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This study discusses whether the concept of competency (core competency, major competency, learning competency) and the classification of competencies in the university innovation support project (which is linked to the 3rd cycle of the university basic competency diagnosis evaluation), are indeed valid. At the same time, the government implemented in the name of autonomous innovation (this is a sentence fragment and doesn’t fit). The purpose of this study is to reflect on whether universities implementing a competency-based curriculum are truly innovating when it comes to education. Although competency is a competency that must be cultivated in all curricula, regardless of whether that entails a general education curriculum or a major curriculum, the basic competency diagnosis evaluation handbook of universities reduces the concept of competency to the concept of generic skills and divides competencies into major and liberal arts education. This tendency has further solidified the dichotomy of the curriculum and has caused distortion within the curriculum structure. For these reasons, it is difficult to find innovation in education in universities that uniformly operate a curriculum based on core competencies according to a given manual for evaluation. However, looking at the case of Minerva University, which is innovating education through competency-based education, we find first that competency is presented as an ability to be cultivated not only in the cornerstone course corresponding to the liberal arts curriculum, but also in the major curriculum. This is different from the dichotomy approach of competencies as taught at Korean universities. Second, the core competency of the University of Minerva is a tool for achieving sub-competence and competency, and through the establishment of HC (Habit of Mind, Foundational Concept), the accessibility and applicability of competency, ease of practice, and measurability are all increased. This enables both instructors and learners to overcome the ambiguity of the core competency concept and to enhance their understanding of core competency as practical knowledge. This is different from the structure of establishing core competencies and sub-competencies of Korean universities. Third, the diagnosis and evaluation of core competencies are conducted through objective evaluation tools and self-rubrics to enable feedback of evaluation results at the level of learners, thereby increasing the reliability of academic achievement results. This is different from the self-reported core competency diagnosis of learners at Korean universities. Despite the advantages of Minerva University’s core competency-based curriculum, Minerva University’s core competency-based curriculum firstly reduces individuals to skills. Second, it takes a segmented approach to core competencies rather than a holistic approach, and finally, it is limited in regards to education because it fosters customized talents which meet the demand, not talents which create social demand. True innovation in education should be achieved through individual learners’ self-innovation, not top-down government-led innovation. In other words, innovation in education begins when learners communicate with the surrounding world based on their knowledge and experience and acquire self-organization skills.

The birth prevalence of symptomatic congenital cytomegalovirus (cCMV) disease among live birth in Korea from a multicenter study was 0.06% during 2001–2015 with increasing frequency. The administrative prevalence of cCMV infection by big-data analysis from the national health insurance system was 0.01% and the average healthcare cost was US$2010 per person.

The purpose of this paper is to obtain implications for improving the teaching method of classics education by analyzing the case of the learner-tailored individual and team-based activity parallel classes for the cultivation of core competencies in classics education, as well as to gain an better understanding of the students’ perceptions of classics education. The research question raised in this paper is first, what is learner-customized education in classics education and how is it possible? Second, how should reading notes be structured and utilized as learner-tailored education? Third, how should the discussion be operated as a team-customized education? Fourth, what should be the relationship between individual activities and team activities, and what is the synergistic effect of the two activities?As a result of the research on the problems raised, the instructor can provide 1:1 feedback on the students’ reading notes written before class by using the online bulletin board reflecting the learners’ characteristics, that is, the characteristics of learners who prefer immediate feedback due to exposure to various media. First, this can help to form a rapport between instructors and learners and to cultivate the learners’ sense of achievement, self-confidence, and challenging spirit in the classics whole reading class. In addition, the instructor can understand the characteristics of each learner and prepare effective lectures. Second, by setting the weight of reading notes and the team activity evaluation to 50%, evaluation based on the process rather than the result can be made. Third, reading notes combined with prior learning lead to active participation in this class and team activities. Fourth, it was confirmed through the questionnaire responses of learners that individual activities help to cultivate creativity and self-directed learning skills, and that team activities help to cultivate communication and collaboration skills that can be neglected in individual activities. However, in order for the learner-tailored class to become more active, the task remains to reduce the number of students and select only one work, rather than teaching two works at the same time, so that lectures and discussion activities can proceed smoothly.

