), which is redefined. Phylogenetic support is strong for five major clades, which collectively include all but three of the species sampled: the B. balzani Clade (B. aguilari, B. balzani, B. gladiator, B. melanopleura, B. palaestes), the redefined B. polytaenia Clade (B. botumirim, B. buriti, B. cipoensis, B. jaguariaivensis, B. leptolineata, B. polytaenia, B. stenocephala, and two undescribed species), the B. prasina Clade (B. bischoffi, B. caingua, B. cordobae, B. goiana, B. guentheri, B. marginata, B. phaeopleura, B. prasina, B. pulchella, and one undescribed species), the B. riojana Clade (B. callipleura, B. marianitae, B. riojana), and the B. semiguttata Clade (B. caipora, B. curupi, B. joaquini, B. poaju, B. semiguttata, B. stellae, and two undescribed species). The monophyly of the B. prasina + B. riojana Clades, and that of the B. polytaenia + B. semiguttata Clades are well-supported. The relationships among these two clades, the B. balzani Clade, B. ericae + B. freicanecae, and B. cambui (representing the deepest phylogenetic splits within the B. pulchella Group) are recovered with weak support. We discuss the phenotypic evidence supporting the monophyly of the B. pulchella Group, and the taxonomy of several species, identifying three new synonyms of Boana polytaenia, one new synonym of Boana goiana, and one new synonym of B. riojana. Museo Argentino Ciencias Nat Bernardino Rivadavia, Div Herpetol, Angel Gallardo 470, RA-1405 Buenos Aires, DF, Argentina Univ Buenos Aires, Dept Biodiversidad & Biol Expt, Fac Ciencias Exactas & Nat, Buenos Aires, DF, Argentina Univ Sao Paulo, Lab Anfibios, Dept Zool, Inst Biociencias, Rua Matao,Travessa 14,101,Sala 137,Cidade Univ, BR-05508090 Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil Univ Estadual Paulista, Dept Biodiversidade, Ave 24a,1515, BR-13506900 Rio Claro, SP, Brazil Univ Estadual Paulista, Ctr Aquicultura, IB, Ave 24a,1515, BR-13506900 Rio Claro, SP, Brazil Univ Nacl Misiones, Lab Genet Evolutiva Claudio J Bidau, Inst Biol Subtrop CONICET UNaM, Fac Ciencias Exactas Quim & Nat, Felix de Azara 1552,CPA N3300LQF, Posadas, Misiones, Argentina Univ Ghent, Dept Nutr Genet & Ethol, Fac Vet Med, Heidestr 19, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium Museo Hist Nat Noel Kempff Mercado, Ave Irala 565,Casilla 2489, Santa Cruz, Bolivia Univ Brasilia, Lab Fauna, Dept Engn Florestal, BR-70910900 Brasilia, DF, Brazil Univ Brasilia, Unidades Conservacao, Dept Engn Florestal, BR-70910900 Brasilia, DF, Brazil Univ Fed Uberlandia, Lab Anuros Neotropicais, Inst Ciencias Exatas & Nat Pontal, Rua 20,1600, BR-38304402 Ituiutaba, MG, Brazil Museo Biodiversidad Peru, Urbanizac Mariscal Gamarra A-61,Zona 2, Cuzco, Peru Univ Nacl San Antonio Abad Cusco, Museo Hist Nat, Cuzco, Peru Univ Fed Rio de Janeiro, Dept Vertebrados, Museu Nacl, BR-20940040 Rio De Janeiro, RJ, Brazil Univ Vale Rio Grande Sul, Lab Sistemat & Taxon, Sala E04224,Ave Unisinos 950, BR-93022750 Sao Leopoldo, RS, Brazil Univ Nacl Jujuy, Catedra Evoluc, Fac Ciencias Agr VICAM CONICET, Alberdi 47,Y4600DTA, San Salvador De Jujuy, Jujuy, Argentina Illinois State Univ, Dept Biol, 309 East Emerson St, Bloomington, IL 61761 USA Amer Museum Nat Hist, Div Invertebrate Zool, Cent Pk W & 79th St, New York, NY 10024 USA Univ Fed Minas Gerais, Inst Ciencias Biol, Dept Zool, Ave Antonio Carlos 6627, BR-31270901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil Univ Estadual Paulista, Dept Biodiversidade, Ave 24a,1515, BR-13506900 Rio Claro, SP, Brazil Univ Estadual Paulista, Ctr Aquicultura, IB, Ave 24a,1515, BR-13506900 Rio Claro, SP, Brazil CNPq: 446935/2014-0 CNPq: 300903/2015-4 CNPq: 306623/2018-8 CNPq: 310301/2018-1 CNPq: 305169/2019-0 CNPq: 158681/2013-4 FAPESP: 2018/18473-6 FAPESP: 2019/25061-9 FAPESP: 2017/26162-8 FAPESP: 2013/50741-7 FAPESP: 2018/15425-0 Agencia Nacional de Promocion Cientifica y Tecnologica: ANPCyT PICT 2007-2202 Agencia Nacional de Promocion Cientifica y Tecnologica: ANPCyT PICT 2011-1895 Agencia Nacional de Promocion Cientifica y Tecnologica: ANPCyT PICT 2013-404 Agencia Nacional de Promocion Cientifica y Tecnologica: ANPCyT PICT 2015-813 Agencia Nacional de Promocion Cientifica y Tecnologica: ANPCyT PICT 2015-820 Agencia Nacional de Promocion Cientifica y Tecnologica: ANPCyT PICT 2015-2381 Agencia Nacional de Promocion Cientifica y Tecnologica: ANPCyT PICT 2018-3349 Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas (CONICET): PIP 11220110100889 Rufford Foundation: 39.05.07 Rufford Foundation: 77.04.09 Rufford Foundation: 9096-B Rufford Foundation: 1047-C

