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Hygrobates (Hygrobates) fluviatilis (Ström, 1768) Synonym: Acarus fluviatilis Ström, 1768 (original designation) Type material: One adult male deposited in NTNU-VM, catalogue number VP-Hyd712 (Pešić et al. 2017) Type locality: Norway: Heltneelva (GBIF 2022; Ström 1768) Geographical distribution: Palaearctic (GBIF 2022; Ström 1768) Distribution in Portugal: Centre: Beira Alta, in Santa Comba Dão (Lundblad 1956). Ecological notes: Freshwater rhithrobiont-like (on river and tributaries habitats); Organic pollution tolerant-species with preferences for streams and rheocrenes in lowland and low mountain ranges; Larval insect hosts: Chironomidae dipterans (Gerecke et al. 2016). Found also on a sandy substrate; present in Carex spp. plants (Lundblad 1956) Hygrobates (Hygrobates) longipalpis (Hermann, 1804) Synonym: Hydrarachna longipalpis Hermann, 1804 (original designation) Type material: Neotype designated by Pešić et al. 2019 RMNH (Pešić et al. 2019). Type locality: Netherlands: Gelderland (GBIF 2022). Geographical distribution: Holarctic (Gerecke et al. 2016). Distribution in Portugal: Centre: Beira Litoral (Valdecasas 1988), in Fonte Fria, Mealhada, Buçaco mountain (Lundblad 1956). Ecological notes: In standing or slow-flowing waters (Gerecke et al. 2016; Lundblad 1956); Larval insect hosts: Chaoboridae and Chironomidae dipterans (Gerecke et al. 2016). Remarks: Given the recent re-establishment of the species Hygrobates prosiliens Koenike, 1915 this observation requires further analysis, as the first inhabits in standing water while H. longipalpis has a preference for slowflowing water (Pešić et al. 2019). Hygrobates (Hygrobates) longiporus Thor, 1898 Synonym: Hygrobates falcilaminatus Walter, 1926 Type material: Possibly not deposited in any scientific collection. Type locality: Norway (Thor 1898b). Geographical distribution: Palaearctic (Gerecke et al. 2016). Distribution in Portugal: Centre: Beira Litoral, in Alcabaça municipality; and Beira Alta, in Santa Comba Dão; and Côa River, near 10 km to Vilar Formoso (Lundblad 1956; Valdecasas 1988). Ecological notes: In standing freshwaters, such as lakes (Gerecke et al. 2016), clear water, on sandy and muddy bottoms, with scattered leaves, dead twigs, plants, e.g. grasses, Carex spp. and Alisma spp. (Lundblad 1956). Hygrobates (Hygrobates) setosus Besseling, 1942 Synonym: Hygrobates nigromaculatus setosus Besseling, 1942 (original designation) Type material: Female specimens in the “Collectie-Romijn” (Besseling 1942), nowadays deposited in RMNH registration number ZMA.ACA.P.35358 and ZMA.ACA.P.35360 (GBIF 2022). Type locality: Netherlands: Dorpsbeekte Epe (Besseling 1942; GBIF 2022). Geographical distribution: Palaearctic (Gerecke et al. 2016; Smit & van der Hammen 2000). Distribution in Portugal: North: International Minho River Basin: Monção (tributaries, “Rios Gadanha e Mouro”) and Valença (main river stretch) municipalities (Cantallo et al. 2021). Material examined: 2/0/0; Pinheiros, Portugal; 42º2′14.7″N, 8º30′6,9″W; 25 September 2020; coll. by Aquamuseu Team; catalogue number NatMIP-CATr-0013. 0/1/0; Valença, Portugal; 42º2′57.01″N, 8º37′54.74″W; 24 September 2020; coll. By Aquamuseu Team; catalogue number NatMIP-CATr-0015. 