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Objectives: This study examined the effects of a lumbar stabilization exercise program on low back pain, the Oswestry Disability Index, use of body mechanics, and lumbar strength among intensive care unit nurses. Methods: Thirty-five nurses were assigned to an exercise group (n = 18) or a control group (n = 17) from a university hospital-affiliated intensive care unit. The 8-week lumbar stabilization exercise program comprised 30 minutes of stretching, lumbar stabilization exercise, and Mckenzie extension exercise (3 times/week) and a single education session on body mechanics. Outcomes were assessed using questionnaires on low back pain (visual analogue scale), the Oswestry Disability Index (%), use of body mechanics, and back strength (kg). Data were analyzed by χ²-test, independent t-test, and analysis of covariance. Results: The lumbar stabilization exercise program provided improvements in low back pain, the Oswestry Disability Index, use of body mechanics, and back strength Conclusions: Lumbar stabilization exercise program might be a useful strategy for enhancing usage of work-related body mechanics and back muscle strength, and ameliorating low back pain and disability index for nurses working at the intensive care units.

Objectives: This study determined the associated factors with low back pain in intensive care unit nurses.Methods: In this cross-sectional correlational study, 85 nurses working at five intensive care units completed questionnaires on the low back pain using visual analogue scale (VAS), use of body mechanics, work-related factors, the Oswestry disability index (%), the FACIT-fatigue, and the mini-sleep questionnaire. A back pain score of ≥ 4 was considered significant. Data were analyzed with χ2 test, unpaired t-test, Pearson correlation analysis and logistic regression.Results: Forty-five nurses (52.9%) had a significant low back pain score of ≥ 4 (VAS). Higher low back pain was associated with greater use of body mechanics (r = 0.37, p= 0.001), higher disability index (r = 0.72, p< 0.001), greater fatigue (r = 0.59, p< 0.001), and poorer sleep quality (r = 0.36, p= 0.001). Low back pain was associated with heavy workload (odds ratio, OR: 4.20, 95% confidence interval, CI: 1.40-12.58) and long standing to work (OR: 3.54, 95% CI: 1.20-10.48). Low back pain was associated with fatigue (OR: 1.18, 95% CI: 1.08-1.30) after adjusting covariates.Conclusions: Low back pain is associated with a heavy workload, long-standing to work, and greater fatigue among intensive care unit nurses.

Objectives: This study examined the associations between lifestyle factors and obesity among university students.Methods: In this cross-sectional correlational study, 671 students completed measures of lifestyle factors (dietary habit, exercise, smoking, and alcohol drinking), health concern, academic stress, and anthropometric indices. Obesity was classified by body mass index (BMI) and abdominal circumference (AC). The data were analyzed with χ2 test, Mann-Whitney U test and logistic regression.Results: The frequencies of obesity and abdominal obesity were higher in male students than in female students (17.6% vs. 3.4% by BMI, 18.9% vs. 5.9% by AC). Abdominal obesity in students with diabetic parent was higher (16.8%) than in students without diabetic family history (9.2%). Obesity of BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2 associated with breakfast absence of 5-7 times/week (odds ratio, OR: 1.98, 95% confidence interval, CI: 1.05-3.71). Abdominal obesity associated with instant foods intake of 5-7 times/week (OR: 2.65, 95% CI: 1.14-6.17), fast foods intake of 3-4 times/week (OR: 2.87, 95% CI: 1.48-5.56), snacks of 3-4 times/wk (OR: 2.15, 95% CI: 1.15-4.00), and consumed alcohol of ≥ 1 glass a day (OR: 2.11, 95% CI: 1.19-3.73).Conclusions: Breakfast absence is associated with obesity. Instant foods, fast foods, snacks, and alcohol consumption are the associated factors with abdominal obesity among university students.

