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The Persian Gulf, an enclosed sea connected to the Gulf of Oman through the narrow Strait of Hormuz, is known as the world’s hottest sea. Owing to its harsh environmental conditions, genetic isolat...

The swimming larvae of many marine animals identify a location on the seafloor to settle and undergo metamorphosis based on the presence of specific surface-bound bacteria. While bacteria-stimulated metamorphosis underpins processes such as the fouling of ship hulls, animal development in aquaculture, and the recruitment of new animals to coral reef ecosystems, little is known about the mechanisms governing this microbe-animal interaction. Here we review what is known and what we hope to learn about how bacteria and the factors they produce stimulate animal metamorphosis. With a few emerging model systems, including the tubeworm Hydroides elegans, corals, and the hydrozoan Hydractinia, we have begun to identify bacterial cues that stimulate animal metamorphosis and test hypotheses addressing their mechanisms of action. By understanding the mechanisms by which bacteria promote animal metamorphosis, we begin to illustrate how, and explore why, the developmental decision of metamorphosis relies on cues from environmental bacteria.

An immersion experiment was conducted in the Manila South Harbor to document the development of sessile biofouling communities. Test panels were submerged below the sea surface in April 2012 for short- (one and three months) and long-term (one year) exposures in seawater, then foauling types and occurrences were scored based on digital images of panel surfaces. The short-term immersed panels were found with significant cover of soft fouling (undet.), slime, and the invasive Balanus (=Amphibalanus) amphitrite. These also filled the long-term immersed panels, although some fell off due to mortality from crude oil smothering. Perna viridis, native but also invasive, successfully established and then dominated the fouling cover by the 12th month (April 2013). Oysters, bryozoans (Watersipora sp.), colonial tunicates, polychaetes (Hydroides sp.), and green algae contributed minor to fouling cover. These fouling communities in the Manila South Harbor consisted of organisms that were cosmopolitan in port waters of SE Asia. A similar study must be carried out in other major ports of the country and then compared.

Solanum hydroides Gouvêa & Giacomin, sp. nov., is described from central Brazilian Atlantic Forest. It is known from only three localities in Espírito Santo and Minas Gerais states, where granitic/gneissic outcrops (inselbergs or sugar loaves) are ubiquitous. The new species, here described, belongs to Solanum subgenus Leptostemonum (or the Leptostemonum clade; i.e. the spiny solanums) and is morphologically related to S. hexandrum Vell. and S. sublentum Hiern, with which it shares the shrubby habit, decurrent leaf bases and well-developed calyces that become accrescent, covering glabrous fruits. Solanum hydroides is unique in its combination of comparatively more delicate habit, indumentum of exclusively stellate eglandular trichomes, accrescent but never inflated fruiting calyces that only partially cover the fruits and comparatively shortly lobed and strictly white corollas. The species is threatened with extinction and assessed as Vulnerable (VU), based on the IUCN criteria.

Although there are several nuisance species of serpulids reported worldwide, the present study shows that some of them have been overlooked even in geographic areas that are considered well studied. We report for the first time in Majorca the invasive species Ficopomatus enigmaticus and the first records for the Balearic Islands of the also non-native species Hydroides dianthus, H. dirampha, H. elegans and H. nigra. The most abundant species were F. enigmaticus, found at higher densities in Portixol (with up to 280 ind. m–2), and H. elegans, found at highest densities in the port of Palma (with up to 270 ind. m–2). Species have been identified after morphological examination and corroborated by mitochondrial DNA sequence data: cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (COI) and cytochrome b (Cytb). Molecular data show that the same haplotypes have been found in distant and disjoint biogeographic areas worldwide, which is only explicable by unintentional translocation of specimens through vectors (i.e. ship hulls or ballast water). Species delimitation analyses support previous findings that species complexes are common in both Ficopomatus and Hydroides. In fact, only among the Majorcan samples were we able to detect three species of the F. enigmaticus species complex, two of the H. elegans species complex and two of the H. dianthus species complex. The genetic distances between members of the F. enigmaticus species complex are 8.7% to 16.7% in COI sequences. The species of Hydroides hold 5.4% to 47.6 % genetic divergence between species of the same complex., Hay constancia de especies alóctonas de serpúlidos reportadas en el mundo. Pero el presente estudio muestra que algunas de ellas han sido pasadas por alto incluso en áreas geográficas consideradas bien estudiadas. En este trabajo se cita por primera vez en Mallorca la especie invasora Ficopomatus enigmaticus y se registra también por primera vez para las Islas Baleares las también especies exóticas Hydroides dianthus, H. dirampha, H. elegans e H. nigra. Las especies más abundantes fueron F. enigmaticus, encontrada en mayores densidades en Portixol (con hasta 280 ind. m–2) y H. elegans, encontrada en mayores densidades en el puerto de Palma (con hasta 270 ind. m–2). Las especies han sido identificadas después su estudio morfológico y corroboradas por las secuencias de ADN mitocondrial: subunidad 1 de la citocromo c oxidasa (COI) y citocromo b (Cytb). Los datos moleculares muestran que se han encontrado los mismos haplotipos en áreas biogeográficas distantes e inconexas de a nivel mundial, lo que solo se explica por la translocación involuntaria de ejemplares a través de vectores (es decir, cascos de barcos o agua de lastre). Los análisis de delimitación de especies respaldan resultados previos acerca de la existencia de complejos de especies en ambos géneros Ficopomatus e Hydroides. De hecho, sólo entre las muestras mallorquinas pudimos detectar tres especies del complejo de especies F. enigmaticus, dos del complejo de especies de H. elegans y dos del complejo de especies de H. dianthus. Las distancias genéticas entre los miembros del complejo de especies de F. enigmaticus son del 8.7 al 16.7% en las secuencias COI. Las especies de Hydroides tienen un 5.4-47.6% de divergencia genética entre especies del mismo complejo.

For decades, inputs of nutrients and organic matter into the Mar Menor coastal lagoon have favored the change from an original oligotrophic to a eutrophic state. The lagoon reached a stage of severe eutrophication and “environmental collapse” during the spring of 2016. This paper describes the massive growth of Serpulidae (Annelida, Polychaeta) forming large aggregations and reef structures after the environmental collapse caused by the eutrophic crisis. Four species belonging to the genera Hydroides and Serpula were identified; the identified species are Hydroides elegans, Hydroides dianthus, Serpula concharum, and Serpula vermicularis. The presence of bi-operculate and tri-operculate specimens is also documented in this study.

Anthropogenic activities have accelerated the movement of non-indigenous species throughout the world. One approach to predict the spread of non-indigenous species is to employ bioclimatic envelope models which often assume niche conservation among sympatric, closely related species. Here, we test this assumption by comparing early developmental progress of two non-indigenous calcareous biofouling tubeworms Hydroides elegans and H. dirampha. In the subtropical Hong Kong monsoon climate, H. dirampha and H. elegans experience dramatic seasonal fluctuations in temperature (from 17 to 30 °C) and salinity (from 15 to 34 psu). Hydroides elegans was previously shown to be sensitive to lower salinity and warmer temperature while H. dirampha persisted in the field under these seasonal conditions. Thus, we hypothesize that the observed shift in abundance is due to the resilience of early stages of H. dirampha to the interactive stress of warming and lower salinity. Larval survival, growth, clearance, and settlement rate of H. dirampha were quantified in a 2 × 3 factorial experiment (24 and 28 °C; 20, 26, 32 psu). Stage-dependent tolerance was observed: cleavage was hindered by low salinity. However, larval growth and clearance did not follow this trend and instead peaked at 26 psu. Similarly, settlement rate did not decrease with freshening; rather, it peaked at 26 psu under warming. The salinity tolerance of H. dirampha is compared with that determined by Qiu and Qian (Mar Ecol Prog Ser 168: 127–134, 1998) for H. elegans. Differences in larval physiological tolerances could shape abundance and distribution of a single species as well as broader community structure.

Mitochondrial genomes are frequently applied in phylogenetic and evolutionary studies across metazoans, yet they are still poorly represented in many groups of invertebrates, including annelids. Here, we report ten mitochondrial genomes from the annelid genus Hydroides (Serpulidae) and compare them with all available annelid mitogenomes. We detected all 13 protein coding genes in Hydroides spp., including the atp8 which was reported as a missing gene in the Christmas Tree worm Spirobranchus giganteus, another annelid of the family Serpulidae. All available mitochondrial genomes of Hydroides show a highly positive GC skew combined with a highly negative AT skew – a feature consistent with that found only in the mitogenome of S. giganteus. In addition, amino acid sequences of the 13 protein-coding genes showed a high genetic distance between the Hydroides clade and S. giganteus, suggesting a fast rate of mitochondrial sequence evolution in Serpulidae. The gene order of protein-coding genes within Hydroides exhibited extensive rearrangements at species level, and were different from the arrangement patterns of other annelids, including S. giganteus. Phylogenetic analyses based on protein-coding genes recovered Hydroides as a monophyletic group sister to Spirobranchus with a long branch, and sister to the fan worm Sabellidae. Yet the Serpulidae + Sabellidae clade was unexpectedly grouped with Sipuncula, suggesting that mitochondrial genomes alone are insufficient to resolve the phylogenetic position of Serpulidae within Annelida due to its high base substitution rates. Overall, our study revealed a high variability in the gene order arrangement of mitochondrial genomes within Serpulidae, provided evidence to question the conserved pattern of the mitochondrial gene order in Annelida and called for caution when applying mitochondrial genes to infer their phylogenetic relationships., The study was mainly funded by Australian Biological Resources Study (ABRS) grants RF213-19 and RG18–21 to EKK and an International Macquarie University Research Excellence Scholarship (iMQRES) from Macquarie University to YS. The data analysis and paper writing were partly supported by Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou) (GML2019ZD0404, GML2019ZD0409, L20190005) to JWQ and by French State in the frame of the “Investments for the future” Programme IdEx Bordeaux (ANR-10-IDEX-03-02) to GD.

As a service to taxonomists and ecologists using names in the well-known and species-rich ship-fouling serpulid genus Hydroides we present an update of all 107 non-synonymised scientific names, with additional information on Hydroides nomenclature, original names, etymologies, and type localities derived from original literature, and in accord with the World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) database. An update is needed because the gender of genus Hydroides has from 1 January 2000 reverted to the original feminine, due to a change in the wording of International Code of Zoological Nomenclature which was overlooked at that time, and is contrary to the usage in practice of Hydroides as masculine which had started about 1992, although Code-required from the 1960s. We match 31 further original names of current WoRMS subjective junior synonyms to each non-synonymised name, and also report on the world distribution of the genus as illustrated by type localities of the valid names. We include notes on seven species inquirenda. The correct rendering is given of six names that have been altered for gender agreement for the first time herein. Hydroides gottfriedi nom. n. replaces junior homonym Hydroides rostrata Pillai, 1971. Currently there are 41 non-synonymised species-group names in Hydroides which should be gender invariant, and 23 names which would only change if moved to a neuter genus; the remaining 43 names are fully gender variable. Place-names (23), and personal names (16) make up more than a third (36%) of the species names, with most of the remainder (68) being descriptive of species character states, usually of operculum morphology (54). All species, except Hydroides norvegica (63°N), have type localities in shallow-water coastal locations in temperate to tropical waters below latitude 44°, with the highest number of new species (54) from the adjoining Western Pacific and Indian Ocean areas. The other concentration of new species (31) are those first found on the Pacific and Atlantic coasts of North America and in the Caribbean.

Mar Menor is one of the largest coastal lagoons in the Mediterranean basin. Over the years, Mar Menor has suffered a significant environmental degradation due to multiple factors with anthropogenic origin. The transformation from a rain-fed basin to intensive irrigated agriculture has led to an rise in the water inflow and nutrients in the basin, which has provoked severe eutrophication. The increase in nutrients led to changes in the structure and function of the lagoon ecosystems. The epibenthic and suspension feeder organisms have benefited from this imbalance, proliferating and reaching a high population density. The composition and abundance of the species assemblage found in the sub-coastal bottoms of the coastal lagoon after the environmental crisis occurred in 2016, using artificial settlement structures. The variation in community density and affinity between sampling sites in 2017 and 2018, were determined. A total of 31 species belonging to 27 genera and 7 phyla were observed in 11 samples. The best represented class are polychaeta (Phylum Annelida) with 11 identified species. The genus with the greatest species richness was Hydroides with two species: H. dianthus (Verrill, 1873), and H. elegans (Haswell, 1883), both of them considered potentially invasive and opportunistic species followed by the genus Serpula, with two species: S. vermicularis (Linnaeus, 1767), and S. concharum (Langerhans, 1880) and the genus Branchiomma was represented with another exotic invasive species, B. boholense (Grube, 1878), which is only found in collectors in 2018. These results have allowed to increase the knowledge about the effect of eutrophication in the structure of the fouling community in the assemblage succession in the Mar Menor coastal lagoon., This study was supported by the research fund of the University of Alicante and Murcia University Aquarium.

The expression of transcription factors with endodermal and mesodermal roles in bilaterians is characterized during the development of Hydroides elegans, a serpulid polychaete with planktotrophic trochophore. GATA 4/5/6 is expressed in endodermal and mesodermal precursors during embryogenesis and in the midgut of trochophore larvae. HeGATA1/2/3a is expressed in animal hemisphere blastomeres 1d121 and 1d122, in dorsal ectoderm and in 4d endomesodermal derivatives that maintain their expression in trochophore larvae. HeGATA1/2/3b is not expressed during embryogenesis, but in several regions of the larva during postembryonic development. During very early gastrulation, Brn1/2/4 is first expressed in cells associated with the prospective oral/foregut side of the blastopore, and during larval development in 4d blastomere descendants. Comparison with orthologs in other metazoans suggests ancestral expression of GATA4/5/6 in the midgut of the last common ancestor of protostomes and deuterostomes. The conserved expression of Brn1/2/4 in the foregut precursors of Hydroides and sea urchins suggests an ancestral role in patterning the tripartite gut of planktotrophic larvae. Broader analysis of these and other regulatory genes reveals variability of developmental gene expression among polychaetes with lecithotrophic larvae, suggesting that they are evolutionarily derived from polychaetes with planktotrophic larvae.

Members of the tubicolous polychaete family Serpulidae constitute one of the most important groups of marine fouling biota. This paper describes a new species of the serpulid genusHydroidesfrom dock fouling at Mazatlán (southern Gulf of California), providing information about live colouration and reproductive features.Hydroides dolabrussp. nov. belongs to a subgroup of species in which verticil spines are equal in size and shape, lack both external and lateral spinules, but have various modifications to their tips. However,Hydroides dolabrussp. nov. is distinct in having tips of verticil spines pickaxe-shaped, with asymmetrical triangular radially orientated projections: the internal projections are short and point inward the verticil centre, while longer external projections point outward the verticil centre. Like all species of the genus,H. dolabrussp. nov. is a gonochoristic broadcast spawner lacking sexual dimorphism. A phylogenetic analysis of Hydroides based on COI, 18S and cytbsequence data reveals thatH. dolabrussp. nov. is genetically distinct from other species ofHydroidesfor which sequence data are available. The new species is the 11th in the genus described from Mexican waters.