0/1/0; Ponte de Mouro; 42°04′30.0″N, 8°23′38.5″W; 24 September 2020; coll. by Aquamuseu Team; catalogue number NatMIP-CATr-0016. Ecological notes: In freshwater tributaries pools; with parasitic larvae of insect-dipterans (Gerecke et al. 2016). In the present study, this species was found in association with macrophytes (“Rio Gadanha”). One specimen was found in a rock environment close to the spring (“Rio Mouro”). One individual was collected in the main sector from the Minho River, on sediment type ‘moderately sorted coarse sand’, in which the logarithmic main grain size value was 0.345 (Cantallo et al. 2021). Remarks: This species was reported for Portugal by Cantallo et al. (2021), which also represents the first occurrence for Southern Europe. Hygrobates (Hygrobates) trigonicus Koenike, 1895 Synonym: Hygrobates properus Láska, 1954 Type material: Holotype (Koenike 1895a), possibly not deposited in any scientific collection. Type locality: Poland: Słupice (Koenike 1895a). Geographical distribution: Western Palaearctic (Gerecke et al. 2016). Distribution in Portugal: Centre: Beira Alta (Valdecasas 1988), in Santa Comba Dão, and Côa River, near 10 km to Vilar Formoso (Lundblad 1956). Ecological notes: Freshwater, rhithrobiont-like species, found in river and tributary environments (Gerecke et al. 2016), in clear water, on a sandy substrate; present in plants, such as Carex spp., Juncus spp., Myriophyllum spp. (Lundblad 1956); Larval insect hosts: Chironomidae dipterans (Gerecke et al. 2016)., Published as part of Cantallo, Harold, Gomes, Nuno, Antunes, Carlos, Martins, Duarte & Costa, Dimítri De Araújo, 2022, Checklist of water mites from mainland Portugal and its archipelagos, pp. 336-370 in Zootaxa 5213 (4) on pages 357-358, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5213.4.2, http://zenodo.org/record/7381432, {"references":["Strom, H. (1768) Beskrivelse over Norske Insecter. Andet Stykke. Det Kongelige Norske Videnskabers Selskabs Skrifter, 4, 313 - 371.","Pesic, V., Asadi, M., Cimpean, M., Dabert, M., Esen, Y., Gerecke, R., Martin, P., Savic, A., Smit, H. & Stur, E. (2017) Six species in one: evidence of cryptic speciation in the Hygrobates fluviatilis complex (Acariformes, Hydrachnidia, Hygrobatidae). Systematic and Applied Acarology, 22, 1327. https: // doi. org / 10.11158 / saa. 22.9.4","GBIF (2022) GBIF - Occurrences. Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Available from: https: // www. gbif. org / occurrence / search / (accessed 8 January 2022)","Lundblad, O. (1956) Zur Kenntnis sud- und mitteleuropaischer Hydrachnellen. Arkiv for Zoologi 10, 1 - 306, tafel LXXXIV.","Gerecke, R., Gledhill, T., Pesic, V. & Smit, H. (2016) Susswasserfauna von Mitteleuropa. Bd. 7 / 2 - 3. Chelicerata: Acari III. Band 7 / 2 - 3. Springer Spektrum, Heidelberg, Dordrecht, London and New York, pp. i - xi + 1 - 429. [http: // link. springer. com / 10.1007 / 978 - 3 - 8274 - 2689 - 5]","Hermann, J. F. (1804) s. n. In: Hammer, F. - L. (Ed.), Meimoire Apteirologique. Levrault, F. G., Strasbourg, pp. 1 - 144, pl. IX. [http: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / bibliography / 137910] https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 137910","Pesic, V., Broda, L., Dabert, M., Gerecke, R., Martin, P. & Smit, H. (2019) Re-established after hundred years: Definition of Hygrobates prosiliens Koenike, 1915, based on molecular and morphological evidence, and redescription of H. longipalpis (Hermann, 1804) (Acariformes, Hydrachnidia,. Systematic and Applied Acarology, 24, 1490 - 1511. https: // doi. org / 10.11158 / saa. 24.8.10","Valdecasas, A. G. (1988) Lista sinonimica y bibliografica de las Hidracnelas (Acari, Hydrachnellae) de la Peninsula Iberica, Islas Baleares e Islas Canarias. Lista de la flora y fauna de las aguas continentales de la Peninsula Iberica. Publicacion no 5. Asociacion Espanola de Limnologia, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (CSIC), Madrid, 81 pp. [http: // www. limnetica. net / documentos / listas / Lista _ 5 _ Hidracnelas. pdf]","Thor, S. (1898 