Objectives: This study examined the effect of expressive writing on professional quality of life and resilience among intensive care unit nurses.Methods: Forty nurses stratified by the nursing proficiency career randomly assigned to an writing group (n=17) or a control group (n=23) from a university hospital-affiliated intensive care units. The 5-week expressive writing included a weekly 20 min of expressive writing and 10 min of reflection on the workrelated traumatic events. Outcomes were assessed using questionnaires of a professional quality of life (compassion satisfaction, burnout and secondary traumatic stress) and a resilience. Data were analyzed by independent t-test and analysis of covariance.Results: The expressive writing program provided improvements in resilience measure, including measures of situational, philosophical, and professional resilience.Conclusions: Expressive writing might be a useful strategy for enhancing resilience from the stressful work-related traumatic events for nurses working at the intensive care units.

This study aimed to construct a structural equation model to explore the relationship between Type D personality, cognitive illness perception, depression, approach-coping, and self-management. The study was conducted at two long-term care hospitals with 300 or more beds in Korea. Participants were 287 older patients from whom data were collected from February 17 to March 10, 2021, using a structured questionnaire comprising items on the following variables: Type D personality, cognitive illness perception, depression, approach coping, and self-management. Type D personality (β=-.601, p=.001), cognitive illness perception (β =.692, p.001), depression (β =-.204, p =.011), and approach-coping (β =.326, p.001) explained 78.8% of the total variance of self-management, highlighting their impact on how patients accept and manage a disease and their relevance to the self-management of older adults in long-term care hospitals.

Background: Hemodialysis patients with chronic kidney disease exhibit impaired exercise tolerance and functional decline. Despite the life-saving benefits of adequate dialysis, those declines translate into frailty and deteriorating quality of life (QoL). This study evaluated the effects of an intradialytic aerobic exercise program on frailty, dialysis adequacy, and QoL among hemodialysis patients. Methods: Patients at an university hospital-affiliated hemodialysis center were randomly assigned to an exercise group (n = 18) or a control group (n = 21). The 12-week aerobic exercise program comprised 40 to 70 minutes of ergometer cycling 3 times/wk and a single education session. The control group completed only the education session. Outcomes were assessed at the time of enrollment, week 4, week 8, and week 12 using Fried’s frailty phenotype measures (gait speed, grip strength, vitality, body mass index, and physical activity), the short physical performance battery (SPPB), Kt/V urea, and the Short Form-36 questionnaire. Results: There were significant interactions between groups and follow-up times in the frailty score (p < 0.001), gait speed (p < 0.001), SPPB (p < 0.001), and mental QoL (p = 0.03). The intention-to-treat and per-protocol analyses revealed that the exercise group exhibited significant improvements in frailty score (p < 0.001), gait speed (p < 0.001), grip strength (p < 0.001), exhaustion (p = 0.02), SPPB (p = 0.01), dialysis adequacy (p = 0.01), and physical QoL (p = 0.003). Conclusion: An intradialytic aerobic exercise program could be a safe, feasible, and appropriate additional strategy to routine care among hemodialysis patients for improvements in frailty, dialysis adequacy, and QoL.

Background: Based on the common-sense model of self-regulation, this study aimed to examine the process of self-management through the proposed framework of “Self-system (type D personality)”→ “Cognitive illness perception,” “Emotional illness perception (Depression)”→ “Coping strategies (Approach coping)”→ “Illness Appraisal (Self-management),” using a structural equation model.Methods: The study was conducted at two care hospitals with 300 or more beds located in Jeolla Province, South Korea. The participants were 287 hospitalized older adults. The data collection period was February 17–March 10, 2021. The data were analyzed using SPSS WIN 23.0 and AMOS 23.0. To investigate the overall relationships among the factors influencing self-management among participants, a hypothetical model was created based on the common-sense model of self-regulation. The fit of the model and significance of its paths were analyzed. Results: The hypothetical model showed a good fit based on the following results: CMIN/DF(Q)=2.852, CFI=.955, TLI=.947, and RMSEA=.08. Type D personality had a significant direct effect on cognitive illness perception (β=-.491, pβ=.844, pβ=.650, pβ=-.433, pβ=.326, pConclusion: These findings demonstrated the following mechanism: “type D personality” → “cognitive illness perception” and “depression” → “approach coping” → “self-management,” and highlighted the potential threat of type D personalities and depression on self-management. Cognitive illness perception and approach coping both contribute toward older adults’ self-management.