The uncertain identity of Hyla x-signata Spix, 1824 has been a pervasive problem in the taxonomy of the genus Scinax. A species supposedly distributed from northeastern Brazil northwards to Colombia and Venezuela, described in a few lines without much information and with an accompanying figure, and its type specimen lost during World War II, combined to produce a curious situation. Twenty-one of the 39 species of the S. ruber Clade described in the last 50 years were considered to require a diagnosis from S. x-signatus by their authors. In most cases these had no other alternative than to gather information about this species from indirect sources, frequently pointing out the problems associated with its uncertain identity. In this paper, we review the taxonomic history of Hyla x-signata, designate a neotype, provide a redescription including advertisement call and sequence data, and diagnose it from all other species of the S. ruber Clade. Fil: de Araujo Vieira, Katyuscia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales "Bernardino Rivadavia"; Argentina Fil: Pombal, José P.. Universidade Federal Do Rio de Janeiro. Museu Nacional; Brasil Fil: Caramaschi, Ulisses. Universidade Federal Do Rio de Janeiro. Museu Nacional; Brasil Fil: Novaes-e-Fagundes, Gabriel. Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz; Brasil Fil: Orrico, Victor G. D.. Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz; Brasil Fil: Faivovich, Julián. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales "Bernardino Rivadavia"; Argentina

Made available in DSpace on 2021-06-25T10:46:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2020-12-01 The two species of the Bokermannohyla claresignata species group (Anura: Hylidae) have not been collected for the last four decades. It is the only species group of the hyline tribe Cophomantini that has not yet been analysed genetically. Its phylogenetic position is thus uncertain, and it has a combination of adult and larval character states that make this group a crucial missing piece that hinders our understanding of Cophomantini phylogenetics and character evolution. We obtained DNA sequences from a museum larval specimen of Bok. claresignata, using specialized extraction methods and high-throughput DNA sequencing, and combined the molecular phylogenetic results with available phenotypic information to provide new insights into the taxonomy and phylogenetic relationships of its species group. Our phylogenetic results place Bok. claresignata as sister to the Boana pulchella group, supporting its inclusion in Boana, together with Bokermannohyla clepsydra. In light of this new finding, we recognize a newly defined Boana claresignata group to accommodate these species, thus resolving both the polyphyly of Bokermannohyla and the paraphyly of Boana. Considering the phylogenetic relationships of the Boana claresignata group, we also discuss the evolution of suctorial tadpoles and mature oocyte/egg pigmentation in Cophomantini. Departamento de Biodiversidade e Centro de Aquicultura I.B. Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) Rio Claro Departamento de Ciências Biológicas Universidade Do Estado de Minas Gerais, Campus Ubá, Avenida Olegário Maciel Laboratório de Anfíbios Departamento de Zoologia Instituto de Biociências Universidade de Saõ Paulo Rua Do Mataõ Travessa Sala Cidade Universitária Saõ Paulo Laboratório de Herpetologia Departamento de Zoologia Instituto de Ciências Biológicas Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Presidente Antônio Carlos, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte Setor de Herpetologia Departamento de Vertebrados Museu Nacional Universidade Federal Do Rio de Janeiro Quinta da Boa Vista Rio de Janeiro Evolutionary Adaptive Genomics Institute for Biochemistry and Biology Department of Mathematics and Natural Sciences University of Potsdam Karl-Liebknecht-Straße School of Science and Technology Nottingham Trent University División Herpetologiá Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales 'Bernardino Rivadavia'-CONICET Ángel Gallardo Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biologia Experimental Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales Universidad de Buenos Aires Departamento de Biodiversidade e Centro de Aquicultura I.B. Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) Rio Claro

We report recent findings of Isthmohyla pictipes (Cope, 1875) in the Cordillera de Talamanca, Costa Rica, roughly two decades after it was last registered. We provide notes on microhabitat use, color variation, external morphology of adults and larvae, and geographic variation, and discuss some taxonomic characters employed to differentiate I. pictipes from I. tica (Starrett, 1966) and I. xanthosticta (Duellman, 1968). We also report fluorescence on the ventral surfaces of I. pictipes. Our findings are expected to shed light on the taxonomy of this species and should be useful in further population assessments and conservation plans. Key National Science Foundation (NSF) Grant DEB-9200081 UCR::Vicerrectoría de Investigación::Unidades de Investigación::Ciencias Básicas::Centro de Investigación en Biodiversidad y Ecología Tropical (CIBET)

We describe the larval morphology of the stream-dwelling tadpole of Hyloscirtus antioquia based on specimens from the type locality, Antioquia, Colombia. The larvae of H. antioquia (belong to the suctorial ecomorphological guild) show morphological characters commonly associated with lotic habitats, like a depressed body, low fins, long tail, well-developed tail musculature, and oral disc with many labial tooth rows. In addition, the larvae of H. antioquia have the anterior and posterior jaw sheath with small serrations and the inner margin of nostrils with one simple triangular fleshy projection. As in other cases in Hyloscirtus, the tadpole H. antioquia has a large saccular structure that encloses the vent tube, and partially covers the hindlimbs during their development, and also it has the ventrolateral, unpigmented spots in the region proximal to the vent tube. Finally, some aspects concerning the larvae of the tribe Cophomantini are discussed. Fil: Rivera Correa, Mauricio. Universidad de Antioquia; Colombia Fil: Faivovich, Julián. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales "Bernardino Rivadavia"; Argentina