b) Nye Hydrachnideformer. Fundne I Norge Sommeren. Archiv for mathematik og naturvidenskab, 20, 1 - 10.","Besseling, A. J. (1942) Nederlandsche Hydrachnidae. Genus Hygrobates. Entomologische Berichten, 11, 2 - 6.","Smit, H. & van der Hammen, H. (2000) Nederlandse Faunistische Mededelingen I 3 Atlas van de Nederlandse watermijten (Acari: Hydrachnidia). Naturalis Institutional Repository, Amsterdam, 266 pp. [https: // repository. naturalis. nl / document / 45797]","Cantallo, H., Gomes, N., Antunes, C., Ribeiro, T., Gomes, M. I. & Costa, D. A. (2021) Catalogue of aquatic mites from the Minho River (NW Iberian Peninsula). Environmental Smoke, 2021, 44 - 47. https: // doi. org / 10.32435 / envsmoke / xibesymp. 7","Koenike, F. (1895 a) I. Wissenschaftliche Mittheilungen. 1. Uber bekannte und neue Wassermilben. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 18, 373 - 386."]}

The aim of this paper is to study the morphology of larva of the water mite Hygrobates fluviatilis and identify differences to the larva of the related H. arenarius.

Research on water mites has mainly focused on their ecology, taxonomy and faunistics. Studies on the biology of particular species and their fecundity have been conducted much less often, and there is very little such information from the Balkan Peninsula. The present study attempts to fill in some of the gaps in the existing knowledge upon reproduction of water mites. Female individuals were collected from Lake Skadar and its catchment in Montenegro, in May and October 2014. Then they were placed in 40 ml beakers until eggs were laid and observed until the larvae were hatched. The eggs were laid by females representing 15 species. The numbers of egg-laying females of a given species ranged from 1 to 124. The average number of eggs laid by a female ranged from 1 to 60. The number of eggs laid in May was much higher than in October. Females which lays the most eggs (representing 9 species) were collected in springs, followed by Lake Skadar (7 species) and in rivers (4 species). Only one species, Hygrobates setosus, was encountered in all types of waters studied, two species were encountered in the lake and in springs (Lebertia ineaqualis and Fiona disparilis), and one (Hygrobates fluviatilis) in springs and in rivers. In general, the highest numbers of eggs were laid by females from rivers, followed by those from springs and from the lake. The average time of embryonic development ranged from 9 days (Hydrochoreutes kramert) to 20 days (Atractides fonticulus and Protzia eximia), while the total incubation period ranged from 9 to 30 days. It seems that the water mites laid higher number of eggs in the spring than in the autumn. Hatching time depends on the temperature. The number of eggs laid by one female is characteristic of the species or genus.

This paper presents information on the oviposition, embryonic development, egg production, and reproductive success in water mites (Hydrachnidia) under laboratory conditions. The study was carried out on four common and numerous species in Poland: Hydrodroma despiciens (lake population), Hygrobates fluviatilis (river population), Hygrobates longipalpis (lake and river populations) and Mideopsis orbicularis (lake and river populations). For H. longipalpis and M. orbicularis there were no significant differences between the number of eggs deposited by females from river and lake populations. The time of embryonic development in all species was relatively similar. In all analysed species, the mean time of embryonic development shortened with the lengthening of the day. All species were characterised by very high egg hatching success.