Hydroides sanctaecrucis Kr��yer in M��rch, 1863 Figs 4J, 6 Hydroides (Eucarphus) sanctae crucis Kr��yer in M��rch, 1863: 378���379, pl. 11, fig. 12 (type locality: Saint Croix Island, Lesser Antilles, Caribbean Sea). Hydroides (Eupomatus) dianthoides Augener, 1922: 49���50 (type locality: Haiti; partial synonymy). Eupomatus sanctae crucis ��� Fauvel 1919: 478 ���479, fig. 2e���g (P��re Island, M��re Island, Montabo Cove, French Guiana). ��� Rioja 1958: 262 ���264, fig. 6A���E (Verde Island and Santiaguillo Island, Veracruz, eastern Mexico; on mollusk shells and corals). Hydroides sanctaecrucis ��� Zibrowius 1971: 699 ���700 (Caribbean: Saint Croix Island, Puerto Rico, Jamaica, Atlantic Panama, Aruba and French Guiana; extensive revision; intertidal to 2 m; on hull of ship). ��� Day 1973: 132 (North Carolina). ��� Long 1974: 28 (Oahu, Hawaii; 15 m; asbestos plates). ��� Perkins 1998: 95 (checklist of shallow-water polychaetes of Florida). ��� Due��as 1999: 14 (Cartagena Bay and Cispat�� Bay, Colombia). ��� Bastida-Zavala & ten Hove 2002: 146 ���149, figs 25A���R, 28 (French Guiana, Florida, Caribbean: Haiti, Puerto Rico, U.S. Virgin Islands, Atlantic Colombia, Atlantic and Pacific side of Panama; intertidal to 5 m, salinity 18���31���; in tidal creek and in marinas, on floats, docks and fouling plates). ��� Bastida-Zavala & ten Hove 2003: 101 ���102, fig. 19P���Q (Oaxaca, southern Mexican Pacific and Pacific Panama; salinity 19���25���; on rocks and floats). ��� Lewis et al. 2006: 666 ���669, figs 1���2 (North Queensland, Northern Territory and Tasmania, Australia and Singapore; marina and vessel hulls). ��� Bastida-Zavala 2008: 29, fig. 6R (Huatulco, Oaxaca, southern Mexican Pacific; intertidal to 1 m; on pier pilings). ��� Sun et al. 2012: 20 ���21, figs 10A���G (Hong Kong; intertidal to 10 m; on pier pilings and fouling plates at fish farm). ��� Tovar-Hern��ndez et al. 2012: 18 ���19 (Gulf of California: Topolobampo, Sinaloa; Guaymas, Sonora; La Paz, Baja California Sur); 2014: 386, 388, 390, fig. 2f (Gulf of California: Topolobampo, Sinaloa; Guaymas, Sonora; La Paz, Baja California Sur). ��� Sun et al. 2015: 76 ���79, fig. 25 (Northern Territory and Queensland, Australia; 0.5 m; on hulls of vessels and settlement plates). ��� Bastida-Zavala et al. 2016: 426, figs 6, 12E (Mexican Pacific: Sonora, Baja California Sur and Oaxaca; in marinas and harbors, fouling; intertidal to 1 m). Hydroides santaecrusis ��� Due��as 1981: 99 ���100, fig. 29A���F (Cartagena Bay, Colombia; on mangrove roots; auct. lapsus). ��� Quir��s-Rodr��guez et al. 2013: 91, Table 3 (C��rdoba, Colombian Caribbean; intertidal; on red algae). Hydroides (Eupomatus) dianthoides ��� Bastida-Zavala & ten Hove 2002: 147 (partial synonymy). Material examined 37 specimens: BB (28) Aug. 2004, TB (9) Jul. 2002, Jun. 2012 and Jun. 2014. Diagnosis Tube white, with two longitudinal ridges or none; without peristomes or alveoli. Opercular peduncle smooth, white. Opercular funnel with 19���28 radii with pointed tips (Fig. 4J); verticil with 11���14 spines, all curving ventrally, with or without one basal internal spinule, with an external spinule on all or almost all spines, without lateral spinules, with wings extending more than half of spine length (Fig. 4J). Special collar chaetae with two blunt or pointed teeth and smooth distal blade. Taxonomic remarks Hydroides sanctaecrucis is an invasive species that has established itself in several localities along the Pacific coast of the Americas (Mexican Pacific: Oaxaca and Gulf of California, and Panama), in Australia and Hong Kong. The species has been found only once in Hawaii (Long 1974), so it is not clear whether it is established there. The main means of dispersal is likely as fouling on vessels; the species was generally limited to polluted harbors in the sites invaded (Bastida-Zavala & ten Hove 2002, 2003; Lewis et al. 2006; Tovar-Hern��ndez et al. 2014; Sun et al. 2012, 2015; Bastida-Zavala et al. 2016). Ecology Intertidal to 15 m, salinity 18���31���. On mangrove roots, mollusk shells, corals, rocks and on artificial substrates at marinas and piers, on floats, docks and fouling plates (Rioja 1958; Due��as 1981; Bastida-Zavala & ten Hove 2002; Lewis et al. 2006; Sun et al. 2015). Distribution Caribbean Sea, French Guiana, Gulf of Mexico, east coast of United States, Pacific side of Panama, Oaxaca (southern Mexico), Gulf of California, Hawaii, Australia, Hong Kong (Zibrowius 1971; Bastida-Zavala & ten Hove 2002, 2003; Lewis et al. 2006; Sun et al. 2012, 2015; Tovar-Hern��ndez et al. 2014; Bastida-Zavala et al. 2016). In this work, Hydroides sanctaecrucis was found abundantly on fouling plates from Biscayne Bay, Florida, and occasionally from Tampa Bay, Florida (Fig. 6)., Published as part of Bastida-Zavala, J. Rolando, McCANN, Linda D., Keppel, Erica & Ruiz, Gregory M., 2017, The fouling serpulids (Polychaeta: Serpulidae) from United States coastal waters: an overview, pp. 1-76 in European Journal of Taxonomy 344 on pages 38-40, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2017.344, http://zenodo.org/record/3834679, {"references":["Morch O. A. L. 1863. Revisio critica Serpulidarum. Et bidrag til rorormenes naturhistorie. Naturhistorisk Tidsskrift, Series 3, 1: 347 - 470.","Augener H. 1922. Ueber litorale Polychaeten von Westindien. Sitzungsberichte der Gesellschaft der naturforschende Freunde zu Berlin 1922 (3 - 5): 38 - 53.","Fauvel P. 1919. Annelides polychetes de la Guyane francaise. Bulletin du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle 23: 472 - 479.","Rioja E. 1958. Estudios Anelidologicos XXII: Datos para el conocimiento de la fauna anelidos poliquetos de las costas orientales de Mexico. Anales del Instituto de Biologia 29: 219 - 301.","Zibrowius H. 1971. Les especes Mediterraneennes du genre Hydroides (Polychaeta Serpulidae): remarques sur le pretendu polymorphisme de Hydroides uncinata. Tethys 2: 691 - 746.","Day J. H. 1973. New Polychaeta from Beaufort with a key to all species recorded from North Carolina. NOAA Technical Report. NMFS CIRC- 375, Seattle. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 62852","Long E. R. 1974. Marine fouling studies off Oahu, Hawaii. The Veliger 17 (1): 23 - 36.","Perkins T. H. 1998. Checklist of shallow-water marine polychaetous Annelida of Florida. In: Camp D. K., Lyons W. G. & Perkins T. H. (eds) Checklist of Selected Shallow-water Marine Invertebrates of Florida: 79 - 122. Florida Marine Research Institute, Technical Report 3.","Duenas P. D. 1999. Algunos poliquetos (Annelida) del Caribe colombiano. Milenio 1 (2): 9 - 18.","Bastida-Zavala J. R. & ten Hove H. A. 2002. Revision of Hydroides Gunnerus, 1768 (Polychaeta: Serpulidae) from the Western Atlantic Region. Beaufortia 52: 103 - 178.","Bastida-Zavala J. R. & ten Hove H. A. 2003. Revision of Hydroides Gunnerus, 1768 (Polychaeta: Serpulidae) from the Eastern Pacific Region and Hawaii. Beaufortia 53: 67 - 110.","Lewis J. A., Watson C. & ten Hove H. A. 2006. Establishment of the Caribbean serpulid tubeworm Hydroides sanctaecrucis Kroyer [in] Morch, 1863, in northern Australia. Biological Invasions 8: 665 - 671. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 10530 - 005 - 2062 - 7","Bastida-Zavala J. R. 2008. Serpulids (Annelida: Polychaeta) from the eastern Pacific, including a brief mention of Hawaiian serpulids. Zootaxa 1722: 1 - 61.","Sun Y., ten Hove H. A. & Qiu J. W. 2012. Serpulid polychaetes from Hong Kong. Zootaxa 3424: 1 - 42.","Tovar-Hernandez M. A., Villalobos-Guerrero T. F., Yanez-Rivera B., Aguilar-Camacho J. M. & Ramirez- Santana I. D. 2012. Guia de Invertebrados acuaticos exoticos en Sinaloa. Geomare, A. C., USFWS, INE- SEMARNAT, Mazatlan, Sinaloa, Mexico.","Sun Y., Wong E., ten Hove H. A., Hutchings P. A., Williamson J. E. & Kupriyanova E. K. 2015. Revision of the genus Hydroides (Annelida: Serpulidae) from Australia. Zootaxa 4009 (1): 1 - 99. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4009.1.1","Bastida-Zavala J. R., Rodriguez Buelna A. S., de Leon-Gonzalez J. A., Camacho-Cruz K. A. & Carmona I. 2016. New records of sabellids and serpulids (Polychaeta: Sabellidae, Serpulidae) from the Tropical Eastern Pacific. Zootaxa 4184 (3): 401 - 457. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4184.3.1","Duenas P. D. 1981. Inventario preliminar de los poliquetos (Annelida) de aguas someras de la Bahia de Cartagena y areas adyacentes. Boletin del Museo del Mar (10): 82 - 138.","Quiros-Rodriguez J., Duenas Ramirez P. & Hernando Campos N. 2013. Poliquetos (Annelida: Polychaeta) asociados a algas rojas intermareales de Cordoba, Caribe Colombiano. Revista de Biologia Marina y Oceanografia 48 (1): 87 - 98. https: // doi. org / 10.4067 / S 0718 - 19572013000100008","Tovar-Hernandez M. A., Yanez-Rivera B., Villalobos-Guerrero T. F., Aguilar-Camacho J. M. & Ramirez- Santana I. D. 2014. Invertebrados marinos exoticos en el Golfo de California. In: Low Pfeng A. M, Quijon P. A. & Peters Recagno E. M. (eds) Especies invasoras acuaticas: Casos de Estudio en Ecosistemas de Mexico: 15 - 32. Secretaria de Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales, Instituto Nacional de Ecologia y Cambio Climatico, Mexico DF, Mexico, and University of Prince Edward Island, Charlotteville, Canada."]}