Emotional intelligence is a social ability that enables one to control one’s emotions and understand and empathize with others, which is an essential skill for medical professionals, including nurses. However, no valid and reliable instrument exists to assess the emotional intelligence of nurses in Korea. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the validity and reliability of the Korean version of the Wong and Law Emotional Intelligence Scale. To do this, the existing English version of the scale was translated into Korean and its content, construct, and convergent validity were evaluated. Participants ( N = 210 nurses) were recruited from two hospitals in South Korea. The final scale showed a content validity index of .90, had adequate construct validity, and had a Cronbach’s α of .91 for the overall scale. Thus, this scale is a valid, reliable, and suitable measure of Korean hospital nurses’ emotional intelligence.

Background In clinical trials, research nurses play a particularly important role in promoting cancer care best practices. However, no Korean questionnaire has been developed to define the clinical trial nursing roles based on Good Clinical Practice standards. Objective The aim of this study was to cross-culturally evaluate the reliability and validity of a Korean version of the Clinical Trials Nursing Questionnaire (CTNQ) among Korean clinical research nurses. Methods Cross-cultural adaptation was performed, with forward and backward translation, a pilot test (linguistic validation), and a field test. Validation was performed by questioning 53 clinical research nurses who were working in clinical cancer centers at 5 tertiary university hospitals. The distribution of the item responses and internal consistency reliability were assessed using the ceiling and floor effects, Cronbach's α, and the item-total correlation. Construct validity was assessed using Spearman correlation analysis and principal-component factor analysis. Results The distributions of the item responses and the item-total correlation were generally appropriate. The Cronbach's α values for the frequency scale and the importance scale were 0.852 and 0.899, respectively. Eight sections of the Korean CTNQ were generally correlated with each other. The frequency subscale loaded on 1 factor, and the importance subscale loaded on 2 factors, with broadly similar factor loadings. Conclusion The Korean version of the CTNQ is reliable, valid, and interchangeable with the original CTNQ. Implications for practice The Korean version of the CTNQ can be used to validly and reliably assess the clinical trial nursing roles in Korea.

Objective This study examined the effects of a laughter programme with entrainment music on stress, depression, and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) among gynaecological cancer patients. Methods This quasi-experimental study randomly assigned participants to either a laughter group (n = 17) or a control group (n = 19). The 8-week laughter programme included a weekly 60-min group session composed of laughter, deep breathing, stretching, meditation, and entrainment music-related activities (chorusing, body movement, and dancing). Values involving stress, depression, and HRQoL from before and after the programme were analysed using the Mann-Whitney U test and rank analysis of covariance. Results The laughter group exhibited improvements in relation with stress and depression, as well as improvement in the emotional and functional well-being of HRQoL domains. Conclusion A laughter programme with entrainment music may be used as a stress-moderator and a positive emotion-enhancing strategy among gynaecological cancer patients.

Purpose: To determine the effects of 10 % lidocaine spray and aroma hand massage on pain, anxiety, blood pressure, and pulse during arteriovenous (AV) fistula needling in hemodialysis (HD) patients. Methods: This study used a quasi-experimental design. Forty HD patients were assigned to either 10 % lidocaine spray group (n=21) or aroma massage group (n=19). 10 % lidocaine was sprayed 3 times around AV fistula 10 minutes before. Aroma hand massage was performed for 5 minutes with fluids containing 2 % of lavender, peppermint, and geranium concentrate mixture. Pain, anxiety, blood pressure, and pulse were measured during AV fistula needling without any intervention on the first week and during interventions on the second week. Data were analyzed with x test, Fisher’s exact test, t-test, paired t-test and MANCOVA. Results: Pain and anxiety were significantly decreased in both the lidocaine spray group and aroma massage group. Aroma hand massage was more effective to reduce pulse during AV fistula needling. Conclusion: The results suggest that 10% lidocaine spray and aroma hand massage may be effective to reduce pain, anxiety, and pulse during AV fistula needling in HD patients.