Una publicación reciente reportó al hílido endémico del Bosque Atlántico Trachycephalus mesophaeus para la ecoregión Chaqueña en Argentina. En este trabajo, analizamos el espécimen de referencia y demostramos que se trata de un ejemplar incorrectamente determinado del microhílido asiático Kaloula pulchra, una especie comercializada a nivel mundial. De esta forma, no existe evidencia para considerar que T. mesophaeus esté presente en Argentina A recent publication reported the Atlantic Forest endemic hylid Trachycephalus mesophaeus for the Chacoan ecoregion in Argentina. In this paper, we analyzed the voucher specimen and showed that it is a misidentified specimen of the Asiatic microhylid Kaloula pulchra, a species commonly commercialized in the pet trade worldwide. Therefore, there is no evidence for the occurrence of T. mesophaeus in Argentina Fil: Faivovich, Julián. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales "Bernardino Rivadavia"; Argentina Fil: Elías Costa, Agustín Jorge. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales "Bernardino Rivadavia"; Argentina

Submitted by Ana Beatriz Alarcon Comelli (beatriz.comelli@unesp.br) on 2020-04-19T16:31:24Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao_AnaBeatriz_ibclp.pdf: 2170226 bytes, checksum: ba801f3a73a02e92f326b569e0351bb4 (MD5) Submitted by Ana Beatriz Alarcon Comelli (beatriz.comelli@unesp.br) on 2020-04-19T16:31:24Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao_AnaBeatriz_ibclp.pdf: 2170226 bytes, checksum: ba801f3a73a02e92f326b569e0351bb4 (MD5) Approved for entry into archive by Maria da Conceição Gomes da Silva (conceicao.gomes@unesp.br) on 2020-04-28T22:04:14Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 comelli_aba_me_svic_par.pdf: 896081 bytes, checksum: 4e9aad133f35460d2f8fce93d68080c5 (MD5) Approved for entry into archive by Maria da Conceição Gomes da Silva (conceicao.gomes@unesp.br) on 2020-04-28T22:04:14Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 comelli_aba_me_svic_par.pdf: 896081 bytes, checksum: 4e9aad133f35460d2f8fce93d68080c5 (MD5) Submitted by Ana Beatriz Alarcon Comelli (beatriz.comelli@unesp.br) on 2020-04-19T16:31:24Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao_AnaBeatriz_ibclp.pdf: 2170226 bytes, checksum: ba801f3a73a02e92f326b569e0351bb4 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2020-04-28T22:04:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 comelli_aba_me_svic_par.pdf: 896081 bytes, checksum: 4e9aad133f35460d2f8fce93d68080c5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2020-03-19 Made available in DSpace on 2020-04-28T22:04:14Z (GMT). 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No. of bitstreams: 1 comelli_aba_me_svic_par.pdf: 896081 bytes, checksum: 4e9aad133f35460d2f8fce93d68080c5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2020-03-19 Made available in DSpace on 2020-04-28T22:04:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 comelli_aba_me_svic_par.pdf: 896081 bytes, checksum: 4e9aad133f35460d2f8fce93d68080c5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2020-03-19 Approved for entry into archive by Maria da Conceição Gomes da Silva (conceicao.gomes@unesp.br) on 2020-04-28T22:04:14Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 comelli_aba_me_svic_par.pdf: 896081 bytes, checksum: 4e9aad133f35460d2f8fce93d68080c5 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2020-04-28T22:04:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 comelli_aba_me_svic_par.pdf: 896081 bytes, checksum: 4e9aad133f35460d2f8fce93d68080c5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2020-03-19 Made available in DSpace on 2020-04-28T22:04:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 comelli_aba_me_svic_par.pdf: 896081 bytes, checksum: 4e9aad133f35460d2f8fce93d68080c5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2020-03-19 Approved for entry into archive by Maria da Conceição Gomes da Silva (conceicao.gomes@unesp.br) on 2020-04-28T22:04:14Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 comelli_aba_me_svic_par.pdf: 896081 bytes, checksum: 4e9aad133f35460d2f8fce93d68080c5 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2020-04-28T22:04:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 comelli_aba_me_svic_par.pdf: 896081 bytes, checksum: 4e9aad133f35460d2f8fce93d68080c5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2020-03-19 Approved for entry into archive by Maria da Conceição Gomes da Silva (conceicao.gomes@unesp.br) on 2020-04-28T22:04:14Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 comelli_aba_me_svic_par.pdf: 896081 bytes, checksum: 4e9aad133f35460d2f8fce93d68080c5 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2020-04-28T22:04:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 comelli_aba_me_svic_par.pdf: 896081 bytes, checksum: 4e9aad133f35460d2f8fce93d68080c5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2020-03-19 Submitted by Ana Beatriz Alarcon Comelli (beatriz.comelli@unesp.br) on 2020-04-19T16:31:24Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao_AnaBeatriz_ibclp.pdf: 2170226 bytes, checksum: ba801f3a73a02e92f326b569e0351bb4 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2020-04-28T22:04:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 comelli_aba_me_svic_par.pdf: 896081 bytes, checksum: 4e9aad133f35460d2f8fce93d68080c5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2020-03-19 Made available in DSpace on 2020-04-28T22:04:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 comelli_aba_me_svic_par.pdf: 896081 bytes, checksum: 4e9aad133f35460d2f8fce93d68080c5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2020-03-19 Approved for entry into archive by Maria da Conceição Gomes da Silva (conceicao.gomes@unesp.br) on 2020-04-28T22:04:14Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 comelli_aba_me_svic_par.pdf: 896081 bytes, checksum: 4e9aad133f35460d2f8fce93d68080c5 (MD5) Approved for entry into archive by Maria da Conceição Gomes da Silva (conceicao.gomes@unesp.br) on 2020-04-28T22:04:14Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 comelli_aba_me_svic_par.pdf: 896081 bytes, checksum: 4e9aad133f35460d2f8fce93d68080c5 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2020-04-28T22:04:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 