Hydroides dianthus (Verrill, 1873) Figs 4C, 5 Serpula dianthus Verrill, 1873: 620 (type locality: New Jersey to Massachusetts, United States). Serpula hexagona Bosc, 1801: 205 (type locality: Charleston, South Carolina, United States; on oyster shells). ��� Zibrowius 1971: 697, 699 (name indeterminable; the tube description does not match H. dianthus, but records on the US east coast are misidentified and really belong to H. dianthus). ��� Read et al. 2016: 22���23 (name no longer in use and representing a species inquirenda). Hydroides (Eupomatus) dianthoides Augener, 1922: 49���50 (specimens from Veracruz, eastern Mexico; partial synonymy). Serpula dianthus ��� Treadwell 1891: 276 ���280 (Long Island, New York; anatomy and histology). ��� Wilson 1905: 119 and table (fossil records from Pleistocene of Sankaty Head, Nantucket, Massachusetts; abundant tubes). ��� Oldale et al. 1982: fig. 5 (same). Eupomatus dianthus ��� Richards 1933: 198 and table (fossil records from Cape May Formation, an interglacial warm stage from New Jersey). ��� Hartman 1945: 48, pl. 10, fig. 1 (North Carolina; under stones, shell fragments); 1951: 118���119 (Southwestern Florida, Louisiana, South Texas; intertidal, snail shell, rocks). ��� Rioja 1958: 260 ���262 (Sacrificios and Verde Islands, Veracruz, eastern Mexico; on rocks, mollusk shells, corals and ship hulls). ��� Wells & Wells 1961: 152, 154���155, Beaufort, off Portsmouth Island and Pamlico Sound, North Carolina; 3.5���11 m, salinity 15���25���; associated with the gastropod Fargoa dianthophila (Wells & Wells, 1961) (previously in the genus Odostomia). ��� Wells & Gray 1964: 74 (Cape Hatteras, North Carolina; hard substrates). ��� Wells & Wells 1969: 109 ��� 110 (North Carolina; Buzzard���s Bay, Massachusetts; Panama City, Alligator Harbor and Cedar Key, Florida; associated with F. dianthophila). Hydroides dianthus ��� Webster & Benedict 1884: 737 (Massachusetts; intertidal, on shells). ��� Benedict 1887: 549, pl. 20, fig. 10 (Chesapeake Bay; on living oysters, shells and stones). ��� Cushman 1906: 9 (fossil records from Pleistocene of Sankoty Head, Nantucket).��� Roberge 1968:145 (Buzzard���s Bay, Massachusetts; subtidal rocks; as host of parasite gastropod F. dianthophila). ��� Zibrowius 1971: 697 ���705 (east coast of United States, Atlantic France, Mediterranean and Senegal, Western Africa; 1���189 m, salinity 18���50���, temperature 5���30��C; on sand and the seagrass Posidonia, bryozoan nodules and oysters). ��� Day 1973: 132 (Cape Hatteras to South Carolina; intertidal to 30 m). ��� Robertson & Mau-Lastovicka 1979: 323 (Woods Hole; ���host��� of Fargoa bartschi (Winkley, 1909)). ��� Haines & Maurer 1980a: 646 ���647 (Delaware Bay; 6 m, salinity 23.3���28.3���, temperature 3���25.4��C, on muddy sand); 1980b: 44���46 (Delaware Bay; invertebrates associated with H. dianthus; same data as 1980a). ��� ten Hove & Wolf 1984: 55 -21, figs 55-15, 55-16a���j (western Florida; 22 m, medium sand). ��� ten Hove & van den Hurk 1993: 41 ���42, fig. 4B, D (Baffin Bay and Corpus Christi, Texas; 0.6���2.4 m and in concrete tunnels supplying cooling water to a power station; salinity average 51.7���). ��� Perkins 1998: 95 (checklist of shallow-water polychaetes of Florida). ��� Bastida-Zavala & Salazar-Vallejo 2000b: 845, fig. 1m���u (eastern Mexico: San Juan de Ul��a, Veracruz; Champot��n, Campeche; Celest��n Beach, R��a Lagartos and San Felipe, Yucat��n; Contoy Island, Nichupt�� Lagoon and Yalahau Lagoon, Quintana Roo; 0.5���4 m; on seagrass, algae, sponges, rocks, fort wall covered with vermetids, oysters and ascidians, wood dock pilings). ��� Sun &Yang 2000: 120 ���121,fig. 2e���k (China).��� Bianchi & Morri 2001: 216 ���218(Orbetello Lagoon, Italy; reef-builders, competitor with Ficopomatus enigmaticus; salinity 13���48���, temperature 7���30��C). ��� Toonen & Pawlik 2001: 104 ���112 (Wrightsville Beach, North Carolina; gregarious and non-gregarious settlement; intertidal). ��� Bastida-Zavala & ten Hove 2002: 143 ���146, figs 23A���M, 24A���K, 28 (Connecticut, Massachusetts, North Carolina, and eastern Mexico: Veracruz, Yucat��n and Quintana Roo; 0.6���28 m, salinity 1���34���,on oysters, rocks and wooden pier). ��� Link et al. 2009: 1 ���6, figs 1a���g, 2 (Tokyo Bay, Japan, as NIS; 0.8 m, on PVC plates). ��� Otani & Yamanishi 2010: 63 ���64, fig. 3a���g (Osaka Bay, Japan, as NIS; seasonal change in densities; intertidal to 4 m, salinity 26.5��� 32.3���, temperature 17.7���19.1��C; on concrete blocks). ��� Ben-Eliahu & ten Hove 2011: 14 ���16 (Cyprus; 0.3 m, from ship propeller). ��� Boltachova et al. 2011: 34 ���38 (Crimea, Black Sea). ��� Sun et al. 2016a: poster (discussion as global invader or a complex of species). Hydroides (Eupomatus) dianthoides ��� Bastida-Zavala & ten Hove 2002: 143 (partial synonymy). Material examined 1787 specimens: RI (108) Sep. 2001, CB (352) Sep. 2000 and Aug. 2012, CH (117) Sep. 2004, JX (99) Aug. 2001, IR (99) Aug. 2005, BB (78) Aug. 2004, TB (38) Jun. 2012, PB (323) Aug. 2002, GB (356) Sep. 2002, CC (217) Sep. 2002. Diagnosis This species is gregarious and can form small colonies. Tube white, with two longitudinal ridges; lacks peristomes, transverse ridges or alveoli. Opercular peduncle smooth, white. Opercular funnel with 24��� 37 radii with pointed tips (Fig. 4C); verticil with 8���13 spines, all curving ventrally, with one basal internal spinule, without external and lateral spinules or wings (Fig. 4C). Special collar chaetae with two blunt, short teeth and smooth distal blade. Taxonomic remarks Hartman (1945, 1951) mentioned that the distribution of Hydroides dianthus includes the West Indies; the only record of this subtropical species, in the Caribbean Sea, is from Weisbord (1964: 158), who collected several empty tubes from northern Venezuela, as H. cf. dianthus, but species identification with only the tube in the genus Hydroides, is doubtful. Hydroides dianthus was recorded, as Eupomatus, by Holgu��n-Qui��ones (1994) from Socorro Island, in the Mexican Pacific; however, the record is indeterminable because it lacks a description and figures, and the specimens were not deposited in a collection (Holgu��n-Qui��ones, pers. comm. 2011; Bastida-Zavala et al. 2016: 418). By far, Hydroides dianthus is the most abundant species (1787 specimens) on fouling plates from the 10 localities on the east coast of the United States and northern Gulf of Mexico (Table 1). In one sample from the northern Gulf of Mexico, two of four specimens had an operculum with red verticil spines (see also H. floridana (Bush, 1910)), a character never seen before. In Delaware Bay and Virginia���s coastal lagoons (Haines & Maurer 1980a: 647), H. dianthus builds tube clusters (10���400 cm 3) and at the former site the clusters harbor up to 54 invertebrate species (Haines & Maurer 1980b). The gregarious settlement of this species was studied in North Carolina (Toonen & Pawlik 2001) and the Mediterranean, where H. dianthus builds large reefs in coastal lagoons (Bianchi & Morri 2001). It competes with other NIS, such as Ficopomatus enigmaticus, at several sites in the Mediterranean (Zibrowius 1973; Bianchi & Morri 2001). Due to its euryhaline (1���51.7���) and eurythermic (3���30��C) tolerances, H. dianthus has successfully invaded many harbors around the world. However, in Osaka Bay Otani & Yamanishi (2010) found that salinities above 30���, combined with biological interactions with macroalgae or mussels, may be limiting the distribution of H. dianthus. Hydroides dianthus, previously considered native to the US east coast (Bosc 1801; Verrill 1873), should be considered cryptogenic (see the 'Cryptogenic species' section in the Discussion below). Ecology Intertidal to sublittoral (189 m). In subtropical and tropical marine and brackish waters; salinities of 1���51.7���, temperature 3���30��C (Zibrowius 1971; Haines & Maurer 1980a; Bianchi & Morri 2001); on rocks, mollusk shells, corals, seagrass, algae, sponges and artificial substrates (Rioja 1958; Zibrowius 1971; Bastida-Zavala & Salazar-Vallejo 2000b; Bastida-Zavala & ten Hove 2002; Ben-Eliahu & ten Hove 2011); also associated with the gastropods Fargoa dianthophila and F. bartschi (Robertson & Mau-Lastovicka 1979; Wells & Wells 1969). Fargoa dianthophila was considered a parasite of Hydroides dianthus by Roberge (1968). Distribution East coast of United States, Bermuda, Gulf of Mexico, Mexican Caribbean, Mediterranean, European Atlantic, Senegal (western Africa), Japan (Zibrowius 1971; Bastida-Zavala & ten Hove 2002; Link et al. 2009; Otani & Yamanishi 2010), China, Brazil and Black Sea (Sun & Yang 2000; Boltachova et al. 2011; Sun et al. 2016a). In this work, Hydroides dianthus was found abundantly and frequently on fouling plates from Narragansett Bay, Rhode Island; Chesapeake Bay, Virginia; Charleston, South Carolina; Jacksonville, Indian River, Biscayne Bay, Tampa Bay and Pensacola Bay, Florida; and Galveston Bay and Corpus Christi, Texas (Fig. 5)., Published as part of Bastida-Zavala, J. Rolando, McCANN, Linda D., Keppel, Erica & Ruiz, Gregory M., 2017, The fouling serpulids (Polychaeta: Serpulidae) from United States coastal waters: an overview, pp. 1-76 in European Journal of Taxonomy 344 on pages 25-28, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2017.344, http://zenodo.org/record/3834679, {"references":["Verrill A. E. 1873. Report upon the Invertebrate Animals of Vineyard Sound and the Adjacent Waters, with an Account of the Physical Characters of the Region. Report of the United States Commission for Fisheries 1871 - 72, pp. 295 - 778. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 57652","Bosc L. A. G. 1801. Histoire naturelle des Vers: contenant leur Description et leurs Moeurs, avec Figures dessinees d'apres Nature. Guilleminet, Paris 2.","Zibrowius H. 1971. Les especes Mediterraneennes du genre Hydroides (Polychaeta Serpulidae): remarques sur le pretendu polymorphisme de Hydroides uncinata. Tethys 2: 691 - 746.","Read G. 2016. WoRMS note, details on Hydroides floridanus. In: Read G. & Fauchald K. (eds) World Polychaeta database. Accessed through World Register of Marine Species, available from: http: // www. marinespecies. org / aphia. php? p = notes & id = 127102 [accessed 12 Jul. 2016].","Augener H. 1922. Ueber litorale Polychaeten von Westindien. Sitzungsberichte der Gesellschaft der naturforschende Freunde zu Berlin 1922 (3 - 5): 38 - 53.","Treadwell A. L. 1891. Preliminary note on the anatomy and histology of Serpula dianthus (Verrill). Zoologischer Anzeiger 14: 276 - 280.","Wilson J. H. 1905. The Pleistocene formations of Sankaty Head, Nantucket. The Journal of Geology 13 (8): 713 - 734. https: // doi. org / 10.1086 / 621266","Oldale R. N., Valentine P. C., Cronin T. M., Spiker, E. C., Blackwelder B. W., Belknap D. F., Wehmiller J. F. & Szabo B. J. 1982. Stratigraphy, structure, absolute age, and paleontology of the upper Pleistocene deposits at Sankaty Head, Nantucket Island, Massachusetts. Geology 10: 246 - 252. https: // doi. org / 10.1130 / 0091 - 7613 (1982) 10 2.0. CO; 2","Richards H. G. 1933. Marine fossils from New Jersey indicating a mild interglacial stage. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 72 (3): 181 - 214.","Hartman O. 1945. The marine annelids of North Carolina. Duke University Marine Station Bulletin 2: 1 - 54.","Rioja E. 1958. Estudios Anelidologicos XXII: Datos para el conocimiento de la fauna anelidos poliquetos de las costas orientales de Mexico. Anales del Instituto de Biologia 29: 219 - 301.","Wells H. W. & Wells M. J. 1961. Three species of Odostomia from North Carolina, with description of new species. Nautilus 74 (4): 149 - 157.","Wells H. W. & Gray I. E. 1964. Polychaetous annelids of the Cape Hatteras area. Journal of the Elisha Mitchell Scientific Society 80 (2): 70 - 78.","Wells H. W. & Wells M. J. 1969. New host and distribution records of Odostontia dianthophila. Nautilus 82: 109 - 110.","Webster H. E. & Benedict J. E. 1884. Annelida Chaetopoda from Provincetown and Wellfleet, Massachusetts. Annual Report of the Commissioner of Fish and Fisheries for 1881, Washington DC. www. biodiversitylibrary. org / itemdetails / 32786","Benedict J. E. 1887. Descriptions of ten species and one new genus of the annelids from the dredgings of the U. S. Fish Commission Steamer Albatross. Proceedings of the United States National Museum 9: 547 - 553. https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00963801.9 - 594.547","Cushman J. A. 1906. The Pleistocene deposits of Sankoty Head, Nantucket, and their fossils. The Nantucket Maria Mitchell Association 1 (1): 3 - 21.","Roberge A. G. 1968. Odostomia dianthophila (Gastropoda, Pyramidellidae) from Buzzard's Bay, Mass., a northern range extension. Nautilus 81 (4): 145.","Day J. H. 1973. New Polychaeta from Beaufort with a key to all species recorded from North Carolina. NOAA Technical Report. NMFS CIRC- 375, Seattle. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 62852","Robertson R. & Mau-Lastovicka T. 1979. The ectoparasitism of Boonea and Fargoa (Gastropoda: Pyramidellidae). The Biological Bulletin 157: 320 - 335. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 1541058","Haines J. L. & Maurer D. 1980 a. Benthic invertebrates associated with a serpulid polychaete assemblage in a temperate estuary. Internationale Revue der Gesamten Hydrobiologie 65 (5): 643 - 656. https: // doi. org / 10.1002 / iroh. 19800650504","Imajima M. & ten Hove H. A. 1984. Serpulinae (Annelida, Polychaeta) from the Truk Islands, Ponape and Majuro Atoll, with some other new Indo-Pacific records. Proceedings of the Japanese Society of Systematic Zoology 27: 35 - 66.","Hove H. A. ten & Hurk P. van den. 1993. A review of Recent and fossil serpulid \" reefs \"; actuopaleontology and the ' Upper Malm' serpulid limestones in NW Germany. Geologie en Mijnbouw 72 (1): 23 - 67.","Perkins T. H. 1998. Checklist of shallow-water marine polychaetous Annelida of Florida. In: Camp D. K., Lyons W. G. & Perkins T. H. (eds) Checklist of Selected Shallow-water Marine Invertebrates of Florida: 79 - 122. Florida Marine Research Institute, Technical Report 3.","Bastida-Zavala J. R. & Salazar-Vallejo S. I. 2000 b. Serpulidos (Polychaeta: Serpulidae) del Caribe noroccidental: Hydroides y Serpula. Revista de Biologia Tropical 48: 841 - 858.","Sun R. & Yang D. 2000. Study on Hydroides (Polychaeta: Serpulidae) from waters off China. I. Studia Marina Sinica 42: 116 - 135.","Bianchi C. N. & Morri C. 2001. The battle is not to the strong: serpulid reefs in the lagoon of Orbetello (Tuscany, Italy). Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 53: 215 - 220. https: // doi. org / 10.1006 / ecss. 2001.0793","Toonen R. J. & Pawlik J. R. 2001. Settlement of the gregarious tube worm Hydroides dianthus (Polychaeta: Serpulidae). I. Gregarious and nongregarious settlement. Marine Ecology Progress Series 224: 103 - 114. https: // doi. org / 10.3354 / meps 224103","Bastida-Zavala J. R. & ten Hove H. A. 2002. Revision of Hydroides Gunnerus, 1768 (Polychaeta: Serpulidae) from the Western Atlantic Region. Beaufortia 52: 103 - 178.","Link H., Nishi E., Tanaka K., Bastida-Zavala R., Kupriyanova E. K. & Yamakita T. 2009. Hydroides dianthus (Polychaeta: Serpulidae), an alien species introduced into Tokyo Bay, Japan. Biodiversity Records 6430: 1 - 6. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 1755267209000931","Otani M. & Yamanishi R. 2010. Distribution of the alien species Hydroides dianthus (Verrill, 1873) (Polychaeta: Serpulidae) in Osaka Bay, Japan, with comments on the factors limiting its invasion. Plankton and Benthos Research 5 (2): 62 - 68. https: // doi. org / 10.3800 / pbr. 5.62","Ben-Eliahu M. N. & ten Hove H. A. 2011. Serpulidae (Annelida: Polychaeta) from the Suez Canal- From a Lessepsian migration perspective. Zootaxa 2848: 1 - 147. http: // www. mapress. com / zootaxa / 2011 / f / zt 02848 p 147. pdf","Boltachova N. A., Lisitskaya E. V. & Lebedovskaya M. V. 2011. [New record of] Hydroides dianthus (Verrill, 1873) (Polychaeta: Serpulidae) from the coastal waters of Crimea (the Black Sea). Marine Ecological Journal 10 (2): 34 - 38.","Sun Y., Wong E., Keppel E., Williamson J. E. & Kupriyanova E. K. 2016 a. A global invader or a complex of regionally distributed species? Clarifying the status of an invasive calcareous tubeworm Hydroides dianthus (Verrill, 1873) using barcoding. International Polychaete Conference. Cardiff, Wales, UK, August 1 - 5, 2016. Poster.","Hartman O. 1951. The littoral marine annelids of the Gulf of Mexico. Publications of the Institute of Marine Science 2 (1): 7 - 124.","Weisbord N. E. 1964. Late Cenozoic scaphopods and serpulid polychaetes from North Venezuela. Bulletins of American Paleontology 47 (214): 111 - 204. http: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / bibliography / 39837 / summary","Holguin-Quinones O. E. 1994. Comunidades bentonicas marinas. In: Ortega-Rubio A. & Castellanos- Vera A. (eds) La Isla Socorro, Reserva de la Biosfera Archipielago de Revillagigedo, Mexico: 225 - 245. Centro de Investigaciones Biologicas del Noroeste, Mexico.","Bastida-Zavala J. R., Rodriguez Buelna A. S., de Leon-Gonzalez J. A., Camacho-Cruz K. A. & Carmona I. 2016. New records of sabellids and serpulids (Polychaeta: Sabellidae, Serpulidae) from the Tropical Eastern Pacific. Zootaxa 4184 (3): 401 - 457. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4184.3.1","Bush K. J. 1910. Description of new serpulids from Bermuda with notes on known forms from adjacent regions. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 62: 490 - 501. http: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 5526383 page / 528 / mode / 1 up","Haines J. L. & Maurer D. 1980 b. Quantitative faunal associates of the serpulid polychaete Hydroides dianthus. Marine Biology 56: 43 - 47. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / BF 00390592","Zibrowius H. 1973. Remarques sur trois especes de Serpulidae acclimatees en Mediterranee: Hydroides dianthus (Verrill, 1873), Hydroides dirampha Morch, 1863, et Hydroides elegans (Haswell, 1883)."]}