Hygrobates (Hygrobates) fluviatilis (Strøm, 1768) Hygrobates fluviatilis —Pešić et al. 2010 [in part]. New records: Montenegro: Podgorica, Skadar Lake, Crnojevića River, 42°21'19.8"N 19°01'47.8"E, 01.x.2014 Zawal, Bańkowska, Michoński, Kłosowska (0/1/0); Cetinje, Skadar Lake, sublacustrine spring, Karuč, 3 m depth, 42°21'27.9"N 19°06'29.7"E, 01.x.2014 Zawal, Bańkowska, Michoński, Kłosowska (0/1/0); Podgorica, Drume, Vitoja River, spring near Skadar Lake, elodeids, 42°21'27.9"N 19°06'29.7"E, 01.x.2014 Zawal, Bańkowska, Michoński, Kłosowska (23/45/0); Podgorica, Malo Blato, Sinjac, spring, 1.5 m depth, 42°21'58.3"N 19°09'18.0"E 28.iv.2014 Zawal, Bańkowska (1/0/0); Albania: Skadar Lake near Gashaj, Syri and Sheganit spring, sublacustrine spring, 42°16'30.4"N 19°23'42.9"E 01.v.2014 Zawal, Bańkowska, Michoński, Kłosowska (1/0/0); Published records: Macedonia: Dzierzgowska et al. (2011); Zawal et al. (2011); Montenegro: Pešić et al. (2017); Bańkowska et al. (2016). Distribution: Europe, most records require confirmation due to the confusion with Hygrobates arenarius, but obviously widespread (Pešić et al. 2017)., Published as part of Pešić, Vladimir, Bańkowska, Aleksandra, Goldschmidt, Tom, Grabowski, Michał, Michoński, Grzegorz & Zawal, Andrzej, 2018, Supplement to the Checklist of water mites (Acari: Hydrachnidia) from the Balkan peninsula, pp. 151-184 in Zootaxa 4394 (2) on page 169, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4394.2.1, http://zenodo.org/record/1197596, {"references":["Bankowska, A., Klosowska, M., Gadawski, P., Michonski, G., Grabowski, M., Pesic, V. & Zawal, A. (2016) Oviposition by selected water mite (Hydrachnidia) species from Lake Skadar and its catchment. Biologia, 71 (9), 1027 - 1033. https: // doi. org / 10.1515 / biolog- 2016 - 0126"]}

Hygrobates fluviatilis (Str��m, 1768) Material examined. larvae reared from females from the stream Osterau in Northern Germany (see Martin & Speth 1996), measurements refer to 5 larvae. Description. Habitus of the idiosoma moderately elongated (Fig. 4 A), larva only a little more narrowed anteriorly than posteriorly. L dorsal idiosoma (Fig. 4 A) 282���303 (292), W 192���207 (202). Dp large, egg-shaped and alveolar, covering a large part of dorsal idiosoma, L Dp 276���300 (284), W 171���198 (182), Mp2-Amdp 40���46 (43), Mp1-Mp1 62���68 (65), Mp2- Mp2 49���59 (54), Lp1-Lp1 46���49 (48), Lp2-Lp2 74���79 (76), Mp1-Lp 1 12���14 (13), Mp2-Lp 2 17���22 (19), Mp1-Mp 2 25���29 (27), Lp1-Lp 2 24���28 (26), Mp 1 14���18 (17), Mp 2 8���14 (13), Lp1 58��� 66 (62), Lp2 115���130 (122), Hu 85���107 (97), Mh1 94���112 (102), Mh2 82���103 (88), Mh3 67���77 (73), Mh4 60���71 (65), Lh1 82���89 (85), Lh2 59���65 (62), Lh3 46���55 (51). Ventral idiosoma (Fig. 4 B): In most specimens, Expp distinctly incised posteriorly; E1 and E2 very short and pin-like. Common median L of both CXI-III 177���186 (181), half W CXI-III 96���108 (100), C1-C2 36���43 (40), C1-Mmcp 24���29 (26), C4-Pmcp 113���121 (116), C1-C4 54���61 (58), C1 32���38 (34), C 2 29���43 (36), C3 64���82 (73), C4 64���82 (73); L Expp 43���47 (45), W 107���115 (111), E1- E 1 10 ���14 (12), E2- E 2 24 ���31 (28), E1 1 ���2 (2), E2 1 ���2 (2), setae V1 often approaching the anterior margin of Expp, V1 34 ���38 (36), V2 lying far