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Copyright of Cultura, Ciencia y Deporte is the property of Cultura, Ciencia y Deporte and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Cephalic vein ≤ 2.5 mm is associated with high failure rate. Preoperative balloon angioplasty in ≤ 2 mm veins improve the patency rate of arteriovenous fistula (AVF) compared with hydrostatic technique. This study was done to determine difference in the efficacy between two surgical techniques (hydrostatic dilatation with balloon angioplasty (HD + BA) versus hydrostatic dilatation with malleable dilatation (HD + MD)) on patency rates of AVF in patients with cephalic veins ≤ 2 mm in diameter. This randomized controlled trial was conducted in the Department of Surgical Disciplines, AIIMS, New Delhi between 2017 and 2018. Two hundred patients of chronic kidney disease (CKD) were evaluated for AVF, 120/200 (60%) agreed to participate in the study. Computer generated randomization via sealed envelope was done into two groups, i.e., HD + BA (n = 60) or HD + MD (n = 60). Efficacy on clinical maturation (CM) and radiological maturation (RM) of AVF was observed. CM—use of AVF for repetitive (≥ 3) hemodialysis. RM—cross-sectional diameter > 4 mm and intra-access flow rate > 500 ml/h. CM and RM between HD + BA versus HD + MD at the end of 8 and 24 weeks was 83.63% and 58.2%: 83.6% and 58.11% versus 85.71% and 64.3%: 82.1% and 64.28% (p values 0.81 and 0.51: p value 0.83 and 0.29). CM and RM in brachiocephalic AVF (BCAVF) subgroup at 24 weeks was 40/43 (93.0%) and 30/43 (69.70%). CM and RM in RCAVF subgroup at 24 weeks were 52/68 (76.4%) and 38/68 (55.8%). Both surgical techniques were equally effective in increasing the patency of AVF. HD + BD is not superior to HD + MD at 6 months of follow-up. Trail registration: CTRI/2017/05/008543, Registered on 12/5/2017. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Riechman, SE and Lee, CW. Oral contraceptive use impairs muscle gains in young women. J Strength Cond Res 36(11): 3074–3080, 2022—Many active young women use oral contraceptives (OCs), yet their effects on the body composition and exercise performance have not been thoroughly studied. We examined the effects of OCs on muscle responses to a standardized resistance exercise training (RET) program. Two groups of young healthy women (18–29 years old, non-OC: n = 38, OC: n = 34) underwent 10 weeks of whole-body RET (3 days·wk−1, 3 sets, 6–10 repetitions, at 75% of maximum strength, 13 exercises). Body composition was determined using hydrostatic weighing, and blood samples were taken before and after training to measure dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), DHEA sulfate (DHEAS), IGF-1, and cortisol levels. There were significant differences in lean mass gains between the groups (non-OC: 3.5 ± 0.4% vs. OC: 2.1 ± 0.5% and non-OC: 1.6 ± 0.2 kg vs. OC: 1.0 ± 0.2 kg, p < 0.05). Plasma concentrations of DHEA, DHEAS, and IGF-1 were significantly lower, and cortisol levels were higher in the OC group before and after training (p < 0.05). In addition, there were significant differences in lean mass gains depending on the androgenicity of progestin between the non-OC and medium-high groups (non-OC: 1.6 ± 0.2 kg, Low = 1.1 ± 0.2 kg, med-high = 0.3 ± 0.5 kg, p < 0.05). Oral contraceptive use impaired lean mass gains in young women after RET and was associated with lower DHEA, DHEAS, and IGF-1 and higher cortisol. The diminished lean mass gain may be related to the effect of OCs on anabolic and catabolic hormone levels or the androgenicity of progestin that may bind to androgen receptors and inhibit its function. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was twofold: 1) compare body volume (BV) estimated from dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) to BV from a criterion underwater weighing (UWW) with simultaneous residual lung volume (RLV), and 2) compare four-compartment (4C) model body fat percentage (BF%) values when deriving BV via DXA (4CDXA) and UWW (4CUWW) in physically active men and women. One hundred twenty-two adults (62 men and 60 women) who self-reported physical activity levels of at least 1,000 MET·min·wk-1 volunteered to participate (age = 22 ± 5 years). DXA BV was determined with the recent equation from Smith-Ryan et al. while criterion BV was determined from UWW with simultaneous RLV. The mean BV values for DXA were not significant compared with UWW in women (p = .80; constant error [CE] = 0.0L), but were significantly higher in the entire sample and men (both p < .05; CE = 0.3 and 0.7L, respectively). The mean BF% values for 4CDXA were not significant for women (p = .56; CE = -0.3%), but were significantly higher in the entire sample and men (both p < .05; CE = 0.9 and 2.0%, respectively). The standard error of estimate (SEE) ranged from 0.6-1.2L and 3.9-4.2% for BV and BF%, respectively, while the 95% limits of agreement (LOA) ranged from ±1.8-2.5L for BV and ±7.9-8.2% for BF%. 4CDXA can be used for determining group mean BF% in physically active men and women. However, due to the SEEs and 95% LOAs, the current study recommends using UWW with simultaneous RLV for BV in a criterion 4C model when high individual accuracy is desired. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work aimed to describe the new apparatus of TUBITAK UME for determining the density of liquids at the primary level by means of a hydrostatic weighing (HW) using a solid density standard. This new apparatus provides TUBITAK UME with the necessary infrastructure to certify reference liquids of density with adequate uncertainty to be used at a secondary level, such as for calibration of oscillation type density meters. The HWS produces reference values for liquids with different physical properties such as viscosity, surface tension and viscoelasticity in the case of non-Newtonian liquids. In this HWS, the automation of all mechanical parts such as loading/unloading of the reference weights and sinker, movement of bath, working of pump etc. took place. In this way, the primary level liquid density measurements were realized with uncertainities smaller than 0,01 kg/m3. The automation also effected the robustness of the system by providing the lower repeatability value and stabilization of temperature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The purpose of the study was to compare a single two-dimensional image processing system (IMAGE) to underwater weighing (UWW) for measuring body volume (BV) and subsequently estimating body fat percentage (%Fat), fat mass (FM), and fat-free mass (FFM) via a 3-compartment (3C) model. Methods: A sample of participants age 18–39 yr was recruited for this study (n = 67, 47.8% female). BV was measured with UWW and predicted via the IMAGE software. The BV estimates from UWW (3CUWW) and IMAGE (3CIMAGE) were separately combined with constant total body water and body mass values for 3C model calculation of %Fat, FM, and FFM. Results: BV obtained from the IMAGE was 67.76 ± 12.19 and 67.72 ± 12.04 L from UWW, which was not significantly different (P = 0.578) and very largely correlated (r = 0.99, P < 0.001). When converted to %Fat (3CUWW = 21.01% ± 7.30%, 3CIMAGE = 21.08% ± 7.04%, P = 0.775), FM (3CUWW = 14.68 ± 5.15 kg, 3CIMAGE = 14.78 ± 5.08 kg, P = 0.578), and FFM (3CUWW = 57.00 ± 13.20 kg, 3CIMAGE = 56.90 ± 12.84 kg, P = 0.578) with the 3C model, no significant mean differences and very large correlations (r values ranged from 0.96 to 0.99) were observed. In addition, the standard error of estimate, total error, and 95% limits of agreement for all three metrics were small and considered acceptable. Conclusions: An IMAGE system provides valid estimates of BV that accurately estimates body composition in a 3C model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hypoxic exercise is characterized by workloads decrements. Because exercise and high altitude independently elicit redox perturbations, the