Hydroides parva (Treadwell, 1902) Figs 4I, 6 Eupomatus parvus Treadwell, 1902: 210, figs 79���80 (type locality: Boqueron Bay, Puerto Rico; on encrusting bryozoans). Hydroides dianthus (non Verrill 1873) ��� Webster 1884: 327 (Bermuda). ��� Zibrowius 1971: 699 (synonymy). Hydroides (Eupomatus) n. sp. ��� Augener 1925: 16���17 (Saint Croix, Lesser Antilles, Caribbean). ��� Bastida-Zavala & ten Hove 2002: 127 (synonymy). Hydroides (Eupomatus) parvus ��� Augener 1927: 80, textfig. 8 (Spaanse Water and Schottegat, Cura��ao, Caribbean; on mangrove root). ��� Augener 1934: 116 ���117 (Gairaca, Santa Marta, Colombian Caribbean; intertidal to 15 m). Hydroides parvus ��� Bush 1910: 496 ���497 (Bermuda). ��� Treadwell 1939: 305 ���306 (Puerto Rico). ��� Rioja 1958: 251 ���254, figs 1���2 (Veracruz, eastern Mexico). ��� Wells & Gray 1964: 74 (Cape Hatteras, North Carolina; hard substrates). ��� Zibrowius 1970: 6 ���7, pl. 1, figs 5���6 (Recife, Brazil; 30 m; on rocks). ��� Rullier & Amoreux 1979: 194 (off Ipojuca River and Abrolhos Archipelago, Brazil; intertidal to 27 m; sand, shells and rocks). ��� D��az 1994: 618 (Barbados, settlement and succession experiments; 10 m; coral plates, Orbicella annularis). ��� ten Hove & San Mart��n 1995: 16 (de la Juventud Island, Cuba; 0.5���4 m; on mollusk shells, algae and mangrove roots). ��� Carrera-Parra & Vargas-Hern��ndez 1997: 314 (Enmedio Island, Veracruz, eastern Mexico; 1���9 m; on the sponge Ircinia felix (Duchassaing & Michelotti, 1864)). ��� Perkins 1998: 95 (checklist of shallow-water polychaetes from Florida). ��� Due��as 1999: 14 (Providencia Island, Colombia). ��� Bastida-Zavala & Salazar-Vallejo 2000b: 851, fig. 2n���p (Puerto Rico and eastern Mexico: T��rminos Lagoon and Champot��n, Campeche; Celest��n, Yucat��n; Yucat��n Canal; Cabo Catoche, Contoy Island, Puerto Morelos, Ascensi��n Bay and Chinchorro Bank, Quintana Roo; intertidal to 41 m; on mangrove roots, seagrasses and algae, sea urchin spines, gastropods shells, sponges, corals, calcareous rocks and fouling of wood dock pilings). ��� Bastida-Zavala & ten Hove 2002: 127 ���129, figs 12A���K, 15 (Florida; eastern Mexico: Veracruz, Campeche, Yucat��n and Quintana Roo; Puerto Rico; Montserrat; Atlantic Panama; Cura��ao; Atlantic Colombia and Brazil; 0.6���41 m; salinity 31��� 37���; on mangrove roots, seagrasses and algae, sea urchin spines, bivalve and gastropods shells, sponges, calcareous rocks, live corals and fouling of wood dock pilings and canal docks). Hydroides parva ��� Day 1973: 132 (Cape Hatteras, North Carolina, United States; intertidal). ��� D��az-D��az & Li��ero-Arana 2001: 13 (Cariaco Gulf, Venezuela; PVC dock pilings). Material examined One specimen: BB (1) Aug. 2004. Diagnosis Tube missing. Opercular peduncle smooth, white. Operculum funnel with 23 radii with pointed tips (Fig. 4I); verticil with seven yellowish spines, curving abruptly inwards, forming an external knob (Fig. 4I); all spines similar in shape and size, with pointed tips; with basal internal spinule and two welldeveloped lateral spinules in middle position, without external spinules, wings or central tooth (Fig. 4I). Special collar chaetae with two pointed, short teeth and smooth distal blade. Taxonomic remarks Hydroides parva is frequently confused with H. bispinosa, because both species have vertical spines with a pair of lateral spinules; however, the main difference is the shape of the funnel radii: rounded in H. bispinosa, sharp in H. parva. This species is more often found on natural substrates; however, occasionally it is found on artificial substrates (Bastida-Zavala & Salazar-Vallejo 2000b; D��az-D��az & Li��ero-Arana 2001; Bastida-Zavala & ten Hove 2002). Ecology Intertidal to 41 m. On mangrove roots, bryozoans, seagrasses and algae, sea urchin spines, gastropod shells, sponges, corals (Orbicella annularis), calcareous rocks and on artificial substrates such as fouling on wood dock pilings (D��az 1994; Bastida-Zavala & Salazar-Vallejo 2000b; Bastida-Zavala & ten Hove 2002). Distribution Caribbean Sea, Bermuda, Gulf of Mexico, eastern United States (Florida and North Carolina) and Brazil (Bastida-Zavala & ten Hove 2002). In this work, only one specimen of Hydroides parva was found on a fouling plate from Biscayne Bay, Florida (Fig. 6)., Published as part of Bastida-Zavala, J. Rolando, McCANN, Linda D., Keppel, Erica & Ruiz, Gregory M., 2017, The fouling serpulids (Polychaeta: Serpulidae) from United States coastal waters: an overview, pp. 1-76 in European Journal of Taxonomy 344 on pages 37-38, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2017.344, http://zenodo.org/record/3834679, {"references":["Treadwell A. L. 1902. The polychaetous annelids of Porto Rico. Bulletin of the United States Fish Commission 2: 181 - 210.","Verrill A. E. 1873. Report upon the Invertebrate Animals of Vineyard Sound and the Adjacent Waters, with an Account of the Physical Characters of the Region. Report of the United States Commission for Fisheries 1871 - 72, pp. 295 - 778. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 57652","Webster H. E. 1884. Annelida from Bermuda, collected by G. Brown Goode. Bulletin of the United States National Museum 25: 305 - 327.","Zibrowius H. 1971. Les especes Mediterraneennes du genre Hydroides (Polychaeta Serpulidae): remarques sur le pretendu polymorphisme de Hydroides uncinata. Tethys 2: 691 - 746.","Augener H. 1925. Ueber Westindische und einige andere Polychaeten-Typen von Grube (Oersted), Kroyer, Morch und Schmarda. Publikationer fra Universitetets Zoologiske Museum i KObenhavn 39: 1 - 47.","Bastida-Zavala J. R. & ten Hove H. A. 2002. Revision of Hydroides Gunnerus, 1768 (Polychaeta: Serpulidae) from the Western Atlantic Region. Beaufortia 52: 103 - 178.","Augener H. 1927. Bijdragen tot de Kennis der Fauna van Curacao. Resultaten eener Reis van Dr. C. J. van der Horst in 1920. Polychaeten von Curacao. Bijdragen tot de Dierkunde 25: 39 - 82.","Augener H. 1934. Polychaeten aus den Zoologischen Museen von Leiden und Amsterdam. IV Schluss. Zoologische Mededeelingen 17: 67 - 160. http: // www. repository. naturalis. nl / document / 149757","Bush K. J. 1910. Description of new serpulids from Bermuda with notes on known forms from adjacent regions. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 62: 490 - 501. http: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 5526383 page / 528 / mode / 1 up","Treadwell A. L. 1939. Polychaetous annelids of Porto Rico and vicinity. Scientific survey of Porto Rico and the Virgin Islands. New York Academy of Sciences 16 (2): 151 - 319.","Rioja E. 1958. Estudios Anelidologicos XXII: Datos para el conocimiento de la fauna anelidos poliquetos de las costas orientales de Mexico. Anales del Instituto de Biologia 29: 219 - 301.","Wells H. W. & Gray I. E. 1964. Polychaetous annelids of the Cape Hatteras area. Journal of the Elisha Mitchell Scientific Society 80 (2): 70 - 78.","Zibrowius H. 1970. Contribution a l'etude des Serpulidae (Polychaeta Sedentaria) du Bresil. Boletim do Instituto Oceanografico do Sao Paulo 19: 1 - 32.","Rullier F. & Amoreux L. 1979. Campagne de la Calypso au large des cotes Atlantiques de l'Amerique du Sud (1961 - 1962). I. Annelides Polychetes. Annales de l'Institut Oceanographique 55: 146 - 218.","Diaz V. 1994. Polychaetes from the island of Barbados, W. I. Settlement and succession. In: Dauvin J. - C., Laubier L. & Reish D. J. (eds) Actes de la 4 eme Conference international des Polychetes: 618. Memoires du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle 162, Museum national d'Histoire naturelle, Paris.","Hove H. A. ten & San Martin G. 1995. Serpulidae (Polychaeta) procedentes de la I Expedicion Cubano- Espanola a la Isla de la Juventud y Archipielago de los Canarreos (Cuba). Studies on the Natural History of the Caribbean Region 72: 13 - 24.","Carrera-Parra L. F. & Vargas-Hernandez J. M. 1997. Comunidad criptica de esponjas del arrecife de Isla de Enmedio, Veracruz, Mexico. Revista de Biologia Tropical 44 (3) / 45 (1): 311 - 320.","Perkins T. H. 1998. Checklist of shallow-water marine polychaetous Annelida of Florida. In: Camp D. K., Lyons W. G. & Perkins T. H. (eds) Checklist of Selected Shallow-water Marine Invertebrates of Florida: 79 - 122. Florida Marine Research Institute, Technical Report 3.","Duenas P. D. 1999. Algunos poliquetos (Annelida) del Caribe colombiano. Milenio 1 (2): 9 - 18.","Bastida-Zavala J. R. & Salazar-Vallejo S. I. 2000 b. Serpulidos (Polychaeta: Serpulidae) del Caribe noroccidental: Hydroides y Serpula. Revista de Biologia Tropical 48: 841 - 858.","Day J. H. 1973. New Polychaeta from Beaufort with a key to all species recorded from North Carolina. NOAA Technical Report. NMFS CIRC- 375, Seattle. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 62852","Diaz-Diaz O. & Linero-Arana I. 2001. Poliquetos asociados a substratos artificiales sumergidos en la costa nororiental de Venezuela. II: Serpulidae y Spirorbidae. Boletin del Instituto de Oceanografia de Venezuela 40 (1 - 2): 9 - 20."]}

Hydroides bispinosa Bush, 1910 Figs 4A, 5 Hydroides bispinosa Bush, 1910: 496 (type locality: Bermuda, western Atlantic). Hydroides crucigera (non M��rch 1863) ��� Rioja 1958: 250 ���251 (Verde Island and Santiaguillo Island, Veracruz, eastern Mexico; on coral and mollusk shells). ��� Day 1973: 132 (Cape Hatteras and Beaufort, North Carolina; intertidal to 18 m). Hydroides bispinosus ��� D��az 1994: 618 (Barbados; settlement and succession experiments; 10 m; coral plates, on Montastrea annularis, now Orbicella annularis (Ellis & Solander, 1786)). ��� Perkins 1998: 95 (checklist of shallow-water polychaetes from Florida). ��� Bastida-Zavala & Salazar-Vallejo 2000b: 844, fig. 1b���l (La Habana, Cuba, and eastern Mexico: Champot��n, Campeche; R��a Lagartos and San Felipe, Yucat��n; Contoy Island, Nichupt�� Lagoon and Cozumel Island, Quintana Roo; intertidal to 4 m, on seagrass, algae, sponges, rocks, wood dock pilings). ��� Bastida-Zavala & ten Hove 2002: 125 ���127, figs 11A���I, 15 (Bermuda, Florida, Aruba and eastern Mexico: Campeche and Quintana Roo; 1���15 m, on pagurid carapace, rocks, wooden pier and coral debris). Hydroides bispinosa ��� Wells & Gray 1964: 74 (Cape Hatteras, North Carolina; hard substrates). ��� ten Hove & Wolf 1984: 55-18 ���55-21, figs 55-13, 55-14a���m (western Florida; 19���43 m, coarse to silty sand). Hydroides sanctaecrucis (non Kr��yer in M��rch 1863) ��� D��az-D��az & Li��ero-Arana 2001: 11, 13���14, figs 2a���f, 3g���l (Cariaco Gulf, Venezuela; on PVC dock pilings; description and figure). Material examined Eight specimens: BB (8) Aug. 2004. Diagnosis Tube white; with two longitudinal ridges; without peristomes, transverse ridges or alveoli. Opercular peduncle smooth, white. Operculum funnel with 12���19 radii with blunt tips (Fig. 4A); verticil with 7���10 spines, curving abruptly inwards, almost geniculate, tip of spines pointed; dorsal spines somewhat longer; all spines with basal internal spinule and two lateral spinules in middle position, without external spinules, wings or central tooth (Fig. 4A). Special collar chaetae with two pointed-elongate teeth and distal blade with small teeth. Taxonomic remarks Rioja (1958) recorded Hydroides crucigera M��rch, 1863 from Veracruz, eastern Mexico, a species similar to H. bispinosa because of the presence of two lateral spinules in the verticil spines (Fig. 4A). However, from their brief description it is possible to deduce by the small number of funnel radii (14) that the specimen corresponds to H. bispinosa rather than to H. crucigera. Hydroides bispinosa is frequently associated with calcareous substrates and occasionally found on PVC substrates (D��az-D��az & Li��ero-Arana 2001). Weisbord (1964: 156) collected an empty tube from northern Venezuela, as H. aff. bispinosa, but identification to species with only the tube, in the genus Hydroides is doubtful. Ecology Intertidal to sublittoral (43 m, ten Hove & Wolf 1984). In tropical and subtropical marine areas, on coral, mollusk shells, seagrass, algae, sponges, rocks and artificial substrates (Rioja 1958; D��az 1994; D��az-D��az & Li��ero-Arana 2001; Bastida-Zavala & Salazar-Vallejo 2000b; Bastida-Zavala & ten Hove 2002). Distribution Gulf of Mexico, Caribbean Sea and eastern United States. In this work, Hydroides bispinosa was occasionally found on fouling plates from Biscayne Bay, Florida (Fig. 5)., Published as part of Bastida-Zavala, J. Rolando, McCANN, Linda D., Keppel, Erica & Ruiz, Gregory M., 2017, The fouling serpulids (Polychaeta: Serpulidae) from United States coastal waters: an overview, pp. 1-76 in European Journal of Taxonomy 344 on pages 23-24, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2017.344, http://zenodo.org/record/3834679, {"references":["Bush K. J. 1910. Description of new serpulids from Bermuda with notes on known forms from adjacent regions. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 62: 490 - 501. http: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 5526383 page / 528 / mode / 1 up","Morch O. A. L. 1863. Revisio critica Serpulidarum. Et bidrag til rorormenes naturhistorie. Naturhistorisk Tidsskrift, Series 3, 1: 347 - 470.","Rioja E. 1958. Estudios Anelidologicos XXII: Datos para el conocimiento de la fauna anelidos poliquetos de las costas orientales de Mexico. Anales del Instituto de Biologia 29: 219 - 301.","Day J. H. 1973. New Polychaeta from Beaufort with a key to all species recorded from North Carolina. NOAA Technical Report. NMFS CIRC- 375, Seattle. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 62852","Diaz V. 1994. Polychaetes from the island of Barbados, W. I. Settlement and succession. In: Dauvin J. - C., Laubier L. & Reish D. J. (eds) Actes de la 4 eme Conference international des Polychetes: 618. Memoires du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle 162, Museum national d'Histoire naturelle, Paris.","Perkins T. H. 1998. Checklist of shallow-water marine polychaetous Annelida of Florida. In: Camp D. K., Lyons W. G. & Perkins T. H. (eds) Checklist of Selected Shallow-water Marine Invertebrates of Florida: 79 - 122. Florida Marine Research Institute, Technical Report 3.","Bastida-Zavala J. R. & Salazar-Vallejo S. I. 2000 b. Serpulidos (Polychaeta: Serpulidae) del Caribe noroccidental: Hydroides y Serpula. Revista de Biologia Tropical 48: 841 - 858.","Bastida-Zavala J. R. & ten Hove H. A. 2002. Revision of Hydroides Gunnerus, 1768 (Polychaeta: Serpulidae) from the Western Atlantic Region. Beaufortia 52: 103 - 178.","Wells H. W. & Gray I. E. 1964. Polychaetous annelids of the Cape Hatteras area. Journal of the Elisha Mitchell Scientific Society 80 (2): 70 - 78.","Imajima M. & ten Hove H. A. 1984. Serpulinae (Annelida, Polychaeta) from the Truk Islands, Ponape and Majuro Atoll, with some other new Indo-Pacific records. Proceedings of the Japanese Society of Systematic Zoology 27: 35 - 66.","Diaz-Diaz O. & Linero-Arana I. 2001. Poliquetos asociados a substratos artificiales sumergidos en la costa nororiental de Venezuela. II: Serpulidae y Spirorbidae. Boletin del Instituto de Oceanografia de Venezuela 40 (1 - 2): 9 - 20.","Weisbord N. E. 1964. Late Cenozoic scaphopods and serpulid polychaetes from North Venezuela. Bulletins of American Paleontology 47 (214): 111 - 204. http: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / bibliography / 39837 / summary","Hove H. A. ten & Jansen-Jacobs M. J. 1984. A revision of the genus Crucigera (Polychaeta; Serpulidae); a proposed methodical approach to serpulids, with special reference to variation in Serpula and Hydroides. In: Hutchings P. A. (ed.) Proceedings of the First International Polychaete Conference: 143 - 180. The Linnean Society of New South Wales, Sydney."]}