comelli_aba_me_svic_par.pdf: 896081 bytes, checksum: 4e9aad133f35460d2f8fce93d68080c5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2020-03-19 Made available in DSpace on 2020-04-28T22:04:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 comelli_aba_me_svic_par.pdf: 896081 bytes, checksum: 4e9aad133f35460d2f8fce93d68080c5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2020-03-19 Made available in DSpace on 2020-04-28T22:04:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 comelli_aba_me_svic_par.pdf: 896081 bytes, checksum: 4e9aad133f35460d2f8fce93d68080c5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2020-03-19 Approved for entry into archive by Maria da Conceição Gomes da Silva (conceicao.gomes@unesp.br) on 2020-04-28T22:04:14Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 comelli_aba_me_svic_par.pdf: 896081 bytes, checksum: 4e9aad133f35460d2f8fce93d68080c5 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2020-04-28T22:04:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 comelli_aba_me_svic_par.pdf: 896081 bytes, checksum: 4e9aad133f35460d2f8fce93d68080c5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2020-03-19 Made available in DSpace on 2020-04-28T22:04:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 comelli_aba_me_svic_par.pdf: 896081 bytes, checksum: 4e9aad133f35460d2f8fce93d68080c5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2020-03-19 Trachycephalus atlas e Trachycephalus nigromaculatus são espécies da família Hylidae, Ordem Anura, que são morfologicamente semelhantes entre si. Apesar de T. atlas ser relatada em sua maioria em ambientes do Bioma Caatinga e T. nigromaculatus ocorrer em regiões costeiras da Mata Atlântica e interioranas em matas de galeria do Cerrado, ambas foram registradas em ambientes com fitofisionomia vegetal de transição de Mata Atlântica e Caatinga, especialmente no estado da Bahia. Devido à sua semelhança morfológica, não existe uma característica conspícua que ajude na diagnose destas espécies. Suas diferenças aparecem no canto e no girino. Neste estudo examinamos essas duas espécies utilizando a morfometria geométrica para analisar as variações da forma do crânio e determinar se essas variações são diagnósticas, encontrando amparo em dados estatísticos robustos. A morfometria geométrica (MG) tem sido empregada para resolver uma variedade de questões do mais amplo contexto de ecologia e evolução. Foram examinados 160 exemplares de coleções representativas das espécies, perfazendo o maior número possível de localidades registradas. Os crânios dos indivíduos foram fotografados em vista dorsal e lateral e 17 marcos anatômicos (landmarks) foram selecionados e digitalizados de acordo com a representatividade em estruturas homólogas da área craniana de todos os exemplares. Para as análises de morfometria geométrica foi utilizado o método de sobreposição de Procrustes com as coordenadas dos marcos para as duas vistas e posteriormente Análise de Componentes Principais (PCA), Análise de Variáveis Canônicas (CVA) e Função Discriminante. Os resultados revelaram uma tendência de separação das espécies em ambas vistas, com significância estatística, corroborando os dados da literatura. Quanto ao dimorfismo sexual, somente T. nigromaculatus apontou diferença entre os sexos, na vista lateral, sendo que os machos tendem a apresentar alongamento na região posterior do crânio. Os dados comparativos de localidade dos exemplares de Trachycephalus atlas mostraram diferenças significativas entre o grupo da série-tipo e demais grupos da espécie, nas duas vistas. Os grupos de Trachycephalus nigromaculatus apresentaram diferenças, exceto Rio de Janeiro, que foi semelhante a todos na vista dorsal e com Espírito Santo na vista lateral. A técnica da MG foi efetiva para pontuar o quanto e onde as alterações na forma do crânio diferem entre as espécies desse estudo. Trachycephalus atlas and Trachycephalus nigromaculatus are species of the family Hylidae, Order Anura, which are morphologically similar to each other. Although T. atlas is mostly reported in environments of the Caatinga Biome and T. nigromaculatus occurs in coastal regions of the Atlantic Forest and inlands of Cerrado, both were recorded in environments with transition vegetation phytophysiognomy of the Atlantic Forest and Caatinga, especially in the state of Bahia. Due to its morphological similarity, there is no conspicuous characteristic that helps in the diagnosis of these species. Their differences appear in the call and the tadpole. In this study we examine these two species using geometric morphometry to analyze variations in the shape of the skull and determine whether these variations are diagnostic, finding support in more robust statistical data. Geometric morphometry (GM) has been used to solve a variety of issues in the broadest context of ecology and evolution. The sample consisted of 160 specimens of representative collections of the species, sampling the largest possible number of registered locations. The skulls of the individuals were photographed in dorsal and lateral views and 17 anatomical landmarks were selected and digitized according to the representativeness in homologous structures of the cranial area of all the specimens. For the analysis of geometric morphometry, the Procrustes superimposition method with the coordinates of the milestones for the two views was used, and later Principal Component Analysis (PCA), Canonical Variables Analysis (CVA) and Discriminant Function. The results revealed a tendency of species separation in both views, with statistical significance, corroborating the literature data. As for sexual dimorphism, only T. nigromaculatus showed a difference between the sexes, in the lateral view, with males tending to be elongated in the posterior region of the skull. The comparative data of locality of the specimens of Trachycephalus atlas showed significant differences between the group of the type series and other groups of the species, in the two views. The groups of Trachycephalus nigromaculatus showed differences, except Rio de Janeiro, which was similar to all in the dorsal view and with Espírito Santo in the lateral view. The MG technique was effective in scoring how much and where changes in the shape of the skull differ between the species in this study.