study purpose was to examine hypoxic and normoxic steady-state exercise on blood oxidative stress. Active males (n = 11) completed graded cycle ergometry in normoxic (975 m) and hypoxic (3,000 m) simulated environments before programing subsequent matched intensity or workload steady-state trials. In a randomized counterbalanced crossover design, participants completed three 60-min exercise bouts to investigate the effects of hypoxia and exercise intensity on blood oxidative stress. Exercise conditions were paired as such; 60% normoxic VO2peak performed in a normoxic environment (normoxic intensity-normoxic environment, NI-NE), 60% hypoxic VO2peak performed in a normoxic environment (HI-NE), and 60% hypoxic VO2peak performed in a hypoxic environment (HI-HE). Blood plasma samples drawn pre (Pre), 0 (Post), 2 (2HR) and 4 (4HR) hr post exercise were analyzed for oxidative stress biomark-ers including ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP), trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC), lipid hydroperoxides (LOOH) and protein carbonyls (PCs). Repeated-measures ANOVA were performed, a priori significance of p < .05. Oxygen saturation during the HI-HE trial was lower than NI-NE and HI-NE (p < .05). A Time x Trial interaction was present for LOOH (p = .013). In the HI-HE trial, LOOH were elevated for all time points post while PC (time; p = .001) decreased post exercise. As evidenced by the decrease in absolute workload during hypoxic VO2peak and LOOH increased during HI-HE versus normoxic exercise of equal absolute (HI-NE) and relative (NI-NE) intensities. Results suggest acute hypoxia elicits work decrements associated with post exercise oxidative stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Obesity is one of the leading causes of premature mortality and morbidity worldwide. Diagnosing and evaluating body composition is very important. The aim was to compare different methods of body composition analysis: air displacement plethysmography (ADP) versus multifrequency bioelectrical impedance analysis (MF-BIA) in a young healthy women. Body composition analysis was performed in a group of young healthy women (n = 33) aged 21 to 27 years from the Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra. The body density was estimated by ADP using the device BOD POD (Cosmed Inc., Concord, CA, USA). Data for the estimation of the body fat by plethysmographic method have been reported to agree closely with the traditional gold standard hydrodensitometry underwater weighing. ADP is accepted as a suitable alternative. The percentage of body fat was estimated from the body density using the Siri equation. ADP using BOD POD versus BIA were compared based on the determination of fat free mass (% FFM): ADP versus BIA using Bodystat QuadScan 4000 (Isle of Man, UK), ADP versus BIA using InBodyS10 (Biospace, Korea), ADP versus BIA using InBody720 (Biospace, Korea). For statistical evaluation we used ANOVA, nonparametric correlation analysis (Spearman's coefficient) and statistical software Statistica Cz 10 (Dell Statistica, USA). The BIA method using the Bodystat QuadScan 4000 provided higher FFM values by an average of 6.25 ± 4.64% (p < 0.001) versus ADP. The values from the InBody S10 were higher by 1.48 ± 3.83% (p < 0.05) and by the InBody 720 method by 1.4 ± 3.94% (p < 0.05) versus ADP. We found a moderate correlation of FFM (%) obtained from the BIA methods with values from the ADP method (r = 0.642 to 0.78). BIA devices gave statistically significantly higher results than the ADP method (p < 0.001). When comparing the results of the % FFM in young adult healthy women, the correlation of FFM from the BIA method and the application of three different devices with the values from ADP was strong. The highest correlation coefficient was when evaluating the dependence of the BIA method using InBody S10 and ADP devices. FFM was significantly higher with the BIA method for all types of devices, but most markedly with the Bodystat QuadScan 4000 compared to ADP. The body composition methods used BIA and ADP are very effective in assessing body composition, but are not interchangeable, providing different estimates in a sample of healthy young women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article offers the authors' insights on the assessment of body composition of children in 1989 and how research has progressed since then. The authors say that the four-compartment model has been considered as the best tool in assessing body composition in children. It mentions that new methods are used from 1990 to 2013 to calculate body composition in children which include dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA), multicomponent (MC) models, and densitometry.

This study aimed to estimate nitrogen balance and protein requirements in adolescent sprint athletes as a function of growth rate and physical development. Sixty adolescent sprint athletes were followed up biannually over a 2-yr period. Individual growth curves and age at peak height velocity were determined. Skeletal muscle mass (SMM) was estimated based on anthropometric measurements and fat mass was estimated by underwater densitometry. Seven-day diet and physical activity diaries were completed to estimate energy balance and protein intake. Nitrogen analysis of 24-hr urine samples collected on 1 weekday and 1 weekend day allowed calculation of nitrogen balance. Body height, weight, and SMM increased throughout the study period in both genders. Mean protein intakes were between 1.4 and 1.6 g kg-1 day-1 in both genders. A protein intake of 1.46 g kg-1 day-1 in girls and 1.35 g kg-1 day-1 in boys was needed to yield a positive nitrogen balance. This did not differ between participants during and after their growth spurt. None of the growth parameters was significantly related to nitrogen balance. It can be concluded that a mean protein intake around 1.5 g kg-1 day-1 was sufficient to stay in a positive nitrogen balance, even during periods of peak growth. Therefore, protein intake should not be enhanced in peak periods of linear or muscular growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AlSi9Cu3(Fe) aluminum alloy specimens were produced by conventional high-pressure die casting (HPDC) and vacuum-assisted high-pressure die casting (VPDC) processes under atmospheric and 3 different absolute pressures of 170 mbar, 90 mbar, and 70 mbar. The influence of absolute pressure in the die cavity on the porosity and mechanical properties of the die castings were investigated and compared with the traditional casting method. The life data analysis was applied to deal with the variation in mechanical properties of the die cast flat tensile specimens. The porosity of castings was assessed on the basis of X-ray observation and density measurements performed by Archimedes method. The fracture surfaces were examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and the chemical composition was measured by energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX). The investigations proved that the volume of gas porosity and the pore sizes in the castings can be significantly reduced by using vacuum assistance during the die casting process. Based on the data presented in the study, the porosity reduced from 1.10% at an atmospheric level to 0.47% at 70 mbar, which corresponds to 57% reduction. The boundary condition of the present investigation is the porosity content higher than 0.40% and lower than 1.10%. As a result, the density and the mechanical properties, particularly the tensile strength (10%) and elongation (50%) were significantly improved. The specimens contained smaller pores under lower pressure. Meanwhile, the shape of pores is found to be also an important factor, affecting the mechanical properties. In general, higher vacuum degree contributes to the reduction the porosity, which would be the basis to improve the mechanical properties of die cast parts.