Hydroides elegans (Haswell, 1883) Figs 4E, 5 Eupomatus elegans Haswell, 1883: 633, pl. 12, fig. 1 (type locality: Port Jackson [= Sydney], Australia). Eupomatus pectinatus Philippi, 1844: 195, pl. 6, fig. R (type locality: Mediterranean). Hydroides abbreviata Kr��yer in M��rch, 1863: 377, pl. 11, figs 6���7 (type locality: Saint Croix Island, Lesser Antilles, Caribbean Sea). Hydroides pacificus Hartman, 1969: 759���760, figs 1���5 (type locality: Velero IV, sta. 1454���42, from ship hull; central and southern California). Hydroides norvegica (non Gunnerus 1768) ��� Edmonson & Ingram 1939: 268���271 (Kaneohe Bay and Pearl Harbor, Oahu, Hawaii; pier fouling). ��� Edmonson 1944: 3���16 (Pearl Harbor, Oahu, Hawaii; fouling experiments; 0���4 m). ��� Berkeley & Berkeley 1941: 56 (Newport Bay, southern California; from piling). ��� Hartman 1952: 63���64, figs 1���2 (Corpus Christi Bay, Texas; bottom of a boat; some specimens with double funnel). ��� Renaud 1956: 35 (Miami, Florida; bottom of R/V Physalia). ��� Hartman 1961: 44 (Los Angeles harbor, southern California; fouling on hulls of ships). ��� Rioja 1961: 311 (Ant��n Lizardo Beach, Veracruz, eastern Mexico; on ascidians and shells). ��� Lakshmana Rao 1969: 5, pl. 2, figs a���g (Visakhapatnam and Madras, now Chennai, India; harbours). Serpula vermicularis (non Linnaeus 1767) ��� Lakshmana Rao 1969: 2���3, pl. 1, figs a���g (Visakhapatnam and Madras, now Chennai, India; harbours). Hydroides elegans ��� Zibrowius 1971: 721���725, figs 56���64 (Mediterranean, Western Africa, South Africa, Mozambique, Java, Australia, Hawaii, California, Florida; extensive revision; intertidal to 6 m; on hull of boats). ��� Long 1974: 28 (Pearl Harbor, Oahu, Hawaii; 9 m; with little coverage on fouling plates). ��� Bailey-Brock 1976: 77���78 (Oahu Island and Hawaii Island; reef flats, on chlorophyte Dictyosphaeria cavernosa (Forssk��l) B��rgesen, epifauna of mobile substrata (mollusks and crustaceans), boat harbors and lagoons, brackish waters and reef slope). ��� Imajima 1976b: 237���238, fig. 3a���n (Tokyo Bay, Kanagawa Prefecture, Shizuoka Prefecture, Mie Prefecture, Wakayama Prefecture, Osaka Bay, Hiroshima Bay, Nagasaki Harbour, Amakusa Bay and Kagoshima Bay, Kochi Prefecture, Koniya Island, Japan; on the oysters Pinctada fucata (Gould, 1850), Crassostrea gigas (Thunberg, 1793) and Pteria penguin (R��ding, 1798)); 1979: 169 (around Shionomisaki Cape and Kushimoto Harbour, southern Japan; 19���75 m; on shell, gravel and rope). ��� Due��as 1981: 100���101, fig. 31A���G (Cartagena Bay, Colombia; on plastic pond related to shrimp culture). ��� Imajima 1982: 46 (Arumizu Bay, Palau Islands). ��� Bailey-Brock 1987: 420��� 421 (Hawaii). ��� Zibrowius 1992: 91 (discussion about its origin). ��� Nishi 1995a: 101���102 (southern Japan; on chelae and carapace of the crab Charybdis riversandersoni Alcock, 1899). ��� Ishaq & Mustaquim 1996: 170, fig. 5A���H (Karachi, Pakistan; intertidal, on rocks, buoy and boat hull). ��� Nishi 1996: 306���308 (Okinawa Island, Southwest Japan; buried in the coral Montastrea sp. and attached to dead coral, Pocillopora damicornis (Linnaeus, 1758)). ��� Perkins 1998: 95 (checklist of shallow-water polychaetes from Florida). ��� Due��as 1999: 14 (Cartagena Bay, Colombia). ��� Bastida-Zavala & Salazar-Vallejo 2000b: 846���848, fig. 2e���f (eastern Mexico: San Juan de Ul��a, Veracruz; Champot��n, Campeche; Celest��n, Yucat��n; and Contoy Island, Quintana Roo; 0.3���3.5 m; on calcareous rocks, seagrass and macroalgae, wood dock pilings, and fort wall cover with vermetids, oysters and ascidians). ��� D��az-D��az & Li��ero-Arana 2001: 12 (Cariaco Gulf, Venezuela; PVC dock pilings). ��� Bastida-Zavala & ten Hove 2002: 164���166, figs 35A���J, 36 (Florida, Texas, Puerto Rico, Atlantic Panama, Aruba, Cura��ao, and eastern Mexico: Veracruz, Campeche and Quintana Roo; intertidal to 7 m; 31���37���; on coral debris, fouling of wood pier and boats). ��� Bastida-Zavala & ten Hove 2003: 86���87, fig. 11A���S (California and Hawaii; intertidal to 1 m; among algae and bryozoans, fouling of marina piers and ship and submarine hulls). ��� Rodr��guez-Valencia 2004: 520 (Petacalco Bay, Guerrero, southern Mexican Pacific; 3���21 m). ��� ��inar 2006: 226���227, fig. 3D���E (as NIS from eastern Levantine coast of Turkey). ��� Bastida-Zavala 2008: 25���26, fig. 6H (California and Baja California Sur, Mexican Pacific; intertidal to 1 m,on PVC plates and hull of boats).��� Carlton & Eldredge 2009: 62 (Hawaii; invasion history). ��� D��az-Casta��eda &Valenzuela-Solano 2009: 513 (west coast of Baja California Peninsula:Salsipuedes Bay, Baja California; vicinity of tuna farm sea-cages). ��� Tovar-Hern��ndez et al. 2009: 331, figs 3l, 8a-c (as fouling species in Mazatl��n, Sinaloa, Mexican Pacific). ��� Ben-Eliahu & ten Hove 2011: 19��� 25, figs 5D���E, 6���7 (Turkey, Cyprus, Israel, Egypt, Suez Canal and Red Sea; 0.2���10 m, on algae (Cystoseira myrica C. Agardh now Polycladia myrica (S.G. Gmelin) Draima, Ballesteros, F.Rousseau & T. Thibaut, Digenea, Laurensia and Sargassum), sponges, gastropods (Murex forskoehli R��ding, 1798), bivalves (Brachidontes pharaonis, Chama gryphoides Linnaeus, 1758, Chicoreus erythraeus, now Murex erythraeus P. Fischer, 1870, Crenatula picta, Fulvia fragilis (Forssk��l in Niebuhr, 1775), Fusinus verrucosus (Gmelin, 1791), Malvufundus normalis (Lamarck, 1819), now Malleus anatinus (Gmelin, 1791), M. regulus (Forssk��l in Niebuhr, 1775), Pinctada radiata, Spondylus spinosus Schreibers, 1793 and Pectinidae), bryozoans, barnacles, crabs, tunicates, under rocks, artificial substrates such as canal walls, a tin can submerged in mud, rubber fenders and iron frames). ��� Tovar-Hern��ndez et al. 2012: 16���17 (Gulf of California: Guaymas, Sonora and Topolobampo, Sinaloa); 2014: 388, 390 (Gulf of California: Topolobampo, Sinaloa; Guaymas, Sonora; La Paz, Baja California Sur). ��� Schwan et al. 2015: 3���6, fig. 2A���I (southeastern Brazil; intertidal to 1 m; fouling of harbors, marinas and PVC plates). ��� Sun et al. 2015: 23���29, fig. 6a���b (New South Wales, Northern Territory, Queensland, South and Western Australia; intertidal to 20 m; on scallop and mussel clumps on sandy bottom, fine mud, under rocks, unvegetated sediment, Zostera, Caulerpa filiformis, brown algae, on barnacles, cement and wooden pilings, floating pontoon, fouling plates, inside air-conditioning cooling pipe, and ship hulls). ��� Bastida-Zavala et al. 2016: 419���420, figs 4, 11F���G (Mexican Pacific: Baja California Sur and Oaxaca; in marinas and harbors, fouling; intertidal to 1 m). Hydroides pacificus ��� D��az-Casta��eda 2000: 327 (west coast of Baja California Peninsula: Todos Santos Bay, Baja California; 10 m; terracota plates). Material examined 384 specimens: IR (123) Aug. 2005, BB (1) Aug. 2004, TB (32) Jun. and Jul. 2012, HB (1) Sep. 2003, LB (87) Sep. 2003, MI (5) Jul. 2013, SD (87) Sep. 2000 and Jul. 2013, HI (48) Aug. 2006. Additional material 18 specimens: LACMNH s.n., colony (southern California, 33��21'03" N, 118��19'55" W, off Avalon, Santa Catalina Island, Velero III, sta. 1377, grey sand, 110 m, 3 Aug. 1941, as Serpula sp.); LACMNH s.n., 1 specimen (southern California, 33��44'02" N, 118��32'03" W, 10 km from Pt Vicente lighthouse, Velero IV, sta. 2475, peel grab, mud, specimen attached to hexactinellid sponge, 740 m, 28 Oct. 1953); LACMNH s.n., 1 specimen (southern California, 33��47'59" N, 118��33'59" W, 11.5 km from Palos Verdes Point, Velero IV, sta. 2792, Hayward grab, mud, 600 m, 22 May 1954); LACMNH s.n., 1 specimen (southern California, 33��14' N, 118��18'04" W, 6.9 km from East End Light, Santa Catalina Island, Velero IV, sta. 2850, Campbell grab, 1200 m, 23 Jun. 1954); MBL-SD s.n., 5 specimens (southern California, approx. 32��43' N, 117��13' W, San Diego, CSA P���161, 1 month plate, 7 Oct. to 7 Nov. 1974, as H. pacificus). Diagnosis This species is gregarious and can form small colonies. Tube white, with or without two longitudinal ridges, with or without peristomes; but not alveoli. Opercular peduncle smooth, white. Opercular funnel with 15���31 radii (21���35 in eastern Pacific specimens) with blunt tips (Fig. 4E); verticil with 11���18 spines, straight, with pointed tips (Fig. 4E); all spines with 0���4 internal spinules and 2���3 pairs of lateral spinules (2���5 in eastern Pacific specimens), without external spinules and/or wings (Fig. 4E). Special collar chaetae with two pointed-elongate teeth and a proximal rasp, distal blade with notch and many denticles. Taxonomic remarks Hydroides elegans now exhibits a world-wide distribution in tropical and subtropical ports, marinas and eutrophic lagoons (ten Hove 1974). Due to its rapid colonization and population growth, it is considered an invasive species (Zibrowius 1973, 1992, 1994; Tovar-Hern��ndez et al. 2009, 2014). The main means of dispersal of this species is through fouling on boats and ships and/or as larvae in ballast water (Nelson-Smith 1967; Tovar-Hern��ndez et al. 2009). Although H. elegans was described from Australia (Haswell 1883), and Zibrowius (1992) and several authors speculate that it is native there (Ben-Eliahu & ten Hove 2011; Sun et al. 2015), this is not clear evidence of an Australian origin. Bastida-Zavala et al. (2016: 420) draw attention to the fact that both the Hawaiian (Long 1974; Bailey-Brock 1976) and Australian (Sun et al. 2015) records of this species were from both natural and man-made substrates, suggesting a broader Indo-West Pacific origin. However, there are also records of this species from both natural and artificial substrates in the Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean Sea (e.g., Hartman 1952; Bastida-Zavala & Salazar-Vallejo 2000b; Bastida-Zavala & ten Hove 2002). In addition, 20 years before H. elegans was described, Kr��yer (in M��rch 1863) described H. abbreviata, a senior synonym of the former species, from Saint Croix, a Caribbean Island, suggesting a possible Caribbean origin as well. Finally, the oldest description of a senior synonym of H. elegans is H. pectinatus, described by Philippi in 1844, from the Mediterranean. One of these old names could take precedence over the name H. elegans (Principle of Priority, ICZN 1999, art. 23); however, nomenclatural stability will not promote the re-introduction of these oldest available names, and therefore the conditions for reversal of precedence are met (ICZN 1999, art. 23.9). To resolve the origin of this species, a molecular analysis of the different world-wide populations will be necessary. In this work, Hydroides elegans is considered a cryptogenic species. Ecology Intertidal to sublittoral (10 m). Some records off California (additional material from LACMNH) have questionable depth data (110���1200 m). In subtropical and tropical marine and brackish waters; salinities of 31���37��� (Bastida-Zavala & ten Hove 2002); on reef flats, on chlorophytes, epifauna of mobile substrata (mollusks and crustaceans), boat harbors, lagoons and reef slope (Bailey-Brock 1976); on the oysters Pinctada fucata, Crassostrea gigas and Pteria (Magnavicula) penguin (Imajima 1976b); on the crab Charybdis riversandersoni, dead coral (Pocillopora damicornis) and buried in the coral Montastrea sp. (Nishi 1995 a, 1996); also on rocks, seagrass, macroalgae (Cystoseira myrica, Digenea, Laurencia and Sargassum), sponges, gastropods (Murex forskoehli), bivalves (Brachidontes pharaonis, Chama gryphoides, Chicoreus erythraeus, Crenatula picta, Fulvia fragilis, Fusinus verrucosus, Malvufundus normalis, M. regulus, Pinctada radiata, Spondylus spinosus and Pectinidae), bryozoans, barnacles, crabs, tunicates, coral debris, under rocks, and on artificial substrates such as boat and ship hulls, cement and wood dock pilings, buoys, PVC or terracotta plates, canal walls, tin cans, rubber fenders and iron frames (Hartman 1952; Long 1974; D��az-Casta��eda 2000; Bastida-Zavala & Salazar-Vallejo 2000b; Bastida-Zavala & ten Hove 2002, 2003; Ben-Eliahu & ten Hove 2011). Distribution Worldwide in tropical to temperate waters. Western Atlantic: Caribbean Sea, Bermuda, Gulf of Mexico, Brazil; eastern Pacific: Hawaii, southern California, Mexican Pacific, Panama; other regions: Mediterranean, Suez Canal, western and South Africa, Mozambique, Pakistan, Java, Hong Kong, Australia, southern and central Japan, Palau Islands (M��rch 1863; Fauvel 1932; Day 1967; Zibrowius 1971; Imajima 1976b, 1979, 1982; Ishaq& Mustaquim 1996; Bastida-Zavala & ten Hove2002, 2003; ��inar 2006; Bastida-Zavala 2008; Ben-Eliahu & ten Hove 2011; Sun et al. 2012, 2015). In this work, Hydroides elegans was found abundantly and frequently on fouling plates from the Indian River and Tampa Bay, Florida; Long Beach and San Diego Bay, California; and Oahu, Hawaii; and occasionally from Biscayne Bay, Florida, and Humboldt Bay and Mission Bay, California (Fig. 5). Only one specimen was found on a fouling plate from Humboldt Bay, California, in 2003, suggesting that the species may now be present in northern California. However, additional sampling is necessary to confirm that H. elegans is currently established in northern California. Hydroides elegans was observed at Eel Pond, Cape Cod, Massachusetts, on one occasion in the summer and fall of 2011, surviving the winter 2011���2012, and found again in the spring of 2012 occurring at remarkable abundances. However, after the second winter, no live specimens were found (Fofonoff et al. 2003; Jim Carlton, pers. comm., 2011���2013) so it is not clear if the species is still established there. If so, this record extends the northward range of the species on the east coast, from the Indian River, Florida, to Cape Cod, Massachusetts (1750 km). The remarkable abundance observed by Carlton demonstrates the colonization potential of H. elegans with warming temperatures, such as those predicted under the climate change scenario. On the east coast, Eel Pond has a latitude of 41��33' N, while on the west coast, Humbolt Bay, northern California, is located at 40��45' N; both localities represent the northernmost records of this species on mainland North America, suggesting that continued monitoring is necessary to evaluate the species spread., Published as part of Bastida-Zavala, J. Rolando, McCANN, Linda D., Keppel, Erica & Ruiz, Gregory M., 2017, The fouling serpulids (Polychaeta: Serpulidae) from United States coastal waters: an overview, pp. 1-76 in European Journal of Taxonomy 344 on pages 30-34, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2017.344, http://zenodo.org/record/3834679, {"references":["Haswell W. A. 1883. On some new Australian tubicolous Annelids. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 7: 633 - 638.","Philippi A. 1844. Einige Bemerkungen uber die Gattung Serpula, nebst Aufzahlung der von mir im Mittelmeer mit dem Thier beobachteten Arten. Archiv fur Naturgeschichte 10 (1): 186 - 198. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 29558","Morch O. A. L. 1863. Revisio critica Serpulidarum. Et bidrag til rorormenes naturhistorie. Naturhistorisk Tidsskrift, Series 3, 1: 347 - 470.","Hartman O. 1969. Atlas of the Sedentariate Polychaetous Annelids from California. Allan Hancock Foundation, Los Angeles.","Gunnerus J. E. 1768. Om nogle Norske Coraller. Det Kongelige Norske Videnskabens Selskab Skrifter 4: 38 - 73.","Edmonson C. H. & Ingram W. M. 1939. Fouling organisms in Hawaii. Occasional Papers of the Bernice P. Bishop Museum 14 (14): 251 - 300. http: // hbs. bishopmuseum. org / pubs-online / pdf / op 14 - 14. pdf","Edmonson C. H. 1944. Incidence of fouling in Pearl Harbor. Occasional Papers of the Bernice P. Bishop Museum 18 (1): 1 - 34. http: // hbs. bishopmuseum. org / pubs-online / pdf / op 18 - 1. pdf","Berkeley E. & Berkeley C. 1941. On a collection of Polychaeta from Southern California. Bulletin of the Southern California Academy of Sciences 40 (1): 16 - 60.","Hartman O. 1952. Fouling serpulid worms, new to the Gulf of Mexico. Texas Journal of Sciences 1: 63 - 64.","Renaud J. C. 1956. A report on some polychaetous annelids from the Miami-Bimini area. American Museum Novitates 1812: 1 - 40. http: // digitallibrary. amnh. org / handle / 2246 / 4653","Hartman O. 1961. Polychaetous annelids from California. Allan Hancock Pacific Expeditions 25: 1 - 226.","Rioja E. 1961. Estudios Anelidologicos XXIV: Adiciones a la fauna de anelidos poliquetos de las costas orientales de Mexico. Anales del Instituto de Biologia 31: 289 - 316.","Lakshmana Rao M. V. 1969. Fouling serpulids from some Indian harbours. Journal of the Timber Development Association of India 15 (2): 1 - 20.","Linnaeus C. 1767. Systema Naturae. 12 th ed., 1, Part 2. L. Salvius, Holmiae [Stockholm], 533 - 1327. Linero-Arana I. & Diaz-Diaz O. 2012. Presencia del poliqueto exotico Ficopomatus uschakovi (Polychaeta: Serpulidae) en Venezuela: descripcion y comentarios sobre su distribucion. Interciencia 37: 234 - 237.","Zibrowius H. 1971. Les especes Mediterraneennes du genre Hydroides (Polychaeta Serpulidae): remarques sur le pretendu polymorphisme de Hydroides uncinata. Tethys 2: 691 - 746.","Long E. R. 1974. Marine fouling studies off Oahu, Hawaii. The Veliger 17 (1): 23 - 36.","Bailey-Brock J. H. 1976. Habitats of tubicolous polychaetes from the Hawaiian Islands and Johnston Atoll. Pacific Science 30 (1): 69 - 81. http: // scholarspace. manoa. hawaii. edu / bitstream / handle / 10125 / 1532 / v 30 n 1 - 69 - 81. pdf","Imajima M. 1976 b. Serpulidae (Annelida, Polychaeta) from Japan. I. The genus Hydroides. Bulletin of the National Science Museum, Series A (Zoology) 2 (4): 229 - 247.","Duenas P. D. 1981. Inventario preliminar de los poliquetos (Annelida) de aguas someras de la Bahia de Cartagena y areas adyacentes. Boletin del Museo del Mar (10): 82 - 138.","Imajima M. 1982. Serpulinae (polychaetous annelids) from the Palau and Yap Islands, Micronesia. Proceedings of the Japanese Society of Systematic Zoology 23: 37 - 55.","Bailey-Brock J. H. 1987. Phylum Annelida. In: Devaney D. M. & Eldredge L. G. (eds) Reef and Shore Fauna of Hawaii. Section 3: Sipuncula through Annelida: 213 - 453. Special Publication of the Bernice P. Bishop Museum, 64.","Zibrowius H. 1992. Ongoing modification of the Mediterranean marine fauna and flora by the establishment of exotic species. Mesogee 51: 83 - 107.","Nishi E. 1995 a. Occurrence of the serpulid polychaetes, Hydroides elegans (Haswell) and H. fusicola Morch on the carapace of the crustaceans. Nankiseibutu: The Nanki Biological Society 37 (2): 101 - 102.","Ishaq S. & Mustaquim J. 1996. Polychaetous annelids (order Sabellida) from the Karachi coast, Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Marine Sciences 5 (2): 161 - 197. http: // aquaticcommons. org / 17776 / 1 / PJMS 5.2 _ 161. pdf","Nishi E. 1996. Serpulid polychaetes associated with living and dead corals at Okinawa Island, Southwest Japan. Publications of the Seto Marine Biological Laboratory 37 (3 / 6): 305 - 318. https: // repository. kulib. kyoto-u. ac. jp / dspace / bitstream / 2433 / 176262 / 1 / fia 0373 - 6 _ 305. pdf","Perkins T. H. 1998. Checklist of shallow-water marine polychaetous Annelida of Florida. In: Camp D. K., Lyons W. G. & Perkins T. H. (eds) Checklist of Selected Shallow-water Marine Invertebrates of Florida: 79 - 122. Florida Marine Research Institute, Technical Report 3.","Duenas P. D. 1999. Algunos poliquetos (Annelida) del Caribe colombiano. Milenio 1 (2): 9 - 18.","Bastida-Zavala J. R. & Salazar-Vallejo S. I. 2000 b. Serpulidos (Polychaeta: Serpulidae) del Caribe noroccidental: Hydroides y Serpula. Revista de Biologia Tropical 48: 841 - 858.","Diaz-Diaz O. & Linero-Arana I. 2001. Poliquetos asociados a substratos artificiales sumergidos en la costa nororiental de Venezuela. II: Serpulidae y Spirorbidae. Boletin del Instituto de Oceanografia de Venezuela 40 (1 - 2): 9 - 20.","Bastida-Zavala J. R. & ten Hove H. A. 2002. Revision of Hydroides Gunnerus, 1768 (Polychaeta: Serpulidae) from the Western Atlantic Region. Beaufortia 52: 103 - 178.","Bastida-Zavala J. R. & ten Hove H. A. 2003. Revision of Hydroides Gunnerus, 1768 (Polychaeta: Serpulidae) from the Eastern Pacific Region and Hawaii. Beaufortia 53: 67 - 110.","Rodriguez-Valencia J. A. 2004. Respuesta de los poliquetos bentonicos a la variabilidad ambiental y condiciones El Nino en Bahia Petacalco (Guerrero, Mexico). Ciencias Marinas 30 (4): 515 - 526. http: // libros. duhnnae. com / 2017 / may / 14944091826 - Respuesta-de-los-poliquetos-bentonicos-a-lavariabilidad-ambiental-y-condiciones-el-nino-en-bahia. php","Cinar M. E. 2006. Serpulid species (Polychaeta: Serpulidae) from the Levantine coast of Turkey (eastern Mediterranean), with special emphasis on alien species. Aquatic Invasions 1 (4): 223 - 240. https: // doi. org / 10.3391 / ai. 2006.1.4.6","Bastida-Zavala J. R. 2008. Serpulids (Annelida: Polychaeta) from the eastern Pacific, including a brief mention of Hawaiian serpulids. Zootaxa 1722: 1 - 61.","Carlton J. T. & Eldredge L. G. 2009. Marine Bioinvasions of Hawai'i. The Introduced and Cryptogenic Marine and Estuarine Animals and Plants of the Hawaiian Archipelago. Bishop Museum Bulletins in Cultural and Environmental Studies 4. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu.","Diaz-Castaneda V. & Valenzuela-Solano S. 2009. Polychaete fauna in the vicinity of bluefin tuna seacages in Ensenada, Baja California, Mexico. Zoosymposia 2: 505 - 526.","Tovar-Hernandez M. A., Mendez N. & Villalobos-Guerrero T. F. 2009. Fouling polychaete worms from the southern Gulf of California: Sabellidae and Serpulidae. Systematics and Biodiversity 7 (3): 319 - 336. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 1477200009990041","Ben-Eliahu M. N. & ten Hove H. A. 2011. Serpulidae (Annelida: Polychaeta) from the Suez Canal- From a Lessepsian migration perspective. Zootaxa 2848: 1 - 147. http: // www. mapress. com / zootaxa / 2011 / f / zt 02848 p 147. pdf","Tovar-Hernandez M. A., Villalobos-Guerrero T. F., Yanez-Rivera B., Aguilar-Camacho J. M. & Ramirez- Santana I. D. 2012. Guia de Invertebrados acuaticos exoticos en Sinaloa. Geomare, A. C., USFWS, INE- SEMARNAT, Mazatlan, Sinaloa, Mexico.","Schwan I. D. S., Brasil A. C. D. S., Neves D. & Dias G. M. 2015. The invasive worm Hydroides elegans (Polychaeta - Serpulidae) in southeastern Brazil and its potential to dominate hard substrata. Marine Biology Research 12 (1): 96 - 103. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 17451000.2015.1080370","Sun Y., Wong E., ten Hove H. A., Hutchings P. A., Williamson J. E. & Kupriyanova E. K. 2015. Revision of the genus Hydroides (Annelida: Serpulidae) from Australia. Zootaxa 4009 (1): 1 - 99. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4009.1.1","Bastida-Zavala J. R., Rodriguez Buelna A. S., de Leon-Gonzalez J. A., Camacho-Cruz K. A. & Carmona I. 2016. New records of sabellids and serpulids (Polychaeta: Sabellidae, Serpulidae) from the Tropical Eastern Pacific. Zootaxa 4184 (3): 401 - 457. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4184.3.1","Diaz-Castaneda V. 2000. The early establishment and development of a polychaete community settled on artificial substrata at Todos Santos Bay, Baja California, Mexico. Bulletin of Marine Science 67 (1): 321 - 335.","Hove H. A. ten. 1974. Notes on Hydroides elegans (Haswell, 1883) and Mercierella enigmatica Fauvel, 1923, alien serpulid polychaetes introduced into the Netherlands. Bulletin Zoologisch Museum, Universiteit van Amsterdam 4 (5): 45 - 51.","Zibrowius H. 1973. Remarques sur trois especes de Serpulidae acclimatees en Mediterranee: Hydroides dianthus (Verrill, 1873), Hydroides dirampha Morch, 1863, et Hydroides elegans (Haswell, 1883).","Zibrowius H. 1994. Introduced invertebrates: examples of success and nuisance in the European Atlantic and in the Mediterranean. In: Boudouresque C. F., Briand F. & Nolan C. (eds) Introduced Species in European Coastal Waters: 44 - 49. Ecosystems Research Report 8, European Commission.","Tovar-Hernandez M. A., Yanez-Rivera B., Villalobos-Guerrero T. F., Aguilar-Camacho J. M. & Ramirez- Santana I. D. 2014. Invertebrados marinos exoticos en el Golfo de California. In: Low Pfeng A. M, Quijon P. A. & Peters Recagno E. M. (eds) Especies invasoras acuaticas: Casos de Estudio en Ecosistemas de Mexico: 15 - 32. Secretaria de Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales, Instituto Nacional de Ecologia y Cambio Climatico, Mexico DF, Mexico, and University of Prince Edward Island, Charlotteville, Canada.","Nelson-Smith A. 1967. 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Hydroides dirampha M��rch, 1863 Figs 4D, 5 Hydroides (Eucarphus) dirampha M��rch, 1863: 379, pl. 11, fig. 10 (type locality: St. Thomas, Lesser Antilles, Caribbean). Hydroides (Eucarphus) benzoni M��rch, 1863: 380, pl. 11, fig. 11 (type locality: Bahia, Brazil; on the gastropod Purpura haemastoma, now Stramonita haemastoma (Linnaeus, 1767)). Hydroides (Eucarphus) cumingii navalis M��rch, 1863: 379 (type locality: New Zealand). Eupomatus lunulifer Clapar��de, 1870: 181���182 (type locality: Gulf of Naples, Italy; hull of a vessel in refit). Eucarphus serratus Bush, 1910: 495���496 (type locality: Bermuda). Hydroides malleophorus Rioja, 1942: 126���130, figs 7���14 (type locality: Mazatl��n, Sinaloa, Mexican Pacific; on rocks). Hydroides (Eucarphus) cumingii ��� Ehlers 1905: 70���72 (Oahu, Hawaii; harbor). Hydroides sp. ��� Treadwell 1914: 226, pl. 12, fig. 48 (Hawaii; yacht bottom). Hydroides lunulifera ��� Monro 1933: 1082 (Colon, Atlantic side of Panama; on pier pilings). ��� Edmonson & Ingram 1939: 268���271 (Kaneohe Bay and Pearl Harbor, Oahu, Hawaii; pier fouling). ��� Edmonson 1944: 3���16 (Pearl Harbor, Oahu, Hawaii; fouling experiments; 0���4 m). ��� Rioja1961: 310��� 311 (Ant��n Lizardo Beach, Veracruz, eastern Mexico; on ascidians). ��� Straughan 1969: 232 (Oahu, Hawaii, samples from 1929 to 1968; intertidal to 1.5 m). ��� Nelson-Smith 1967: 31, fig. 16 (Panama Canal). ��� Lakshmana Rao 1969: 5���6, pl. 3, figs a���g (Visakhapatnam and Madras, now Chennai, India; harbours). Hydroides dirampha ��� Zibrowius 1971: 705 ���707, figs 6���9 (Italy, Bermudas, Florida, Lesser Antilles, Veracruz, eastern Mexico, Panama, Venezuela, Brazil, South Africa, Java, Hawaii and New Zealand; intertidal to 90 m; on scleractinian corals Cladocora arbuscula (Le Sueur, 1820) and Astrangia sp.; on pier and hull of boat). ��� Long 1974: 28 (Oahu, Hawaii; 9���36 m; fouling plates). ��� Bailey-Brock 1976: 77 ���78 (Oahu Island and Hawaii Island; reef flats, epifauna of mobile substrata (mollusks and crustaceans), boat harbors and lagoons and reef slope). ��� Imajima 1978: 54 ���56, fig. 3a���j (Ō-shima Island; intertidal); 1979: 168���169 (Kushimoto Harbour, southern Japan; on rope). ��� Due��as 1981: 100, fig. 30A���F (Cartagena Bay, Colombia; on cement wall and plastic tubes related to shrimp culture ponds). ��� Bailey-Brock 1987: 420 (Hawaii). ��� Zibrowius 1992: 91 (discussion about its origin in tropical American Atlantic). ��� Bastida-Zavala 1993: 35 (Gulf of California: Caimancito Beach, La Paz Bay, Baja California Sur; rocks and sand). ��� Perkins 1998: 95 (checklist of shallow-water polychaetes of Florida). ��� Due��as 1999: 14 (Cartagena Bay, Colombia). ��� D��az-D��az & Li��ero-Arana 2001: 12 ���13 (Cariaco Gulf, Venezuela; PVC dock pilings). Hydroides diramphus ��� Bastida-Zavala & Salazar-Vallejo 2000b: 845 ���846, figs 2a���d (San Juan de Ul��a, Veracruz, eastern Mexico; 1���1.5 m; on wall with vermetids, oysters and ascidians). ��� Bastida-Zavala & ten Hove 2002: 161 ���164, figs 34A���P, 36 (Bermuda, Veracruz, eastern Mexico, Cura��ao, Atlantic Panama, Venezuela and Brazil; intertidal to 23 m; on Rhizophora, salinity: 31��� 37���); 2003: 83���86, fig. 10A���L (southern California, Hawaii and Baja California Sur, Mexican Pacific; intertidal to 1 m; on pier piling and rocks on sand). ��� Rodr��guez-Valencia 2004: 520 (Petacalco Bay, Guerrero, southern Mexican Pacific; 3���21 m). ��� ��inar 2006: 226, fig. 3A���C (as NIS from eastern Levantine coast of Turkey). ��� Bastida-Zavala 2008: 25, fig. 6G (Hawaii, southern California and Sinaloa, Mexican Pacific; intertidal to 2 m). ��� Carlton & Eldredge 2009: 61 ���62 (Hawaii; invasion history). ��� Ben-Eliahu & ten Hove 2011: 17 ���19, figs 4, 5A���C (Israel, Egypt, Suez Canal and Red Sea; 0.3���10 m; on algae (Digenea C. Agardh), sponges, mollusks (Brachidontes pharaonis (P. Fischer, 1870), Crenatula picta (Gmelin, 1791), and Pinctada radiata (Leach, 1814)), rocks, artificial substrates such as a barge, tin can, rubber fenders, iron frames and ship hulls). ��� Tovar-Hern��ndez et al. 2012: 14 ���15 (Gulf of California: Guaymas, Sonora); 2014: 388, 390, fig. 2g (Gulf of California: Guaymas, Sonora, and La Paz, Baja California Sur). ��� Sun et al. 2015: 20 ���21, fig. 5a���b (New South Wales, Queensland and Western Australia; 0.5���11.8 m; on sand bottom, rocks, cement and wooden pilings, fouling plates and ship hulls). ��� Bastida-Zavala et al. 2016: 418 ���419, figs 4, 11E (Mexican Pacific: Baja California Sur and Oaxaca; intertidal to 1 m; in marinas and harbors, fouling). Material examined 150 specimens: JX (6) Aug. 2001, IR (78) Aug. 2005, BB (5) Aug. 2004, CC (19) Sep. 2002, SD (41) Aug. 2000, HI (1) Aug. 2006. Additional material Four specimens: UMAR-Poly 63, 4 specimens (Hawaii inter-island cargo barge, HF-023, hull fouling community roughly two years old; barge only operates in Hawaii, coll. S. Godwin). Diagnosis Sometimes this species is gregarious. Tube white, with 2���3 longitudinal ridges, with transverse ridges, with or without peristome rings; but not alveoli. Opercular peduncle smooth, white. Opercular funnel with 25���39 radii with pointed tips (Fig. 4D); verticil with 11���17 spines, straight, with tip T-shaped and flattened, with one basal internal spinule, without external and lateral spinules or wings (Fig. 4D). Special collar chaetae with two pointed-elongate teeth and smooth distal blade. Taxonomic remarks While formerly considered to be native to the Caribbean (Zibrowius 1992; Ben-Eliahu & ten Hove 2011), Hydroides dirampha may actually be native to the tropical eastern Pacific (Sun et al. 2015). Bastida-Zavala & ten Hove (2002) recorded the species from the Caribbean, at both undisturbed and polluted sites, while Rioja (1942) and Bastida-Zavala (1993) recorded the species from the Mexican Pacific, only at undisturbed sites, but close to harbors (Mazatl��n and La Paz, respectively). Recent surveys in the Mexican Pacific (Tovar-Hern��ndez et al. 2012, 2014; Bastida-Zavala et al. 2016), found H. dirampha frequently in marinas and harbors. Hydroides dirampha has been in Hawaii for at least 120 years (Ehlers 1905), and in southern California for 100 years (Treadwell 1914). Thus, molecular analyses of the different world-wide populations are needed to solve the problem of the origin of this species. In this work, Hydroides dirampha is considered a cryptogenic species. Ecology Intertidal to sublittoral (36 m). In subtropical and tropical marine and brackish waters; salinities of 31���37��� (Bastida-Zavala & ten Hove 2002); on reef flats, epifauna of mobile substrata (mollusks and crustaceans), boat harbors and lagoons and reef slope (Bailey-Brock 1976); also on the gastropod Stramonita haemastoma, algae Digenea, sponges, the bivalves Brachidontes pharaonis, Crenatula picta, and Pinctada radiata, the scleractinian corals Cladocora arbuscula and Astrangia sp. (Zibrowius 1971), rocks, Rhizophora, and artificial substrates such as boat hulls, barges and ships, ropes, wood dock pilings, buoys, PVC plates, tin cans, rubber fenders and iron frames (Clapar��de 1870; Treadwell 1914; Long 1974; Imajima 1979; Bastida-Zavala & Salazar-Vallejo 2000b; Bastida-Zavala & ten Hove 2002; Ben-Eliahu & ten Hove 2011). Distribution Circum(sub)tropical. Caribbean Sea, Bermuda, Gulf of Mexico, Brazil, Hawaii, southern California, Mexican Pacific, Panama, Mediterranean, Suez Canal, South Africa, India, Java, Hong Kong, Philippines, Australia, New Zealand, southern Japan and Marshall Islands (M��rch 1863; Clapar��de 1870; Treadwell1914; Fauvel1932; Day1967; Zibrowius1971; Imajima1978; Bastida-Zavala&ten Hove2002, 2003; ��inar 2006; Bastida-Zavala 2008; Ben-Eliahu & ten Hove 2011; Bailey-Brock et al. 2012; Sun et al. 2012, 2015). In this work, Hydroides dirampha was found abundantly on fouling plates from the Indian River, Florida, and San Diego, California; and occasionally from Jacksonville and Biscayne Bay, Florida, Corpus Christi, Texas, and Oahu, Hawaii (Fig. 5). This species extends its northward range from Veracruz, eastern Mexico (Bastida-Zavala & ten Hove 2002) to Corpus Christi, Texas (940 km)., Published as part of Bastida-Zavala, J. Rolando, McCANN, Linda D., Keppel, Erica & Ruiz, Gregory M., 2017, The fouling serpulids (Polychaeta: Serpulidae) from United States coastal waters: an overview, pp. 1-76 in European Journal of Taxonomy 344 on pages 28-30, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2017.344, http://zenodo.org/record/3834679, {"references":["Morch O. A. L. 1863. Revisio critica Serpulidarum. Et bidrag til rorormenes naturhistorie. Naturhistorisk Tidsskrift, Series 3, 1: 347 - 470.","Linnaeus C. 1767. Systema Naturae. 12 th ed., 1, Part 2. L. Salvius, Holmiae [Stockholm], 533 - 1327. Linero-Arana I. & Diaz-Diaz O. 2012. Presencia del poliqueto exotico Ficopomatus uschakovi (Polychaeta: Serpulidae) en Venezuela: descripcion y comentarios sobre su distribucion. Interciencia 37: 234 - 237.","Claparede E. 1870. Les annelides chetopodes du Golfe de Naples. Supplement. Memoires de la Societe de Physique et d'Histoire Naturelle de Geneve 20 (1): 1 - 225.","Bush K. J. 1910. 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Pacific Science 30 (1): 69 - 81. http: // scholarspace. manoa. hawaii. edu / bitstream / handle / 10125 / 1532 / v 30 n 1 - 69 - 81. pdf","Imajima M. 1978. Serpulidae (Annelida, Polychaeta) collected around Nii-jima and O-shima, Izu Islands. Memoirs of the National Science Museum 11: 49 - 72.","Duenas P. D. 1981. Inventario preliminar de los poliquetos (Annelida) de aguas someras de la Bahia de Cartagena y areas adyacentes. Boletin del Museo del Mar (10): 82 - 138.","Bailey-Brock J. H. 1987. Phylum Annelida. In: Devaney D. M. & Eldredge L. G. (eds) Reef and Shore Fauna of Hawaii. Section 3: Sipuncula through Annelida: 213 - 453. Special Publication of the Bernice P. Bishop Museum, 64.","Zibrowius H. 1992. Ongoing modification of the Mediterranean marine fauna and flora by the establishment of exotic species. Mesogee 51: 83 - 107.","Bastida-Zavala J. R. 1993. Taxonomia y composicion biogeografica de los poliquetos (Annelida: Polychaeta) de la Bahia de La Paz, B. C. S., Mexico. Revista de Investigacion Cientifica 4: 11 - 39.","Perkins T. H. 1998. Checklist of shallow-water marine polychaetous Annelida of Florida. In: Camp D. K., Lyons W. G. & Perkins T. H. (eds) Checklist of Selected Shallow-water Marine Invertebrates of Florida: 79 - 122. Florida Marine Research Institute, Technical Report 3.","Duenas P. D. 1999. Algunos poliquetos (Annelida) del Caribe colombiano. Milenio 1 (2): 9 - 18.","Diaz-Diaz O. & Linero-Arana I. 2001. Poliquetos asociados a substratos artificiales sumergidos en la costa nororiental de Venezuela. II: Serpulidae y Spirorbidae. Boletin del Instituto de Oceanografia de Venezuela 40 (1 - 2): 9 - 20.","Bastida-Zavala J. R. & Salazar-Vallejo S. I. 2000 b. Serpulidos (Polychaeta: Serpulidae) del Caribe noroccidental: Hydroides y Serpula. Revista de Biologia Tropical 48: 841 - 858.","Bastida-Zavala J. R. & ten Hove H. A. 2002. Revision of Hydroides Gunnerus, 1768 (Polychaeta: Serpulidae) from the Western Atlantic Region. Beaufortia 52: 103 - 178.","Rodriguez-Valencia J. A. 2004. Respuesta de los poliquetos bentonicos a la variabilidad ambiental y condiciones El Nino en Bahia Petacalco (Guerrero, Mexico). Ciencias Marinas 30 (4): 515 - 526. http: // libros. duhnnae. com / 2017 / may / 14944091826 - Respuesta-de-los-poliquetos-bentonicos-a-lavariabilidad-ambiental-y-condiciones-el-nino-en-bahia. php","Cinar M. E. 2006. Serpulid species (Polychaeta: Serpulidae) from the Levantine coast of Turkey (eastern Mediterranean), with special emphasis on alien species. Aquatic Invasions 1 (4): 223 - 240. https: // doi. org / 10.3391 / ai. 2006.1.4.6","Bastida-Zavala J. R. 2008. Serpulids (Annelida: Polychaeta) from the eastern Pacific, including a brief mention of Hawaiian serpulids. Zootaxa 1722: 1 - 61.","Carlton J. T. & Eldredge L. G. 2009. Marine Bioinvasions of Hawai'i. The Introduced and Cryptogenic Marine and Estuarine Animals and Plants of the Hawaiian Archipelago. Bishop Museum Bulletins in Cultural and Environmental Studies 4. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu.","Ben-Eliahu M. N. & ten Hove H. A. 2011. Serpulidae (Annelida: Polychaeta) from the Suez Canal- From a Lessepsian migration perspective. Zootaxa 2848: 1 - 147. http: // www. mapress. com / zootaxa / 2011 / f / zt 02848 p 147. pdf","Tovar-Hernandez M. A., Villalobos-Guerrero T. F., Yanez-Rivera B., Aguilar-Camacho J. M. & Ramirez- Santana I. D. 2012. Guia de Invertebrados acuaticos exoticos en Sinaloa. Geomare, A. C., USFWS, INE- SEMARNAT, Mazatlan, Sinaloa, Mexico.","Sun Y., Wong E., ten Hove H. A., Hutchings P. A., Williamson J. E. & Kupriyanova E. K. 2015. Revision of the genus Hydroides (Annelida: Serpulidae) from Australia. Zootaxa 4009 (1): 1 - 99. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4009.1.1","Bastida-Zavala J. R., Rodriguez Buelna A. S., de Leon-Gonzalez J. A., Camacho-Cruz K. A. & Carmona I. 2016. New records of sabellids and serpulids (Polychaeta: Sabellidae, Serpulidae) from the Tropical Eastern Pacific. Zootaxa 4184 (3): 401 - 457. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4184.3.1","Tovar-Hernandez M. A., Yanez-Rivera B., Villalobos-Guerrero T. F., Aguilar-Camacho J. M. & Ramirez- Santana I. D. 2014. Invertebrados marinos exoticos en el Golfo de California. In: Low Pfeng A. M, Quijon P. A. & Peters Recagno E. M. (eds) Especies invasoras acuaticas: Casos de Estudio en Ecosistemas de Mexico: 15 - 32. Secretaria de Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales, Instituto Nacional de Ecologia y Cambio Climatico, Mexico DF, Mexico, and University of Prince Edward Island, Charlotteville, Canada.","Imajima M. 1979. Serpulidae (Annelida, Polychaeta) collected around Cape Shionomisaki, Kii Peninsula. Memoirs of the National Science Museum 12: 159 - 183.","Fauvel P. 1932. Annelida Polychaeta of the Indian Museum, Calcutta. Memoirs of the Indian Museum 12: 1 - 262. http: // faunaofindia. nic. in / PDFVolumes / memoirs / 012 / 01 / 0001 - 0262. pdf","Day J. H. 1967. A Monograph on the Polychaeta of South Africa. Part 2: Sedentaria. British Museum (Natural History), London.","Bastida-Zavala J. R. & ten Hove H. A. 2003. Revision of Hydroides Gunnerus, 1768 (Polychaeta: Serpulidae) from the Eastern Pacific Region and Hawaii. Beaufortia 53: 67 - 110.","Bailey-Brock J. H., Magalhaes W. F. & Brock R. C. 2012. Coral reef inhabiting tubeworms (Polychaeta: Serpulidae) from Enewetak, Kwajalein, Rongelap and Utirik Atolls, Marshall Islands. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 92 (5): 967 - 988. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 0025315411001950","Sun Y., ten Hove H. A. & Qiu J. W. 2012. Serpulid polychaetes from Hong Kong. Zootaxa 3424: 1 - 42."]}