distally on Expp, V2 34 ���44 (38), V3 44 ���52 (48), V4 (without projecting base) 129���195 (164), L of projecting base of V 4 21���27 (24), anterior margin of Expp-Exp 23���24 (24). Gnathosoma (Fig. 4 D): lateral L of base 108���112 (109), ventral W 49���58 (53), chelicera (Fig. 4 E) 89���94 (90), chela 18���20 (19), palp Fig. 4 C): L PII 34���40 (37), W 26���31 (29), L PIII 16���19 (18), W 23���28 (25), long seta PIII L 101���107 (104), claw L 14���18 (17). Legs: Leg length increasing from L1 to L3. All three claws relatively long and thin, Lateral and medial claws provided with two subapical additional teeth (Fig. 5 E). Leg I (Fig. 5 A���B): total L 232���252 (243), L IL-1 (1se) 29��� 35 (32), IL-2 (7se) 43���46 (44), IL-3 (4se, 1so, 1eu) 44���49 (47), IL-4 (9se, 2so, 1eu) 54���56 (55), IL-5 (12se, 1so, 1eu) 61���66 (65), H IL- 1 20���22 (21), IL- 2 19���20 (20), IL- 3 19���20 (19), IL- 4 19���22 (20), IL- 5 18���20 (19). Leg II (Fig. 5 C���D): total L 253���276 (263), L IIL-1 (1se) 34���38 (36), IIL-2 (7se) 41���44 (42), IIL-3 (4se, 1so, 1eu) 44���48 (46), IIL-4 (9se, 2so, 1eu) 60���67 (63), IIL-5 (12se, 1so, 2eu) 74���78 (77), H IIL- 1 20���22 (21), IIL- 2 19���20 (20), IIL- 3 19���20 (19), IIL- 4 19���20 (20), IIL- 5 20���22 (21). Leg III (Fig. 5 E���F): total L 296���313 (302), L IIIL-1 (1se) 46���48 (47), IIIL-2 (6se) 44���48 (46), IIIL-3 (4se, 1so) 52���54 (52), IIIL-4 (9se, 1so) 71���73 (72), IIIL-5 (9se, 1eu) 84���90 (86), H IIIL- 1 19���20 (20), IIIL-2 1 9���19 (19), IIIL- 3 19���20 (20), IIIL- 4 19���20 (20), IIIL-5 1 6���17 (16). Remarks. The larva was already roughly described by Ullrich (1976), Martin (2000), M��ller (2015) and in more detail by Wainstein (1980). Because of the poor availability of Wainstein���s Russian publication, the larva was re-described here. The species is not present in the stream investigated but is probably the most common species of European streams and rivers and seen as one of the most robust species in lotic environments (e.g. Gerecke & Schwoerbel 1991). The description of the larva here may be helpful to identify other hosts of the species which was supposed to be chironomids by Gerecke & Martin (2006) and confirmed by M��ller (2015)., Published as part of Martin, Peter, 2016, Larval morphology of benthic and interstitial water mites (Acari: Hydrachnidia) from a Luxembourgian stream, pp. 451-480 in Zootaxa 4139 (4) on pages 460-463, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4139.4.1, http://zenodo.org/record/265489, {"references":["Martin, P. & Speth, S. (1996) Die substratspezifische Verteilung der Hydrachnidia (Acari) zweier Bache in jungglazialen Sandergebieten Schleswig-Holsteins (Osterau und Rodenbek). Limnologica, 26 (1), 93 - 103.","Ullrich, F. (1976) Biologisch-okologische Studien an rheophilen Wassermilben (Hydrachnellae, Acari), unter besonderer Berucksichtigung von Sperchon setiger (Thor 1898). Ph. D. thesis, University of Kiel, 241 pp.","Martin, P. (2000) Larval morphology and host-parasite associations of some stream living water mites (Hydrachnidia, Acari). Archiv fur Hydrobiologie / Supplement, 121 / 3 - 4, Monographical Studies, 269 - 320.","Muller, H. (2015) Morphologie, Taxonomie und Parasitismus einiger Wassermilbenlarven und einer Nymphe (Acari: Hydrachnidia) in