The purpose of this study was to compare the Skulpt Chisel™ to seven-site skinfold (SKF) and hydrostatic weighing (HW) body fat percentage (%BF) estimates. Twenty-six participants (aged 24 ± 4 years; BMI 23.1 ± 3.5 kg·m-2) were assessed. Significant differences in %BF estimates were found for all methodological pairings; p < 0.05. The SKF method underestimated %BF compared to HW (-2.52 ± 3.42 %BF). The Skulpt Chisel™ overestimated %BF compared to both HW (3.38 ± 6.10 %BF) and SKF (5.90 ± 5.26 %BF). Limits of agreement comparing HW to Skulpt Chisel™ indicated a difference between 95% confidence interval bounds (Upper bound: 5.84 %BF, Lower bound 0.92 %BF) and for HW to SKF (Upper bound: -1.14 %BF, Lower bound: -3.91 %BF). Regression analysis showed no significant bias for any methodological pairing; (p > 0.05). In conclusion, the Skulpt Chisel™ method should be used with caution when evaluating %BF of adults with similar demographics reported in this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the present study was: (1) to develop a new dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA)-derived body volume (BV) equation with the GE-Lunar prodigy while utilising underwater weighing (UWW) as a criterion and (2) to cross-validate the novel DXA-derived BV equation (4C-DXANickerson), Wilson DXA-derived BV equation (4C-DXAWilson) and air displacement plethysmography (ADP)-derived BV (4C-ADP) in Hispanic adults. A total of 191 Hispanic adults (18–45 years) participated in the present study. The development sample consisted of 120 females and males (50 % females), whereas the cross-validation sample comprised of forty-one females and thirty males (n 71). Criterion body fat percentage (BF %) and fat-free mass (FFM) were determined using a four-compartment (4C) model with UWW as a criterion for BV (4C-UWW). 4C-DXANickerson, 4C-DXAWilson and 4C-ADP were compared against 4C-UWW in the cross-validation sample. 4C-DXANickerson, 4C-DXAWilson and 4C-ADP all produced similar validity statistics when compared with 4C-UWW in Hispanic males (all P > 0·05). 4C-DXANickerson also yielded similar BF % and FFM values as 4C-UWW when evaluating the mean differences (constant error (CE)) in Hispanic females (CE = –0·79 % and 0·38 kg; P = 0·060 and 0·174, respectively). However, 4C-DXAWilson produced significantly different BF % and FFM values (CE = 3·22 % and –2·20 kg, respectively; both P < 0·001). Additionally, 4C-DXAWilson yielded significant proportional bias when estimating BF % (P < 0·001), whereas 4C-ADP produced significant proportional bias for BF % and FFM (both P < 0·05) when evaluated in Hispanic females. The present study findings demonstrate that 4C-DXANickerson is a valid measure of BV in Hispanics and is recommended for use in clinics, where DXA is the main body composition assessment technique. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Body composition estimates using skinfold thickness are common in field settings and can provide a reasonably accurate measure when more advanced technology is unavailable. However, the observed error between skinfolds and criterion body composition measures may be influenced by the methodology used to derive the criterion measure. The aim of this study was to examine the relative accuracy of body composition estimates derived from measures of skinfold thickness when compared to four-compartment (4C) models that utilize underwater weighing (UWW) and dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA)-derived body volume (BV). The sample consisted of adult males (n = 96) and females (n = 91) who were apparently healthy (age = 21.85 ± 4.82 years; BMI = 24.45 ± 4.62 kg/m2). %Fat was assessed via skinfold using three common equations. BV assessed via UWW and DXA were used to estimate %Fat derived as part of a 4C model. Between group differences were assessed using a repeated measures analysis of variance. %Fat 4C ranged from 4.7 to 39.7 %Fat (21.9 ± 8.1 %Fat). Estimated %Fat SF using the SF7 Jackson, SF7 Evans, and SF4 Peterson were significantly lower than %Fat 4C as measured via UWW (−4.8 ± 3.5 %Fat, −3.3 ± 3.9 %Fat,-3.1 ± 6.9 %Fat, respectively, all p <.001). The estimated %Fat SF error was lowest when compared to the %Fat 4C that used the Smith-Ryan DXA-derived BV equation (−0.2 ± 7.3 to −1.9 ± 4.6 %Fat) and highest for the Wilson DXA-derived BV equation (−6.5 ± 7.1 to −8.3 ± 3.3 %Fat). Skinfold prediction methods can provide reasonable accuracy when estimating %Fat in field settings when more advanced methods are unavailable or undesirable due to increased participant burden. In addition, clinicians and researchers should use caution when selecting a method of estimating body volume via DXA, as the methodology and equation used to derive body volume as part of the 4C model can introduce differences in error. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Some research supports high-fat carbohydrate (CHO)-restricted diets for weight and fat loss and improvement of cardiovascular disease risk factors. To test this, a randomized crossover study was designed. Subjects (17 obese men and women [BMI: 30-38 kg/m2]) were fed three diets (supplying 1600 and 2200 kilocalories (kcal)/day for women and men, respectively) for 4 weeks, with each trial separated by 4-week washout periods. One CHO-restricted diet (10% CHO, 50% fat, and 40% protein content) was rich in plant foods and mushrooms, while the other CHO-restricted diet included more animal foods (10% CHO, 60% fat, and 30% protein content). The third diet was lower in fat and protein content (LF) and higher in CHOs (61% CHO, 21% fat, and 18% protein content). Body composition was assessed through hydrostatic weighing before and after each diet trial. Fasting blood samples were collected weekly for analysis of hormones and lipids. Data were analyzed through repeated measures analysis of variance with post hoc paired comparison t-tests. Weight and fat loss were similar (P > .05) among trials. Subjects lost lean mass (P < .05) during CHO-restricted trials, but not in the LF trial. Insulin concentrations decreased (P < .05) during the CHO-restricted trial and tended (P = .05) to decrease during the LF trial. Total cholesterol decreased (P < .05) for all trials; however, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol decreased (P < .05) and triacylglycerols were higher (P < .05) following the LF trial. Taken together, energy restriction regardless of diet composition promoted similar weight loss; however, CHO-restricted diets based on either plants/mushrooms or animal foods elicited a more beneficial lipid-altering effect in comparison with the LF diet. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Several methods for the assessment of body composition exist, yet they yield different results. The present study aimed to assess the extent of these differences on a sample of young, healthy subjects. We hypothesised that differences in body composition results obtained with different methods will vary to the extent that a subject can be misclassified into different nutritional categories. Research Methods and Procedures: Underwater weighing (UWW), bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA), anthropometry (ANT), and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) were used to assess body composition. An extensive list of ANT regression equations (or sets of equations) was analysed in terms of accuracy and precision relative to DXA. Results: When DXA-determined body fat (BF) values were taken as a reference, UWW overestimated BF in both genders. In contrast, BIA (measured with a given bioimpedance analyser) underestimated BF in females, although BIA-determined BF did not differ from DXA in males. A huge difference in BF estimates (8–29% for females and 6–29% for males, for DXA-determined BF of 25.5% and 13.9% for females in males, respectively) was observed across a number of ANT regression equations; yet, ANT proved not to be inferior to DXA, provided that regression equations with the highest combinations of accuracy and precision were chosen. Conclusions: The study proved grounds for comparison of body composition results of young, healthy subjects, obtained with different methods and across a wide range of ANT regression equations. It also revealed a list of the most appropriate ANT regression equations for the selected sample and reported their accuracy and precision. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Adolescence is characterized by a rapid and erratic growth period. Many factors completely change in growth period up to 20 years of age, with a very slight alteration during the later years of life. Bioelectric impedance analyzers (BIA) are used in estimating the total and segmental body composition compartments. OBJECTIVE: To determine the validity of different BIAs for young male athletes. METHODS: Sixty-one young male athletes (basketball, football, handball, swimming, and skiing) participated in the study. The validity of Tanita 401A (TANITA), Jawon Segmental Body Composition Analysers model AVIS 333 Plus (AVIS), and Biodynamics Model 310e (BIODYNAMICS) was tested by Bland & Altman analysis and heteroscedasticity, providing the gold standard criterion method, hydrostatic weighing (HW) for body density (D b), body fat percentage (%BF), and lean body mass (LBM). RESULTS: BIA models used for predicting body composition, except for %BF of TANITA, are valid and in accord with HW for young male athletes. TANITA had significantly lower %BF (5.75 ± 2.95%) and higher LBM (62.12 ± 7.53 kg), compared to HW (10.79 ± 4.17 %BF and 58.80 ± 7.38 kg LBM). Percent BF of BIODYNAMICS and AVIS results were significantly higher (2.04% and 3.3% respectively) than %BF of HW. CONCLUSION: Prediction of body composition compartments of young male athletes using BIA models is valid except for %BF by TANITA. LBM values of HW and BIA models can be used interchangeably. However, these BIA softwares do not have specific options concerning athletic status for the growing age and sex group to clarify population specificity in adolescent male athletes. Therefore, using the same BIA model is recommendable in following up training regimen and nutritional status, in order to avoid underestimating or overestimating the body composition compartments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article deals with data of research for development of certified reference materials set for opened porosity of solid substances and materials (imitators) (OPTB SO UNIIM Set) Certified Reference Materials GSO 10583-2015. The certified values of opened porosity of metal cylinders were established by the method of hydrostatic weighing before and after boring of holes in. The certified reference materials are intended for calibration and verification of measuring instruments of opened porosity, based on the Boyle - Mariotte's law.

The open porosity of wear-resistant modified coatings is investigated, and their macrostructure is analyzed. A statistical method is proposed for describing the formation of porosity in the laminar structure of a powder coating. The matrix of transition probabilities is determined for a uniform Markov chain. The porosity of a coating on a smooth substrate is calculated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Modified laboratory- and field-based multicompartment models have been found valid for estimating body composition. However, the comparability between these models is unknown. Purpose: This study determined the validity of field and laboratory three-compartment (3C) models in healthy adults. Methods: One hundred twenty participants (63 men and 57 women; age, 22 ± 5 yr; BMI, 24.9 ± 3.9 kg·m−2) participated in this study. A criterion four-compartment model (4C-Criterion) was determined with underwater weighing for body volume (BV), bioimpedance spectroscopy for total body water (TBW), and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) for bone mineral content. Modified laboratory-based 3C models were determined using bioimpedance spectroscopy for TBW and two separate DXA BV equations (3C-DXASR and 3C-DXAW) whereas a field-based 3C model (3C-Field) was obtained using single-frequency bioimpedance analysis for TBW and skinfold-derived BV. In addition, a stand-alone DXA assessment was evaluated. Results: The effect size of the mean differences when compared to the 4C-Criterion were trivial to small for all modified 3C models and DXA when estimating fat mass, fat-free mass, and body fat percentage. The standard error of estimate and 95% limits of agreement for all modified 3C models and DXA were similar and considered acceptable. However, 3C-Field produced the lowest total error values and 3C-DXASR produced slightly lower total error values than 3C-DXAW and DXA. Conclusions: The present study found that all modified 3C models and DXA exhibited acceptable errors. When performed by expert personnel, a field-based 3C model appears to be a viable alternative to laboratory-derived models in healthy adults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • RCM LIPI has built a hydrostatic weighing system. • The weight carrier of the system is designed to load four sample weights. • Gravitational ratio affects the value of mass correction. • The largest uncertainty contribution is the difference of balance indication. • The results are in accordance with the required density limit value for E1 class weight. Abstract A hydrostatic weighing system has been designed and developed to measure the density of stainless steel weight. This system has been designed to load four sample weights with nominal mass 20 g to 1 kg. Distilled water is used as reference liquid in this system. The correction of mass value due to gravitational ratio was significant in nominal mass 500 g and 1 kg. The density measurement results at 20 °C have an expanded uncertainty of 3.6 kg·m−3 for a nominal mass of 20 g and 0.24 kg·m−3 for a nominal mass of 1 kg. The largest component of this uncertainty is due to different balance indication. The results obtained are in accordance with a limit of density value for E1 class weight which is required in OIML R111. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Stress magnitude data across the UK is limited spatially and stratigraphically with information available for only 21 sites in the latest release of the World Stress Map. This information is largely derived from geothermal resource exploration and radioactive waste storage site assessment. Active exploration of unconventional resources in the UK has highlighted a lack of information to adequately characterise the stress field, in particular in regions underlain by potentially prospective shale formations. Understanding the in-situ stress conditions is critical to the planning of sub surface operations and the potential extraction of unconventional resources. Legacy stress magnitude data from 75 sites is combined with new analysis of wireline data to re-characterise the stress field across two regions which are underlain by the Bowland Shale Formation which has resource potential for unconventional hydrocarbons. These regions are: East Yorkshire and North Nottinghamshire, and Cheshire and Lancashire. Vertical stress gradients vary between 23 and 26 MPakm−1 for the regions studied. Pore pressure is similar for both regions and is hydrostatic with a gradient of 10.19 MPakm−1. Lower bounds for the minimum horizontal stress have been estimated from the available data and show that the magnitude of the minimum horizontal stress is 2.6 MPakm−1 higher to the east of the Pennines. The compiled legacy data show that the Maximum Horizontal Stress is consistently greater than the vertical stress, which in turn is greater than the minimum horizontal stress, indicating that at depth within the two regions, the faulting regime is predominantly strike-slip. Highlights • Legacy data and new analysis have been used to characterise stress magnitudes in two UK regions. • Vertical stress has been shown to be between 23 and 26 MPakm−1. • The Pore pressure 10.19 MPakm−1 for both regions. • The lower bound of the minimum horizontal stress is between 14.75 and 17.42 MPakm−1. • The faulting regime is predominantly strike-slip. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Body composition is known to be associated with several diseases, such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes, cancers, osteoporosis and osteoarthritis. Body composition measurements are useful in assessing the effectiveness of nutritional interventions and monitoring the changes associated with growth and disease conditions. Changes in body composition occur when there is a mismatch between nutrient intake and requirement. Altered body composition is observed in conditions such as wasting and stunting when the nutritional intake may be inadequate. Overnutrition on the other hand leads to obesity. Many techniques are available for body composition assessment, which range from simple indirect measures to more sophisticated direct volumetric measurements. Some of the methods that are used today include anthropometry, tracer dilution, densitometry, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, air displacement plethysmography and bioelectrical impedance analysis. The methods vary in their precision and accuracy. Imaging techniques such as nuclear magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography have become powerful tools due to their ability of visualizing and quantifying tissues, organs, or constituents such as muscle and adipose tissue. However, these methods are still considered to be research tools due to their cost and complexity of use. This review was aimed to describe the commonly used methods for body composition analysis and provide a brief introduction on the latest techniques available. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Empirical high-resolution surface wind fields, automatically generated by a weather diagnostic application, the WegenerNet Wind Product Generator (WPG), were intercompared with wind field analysis data from the Integrated Nowcasting through Comprehensive Analysis (INCA) system and with dynamical climate model wind field data from the non-hydrostatic climate model COSMO-CLM. The INCA analysis fields are available at a horizontal grid spacing of 1kmx1km, whereas the COSMO model fields are from simulations at a 3kmx3km grid. The WPG, developed by Schlager et al. (2017, 2018), generates diagnostic fields at a high resolution grid of 100mx100m, using observations from two dense meteorological station networks: The WegenerNet Feldbach Region (FBR) and its alpine sister network, the WegenerNet Johnsbachtal (JBT). The high-density WegenerNet FBR is located in southeastern Styria, Austria, a region predominated by a hilly terrain and small differences in altitude. The network consists of more than 150 meteorological stations. The WegenerNet JBT contains eleven meteorological stations at elevations ranging from about 600m to 2200m in a mountainous region in northern Styria. The wind fields of these different empirical/dynamical modeling approaches were intercompared for thermally induced and strong wind events, using hourly temporal resolutions as supplied by the WPG, with the focus on evaluating spatial differences and displacements between the different datasets. For this comparison, a novel neighborhood-based spatial wind verification methodology based on fractions skill socres (FSS) is used to estimate the modeling performances. All comparisons show an increasing FSS with increasing neighborhood size. In general, the spatial verification indicates a better statistical agreement for the hilly WegenerNet FBR than for the mountainous WegenerNet JBT. The results for the WegenerNet FBR show a better agreement between INCA and WegenerNet than between COSMO and WegenerNet wind fields, especially for large scales (neighborhoods). In particular, COSMO-CLM clearly underperforms in case of thermally induced wind events. For the JBT region, all spatial comparisons indicate little overlap at small neighborhood sizes and in general large biases of wind vectors occur between the dynamical (COSMO) and analysis (INCA) fields and the diagnostic (WegenerNet) reference dataset. Furthermore, gridpoint-based error measures were calculated for the same evaluation cases. The statistical agreement, estimated for the vector-mean wind speed and wind directions show again a better agreement for the WegenerNet FBR than for the WegenerNet JBT region. In general, the difference between modeled and observed wind directions is smaller for strong wind speed events than for thermally induced ones. A combined examination of all spatial and gridpoint-based error measures shows that COSMO-CLM with its limited horizontal resolution of 3kmx3km and hence, a too smoothed orography, is not able to represent small-scale wind patterns. The results for the JBT region indicate that the INCA analysis fields generally overestimate wind speeds in the summit regions. For strong wind speed events the wind speed in the valleys is underestimated by INCA, however. Regarding the WegenerNet diagnostic wind fields, the statistics show decent performance in the FBR and somewhat overestimated wind speeds for strong wind speed events in the Enns valley of the JBT region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rockbolts are a critical reinforcement ways which widely used in tunnel engineering. In this paper, an analytical solution of circular tunnel with rockbolts was proposed based on homogenization method, and then the stability of a circular tunnel was investigated by considering the uncertainty based on the proposed analytical solution. Elastoplastic analytical solution for unsupported circular tunnel was presented briefly in hydrostatic stress field with a linear Mohr-Coulomb yield criterion and a non-associated flow rule. An analytical solution of circular tunnel with rockbolts was proposed through considering rock mass and rockbolts as a new homogeneous, isotropic, parameters strengthened equivalent composite material. A numerical example is used to verify the proposed analytical solution. The results show that the proposed solution can effectively characterize the mechanical behavior of rock mass and rockbolts in tunnel. Then, the proposed solution is adopted to calculate reliability index and failure probability of tunnel. The results show that the proposed method can also be effectively used to perform the stability and reliability analysis of tunnel and rockbolts have an important effect on plastic zone size and displacement of tunnel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study analyzed the changes in athletic performance and anthropometric characteristics in collegiate male club rugby athletes (n = 14) after a 4-week winter break. All measurements were collected before and after the break. Body composition was assessed by body mass index and hydrostatic weighing. Performance measurements were as follows: V[Combining Dot Above]O2max, vertical jump, 10-yard sprint, squat max, and bench press max. Before testing, each subject was acclimated to the protocols to reduce learning effects. During the 4-week break, no workouts were provided for the athletes; it was unsupervised and unstructured. Participants were required to maintain and submit self-reported nutritional and activity logs during this period. After the break, the athletes demonstrated a 5.0% improvement in V[Combining Dot Above]O2max (absolute increase of 2.25 ml·kg·min), 6.8% improvement in vertical jump (1.50 inches), and a 14.3% increase