Hydroides gracilis (Bush, 1905) Figs 4G, 6 Eupomatus gracilis Bush, 1905: 234���235, pl. 27, fig. 9, pl. 34, fig. 25, pl. 37, figs 26���27 (type locality: Pacific Grove, California, United States). Eupomatus intereans Chamberlin, 1919a: 23 (type locality: Laguna Beach, southern California). Eupomatus gracilis ��� Treadwell 1914: 225 (San Pedro and San Diego, southern California). Hydroides uncinata (non Philippi 1844) ��� Berkeley & Berkeley 1941: 56 (southern California; on seaweed holdfast); 1958: 405 (west coast of Baja California Peninsula: Tortugas Bay, Baja California Sur). Hydroides gracilis ��� Zibrowius 1971: 694 ���695 (synonymization of E. intereans and H. uncinata recorded by Berkeley & Berkeley 1941, 1958). ��� Bastida-Zavala & ten Hove 2003: 89 ���92, fig. 13A���V (California and Baja California, Mexican Pacific; intertidal to 5 m; on colony of vermetid Aletes sp., on Trochidae, also from aquaculture tanks and lead filter). ��� Bastida-Zavala 2008: 27, fig. 6K (California; PVC plates). Material examined 232 specimens: SF (3) Sep. 2000 and 2001, LB (185) Sep. 2003, MO (5) Sep. 2013, MI (7) Aug. 2013, SD (32) Aug. 2000 and Jul. 2013. Diagnosis Tube white; with two longitudinal ridges, with or without peristomes; but no transverse ridges or alveoli. Opercular peduncle smooth, white. Opercular funnel with 16���42 radii with pointed tips (Fig. 4G); verticil with 9���12 smooth spines, curving inwards, without internal, external or lateral spinules or wings (Fig. 4G). Special collar chaetae with two blunt or pointed teeth and smooth distal blade. Taxonomic remarks Two tiny specimens have the Hydroides ��� priscus ��� type opercula (ten Hove & Ben-Eliahu 2005), with only a chitinous funnel instead of the normal funnel and verticil. The abundance of H. gracilis is variable in the fouling community, sometimes occurring at high abundances. Nonetheless, its distribution is restricted to California and the west coast of the Baja California Peninsula. Ecology Intertidal to sublittoral (5 m). On holdfast of seaweeds, shells of gastropods (Aletes sp. and Trochidae), and in aquaculture facilities (Berkeley & Berkeley 1941; Bastida-Zavala & ten Hove 2003). Distribution California to Bah��a Tortugas, west coast of Baja California Peninsula (Bastida-Zavala & ten Hove 2003). In this work, Hydroides gracilis was found abundantly on fouling plates from Long Beach and San Diego, California; and occasionally from San Francisco, Morro Bay and Mission Bay, California (Fig. 6). Hydroides gracilis extends its range northward from Pacific Grove (Bush 1905) to San Francisco, California (140 km)., Published as part of Bastida-Zavala, J. Rolando, McCANN, Linda D., Keppel, Erica & Ruiz, Gregory M., 2017, The fouling serpulids (Polychaeta: Serpulidae) from United States coastal waters: an overview, pp. 1-76 in European Journal of Taxonomy 344 on pages 35-36, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2017.344, http://zenodo.org/record/3834679, {"references":["Bush K. J. 1905. Tubicolous annelids of the tribes Sabellides and Serpulides from the Pacific Ocean. In: Merriam C. H. (ed.) Harriman Alaska Expedition with Cooperation of Washington Academy of Sciences 12: 169 - 346. Doubleday, Page and Company, New York.","Chamberlin R. V. 1919 a. New polychaetous annelids from Laguna Beach, California. Journal of Entomology and Zoology 11: 1 - 23.","Treadwell A. L. 1914. Polychaetous annelids of the Pacific coast in the collections of the Zoological Museum of the University of California. University of California Publications in Zoology 13 (8): 175 - 234.","Philippi A. 1844. Einige Bemerkungen uber die Gattung Serpula, nebst Aufzahlung der von mir im Mittelmeer mit dem Thier beobachteten Arten. Archiv fur Naturgeschichte 10 (1): 186 - 198. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 29558","Berkeley E. & Berkeley C. 1941. On a collection of Polychaeta from Southern California. Bulletin of the Southern California Academy of Sciences 40 (1): 16 - 60.","Zibrowius H. 1971. Les especes Mediterraneennes du genre Hydroides (Polychaeta Serpulidae): remarques sur le pretendu polymorphisme de Hydroides uncinata. Tethys 2: 691 - 746.","Berkeley E. & Berkeley C. 1958. Some notes on a collection of Polychaeta from the northeast Pacific south of latitude 32 ° N. Canadian Journal of Zoology 36: 399 - 407. https: // doi. org / 10.1139 / z 58 - 034","Bastida-Zavala J. R. & ten Hove H. A. 2003. Revision of Hydroides Gunnerus, 1768 (Polychaeta: Serpulidae) from the Eastern Pacific Region and Hawaii. Beaufortia 53: 67 - 110.","Bastida-Zavala J. R. 2008. Serpulids (Annelida: Polychaeta) from the eastern Pacific, including a brief mention of Hawaiian serpulids. Zootaxa 1722: 1 - 61.","Hove H. A. ten & Ben-Eliahu M. N. 2005. On the identity of Hydroides priscus Pillai 1971 - Taxonomic confusion due to ontogeny in some serpulid genera (Annelida: Polychaeta: Serpulidae). Senckenbergiana Biologica 85 (2): 127 - 145."]}