Made available in DSpace on 2020-12-12T02:22:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2020-01-01 The relationships of the hyline tribe Dendropsophini remain poorly studied, with most published analyses dealing with few of the species groups of Dendropsophus. In order to test the monophyly of Dendropsophini, its genera, and the species groups currently recognized in Dendropsophus, we performed a total evidence phylogenetic analysis. The molecular dataset included sequences of three mitochondrial and five nuclear genes from 210 terminals, including 12 outgroup species, the two species of Xenohyla, and 93 of the 108 recognized species of Dendropsophus. The phenomic dataset includes 46 terminals, one per species (34 Dendropsophus, one Xenohyla, and 11 outgroup species). Our results corroborate the monophyly of Dendropsophini and the reciprocal monophyly of Dendropsophus and Xenohyla. Some species groups of Dendropsophus are paraphyletic (the D. microcephalus, D. minimus, and D. parviceps groups, and the D. rubicundulus clade). On the basis of our results, we recognize nine species groups; for three of them (D. leucophyllatus, D. microcephalus, and D. parviceps groups) we recognize some nominal clades to highlight specific morphology or relationships and facilitate species taxonomy. We further discuss the evolution of oviposition site selection, where our results show multiple instances of independent evolution of terrestrial egg clutches during the evolutionary history of Dendropsophus. Tropical Herpetology Laboratory Departamento de Ciências Biológicas Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Rodovia Jorge Amado, km 16 Laboratório de Anfíbios Departamento de Zoologia Instituto de Biociências Universidade de São Paulo División Herpetología Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales “Bernardino Rivadavia”–CONICET, Angel Gallardo 470 Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales Universidad de Buenos Aires Grupo Herpetológico de Antioquia Instituto de Biología Universidad de Antioquia Departamento de Biodiversidade and Centro de Aquicultura Instituto de Biociências Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Av. 24A 1515 Laboratório de Ecologia da Paisagem - Superintendência de Conservação WWF-Brasil, Entre Quadra SHIS EQL 6/8 Conjunto E, Setor de Habitações Individuais Sul Department of Biology The University of Texas at Arlington Department of Bioinformatics and Genomics University of North Carolina at Charlotte, 9201 University City Blvd. Division of Invertebrate Zoology American Museum of Natural History, Central Park West Doc Frog Expeditions Laboratório de Vertebrados Instituto de Ciências Biológicas Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Av. Itália, km 8 Department of Zoology National Museum, Cirkusová 1740, 193 00 Prague 9 Departamento de Ciências Biológicas Universidade Estadual do Sudoeste da Bahia, Av. José Moreira Sobrinho Departamento de Ecologia e Biologia Evolutiva Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Av. Professor Artur Riedel, 275, Jardim Eldorado Coordenação de Zoologia Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Avenida Perimetral 1901, Terra Firme Instituto de Ciências Biológicas Universidade Federal do Pará, R. Augusto Corrêa, 1, Guamá Instituto de Biología Subtropical (IBS) CONICET-UNaM, Bertoni 85 Departamento de Biodiversidade and Centro de Aquicultura Instituto de Biociências Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Av. 24A 1515