in squat max (38.64 lb). Although increases in body mass (1.0%) were not significant, the body fat percentage exhibited a relative increase of 19.3% (absolute change from 13.35 to 15.93%). A significant discriminate function analysis indicated statistical differences between groups based on these variables. Self-reported behavior logs confirmed participation in >3 days of moderate to intense physical activity per week but somewhat poor dietary habits. These results indicate that collegiate rugby athletes may not need prescribed exercise routines during seasonal breaks in the athletic schedule. However, it may be beneficial to provide structured nutritional advice during unsupervised periods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gas motions in galaxy clusters play important roles in determining the properties of the intracluster medium (ICM) and in the constraint of cosmological parameters via X-ray and Sunyaev-Zel'dovich effect observations of galaxy clusters. The Hitomi measurements of gas motions in the core of the Perseus Cluster have provided new insights into the physics in galaxy clusters. The XARM mission, equipped with the Resolve X-ray micro-calorimeter, will continue Hitomi's legacy by measuring ICM motions through Doppler shifting and broadening of emission lines in a larger number of galaxy clusters, and at larger radii. In this work, we investigate how well we can measure bulk and turbulent gas motions in the ICM with XARM, by analyzing mock XARM simulations of galaxy clusters extracted from cosmological hydrodynamic simulations. We assess how photon counts, spectral fitting methods, multiphase ICM structure, deprojections, and region selection affect the measurements of gas motions. We first show that XARM is capable of recovering the underlying spherically averaged turbulent and bulk velocity profiles for dynamically relaxed clusters to within ~50% with a reasonable amount of photon counts in the X-ray emission lines. We also find that there are considerable azimuthal variations in the ICM velocities, where the velocities measured in a single azimuthal direction can significantly deviate from the true value even in dynamically relaxed systems. Such variation must be taken into account when interpreting data and developing observing strategies. We will discuss the prospect of using the upcoming XARM mission to measure non-thermal pressure and to correct for the hydrostatic mass bias of galaxy clusters. Our results are broadly applicable for future X-ray missions, such as Athena and Lynx. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study compared body composition measurements in lean female athletes. The primary objective was to compare the accuracy of percent body fat (%BF) determined by bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA), air-displacement plethysmography (ADP), and underwater weighing (UWW) in female Division I cheerleaders (n = 10 bases, 6 back-spots, and 12 flyers) from two universities. The secondary objective was to compare health risk predicted by %BF to body mass index (BMI) categorizations. UWW was considered the gold standard for assessing %BF. Pearson correlation coefficients were used to determine associations between methods. Repeated measures analysis of variance was used to identify differences in %BF by method. BIA, ADP, and UWW were highly correlated (r ≥ .828, p < .001 for all). However, %BF by BIA (20.0 ± 5.2%) and ADP (19.3 ± 6.0%) was higher than %BF by UWW (15.9 ± 4.1%, p < .001). Health risk was predicted less often when classified based on very lean (risky low) %BF levels by BIA and ADP than UWW (7.1%, 3.6%, and 21.4%, respectively). This finding suggests that, similar to female track-andfield athletes who also exhibit lean muscular physiques, %BF is overestimated by BIA and ADP in female cheerleaders and health risk associated with low %BF is underestimated when compared to UWW. In contrast, BMI was not associated with %BF by any method and no participants were classified as underweight by this measure. Thus, BMI should not be used to predict health risk in lean female athletes, such as collegiate cheerleaders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To develop anthropometric equations to predict body fat percentage (BF%). Methods: In 151 women (aged 18-59) body weight, height, eightskinfold thickness (STs), six-circumferences (CIs), and BF% by hydrodensitometry were measured. Subjects data were randomly divided in two groups, equation-building group (n= 106) and validation group (n= 45). The equation-building group was used to run linear regression models using anthropometric measurements as predictors to find the best prediction equations of the BF%. The validation group was used to compare the performance of the new equations with those of Durnin-Womersley, Jackson-Pollock and Ramirez-Torun. Results: There were two preferred equations: Equation 1= 11.76 + (0.324 x tricipital ST) + (0.133 x calf ST) + (0.347 x abdomen CI) + (0.068 x age) - (0.135 x height) and Equation 2= 11.37 + (0.404 x tricipital ST) + (0.153 x axilar ST) + (0.264 x abdomen CI) + (0.069 x age) - (0.099 x height). There were no significant differences in BF% obtained by hydrodensitometry (31.5 ±5.3) and Equation 1 (31.0 ±4.0) and Equation 2 (31.2 ±4.0). The BF% estimated by Durning-Womersley (35.8 ±4.0), Jackson-Pollock (26.5 ±5.4) and Ramirez-Torun (32.6 ±4.8) differed from hydrodensitometry (p <0.05). The interclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was high between hydrodensitometry and Equation 1 (ICC= 0.77), Equation 2 (ICC= 0.76), and Ramirez-Torun equation (ICC= 0.75). The ICC was low between hydrodensitometry and Durnin-Womersley (ICC= 0.51) and Jackson-Pollock (ICC= 0.53) equations. Conclusion: The new Equations-1 and 2, performed better than the commonly used anthropometric equations to predict BF% in adult women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The idea of hydrostatics and security can be considered as a standout amongst the most imperative ranges of center in deliver plan and operation, not exclusively to guarantee the wellbeing of the ship, payload, team and travelers, yet additionally to empower legitimate conditions for fulfillment of the considerable number of procedures on a ship. This arrangement of articles will initially talk about the idea of hydrostatics of a ship, and gradually progress into a presentation of ship soundness. Once that is done, we will perceive how the ideas are connected progressively and likely circumstances to investigate the security of the ship, how a planner applies ideas of hydrostatics and dependability to build up a body shape, Some trademark parameters figured for a drifting boat, which can either specifically be utilized to remark on the idea of strength of the ship or be utilized to assess other soundness parameters, are called dispatch hydrostatics. For an originator to have the capacity to build up a body frame, or a ship's commander to comprehend the strength parameters, it is critical for both to have the capacity to comprehend the importance and handy criticalness of each hydrostatic parameter of a surface ship. We will initially list the hydrostatics of a surface ship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Water-absorbing behavior (WAB) was studied by an improved hydrostatic weighing method. • Modeled recycled coarse aggregate (MRCA) was prepared to investigate the WAB of RCA. • Pore size and distribution was analyzed to explain the early WAB of RCA. • The WAB of RCA was explained by the hydraulic diffusivity model. Utilization of recycled coarse aggregate (RCA) to produce recycled aggregate concrete (RAC) becomes an effective measure to dispose of the ever-growing construction and demolition waste. However, the high water absorption (WA) of RCA causes difficulty in controlling the fresh properties of