Hydroides cf. brachyacantha Rioja, 1941a Figs 4B, 5 Hydroides cf. brachyacanthus ��� Bastida-Zavala & ten Hove 2002: 154 ���155, figs 29A���K, 31A���D, 33 (Cura��ao, Venezuela and Grenada; intertidal to 20 m, on Rhizophora and Thalassia, mud and sand, and a destroyer hull). Hydroides brachyacantha (non Rioja 1941a) ��� Zibrowius 1970: 6 (S��o Sebasti��o, Ubatuba, Brazil; 6���15 m, rocks, corals and gorgonians). ��� D��az-D��az & Li��ero-Arana 2001: 11 ���12, fig. 2g���m (Cariaco Gulf, Venezuela; on PVC dock pilings). Material examined Seven specimens: BB (1) Aug. 2004, PB (6) Aug. 2002. Diagnosis Tube white; without peristomes, transverse ridges, longitudinal ridges or alveoli. Opercular peduncle smooth, white. Opercular funnel with 19���30 radii with pointed tip (Fig. 4B); verticil with 7���8 spines, strongly curving inwards; dorsalmost spine larger; all spines with basal internal spinule, without external and lateral spinules, or wings (Fig. 4B). Special collar chaetae with two blunt, short teeth and smooth distal blade. Taxonomic remarks The nominal species, Hydroides brachyacantha, has been recorded in various parts of the world including Australia (Dew 1959; Straughan 1967; Kupriyanova et al. 2006), Hawaii (Straughan 1969; Bailey-Brock 1976, 1987; Bastida-Zavala & ten Hove 2003; Carlton & Eldredge 2009), Palau and Yap Islands (Imajima 1982), Truk and Ponape Islands, and Majuro Atoll (Imajima & ten Hove 1984), Solomon Islands (Imajima & ten Hove 1986), Israel (Ben-Eliahu 1991; Ben-Eliahu & ten Hove 1992), northeastern Venezuela (D��az-D��az & Li��ero-Arana 2001) and Turkey (��inar 2006). However, most of the records of H. brachyacantha from Australia belong to a new species recently described from Australia, H. amri Sun, Wong, ten Hove, Hutchings, Williamson & Kupriyanova, 2015. The records from Hawaii also belong to a similar species, recently reported as H. cf. amri (Bastida-Zavala et al. 2016).The specimens recorded from Turkey apparently belong to H.brachyacantha sensu stricto, which might have reached the Turkish coast via ship-borne fouling (��inar 2006, fig. 2). Due to the absence of a holotype, a specimen collected from the type locality (Mazatl��n, Mexico) was designated as the neotype (Sun et al. 2016b). While the specimens recorded from the western Atlantic also resemble H. brachyacantha, they do not have the characteristic large knobs on the verticil spines of the nominal species(Bastida-Zavala&ten Hove2003: figs 3A, C, G���K), nor the small ���sharp to round knob��� of H. amri (Sun et al. 2015: fig. 3A���B).Apparently, in the Caribbean there are two forms of H. cf. brachyacantha, one from Grenada with a large dorsal spine and six smaller spines on the rest of the verticil (Bastida-Zavala & ten Hove 2002: fig. 29A���C), and the other from Brazil and Venezuela, with dorsal spines smaller than those in Grenada���s specimens (Bastida-Zavala & ten Hove 2002: fig. 29D���F). The specimens examined in this survey (Fig. 4B) are more similar to the Brazilian and Venezuelan form. Ecology Intertidal to sublittoral (20 m). In tropical marine areas, on mangrove, seagrass, rocks, corals and gorgonians, and artificial substrates (Zibrowius 1970; D��az-D��az & Li��ero-Arana 2001; Bastida-Zavala & ten Hove 2002). Distribution Eastern Caribbean to southeastern Brazil (Zibrowius 1970; Bastida-Zavala & ten Hove 2002). In this work, Hydroides cf. brachyacantha was occasionally found on fouling plates from Biscayne Bay and Pensacola Bay, Florida (Fig. 5). This species extends its northward range from Cura��ao, southern Caribbean (Bastida-Zavala & ten Hove 2002) to Pensacola Bay, Florida (2700 km)., Published as part of Bastida-Zavala, J. Rolando, McCANN, Linda D., Keppel, Erica & Ruiz, Gregory M., 2017, The fouling serpulids (Polychaeta: Serpulidae) from United States coastal waters: an overview, pp. 1-76 in European Journal of Taxonomy 344 on pages 24-25, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2017.344, http://zenodo.org/record/3834679, {"references":["Rioja E. 1941 a. Estudios Anelidologicos II. Observaciones acerca de varias especies del genero Hydroides Gunnerus (sensu Fauvel) de las costas mexicanas del Pacifico. Anales del Instituto de Biologia 12: 161 - 175.","Bastida-Zavala J. R. & ten Hove H. A. 2002. Revision of Hydroides Gunnerus, 1768 (Polychaeta: Serpulidae) from the Western Atlantic Region. Beaufortia 52: 103 - 178.","Zibrowius H. 1970. Contribution a l'etude des Serpulidae (Polychaeta Sedentaria) du Bresil. Boletim do Instituto Oceanografico do Sao Paulo 19: 1 - 32.","Diaz-Diaz O. & Linero-Arana I. 2001. Poliquetos asociados a substratos artificiales sumergidos en la costa nororiental de Venezuela. II: Serpulidae y Spirorbidae. Boletin del Instituto de Oceanografia de Venezuela 40 (1 - 2): 9 - 20.","Dew B. 1959. Serpulidae (Polychaeta) from Australia. Records of The Australian Museum 25 (2): 19 - 56. https: // doi. org / 10.3853 / j. 0067 - 1975.25.1959.654","Straughan D. 1967. Marine Serpulidae (Annelida: Polychaeta) of eastern Queensland and New South Wales. Australian Journal of Zoology 15: 201 - 261. https: // doi. org / 10.1071 / ZO 9670201","Kupriyanova E. K., Macdonald T. A. & Rouse G. W. 2006. Phylogenetic relationships within Serpulidae (Sabellida, Annelida) inferred from molecular and morphological data. Zoologica Scripta 35: 421 - 439. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1463 - 6409.2006.00244. x","Straughan D. 1969. Serpulidae (Annelida: Polychaeta) from Oahu, Hawaii. Bulletin of the Southern California Academy of Sciences 68 (4): 229 - 240. http: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 34157438 page / 811 / mode / 1 up","Bailey-Brock J. H. 1976. Habitats of tubicolous polychaetes from the Hawaiian Islands and Johnston Atoll. Pacific Science 30 (1): 69 - 81. http: // scholarspace. manoa. hawaii. edu / bitstream / handle / 10125 / 1532 / v 30 n 1 - 69 - 81. pdf","Bailey-Brock J. H. 1987. Phylum Annelida. In: Devaney D. M. & Eldredge L. G. (eds) Reef and Shore Fauna of Hawaii. Section 3: Sipuncula through Annelida: 213 - 453. Special Publication of the Bernice P. Bishop Museum, 64.","Bastida-Zavala J. R. & ten Hove H. A. 2003. Revision of Hydroides Gunnerus, 1768 (Polychaeta: Serpulidae) from the Eastern Pacific Region and Hawaii. Beaufortia 53: 67 - 110.","Carlton J. T. & Eldredge L. G. 2009. Marine Bioinvasions of Hawai'i. The Introduced and Cryptogenic Marine and Estuarine Animals and Plants of the Hawaiian Archipelago. Bishop Museum Bulletins in Cultural and Environmental Studies 4. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu.","Imajima M. 1982. Serpulinae (polychaetous annelids) from the Palau and Yap Islands, Micronesia. Proceedings of the Japanese Society of Systematic Zoology 23: 37 - 55.","Imajima M. & ten Hove H. A. 1984. Serpulinae (Annelida, Polychaeta) from the Truk Islands, Ponape and Majuro Atoll, with some other new Indo-Pacific records. Proceedings of the Japanese Society of Systematic Zoology 27: 35 - 66.","Imajima M. & ten Hove H. A. 1986. Serpulinae (Annelida, Polychaeta) from Nauru, the Gilbert Islands (Kiribati) and the Solomon Islands. Proceedings of the Japanese Society of Systematic Zoology 32: 1 - 16.","Ben-Eliahu M. N. 1991. Red Sea serpulids (Polychaeta) in the eastern Mediterranean. In: Petersen M. E. & Kirkegaard J. B. (eds) Proceedings of the 2 nd International Polychaete Conference. Systematics, Biology and Morphology of World Polychaeta. Ophelia Supplement 5: 515 - 528. Copenhagen.","Ben-Eliahu M. N. & ten Hove H. A. 1992. Serpulids (Annelida: Polychaeta) along the Mediterranean coast of Israel-New population build-ups of Lessepsian migrants. Israel Journal of Zoology 38: 35 - 53.","Cinar M. E. 2006. Serpulid species (Polychaeta: Serpulidae) from the Levantine coast of Turkey (eastern Mediterranean), with special emphasis on alien species. Aquatic Invasions 1 (4): 223 - 240. https: // doi. org / 10.3391 / ai. 2006.1.4.6","Kupriyanova E. K., Sun Y., ten Hove H. A., Wong E. & Rouse G. 2015. Serpulidae (Annelida) of Lizard Island, Great Barrier Reef, Australia. Zootaxa 4019 (1): 275 - 353. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4019.1.13","Bastida-Zavala J. R., Rodriguez Buelna A. S., de Leon-Gonzalez J. A., Camacho-Cruz K. A. & Carmona I. 2016. New records of sabellids and serpulids (Polychaeta: Sabellidae, Serpulidae) from the Tropical Eastern Pacific. Zootaxa 4184 (3): 401 - 457. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4184.3.1","Sun Y., Wong E., Tovar-Hernandez M. A., Williamson J. E. & Kupriyanova E. K. 2016 b. Is Hydroides brachyacantha (Serpulidae: Annelida) a widespread species? Invertebrate Systematics 30 (1): 41 - 59. https: // doi. org / 10.1071 / IS 15015","Sun Y., Wong E., ten Hove H. A., Hutchings P. A., Williamson J. E. & Kupriyanova E. K. 2015. Revision of the genus Hydroides (Annelida: Serpulidae) from Australia. Zootaxa 4009 (1): 1 - 99. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4009.1.1"]}