Made available in DSpace on 2020-12-10T19:54:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2020-03-27 Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) Rede Baiana de Pesquisa sobre Anfibios (RBPA) Fundacao O Boticario de Protecao a Natureza Fundacao de Amparo a Pesquisa da Bahia (FAPESB) Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) Mohamed bin Zayed Species Conservation Fund Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ) Smithsonian Institution (USA) Agencia Nacional de Promocion Cientifica y Tecnologica (ANPCyT) The South American and West Indian Casque-headed Treefrogs (Hylidae: Hylinae: Lophyohylini) include 85 species. These are notably diverse in morphology (e.g. disparate levels of cranial hyperossification) and life history (e.g. different reproductive modes, chemical defences), have a wide distribution, and occupy habitats from the tropical rainforests to semiarid scrubland. In this paper, we present a phylogenetic analysis of this hylid tribe based on sequence fragments of up to five mitochondrial (12S, 16S, ND1, COI, Cytb) and six nuclear genes (POMC, RAG-1, RHOD, SIAH, TNS3, TYR). We included most of its species (> 96%), in addition to a number of new species. Our results indicate: (i) the paraphyly of Trachycephalus with respect to Aparasphenodon venezolanus; (ii) the nonmonophyly of Aparasphenodon, with Argenteohyla siemersi, Corythomantis galeata and Nyctimantis rugiceps nested within it, and Ap. venezolanus nested within Trachycephalus; (iii) the polyphyly of Corythomantis; (iv) the nonmonophyly of the recognized species groups of Phyllodytes; and (v) a pervasive low support for the deep relationships among the major clades of Lophyohylini, including C. greeningi and the monotypic genera Itapotihyla and Phytotriades. To remedy the nonmonophyly of Aparasphenodon, Corythomantis, and Trachycephalus, we redefined Nyctimantis to include Aparasphenodon (with the exception of Ap. venezolanus, which we transferred to Trachycephalus), Argenteohyla, and C. galeata. Additionally, our results indicate the need for taxonomic work in the following clades: (i) Trachycephalus dibernardoi and Tr. imitatrix; (ii) Tr. atlas, Tr. mambaiensis and Tr. nigromaculatus; and (iii) Phyllodytes. On the basis of our phylogenetic results, we analyzed the evolution of skull hyperossification and reproductive biology, with emphasis on the multiple independent origins of phytotelm breeding, in the context of Anura. We also analyzed the inter-related aspects of chemical defences, venom delivery, phragmotic behaviour, co-ossification, and prevention of evaporative water loss. Univ Estadual Paulista, Inst Biociencias, Dept Biodiversidade, Av 24A 1515, BR-13506900 Rio Claro, SP, Brazil Univ Estadual Paulista, Inst Biociencias, Ctr Aquicultura, Av 24A 1515, BR-13506900 Rio Claro, SP, Brazil Univ Sao Paulo, Inst Biociencias, Dept Zool, BR-05508090 Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil Univ Fed Rio de Janeiro, Museu Nacl, Dept Vertebrados, Setor Herpetol, BR-20940040 Rio De Janeiro, RJ, Brazil Univ Estadual Santa Cruz, Dept Ciencias Biol, Trop Herpetol Lab, Rodovia Jorge Amado,Km 16, BR-45662900 Ilheus, BA, Brazil Univ Brasilia, Dept Engn Florestal, Lab Fauna & Unidades Conservacao, BR-70910900 Brasilia, DF, Brazil Univ Fed Vicosa, Dept Biol Anim, Museu Zool Joao Moojen, BR-36570900 Vicosa, MG, Brazil Univ West Indies, Zool Museum, Dept Life Sci, St Augustine, Trinidad Tobago Pontificia Univ Catolica Rio Grande do Sul, Lab Sistemat Vertebrados, Av Ipiranga 6681,Predio 40,Sala 110, BR-90619900 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil Consejo Nacl Invest Cient & Tecn, UNaM, Inst Biol Subtrop, Lab Genet Evolut Claudio Juan Bidau, Felix Azara 1552,CPA N3300LQF Posadas, Misiones, Argentina Univ Estadual Paulista, Inst Biociencias, Lab Herpetol, Campus Litoral Paulista, BR-11330900 Sao Vicente, SP, Brazil Univ Nacl Nordeste, CONICET, Fac Ciencias Exactas & Nat & Agrimensura, Lab Herpetol,Dept Biol, Av Libertad 5470, RA-3400 Corrientes, Argentina Consejo Nacl Invest Cient & Tecn, Fdn Miguel Lillo, Unidad Ejecutora Lillo, Miguel Lillo 251, RA-4000 San Miguel De Tucuman, Tucuman, Argentina Univ Koblenz Landau, Inst Integrated Sci, Dept Biol, Univ Str 1, D-56070 Koblenz, Germany Univ Fed Rural Rio De Janeiro, Inst Biol, Dept Biol Anim, Caixa Postal 74524, BR-23851970 Seropedica, RJ, Brazil Consejo Nacl Invest Cient & Tecn, Museo Argentino Ciencias Nat Bernardino Rivadavia, Div Herpetol, Angel Gallardo 470,C1405DJR, Buenos Aires, DF, Argentina Univ Buenos Aires, Fac Ciencias Exactas & Nat, Dept Biodiversidad & Biol Expt, Buenos Aires, DF, Argentina Univ Estadual Paulista, Inst Biociencias, Dept Biodiversidade, Av 24A 1515, BR-13506900 Rio Claro, SP, Brazil Univ Estadual Paulista, Inst Biociencias, Ctr Aquicultura, Av 24A 1515, BR-13506900 Rio Claro, SP, Brazil Univ Estadual Paulista, Inst Biociencias, Lab Herpetol, Campus Litoral Paulista, BR-11330900 Sao Vicente, SP, Brazil FAPESP: 2013/20423-3 FAPESP: 2017/26162-8 FAPESP: 2003/10335-8 FAPESP: 2011/50146-6 FAPESP: 2018/15425-0 FAPESP: 2012/10000-5 FAPESP: 2013/50741-7 FAPESP: 2007/57067-9 FAPESP: 2012/12500-5 CNPq: 167387/20170 CNPq: 155198/2018-1 CNPq: 476789/2009-5 CNPq: 306823/2017-9 CNPq: 140412/2008-5 CNPq: 150377/2012-6 CNPq: 150122/2014-4 Fundacao O Boticario de Protecao a Natureza: 0991_20132 Fundacao de Amparo a Pesquisa da Bahia (FAPESB): 8951/2014 CAPES: 001 CAPES: 88881.133927/2016-01 CNPq: 140716/2016-5 FAPESP: 2014/50342-8 Agencia Nacional de Promocion Cientifica y Tecnologica (ANPCyT): PICT 2013-404 Agencia Nacional de Promocion Cientifica y Tecnologica (ANPCyT): 2015-820

Hyla varelae Carrizo, 1992 is an Argentinean species only known from the holotype. The study of this specimen indicates that it pertains to the Boana pulchella group and it is a junior synonym of Hyla riojana Koslowsky, 1895 (currently Boana riojana). We traced the itinerary of the field trip in which the holotype was collected using the catalog of the collection where it was initially housed (Centro Nacional de Estudios Iológicos—CENAI). These data and the study of other specimens collected during that trip indicate that the type specimen was wrongly associated with the reported type locality of H. varelae (Selvas del Río de Oro, Chaco, Argentina; far away from the known distribution of B. riojana). The holotype was most probably collected in Horco Molle, Yerba Buena, Tucumán, Argentina. Fil: Pinheiro, Paulo D. P.. Universidade de Sao Paulo; Brasil Fil: Carrizo, Gustavo Rodolfo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales "Bernardino Rivadavia"; Argentina Fil: Faivovich, Julián. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales "Bernardino Rivadavia"; Argentina. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental; Argentina

Molecular studies have uncovered significant diversity in the Mexican Highlands, leading to the description of many new endemic species. DNA approaches to this kind of species discovery have included both mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequencing and multilocus genomic methods. While these marker types have often been pitted against one another, there are benefits to deploying them together, as linked mtDNA data can provide the bridge between uncovering lineages through rigorous multilocus genomic analysis and identifying lineages through comparison to existing mtDNA databases. Here, we apply one class of multilocus genomic marker, ultraconserved elements (UCEs), and linked mtDNA data to a species complex of frogs (Sarcohyla bistincta, Hylidae) found in the Mexican Highlands. We generated data from 1,891 UCEs, which contained 1,742 informative SNPs forS. bistinctaand closely related species and captured mitochondrial genomes for most samples. Genetic analyses based on both whole loci and SNPs agree there are six to seven distinct lineages within what is currently described asS. bistincta. Phylogenies from UCEs and mtDNA mostly agreed in their topologies, and the few differences suggested a more complex evolutionary history of the mtDNA marker. Our study demonstrates that the Mexican Highlands still hold substantial undescribed diversity, making their conservation a particularly urgent goal. The Trans-Mexican Volcanic Range stands out as a significant geographic feature inSarcohylaand may have acted as a dispersal corridor forS. bistinctato spread to the north. Combining multilocus genomic data with linked mtDNA data is a useful approach for identifying potential new species and associating them with already described taxa, which will be especially important in groups with undescribed subadult phenotypes and cryptic species.