RAC. In this study, different types of modeled recycled coarse aggregates (MRCAs) were prepared to investigate the effect of the quality and quantity of the attached mortar on the water-absorbing behavior (WAB) of RCA using an improved hydrostatic weighing method, as well as MIP and X-CT tests. The results showed that the WAB of RCA can be investigated by the designed MRCAs due to their similar WAB. The early WA and total WA of MRCAs were found to increase with the content and water-to-cement ratio (W/C) of the attached mortar, which can be explained by the higher pore content. There was a good correlation between the early-stage WA and 24 h WA, indicating that they can be used to predict each other. The pore size and distribution played a decisive role in the early WAB of RCA. The higher WA in the initial stage was attributed to the filling of large pores, while the gradually decreased WA indicated that the capillary WA of small pores started to dominate. The WAB of RCA can be explained by the hydraulic diffusivity model using the MIP result as the input parameter, which aligns with the continuous wetting condition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study aimed to examine the effects of diurnal Ramadan fasting (RF) on substrate oxidation, energy production, blood lipids and glucose as well as body composition. Nine healthy Muslim men (fasting (FAST) group) and eight healthy non-practicing men (control (CNT) group) were assessed pre- and post-RF. FAST were additionally assessed at days 10, 20 and 30 of RF in the morning and evening. Body composition was determined by hydrodensitometry, substrate oxidation and energy production by indirect calorimetry, blood metabolic profile by biochemical analyses and energy balance by activity tracker recordings and food log analyses. A significant group×time interaction revealed that chronic RF reduced body mass and adiposity in FAST, without changing lean mass, whereas CNT subjects remained unchanged. In parallel to these findings, a significant main diurnal effect (morning v. evening) of RF on substrate oxidation (a shift towards lipid oxidation) and blood metabolic profile (a decrease in glucose and an increase in total cholesterol and TAG levels, respectively) was observed, which did not vary over the course of the Ramadan. In conclusion, although RF induces diurnal metabolic adjustments (morning v. evening), no carryover effect was observed throughout RF despite the extended daily fasting period (18·0 (sd 0·3) h) and changes in body composition. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

OBJECTIVES: There is no consensus regarding the mechanism of strength enhancement of regular whole-body vibration training (WBVT), which involves only neural or neural plus muscular adaptation. This discord could be based on lack of protein supplement to diet in WBVT. This study aimed to clarify the effects of adding protein to the diet on hypertrophy and strength during whole-body vibration training (WBVT). METHODS: Young healty male adults, 20-30 years old were grouped into control (n = 15) and protein groups (n = 14). All experimental subjects performed WBVT 3 days per week for 12 weeks. During WBVT, the protein group was provided with whey protein (1 g/kg) and the control group was provided with carbohydrate (1 g/kg starch isolate). Baseline measurements (pretest) were done before the training program started while the last measurements (post-test) took place after the 12-w program. Body fat ratio and lean body mass were measured using bioelectrical impedance and hydrostatic weighing methods. Mid-thigh circumference (cm) and thigh skinfold measurement (cm) were used to calculate leg muscle area. The changes in muscle strength were evaluated by measuring jump height, hand-grip and leg strength. RESULTS: There were significant within-group differences between the post and in pre-training strength values of muscular strength but no between-group differences were noted. There were no changes in leg muscle area, body fat ratio and lean body mass in the control group. CONCLUSION: Protein supplementation does not affect strength and muscle mass after WBVT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study is to investigate HVEDC method for the production of tungsten-based alloys. It is established that the method of high-voltage electro-discharge compaction, in addition to some economic and time benefits, contributes to a minimal change in the microstructure and does not lead to grain growth, thereby improving mechanical characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to compare underwater weighing (UWW) and 4-compartment (4C) model body fat percentage (BF%) for predicted vs. simultaneously measured residual lung volume (RLV). Forty-seven women and 33 men (age = 22 ± 5 years) had UWW and 4C model BF% determined using Boren et al. (RLVBOREN), Goldman and Becklake (RLVGB), and Miller et al. (RLVMILLER) RLV prediction equations. Criterion UWW BF% included body density (BD) values with simultaneous RLV. Criterion 4C model BF% included BD through UWW with simultaneous RLV, total body water through bioimpedance spectroscopy, and bone mineral content through dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. The standard error of estimate (SEE) for UWW and 4C model BF% determined through RLV prediction equations varied from 2.0 to 2.6% and from 1.3 to 1.5%, respectively. The constant error (CE) was significantly different for UWW BF% when using RLVBOREN, RLVGB, and RLVMILLER (all p < 0.016; CE = 0.7, -2.0, 1.0%, respectively). However, the CEs for RLVBOREN and RLVMILLER were not significant in the 4C model (p = 0.73 and 0.11; CE = 0.1 and 0.2%, respectively), whereas RLVGB remained significantly different (p < 0.001; CE = -1.5%). The 95% limits of agreement were less than ±5.2% for UWW BF% and less than ±3.1% for the 4C model when using the 3 RLV equations. When used in a 4C model, the RLV equations yielded a smaller CE, SEE, and 95% limits of agreement than UWW BF% results. However, because of the range of individual error shown in the current study, caution should be employed when using the 4C model as a criterion method with predicted RLV. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Accurate prediction of 24-hour energy expenditure (24EE) relies on knowing body composition, in particular fat-free mass (FFM), the largest determinant of 24EE. FFM is closely correlated with hematologic volumes: blood volume (BV), red cell mass (RCM), and plasma volume (PV). However, it is unknown whether predicted hematologic volumes, based on easily collected variables, can improve 24EE prediction. Objective The aim was to develop and validate equations to predict 24EE based on predicted BV, RCM, and PV and to compare the accuracy and agreement with models developed from FFM and with the Mifflin-St Jeor equation, which is recommended for clinical use by the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics. Design Participants had body composition measured by underwater weighing and 24EE by respiratory chamber. BV, RCM, and PV were calculated from five published equations. Participants/setting Native American and white men and women were studied (n=351). Participants were healthy adults aged 18 to 49 years from the Phoenix, AZ, metropolitan area. Main outcome measure Accuracy to within ±10% of measured 24EE and agreement by Bland-Altman analysis. Statistical analysis Regression models to predict 24EE from hematologic and body composition variables were developed in half the dataset and validated in the other half. Results Hematologic volumes were all strongly correlated with FFM in both men and women ( r ≥0.94). Whereas the accuracy of FFM alone was 69%, four hematologic volumes were individually more accurate (75% to 78%) in predicting 24EE. Equations based on hematologic volumes plus demographics had mean