This paper analyzes a total of 25 lecture pairing reports to better plan a learner-oriented lecture pairing education and to draw implications for its operation. The reports were from the winners from the 1st and 2nd semesters of a 2021 contest conducted in the A subject of University D, which is implemented as a part of learner-centered convergence education, First, I classified the types of convergence shown in the lecture pairing reports into three types according to the contribution of the two subjects in the process of topic derivation in convergence, and then looked at their distribution. In addition, while analyzing the lecture pairing reports, the contribution of subject A to deriving the convergence theme was examined by classifying the contribution and role of subject A in the process of drawing conclusions of the report into upper, middle, and lower reports. As a result of the analysis of the reports of the contest winners, Type II, which raises a problem in subject A and seeks to find an answer in other paired subjects, occupied the highest proportion (56%) of students. Also, subject A had the lowest proportion and accounted for more than half (52%) of the students. Therefore, in the design of subject A in the future, first, instead of narrowing the scope of the theme covered by the subject, it is necessary that we deepen its contents. Through a meeting with professors in charge of major subjects and student presentations used in the award-winning lecture pairing reports, both learners and professors are given an opportunity to give feedback on the results of the report, giving professors an proposed to have a feedback process for self-directed convergence subject design. (I’m not sure if I understood this part, but did you mean: “This will give professors the necessary feedback which will help them in their process of designing a self-directed convergence subject).

Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text., Background: Invasive bacterial infection (IBI) remains a major burden of mortality and morbidity in children. As coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) emerged, stringent nonpharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) were applied worldwide. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of NPIs on pediatric IBI in Korea. Methods: From January 2018 to December 2020, surveillance for pediatric IBIs caused by 9 pathogens (S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae, N. meningitidis, S. agalactiae, S. pyogenes, S. aureus, Salmonella species, L. monocytogenes and E. coli) was performed at 22 hospitals throughout Korea. Annual incidence rates were compared before and after the COVID-19 pandemic. Results: A total of 651 cases were identified and the annual incidence was 194.0 cases per 100,000 in-patients in 2018, 170.0 in 2019 and 172.4 in 2020. Most common pathogen by age group was S. agalactiae in infants < 3 months (n = 129, 46.7%), S. aureus in 3 to < 24 months (n = 35, 37.2%), Salmonella spp. in 24 to < 60 months (n = 24, 34.8%) and S. aureus in children ≥ 5 years (n = 128, 60.7%). Compared with 2018 to 2019, the incidence rate in 2020 decreased by 57% for invasive pneumococcal disease (26.6 vs. 11.5 per 100,000 in-patients, P = 0.014) and 59% for Salmonella spp. infection (22.8 vs. 9.4 per 100,000 in-patients, P = 0.018). In contrast, no significant changes were observed in invasive infections due to S. aureus, S. agalactiae and E. coli. Conclusions: The NPIs implemented during the COVID-19 pandemic reduced invasive diseases caused by S. pneumoniae and Salmonella spp. but not S. aureus, S. agalactiae and E. coli in children.

Invasive bacterial infection (IBI) causes a significant burden in infants. In this study, we analyzed changes in epidemiology of IBI among infants in Korea.A retrospective multicenter-based surveillance for IBIs in infants3 months of age was performed during 2006-2020. Cases were classified as an early-onset disease (EOD) (0-6 days) or late-onset disease (LOD) (7-89 days). The temporal trend change in proportion of pathogens was analyzed.Among 1545 cases, the median age was 28 days (IQR: 12, 53) and EOD accounted for 17.7%. Among pathogens, S. agalactiae (40.4%), E. coli (38.5%), and S. aureus (17.8%) were the most common and attributed for 96.7%. Among EOD (n = 274), S. agalactiae (45.6%), S. aureus (31.4%), E. coli (17.2%) and L. monocytogenes (2.9%) were most common. Among LOD (n = 1274), E. coli (43.1%), S. agalactiae (39.3%), S. aureus (14.9%) and S. pneumoniae (1.3%) were most common. In the trend analysis, the proportion of S. aureus (r s = -0.850, P0.01) decreased significantly, while that of S. agalactiae increased (r s = 0.781, P0.01).During 2006-2020, among IBI in infants3 months of age, S. agalactiae, E. coli, and S. aureus were most common and an increasing trend of S. agalactiae was observed.

Vaccination is one of the most important strategies to contain the spread of COVID-19. As vaccination in children is dependent on parents, it is important to understand parents' awareness and attitudes toward vaccines in order to devise strategies to raise vaccination rates in children.A web-based nationwide survey was conducted among Korean parents of 7-18- year-old children in August 2021 to estimate parents' intention to vaccinate their children against COVID-19 and identify key factors affecting parental acceptance and hesitancy using regression analysis.Approximately 56.4% (575/1,019) were willing to vaccinate their children against COVID-19. Contributing factors to COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy were mothers (aOR 0.36, 95% CI 0.25-0.52), parents with lower education (aOR 0.83, 95% CI 0.70-0.97), hesitancy to other childhood vaccines (aOR 0.78, 95% CI 0.64-0.96), and refusal to vaccinate themselves (aOR 0.08, 95% CI 0.02-0.20). Children of older age (aOR 1.2, 95% CI 1.13-1.28), trust to child's doctor (aOR 1.19, 95% CI 1.07-1.32),parents who showed positive perception about the effectiveness of the COVID-19 (aOR 2.6, 95% CI 1.9-3.57), and those who reported low risk of COVID-19 vaccine (aOR 1.68, 95% CI 1.27-2.24) were associated with COVID-19 vaccine acceptance. The most common cause of hesitancy was a concern about experiencing adverse reactions.Providing parents with accurate and reliable information on vaccine effectiveness and safety is important to increase uptake of COVID-19 vaccine in children. Differential or targeted approaches to parents according to gender, age and age of children are necessary for effective communication on the vaccination in children.