A new species belonging to the Scinax ruber clade, morphologically similar to S. cabralensis and S. rupestris, is described from the Municipality of Miguel Calmon, State of Bahia, northeastern Brazil. This locality belongs to the northern portion of the Espinhaco Range known as Chapada Diamantina, a semiarid region in central Bahia State. The new species can be distinguished from all congeners of the S. ruber clade by a combination of adult (size, morphology, color pattern, and advertisement call) as well as larval (external morphology, and oral cavity) characteristics. The description of this frog adds another species, and the first of the S. ruber clade, to those that are endemic to Chapada Diamantina.

The hyline tribe Lophyohylini includes 87 species of treefrogs, of which cytogenetics aspects have been studied in less than 20% of them. In order to evaluate the evolution of some of its chromosome characters (NOR position, C-bands, and DAPI/CMA3 bands), we studied the karyotypes of 21 lophyohylines, 16 of them for the first time, and analyzed them in a phylogenetic context. Most species showed similar karyotypes regarding chromosome number (2n = 24) and morphology (FN = 48), excepting Phyllodytes edelmoi and Osteocephalus buckleyi with 2n = 22 (FN = 44) and 2n = 28 (FN = 50), respectively. The NOR location was variable among species and provided valuable phylogenetic information. This marker was located in pair 11 in all species of Trachycephalus, Itapotihyla langsdorffii, and Nyctimantis arapapa, representing the plesiomorphic condition of Lophyohylini. Besides, other apomorphic states were recovered for the clades comprising N. rugiceps and N. siemersi (NOR in pair 5), and Dryaderces pearsoni, Osteocephalus, and Osteopilus (NOR in pair 9). Phyllodytes presented variation for NORs position; they were in pair 2 in P. edelmoi, pair 7 in P. melanomystax, and pair 8 in P. gyrinaethes and P. praeceptor. Polymorphisms in size, number, and activity of this marker were observed for N. siemersi, Osteocephalus fuscifacies, and some species of Trachycephalus. Remarkably, in N. siemersi NORs were detected on a single chromosome in the two specimens studied by this technique, raising the question of how this complex polymorphism is maintained. Interstitial telomeric sequences were found in P. edelmoi,P. melanomystax, and Osteocephalus buckleyi, and their presence seems to be not related to the chromosome reorganization events. Finally, some species showed spontaneous rearrangements, possibly as a consequence of an uncommon phenomenon in anuran cytogenetics: the presence of fragile sites or secondary constrictions not associated with NORs. We propose that this rare feature would have played an important role in the evolution of this group of frogs. From the evidence obtained in this and previous studies, we conclude that Lophyohylini presents a complex chromosome evolution. Fil: Suarez, Pablo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Nordeste. Instituto de Biología Subtropical. Instituto de Biología Subtropical - Nodo Posadas | Universidad Nacional de Misiones. Instituto de Biología Subtropical. Instituto de Biología Subtropical - Nodo Posadas; Argentina Fil: Ferro, Juan Martín. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Nordeste. Instituto de Biología Subtropical. Instituto de Biología Subtropical - Nodo Posadas | Universidad Nacional de Misiones. Instituto de Biología Subtropical. Instituto de Biología Subtropical - Nodo Posadas; Argentina Fil: Nagamachi, Cleusa Y.. Universidade Federal do Pará; Brasil Fil: Cardozo, Dario Elbio. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Nordeste. Instituto de Biología Subtropical. Instituto de Biología Subtropical - Nodo Posadas | Universidad Nacional de Misiones. Instituto de Biología Subtropical. Instituto de Biología Subtropical - Nodo Posadas; Argentina Fil: Blasco zuñiga, Ailin. Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador; Ecuador Fil: Silva, Jéssica B.. Universidade Federal do Pará; Brasil Fil: Marciano Jr, Euvaldo. Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz; Brasil Fil: Costa, Marco A.. Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz; Brasil Fil: Orrico, Victor G.D.. Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz; Brasil Fil: Solé, Mirco. Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz; Brasil Fil: Roberto, Igor J.. Universidad Federal del Amazonas.; Brasil Fil: Rivera, Miryan. Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador; Ecuador Fil: Wiley, John E.. University School of Medicine; Estados Unidos Fil: Faivovich, Julián. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales "Bernardino Rivadavia"; Argentina Fil: Baldo, Juan Diego. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Nordeste. Instituto de Biología Subtropical. Instituto de Biología Subtropical - Nodo Posadas | Universidad Nacional de Misiones. Instituto de Biología Subtropical. Instituto de Biología Subtropical - Nodo Posadas; Argentina Fil: Pieczarka, Julio. Universidade Federal do Pará; Brasil

Although comparative studies of anuran ontogeny have provided new data on heterochrony in the life cycles of frogs, most of them have not included ossification sequences. Using differential staining techniques, we observe and describe differences and similarities of cranial and postcranial development in two hylid species,Scinax ruber(Scinaxinae) andDendropsophus labialis(Hylinae), providing new data of ontogenetic studies in these Colombian species. We examined tadpoles raining from Gosner Stages 25 to 45. We found differences between species in the infrarostral and suprarostral cartilages, optic foramen, planum ethmoidale, and gill apparatus. In both species, the first elements to ossify were the atlas and transverse processes of the vertebral column and the parasphenoid. Both species exhibited suprascapular processes as described in other hylids. Although the hylids comprise a large group (over 700 species), postcranial ossification sequence is only known for 15 species. Therefore, the descriptions of the skeletal development and ossification sequences provided herein will be useful for future analyses of heterochrony in the group.