prediction errors comparable to those based on body composition plus demographics; although the Mifflin-St Jeor had modestly better mean prediction error, body composition, hematologic, and Mifflin-St Jeor models all had similar accuracy (approximately 80%). Conclusions Prediction equations based on hematologic volumes were developed, validated, and found to be comparable to Mifflin-St Jeor and body composition models in this population of healthy adults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to compare body fat percentage (BF%) and fat-free mass (FFM) values from bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) equations to values determined from a 4-compartment (4C) model. Eighty-two adults (42 men and 40 women) volunteered to participate (age = 23 ± 5 years). Body fat percentage and FFM were estimated from previously developed BIA equations by Chumlea et al. (BIACH), Deurenberg et al. (BIADE), Kyle et al. (BIAKYLE), and Sun et al. (BIASUN). Four-compartment model body composition was derived from underwater weighing for body density, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry for bone mineral content, and bioimpedance spectroscopy for total body water. The standard error of estimate (SEE) for group BF% and FFM ranged from 3.0 to 3.8% and 2.1 to 2.7 kg, respectively. The constant error (CE) was significantly higher and lower for BF% and FFM (p < 0.001), respectively, for 3 BIA equations (BIACH, CE = 3.1% and -2.2 kg; BIADE, CE = 3.7% and -2.9 kg; BIAKYLE, CE = 2.3% and -1.9 kg), but was not significant for BF% (p = 0.702) and FFM (p = 0.677) for BIASUN (CE = -0.1% and 0.1 kg). The 95% limits of agreement were narrowest for BIACH (±5.9%; ±4.2 kg) and largest for BIADE (±7.4%; ±6.2 kg). The significant CE yielded by BIACH, BIADE, and BIAKYLE indicates these equations tend to overpredict group BF% and underestimate group FFM. However, all BIA equations produced low SEEs and fairly narrow limits of agreement. When the use of a 4C model is not available, practitioners might consider using one of the selected BIA equations, but should consider the associated CE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the determination of weighing liquid by using automatic alignment system and the reference density standard to realize the calibration of scale division by hydrostatic weighing method introduced by Cuckow in computer controll is planned. This system serves all projects of Volume, Density and Viscosity Laboratory for the calibration process of hydrometers and makes it fully automatic, fast, more precise and efficient in comparison with manual calibration system. A new method refers automatically specific scale-marks for the calibration of hydrometers. A hydrometer calibration system adopting the new method consists of a vision system, positioning frame by servo motor and software to control the system. The vision system is composed of a camera to acquire images of meniscus level conflicted with scale level of hydrometer. The position of temperature controlled bath is provided by the positioning frame controlled with PLC. The stepping motor moves the camera, which is attached to the vessel containing a reference liquid, along the hydrometer. The aim of this study is to represent and validate the automated hydrometer calibration system of TUBITAK UME realizing the hydrometer comparison (1000-1020 kg/m³) between automated and manual hydrometer calibration system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The purpose of this study was to compare single-frequency bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) and bioimpedance spectroscopy (BIS) with underwater weighing (UWW) body fat percentage (BF%) before (PRE), immediately post (IP), and 60 minutes post (60P) an acute bout of moderate and vigorous aerobic exercise. Nine men (age = 24.6 ± 3.7 years) volunteered for this study. Subjects visited the laboratory on 3 separate occasions. Testing included two 30-minute exercise sessions at 60 and 80% heart rate reserve (HRR) and a 30-minute control (CON) trial. The constant error (CE) was significantly higher for BIA at each time point and exercise session (CE = 3.0-4.9% for 60% HRR; 2.5-4.7% for 80% HRR). Conversely, BIS yielded a nonsignificant CE at each time point and exercise session (CE = -0.9 to 1.1% for 60% HRR; -0.3 to 1.2% for 80% HRR). The standard error of estimate (SEE) for both exercise sessions ranged from 2.7 to 3.1% and 3.8-4.3% for BIA and BIS, respectively. The 95% limits of agreement were narrower for BIA (60% HRR = ±5.5 to 7.8%; 80% HRR= ±6.6 to 8.5%) than BIS (60% HRR= ±8.4 to 9.4%; 80% HRR = ±8.1 to 10.2%). Results indicate that BIS can be used for mean group BF% in men at PRE, IP, and 60P time periods. However, BIA yielded a lower SEE and 95% limits of agreement than BIS. Therefore, BIA provides better individual estimates of BF% in men, but the CE should be taken into consideration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We consider the influence of the capillary properties of fluids during verification of working hydrometers for ethanol at zero scale corresponding to distilled water. It is shown that there is an essential difference in the correction values obtained at that point when using testing methods of comparison and hydrostatic weighing. It was found that the wetting contact angle at zero depends on the diameter of the rod and significantly affects the discrepancy between the results of checking the hydrometer using these two methods. We obtain the dependence of the wetting contact angle on the rod diameter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to investigate the accuracy of fat-free mass (FFM) estimates from two-compartment (2C) models including air displacement plethysmography (ADP), ultrasound (US), near-infrared interactance (NIR), and the Jackson and Pollock skinfold equation (SKF) against a criterion four-compartment (4C) model in elite male rowers. METHODS: Twenty-three elite-level male rowers (mean± SD; age 24.6 ± 2.2 years; stature: 191.4 ± 7.2 cm; mass: 87.2 ± 11.2 kg) participated in this investigation. All body composition assessments were performed on the same day in random order, except for hydrostatic weighing (HW), which was measured last. FFM was evaluated using a 4C model, which included total body water from bioimpedance spectroscopy, body volume from HW, and total body bone mineral via dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. The major findings of the study were that the 2C models evaluated overestimated FFM and should be considered with caution for the assessment of FFM in elite male rowers. Future studies should use multiple-compartment models, with measurement of TBW and bone mineral content, for the estimation of FFM. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The adiabatic compressibility, β, of the immiscible liquid mixture 0.52 LiCl + 0.48 AgBr (the top of the miscibility gap) was experimentally investigated in the temperature range from the melting point to the critical mixing temperature using the sound velocity values, u, measured by the pulse method, and the density quantities, ρ, which were determined using the hydrostatic weight procedure based on the relationship β = u - 2ρ - 1. It is shown that the coefficients of the temperature dependencies for the compressibility and density of the upper and lower equilibrium phases have opposite signs because of the superposition of the intensity of the thermal motion of the ions and the change in the composition of the phases. The differences, Δβ and Δρ, in the magnitudes of the compressibility and density for the equilibrium phases decrease with temperature elevation. The temperature dependencies of the compressibility and density difference are described using the empirical equations Δβ ≈ (Tc-T)0.438 and Δρ ≈ (Tc-T)0.439. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]