Objective This study aimed to evaluate the effects of a simulated laughter programme on mood, cortisol levels, and health-related quality of life among haemodialysis patients. Methods Forty participants were randomly assigned to a laughter group (n = 20) or a control group (n = 20). Eleven participants completed the laughter programme after haemodialysis sessions and 18 control participants remained. The 4-week simulated laughter programme included weekly 60 min group sessions of simulated laughter, breathing, stretching exercises, and meditation, as well as daily 15 s individual laughter sessions administered via telephone. Mood, cortisol levels, and health-related quality of life were analysed using the rank analysis of covariance, and Wilcoxon's signed rank test. Results The laughter group exhibited improvements in mood, symptoms, social interaction quality, and role limitations due to physical health. Conclusion The simulated laughter programme may help improve mood and health-related quality of life among haemodialysis patients.

This paper presents the ways that can improve the Software Cost Estimation Guidelines in order to replace those that are expected to be abolished at February, 2012, and solve the problems that are being occurred in the current Software Cost Estimation Guidelines. By using multidimensional modeling of OLAP(On-Line Analytical Processing), this paper does three dimensional modeling that considers the product/service view, process view and skill view. Also, it presents the identification method of cost estimation data through the view of each dimension. Furthermore, it defines the software cost estimation process and adapts them into the bottom up estimation and the top down estimation. Finally, it proposes the access of cost estimation data by the multidimensional analysis of OLAP.

Objectives: The objective of this study was to develop a Korean version of the original English version of BASDAI (Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index) and to evaluate its reliability and validity in Korean patients with Ankylosing Spondylitis (AS). Methods: A total of 50 outpatients diagnosed as AS by the modified New York criteria participated. To develop a Korean version of the BASDAI, we followed rigorous international translation steps and evaluated reliability and validity by calculating Cronbach’s alpha and correlation coefficients between BASDAI score and clinical parameters (e.g., ESR, CRP, modified Schober test index, finger-toground index, and Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Radiologic Index Score, and bone mineral density). Results: Cronbach’s alpha (= 0.75) was acceptable. The distribution of item responses evaluated by the ceiling and floor effects showed appropriate proportions and a good discrimination with the Korean version of the BASDAI. The correlations among the mean BASDAI score and five scales for the convergent validity was significantly correlated with each other (all P-values < 0.01). The correlations between the BASDAI score and both erythrocyte sedimentation rate and C-reactive protein for the criterion validity were positively correlated (all P-values < 0.05). The results of this study showed that the Korean translation of the BASDAI is an efficient tool in terms of its reliability and validity for the measurement of the disease activity in patients with AS. Conclusions: The Korean version of the BASDAI could be used in clinical research to assess and evaluate the course of disease activity in Korean AS patients.

Assessment of Health-related quality of life (HRQOL) outcomes in treatment of chronic disease is increasingly important. The objective of this study was to validate a Korean translation of the Liver Disease Quality of Life instrument (LDQOL version 1.0) for use in patients with chronic liver disease.Two native Korean speakers with fluent English translated LDQOL including instructions, items, and response choices. This Korean translation of the LDQOL was administered to 121 patients with chronic liver disease. Cronbach's alpha coefficients were applied to test an internal consistency reliability of disease-specific scales of the LDQOL. MELD and modified CTP scores were calculated for all patients. Associations of MELD and modified CTP scores with severity of liver disease were analyzed with LDQOL.Internal consistency reliability was good (Cronbach's Alpha=0.69-0.94) in liver disease specific scales, except for the quality of social interaction scale (Cronbach's Alpha= 0.56). Mean modified CTP score and MELD score were 6.2+/-1.9 and 9.3+/-5.3, respectively. Both MELD score and modified CTP score showed correlations with most of the scores of liver disease specific scales of LDQOL 1.0, except for the quality of social interaction and sleep scale.The Korean version of the liver disease specific scales of the LDQOL 1.0 is validated and useful for measuring HRQOL in Korean patients with chronic liver disease.