We present a molecular phylogenetic analysis of the hylid tribe Hylini, with the goals of testing the monophyly of the genera Duellmanohyla, Isthmohyla, and Ptychohyla and providing a discussion on the monophyly of Bromeliohyla, Charadrahyla, Ecnomiohyla, Exerodonta, Megastomatohyla, and Sarcohyla. Our results indicate the paraphyly of Ptychohyla, with Bromeliohyla and Duellmanohyla nested within it, and, as in previous analyses, the paraphyly of Duellmanohyla (due to Ptychohyla legleri and P. salvadorensis being nested within it). To resolve this situation, we restrict the contents of Ptychohyla, redelimit those of Duellmanohyla and Bromeliohyla, and erect two new genera, one to include the former Ptychohyla panchoi and P. spinipollex, and the other for the former Ptychohyla acrochorda, P. sanctaecrucis, P. zoque, and tentatively, P. erythromma. Exerodonta as currently defined is not monophyletic, inasmuch as Exerodonta juanitae is nested within Charadrahyla. Consequently, we transfer this species and, tentatively, E. pinorum to Charadrahyla. Also, we discuss some possible taxonomic problems within Exerodonta. Our results indicate that Isthmohyla is polyphyletic, the bromeliad-dwelling Isthmohyla melacaena being the sister taxon of our only exemplar of Bromeliohyla, B. bromeliacia. For this reason, we transfer I. melacaena to Bromeliohyla, rendering Isthmohyla monophyletic. The former Isthmohyla pictipes Group is shown to be paraphyletic due to having the non-monophyletic I. pseudopuma Group within it. Accordingly, we recognize a redelimited I. pseudopuma Group (contents: I. infucata and I. pseudopuma), an I. zeteki Group (contents: I. picadoi and I. zeteki), and a newly defined I. tica Group (contents: I. angustilineata, I. calypsa, I. debilis, I. graceae, I. lancasteri, I. pictipes, I. tica, I. rivularis, and, tentatively, I. insolita and I. xanthosticta). The three groups of Isthmohyla are supported by molecular evidence with jackknife support values > 90%, and two of them by putative morphological synapomorphies. We discuss the recognition of Dryophytes, Hyliola, Rheohyla, and Sarcohyla and whether it is useful to recognize Anotheca, Diaglena, and Triprion as three distinct, monotypic genera. Finally, we discuss a recent taxonomic proposal involving changes in rank and from ranked to unranked names in hylids that overall we consider to have been poorly justified and only superficially discussed. Fil: Faivovich, Julián. Universidad de Buenos Aires; Argentina Fil: Pereyra, Martín Oscar. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales “Bernardino Rivadavia”; Argentina Fil: Luna, María Celeste. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales “Bernardino Rivadavia”; Argentina Fil: Hertz, Andreas. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales “Bernardino Rivadavia”; Argentina Fil: Blotto Acuña, Boris Leonardo. University Of Massachusetts Boston; Fil: Vásquez-Almazán, Carlos R.. Senckenberg Forschungsinstitut Und Naturmuseum; Fil: McCranie, James R.. Universidade de Sao Paulo; Brasil Fil: Sánchez, David A.. Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala; Guatemala Fil: Baêta, Délio. Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala; Guatemala Fil: Araujo-Vieira, Katyuscia. University Of Texas At Arlington; Fil: Köhler, Gunther. Unesp-universidade Estadual Paulista; Fil: Kubicki, Brian. Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro; Brasil Fil: Campbell, Jonathan A.. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales “Bernardino Rivadavia”; Argentina Fil: Frost, Darrel R.. Senckenberg Forschungsinstitut Und Naturmuseum; Fil: Wheeler, Ward C.. Costa Rican Amphibian Research Center; Costa Rica Fil: Haddad, Célio F.B.. University Of Texas At Arlington

A new species of Hyloscirtus , belonging to the H. bogotensis species Group, is described from the Venezuelan and Colombian slopes of the Sierra de Perija. The new species can be readily distinguished from its congeners by the combination of the following characters: mental gland present, disc-shaped and small; ulnar, outer, and inner tarsal folds present; calcar tubercle absent; whitish stripes on external border of upper eyelids and supratympanic folds, longitudinally on the mid-dorsum, on supracloacal fold, outer ulnar folds, inner and outer tarsal folds, and also on dorsal internal surface of shanks. We estimate phylogenetic relationships based on mtDNA (spanning fragments of 12S rRNA, tRNA-Val and 16S rRNA), of all Hyloscirtus species available in Genbank, as well as the new species described herein, H. callipeza , H. jahni , and H. platydactylus , all of which have not been previously sequenced. Our molecular data support the hypothesis of the new species as sister species of H. callipeza and indicates that H. jahni does not belong to the H. bogotensis species Group, but rather is sister species of all other Hyloscirtus ( sensu Faivovich et al . 2005). Based on this last result we propose a new species group for H. jahni and the synonymy of Colomascirtus in Hyloscirtus . We also provide the first description of the advertisement call of H. callipeza . With the new species described herein, the number of Hyloscirtus species increases to 37.