der Saale (Thuringen). Lauterbornia, 80, 69 - 111.","Wainstein, B. A. (1980) Opredelitel lichinok vodjanych kleshchei. Trudy - Institut Biologii Vnutrennikh Vod, Akademiya Nauk SSSR, 238 pp. [in Russian]","Gerecke, R. & Schwoerbel, J. (1991) Water quality and water mites (Acari, Actinedida) in the upper Danube region, 1959 - 1984. In: Bukva, F. & Dusbabek, V. (Eds), Modern acarology, Bd. 1. The Haque: Academia, Praque & SPB Academic Publishing bv, pp. 483 - 491.","Gerecke, R. & Martin, P. (2006) Spinnentiere: Milben (Chelicerata: Acari). In: Gerecke, R. & Franz, H. (Eds), Quellen im Nationalpark Berchtesgaden. Lebensgemeinschaften als Indikatoren des Klimawandels. - Nationalpark Berchtesgaden Forschungsbericht, 51, pp. 122 - 149."]}

Hygrobates (Hygrobates) fluviatilis (Ström, 1768) Records from Iran: Guilan Province – Pešić et al. (2007); Kermanshah Province – Pešić et al. (2008); Kerman Province – Asadi et al. (2009), Asadi (2010). Habitat: Rhitrobiont; lower, middle- and high-order streams, as well as rheocrenes. Distribution: Palaearctic., Published as part of Pešić, Vladimir, Smit, Harry & Saboori, Alireza, 2014, Checklist of the water mites (Acari, Hydrachnidia) of Iran: Second supplement and description of one new species, pp. 30-48 in Ecologica Montenegrina 1 (1) on page 42, DOI: 10.37828/em.2014.1.6, http://zenodo.org/record/8028699, {"references":["Pesic, V., Arman, P., Vafaei, R. & Saboori, A. (2008) The water mite (Acari: Hydrachnidia) fauna of running waters of Kermanshah Province (Western Iran). Systematic & Applied Acarology, 13, 137 - 144.","Asadi, M., Higaki T., Hinomoto N., Saboori, A. & Naghavi, M. R. (2009) Isolation and characterization of polymorphic microsatellite loci from the water mite Hygrobates fluviatilis (Acari: Hydrachnidia: Hygrobatidae). Molecular Ecology Resources, 9 (3), 793 - 795."]}

Hygrobates (Hygrobates) fluviatilis (Str��m, 1768) Records from Turkey: Erzurum Province (Oezkan 1982; Boyacı & ��zkan 2007 a); Kayseri Province (��zkan et al. 1996); Elazıġ Province (Erman & ��zkan 2000; Erman et al. 2006 b, 2008); Rize and Artvin Provinces (Pe��ić et al. 2007). Habitat: Rhithrobiont; tolerant against organic pollution (Gerecke & Schwoerbel 1992 a). Distribution: Europe, Asia Minor, Iran., Published as part of Erman, Orhan, Pe��i��, Vladimir, Esen, Yunus & ��zkan, Muhlis, 2010, A checklist of the water mites of Turkey (Acari: Hydrachnidia) with description of two new species, pp. 1-48 in Zootaxa 2624 on page 29, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.198186, {"references":["Oezkan, M. (1982) Wassermilben (Acari, Actinedida) aus der Turkei. Entomologica Basiliensia, 7, 29 - 60.","Boyaci, Y. O. & Ozkan, M. (2007 a) Dumlu Cayi ve Akdag Suyu Su Kenelerinin (Acari, Hydrachnidia) Sistematik ve Ekolojik Yonden Incelenmesi. Ege Universitesi Su Urunleri Dergisi, 24 (1 - 2), 113 - 115.","Ozkan, M., Erman, O. & Boyaci, Y. O. (1996) Sultan Sazligi'nin (Kayseri) Su Akari (Hydrachnellae, Acari) Faunasi Uzerine Bir Arastirma. Turkish Journal of Zoology, 20, 95 - 98.","Gerecke, R. & Schwoerbel, J. (1992 a) Water Quality and Water Mites in the upper Danube region, 1959 - 1984. In: Dusbabek, F. & Bukva, V. (Eds), Modern Acarology, 1. Prague Academia and The Hague SPB Academic, pp. 483 - 491."]}