Objective:To investigate the molecular epidemiology of methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) in infants in a neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) using whole-genome sequencing.Design:Investigation of MSSA epidemiology in a NICU.Setting:Single-center, level IV NICU.Methods:Universal S. aureus screening was done using a single swab obtained from the anterior nares, axilla, and groin area of infants in the NICU on a weekly basis. Core genome multilocus sequence type (cgMLST) analysis was performed on MSSA isolates detected over 1 year (2018–2019).Results:In total, 68 MSSA-colonized infants were identified, and cgMLSTs of 67 MSSA isolates were analyzed. Overall, we identified 11 cgMLST isolate groups comprising 39 isolates (58%), with group sizes ranging from 2 to 10 isolates, and 28 isolates (42%) were unrelated to each other or any of the isolate groups. Cases of infants colonized by MSSA were scattered throughout the 1-year study period, and isolates belonging to the same cgMLST group were typically detected contemporaneously, over a few weeks or a few months. Overall, 13 infants (19.7%) developed MSSA infections: bacteremia (n = 3), wound infection (n = 5), conjunctivitis (n = 4), and cellulitis (n = 1). We detected no association between these clinically manifest infections and specific cgMLST groups.Conclusions:Although MSSA isolates in infants in a NICU showed high diversity, most were related to other isolates, albeit within small groups. cgMLST facilitates an understanding of the complex transmission dynamics of MSSA in NICUs, and these data can be used to inform better control strategies.

Drug-resistant Gram-positive bacterial infections are still a substantial burden on the public health system, with two bacteria ( Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pneumoniae ) accounting for over 1.5 million drug-resistant infections in the United States alone in 2017. In 2019, 250,000 deaths were attributed to these pathogens globally. We have developed a preclinical glycopeptide antibiotic, MCC5145, that has excellent potency (MIC 90 ≤ 0.06 μg/ml) against hundreds of isolates of methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) and other Gram-positive bacteria, with a greater than 1000-fold margin over mammalian cell cytotoxicity values. The antibiotic has therapeutic in vivo efficacy when dosed subcutaneously in multiple murine models of established bacterial infections, including thigh infection with MRSA and blood septicemia with S. pneumoniae , as well as when dosed orally in an antibiotic-induced Clostridioides difficile infection model. MCC5145 exhibited reduced nephrotoxicity at microbiologically active doses in mice compared to vancomycin. MCC5145 also showed improved activity against biofilms compared to vancomycin, both in vitro and in vivo, and a low propensity to select for drug resistance. Characterization of drug action using a transposon library bioinformatic platform showed a mechanistic distinction from other glycopeptide antibiotics.

Although Streptococcus agalactiae periprosthetic joint infection (PJI) is not as prevalent as staphylococcal PJI, invasive S. agalactiae infection is not uncommon. Here, RNA‐seq was used to perform transcriptomic analysis of S. agalactiae PJI using fluid derived from sonication of explanted arthroplasties of subjects with S. agalactiae PJI, with results compared to those of S. agalactiae strain NEM316 grown in vitro. A total of 227 genes with outlier expression were found (164 upregulated and 63 downregulated) between PJI sonicate fluid and in vitro conditions. Functional enrichment analysis showed genes involved in mobilome and inorganic ion transport and metabolism to be most enriched. Genes involved in nickel, copper, and zinc transport, were upregulated. Among known virulence factors, cyl operon genes, encoding β‐hemolysin/cytolysin, were consistently highly expressed in PJI versus in vitro. The data presented provide insight into S. agalactiae PJI pathogenesis and may be a resource for identification of novel PJI therapeutics or vaccines against invasive S. agalactiae infections., Transcriptomic analysis of Streptococcus agalactiae periprosthetic joint infection (PJI) was performed using fluid derived from sonication of explanted arthroplasties of subjects with S. agalactiae PJI. Results were compared to those of S. agalactiae strain NEM316 grown in vitro. Results of functional enrichment analysis are shown; one interesting finding was that genes involved in inorganic ion transport and metabolism were enriched in PJI.