Purpose: To evaluate the relationship between organizational socialization and intention to leave, and to identify factors affecting on intention to leave in operating room nurses. Methods: This study used a descriptive design. Seventy operating room nurses recruited from three hospitals under the same management style, in-service educational system, and working conditions agreed to participate in this study, and completed self-administered questionnaires of the organizational socialization and the intention to leave questionnaire. Respondents were classified by career as advanced beginner, competent practitioner, proficient practitioner and expert practitioner by Benner's stages of nursing proficiency. Data were analyzed with t-test, ANOVA with multiple comparisons, Spearman correlation, and multiple regression analysis. Results: Nurses unsatisfied with the current in-service continuous education had lower organizational socialization and higher intention to leave. In advanced beginners, job performance was lowest and organizational commitment was highest. In expert practitioners, intention to leave was highest. Organizational commitment, interpersonal relationship, identity and burnout were associated with intention to leave. Mutual trust, burnout, and interpersonal relationship were predictors of intention to leave explained 20.8% of variance. Conclusion: The career ladder program to enhance nurses' organizational socialization and intention to stay should be established and expanded for well-experienced operating room nurses.

The purpose of this study was to develop and validate a Korean version of McMaster Quality of Life Scale (K-MQLS) suitable for evaluating clinical hospice and palliative care. The McMaster Quality of Life Scale (MQLS) is a brief and comprehensive scale that is used to assess cancer patients receiving palliative care due to poor physical condition. To further develop the K-MQLS, we followed rigorous international translation steps and performed validity, reliability, and sensitivity analyses. The results of our study show that the K-MQLS is an efficient tool in terms of its validity, reliability, and sensitivity for the measurement of the health-related quality of life during the palliative phase. This developed tool could be used in research or clinical settings to assess health-related quality of life in Korean palliative care patients.

PURPOSE: To examine the effects of a case management program on self-efficacy, depression and anxiety in pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus. METHODS: Thirty-seven patients who enrolled in a diabetes outpatient clinic were randomly assigned to either an experimental group (n=19) or a control group (n=18). The experimental group received a 2-week intervention composed of a series of one face-to-face interactive interview and five telephone interviews based on the National standards for diabetes self-management education and Bandura's self-efficacy resources of performance accomplishment, vicarious experience, verbal persuasion, and emotional arousal. The effects of the intervention were assessed by completion of a 9-item self-efficacy questionnaire, a 20-item depression questionnaire and a 20-item anxiety questionnaire prior to, and after the intervention. The statistical significances were examined using t-test. RESULTS: The change in self-efficacy was significantly greater in the experimental group than in the control group. Depression and anxiety changes in the experimental group were significantly greater compared to those in the control group. CONCLUSION: The results of study suggest that a case management program improves self-efficacy, and decreases depression and anxiety in pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus.

Purpose: The study was done to identify lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) and to evaluate the factors affecting LUTS for the people with Parkinson’s disease. Methods: The research design was a cross-sectional study with interviews using a structured questionnaire. The participants were 72 patients with Parkinson’s disease who were seen in the Neurology clinic of a university hospital from September to November 2005. Results: Mean score of LUTS for the participants was 10.11. In each symptom score of LUTS (range 0-5), weak stream was the highest 2.06, followed by nocturia 1.71, and urgency 1.61. The severity of LUTS was moderate to severe group for 51%. LUTS were significantly different by regular exercise. Positive correlations were observed between Hoehn and Yahr stage (stage of disease severity) and frequency and between Hoehn and Yahr stage and urgency (r=.280, p=.018; r=.328, p=.005). LUTS were significantly predicted by regular exercise (p=.001) which explained 15.0% of the variance in LUTS. Conclusion: Regular exercise was found to be a very important factor associated with LUTS for patients with Parkinson’s disease.

PURPOSE This study was done to identify fat distribution and blood pressure according to anthropometric change patterns between NIDDM patients and control subjects. METHODS Cross-sectionally 167 NIDDM patients and 87 controls were studied. Previous maximal body weight and acute weight loss was obtained. Current height, body weight, BMI, waist-hip ratio (WHR), skinfold thicknesses(abdomen, subscapular and triceps), and blood pressure was measured. Three anthropometric change patterns were categorized by BMI changes from the maximum lifetime's BMI to the current time (obese-obese, obese-nonobese and nonobese-nonobese: obese: BMI > or =25 kg/m2, nonobese: BMI