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccines are currently authorized for emergency use in adolescents aged 12-17 years; however, there is concern and uncertainty regarding the safety and necessity of COVID-19 vaccination. A survey was carried out to assess the attitudes and acceptance towards vaccination in adolescents.A nationwide web-based survey was conducted among adolescents aged 12-17 years and their parents between June 29 and July 8, 2021 on a platform provided by the Ministry of Education.A total of 341,326 parents and 272,914 adolescents participated in this study. Intention for vaccination was 69.1% for adolescents, and 72.2% of parents reported they would recommend vaccination for their child. Among adolescents, perception of safety (odds ratio [OR] 4.09, 95% confidence interval [CI] 3.95-4.22), effectiveness (OR 2.24, 95% CI 2.17-2.32), and risk-benefit (OR 1.75, 95% CI 1.72-1.78) had the highest impact on intention for vaccination. Also, perceived risk (OR 1.14, 95% CI 1.12-1.17), severity (OR 1.12, 95% CI 1.10-1.13) for COVID-19 infection, self-health perception (OR 1.12, 95%, CI 1.10-1.14) and recent vaccination of childhood vaccines (OR 1.25, 95% CI 1.19-1.32) were related to intention for COVID-19 vaccination. On the other hand, self-perceived knowledge (OR 0.96, 95% 0.95-0.98) was related to vaccine hesitancy. Gender or school district did not influence intention for COVID-19 vaccination in adolescents.Decisions on COVID-19 vaccination for adolescents should be a shared process between adolescents, parents, and physicians based on updated information on safety and effectiveness.

BackgroundMycoplasma pneumoniaeis a common pathogen that causes community-acquired pneumonia in school-age children. Macrolides are considered a first-line treatment forM. pneumoniaeinfection in children, but macrolide-refractoryM. pneumoniae(MRMP) strains have become more common. In this study, we assessed the efficacy of tetracyclines and fluoroquinolones in MRMP treatment in children through a systematic review and meta-analysis.MethodsTwo reviewers individually searched 10 electronic databases (Medline/Pubmed, Embase, the Cochrane Library, and core Korean, Chinese, and Japanese journals) for papers published from January 1, 1990 to March 8, 2018. The following data for each treatment group were extracted from the selected studies: intervention (tetracyclines and fluoroquinolones/comparator), patient characteristics (age and sex), and outcomes (fever duration, hospital stay length, treatment success rate, and defervescence rates 24, 48, and 72 h after starting treatment).ResultsEight studies involving 537 participants were included. Fever duration and hospital stay length were shorter in the tetracycline group than in the macrolide group (weighted mean difference [WMD] = − 1.45, 95% confidence interval [CI]: − 2.55 to − 0.36,P = 0.009; and WMD = − 3.33, 95% CI: − 4.32 to − 2.35,P ConclusionTetracyclines may shorten fever duration and hospital stay length in patients with MRMP infection. Fluoroquinolones may achieve defervescence within 48 h in patients with MRMP infection. However, these results should be carefully interpreted as only a small number of studies were included, and they were heterogeneous.

Considering the recent paradigm shift in sports tourism due to COVID-19, it is essential to understand the tourism needs and mentality of consumers. This study aimed to verify the relationship between tourism needs, self-monitoring, and the switching intention of golfing tourists. We used online questionnaires to survey golf tourists who experienced negative attention from other people in the context of COVID-19. The results of the structural equation modeling analysis are as follows: (1) tourism needs partially affect self-monitoring; (2) self-monitoring has a significant effect on switching intention; (3) self-monitoring did not play a mediating role between existence needs and switching intention; and (4) relatedness needs and growth needs were shown to play a mediating role. From the standpoint of tourism planning and marketing, the findings reveal a desire for tourism despite the COVID-19 infection risks. Marketers should identify the preferred tourism content, according to consumers’ tourism needs, and develop customized plans.

Replacement with nonvaccine serotypes (NVTs) among invasive pneumococcal diseases (IPDs) after the introduction of extended-valency pneumococcal conjugate vaccines varies in predominant serotypes across countries. This study analyzed changes in serotype distribution through serotyping, multilocus sequence typing, and antimicrobial susceptibility testing of 168 pediatric IPD isolates obtained from a multihospital-based surveillance system during 2014-2019 in South Korea. Vaccine serotypes (VTs) accounted for 16.1% (19A, 10.1%; 6A, 1.8%; and 19F 1.8%), 82.1% were NVTs (10A, 23.8%; 15A, 8.3%; 12F, 6.5%; 15C, 6.5%; and 15B, 6.0%), and three (1.8%) were nontypeable. Serotype 10A was the most common serotype, with a significant increase from 11.5% in 2014 to 33.3% in 2019 (p < 0.05 for the trend). Other NVTs decreased from 70.4% to 41.7% between 2015 and 2019, most notably in serotype 12F (from 14.8% to 0%). Almost all (95.0%) serotype 10A isolates were ST11189, which were multidrug resistant.