Hydroides longispinosa Imajima, 1976b Figs 4H, 6 Hydroides longispinosa Imajima, 1976b: 240���246, fig. 5a���q (type locality; Koniya, Amami-Oshima, southern Japan; on the pearl oyster Pteria penguin (R��ding, 1798)). Hydroides centrospina Wu & Chen, 1981: 354���355 (type locality: South China Sea). Hydroides longispinosa ��� Imajima 1977: 95 (Ogasawara Islands, southern Japan; intertidal to sublittoral; on buoy and underside of reef corals). ��� Imajima 1982: 46 (Palau Islands; intertidal to sublittoral; attached to boat). ��� Imajima & ten Hove 1984: 48 (Pohnpei Island (formerly known as Ponape), Federated States of Micronesia, and Lizard Island, Australia; outer reef on experimental fouling plates). ��� Imajima & ten Hove 1986: 3 (Solomon Islands and Gilbert Islands; attached to rope). ��� Kupriyanova et al. 2015: 286���288, fig. 6 (Lizard Island, Great Barrier Reef, Australia; 2���20 m; on coral rubble and fouling plates). ��� Sun et al. 2015: 46���50, fig. 14 (New South Wales and Queensland, Australia; 2���20 m; on shells and dead coral substrate). Hydroides centrospina ��� Fiege & Sun 1999: 116 (synonymy). Hydroides longispinosus ��� Fiege & Sun 1999: 116 ���118, figs 6A���D, 7A���B (Hainan Island, South China Sea; 2���14 m; on bivalve shells, seagrass, algae and the barnacle Solidobalanus socialis (Hoek, 1883)). ��� Bailey-Brock et al. 2012: 969, 972, fig. 3D (Enewetak, Rongelap, Marshall Islands; 12���18 m; on coral). Material examined Two specimens: HI (2) Aug. 2006. Diagnosis Tube white, with or without two longitudinal ridges, with or without peristomes; but no alveoli. Opercular peduncle smooth, white. Opercular funnel with 18 radii with blunt tips (Fig. 4H); verticil with 12 spines, straight, with pointed tips (Fig. 4H); all spines with 2���3 internal spinules and 5���6 pairs of lateral spinules, without external spinules or wings (Fig. 4H); with a long, smooth central spine (Fig. 4H). Special collar chaetae with two pointed, elongate teeth and a proximal rasp, distal blade with notch and many denticles. Taxonomic remarks The specimens recorded here are slightly different from the original description of Hydroides longispinosa (Imajima 1976b): the number of radii (18) is slightly less, as in the original description there are 20 radii; the verticil spines have fewer internal spinules (2���3), versus 15���18, and few lateral spinules (5���6 pairs), versus 7���9 pairs. Hydroides longispinosa is widely distributed in the western and central Pacific; however, this report represents the first record in the Hawaiian Islands, where it was found on fouling plates. Given the distance between the Polynesian Islands, it is likely that the species was dispersed as fouling on yachts or ships, rather than by natural dispersion. Several records in the western Pacific were from artificial substrates (Imajima 1982; Imajima & ten Hove 1984, 1986). Ecology Intertidal to 20 m. On seagrass, algae, the barnacle Solidobalanus socialis, the pearl oyster Pteria (Magnavicula) penguin and other bivalve shells, underside of reef corals (Imajima 1976b, 1977; Fiege & Sun 1999), and also on artificial substrates such as boats, buoys, ropes and fouling plates (Imajima 1977, 1982; Imajima & ten Hove 1984, 1986). Distribution Western and central Pacific: Southern Japan, South China Sea, Australia, Palau, Pohnpei, Solomon and Marshall Islands (Imajima 1976b, 1977; Wu & Chen 1981; Imajima 1982; Imajima & ten Hove 1984, 1986; Fiege & Sun 1999; Bailey-Brock et al. 2012; Sun et al. 2015). In this work, only two specimens of Hydroides longispinosa were found, on a fouling plate from Oahu, Hawaii (Fig. 6). This represents a possible range extension northward from Enewetak, Marshall Islands (Bailey-Brock et al. 2012) to Oahu, Hawaii (4300 km)., Published as part of Bastida-Zavala, J. Rolando, McCANN, Linda D., Keppel, Erica & Ruiz, Gregory M., 2017, The fouling serpulids (Polychaeta: Serpulidae) from United States coastal waters: an overview, pp. 1-76 in European Journal of Taxonomy 344 on pages 36-37, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2017.344, http://zenodo.org/record/3834679, {"references":["Imajima M. 1976 b. Serpulidae (Annelida, Polychaeta) from Japan. I. The genus Hydroides. Bulletin of the National Science Museum, Series A (Zoology) 2 (4): 229 - 247.","Wu B. L. & Chen M. 1981. Two new species of Hydroides (Polychaeta: Serpulidae) from South China Sea. Oceanologia et Limnologia Sinica 12 (4): 354 - 357.","Imajima M. 1977. Serpulidae (Annelida, Polychaeta) collected around Chichi-jima (Ogasawara Islands). Memoirs of the National Science Museum 10: 89 - 111.","Imajima M. 1982. Serpulinae (polychaetous annelids) from the Palau and Yap Islands, Micronesia. Proceedings of the Japanese Society of Systematic Zoology 23: 37 - 55.","Imajima M. & ten Hove H. A. 1984. Serpulinae (Annelida, Polychaeta) from the Truk Islands, Ponape and Majuro Atoll, with some other new Indo-Pacific records. Proceedings of the Japanese Society of Systematic Zoology 27: 35 - 66.","Imajima M. & ten Hove H. A. 1986. Serpulinae (Annelida, Polychaeta) from Nauru, the Gilbert Islands (Kiribati) and the Solomon Islands. Proceedings of the Japanese Society of Systematic Zoology 32: 1 - 16.","Kupriyanova E. K., Sun Y., ten Hove H. A., Wong E. & Rouse G. 2015. Serpulidae (Annelida) of Lizard Island, Great Barrier Reef, Australia. Zootaxa 4019 (1): 275 - 353. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4019.1.13","Sun Y., Wong E., ten Hove H. A., Hutchings P. A., Williamson J. E. & Kupriyanova E. K. 2015. Revision of the genus Hydroides (Annelida: Serpulidae) from Australia. Zootaxa 4009 (1): 1 - 99. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4009.1.1","Fiege D. & Sun R. 1999. Polychaeta from Hainan Island, South China Sea. Part I: Serpulidae. Senckenbergiana Biologica 79 (2): 109 - 141.","Bailey-Brock J. H., Magalhaes W. F. & Brock R. C. 2012. Coral reef inhabiting tubeworms (Polychaeta: Serpulidae) from Enewetak, Kwajalein, Rongelap and Utirik Atolls, Marshall Islands. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 92 (5): 967 - 988. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 0025315411001950"]}

Hydroides is a large and diverse group of calcareous tubeworms (Serpulidae, Annelida) recognised by a distinctive but variable two-tiered operculum. Despite considerable research using several species of Hydroides as models in ecological and biofouling studies, phylogenetic and biogeographic relationships within the genus are still poorly understood. Using combined mitochondrial (COI, cytochrome b) and nuclear (18S, 28S and ITS) gene markers for 284 individuals of 45 morphospecies of Hydroides, we investigated the global phylogenetic and biogeographic relationships within the genus. Phylogenetic topologies were well supported and indicated high genetic diversity within Hydroides, revealing potential cryptic species. Present results also include the first COI barcoding data enabling rapid and effective species identification of Hydroides on a global scale. Phylogenetic relationships within Hydroides were more concordant with geographical distributions than morphological similarity of their opercula. Molecular divergence estimates suggested the origin and subsequent diversification in the western Tethys Sea followed by a shift of the historical centre of diversity from the Indo-Mediterranean region to the central Indo-Pacific during the last 50 million years. Further studies on population genetics of species consisting of multiple lineages would provide a better understanding on the status of potential cryptic species. Furthermore, paleogeographic studies based on fossil Hydroides tubes would provide evidence to test this biogeographic hypothesis.

PubMedID: 28716475 The Mediterranean is an ecosystem that faces more and more microplastic pollution every day. This causes the whole of the Mediterranean to face the negative effects of plastic pollution. This study examines the state of plastic debris and fouling organisms found on it in one of the areas most affected by plastic pollution, Mersin Bay. As a result, a total of 3.88 kg plastic (mean = 0,97 kg; n = 120; 2670 item/km2; 86,3 kg/km2) was collected and based on the ATR-FTIR analysis, it was determined that this total contained 9 types of plastics. 17 different fouling species belonging to 6 phylum (Annelida, Arthropoda, Bryozoa, Chordata, Cnidaria, Mollusca) 7 class and 11 order were discovered on plastics. Spirobranchus triqueter, Hydroides sp. and Neopycnodonte cochlear were the most abundant species. In the end, the example of Mersin Bay shows that plastic debris as a substrate can contain a very high diversity of life just like natural substrates. © 2017 Elsevier Ltd

The isotope composition of boron (B) in marine biogenic carbonates has been predominantly studied as a proxy for monitoring past changes in seawater pH and carbonate chemistry. In order to derive seawater pH from boron isotope ratio data, a number of assumptions related to chemical kinetics and themodynamic isotope exchange reactions are necessary. Furthermore, the boron isotope composition (δ 11 B) of biogenic carbonates (δ 11 B CaCO3 ) is assumed to reflect the δ 11 B of dissolved borate (B(OH) 4 − ) in seawater. Here we report the development of methodology for measuring the δ 11 B in biogenic carbonate samples at the multi-collector inductively coupled mass spectrometry facility at Ifremer (Plouzane, France) and the evaluation of δ 11 B CaCO3 in a diverse range of marine calcifying organisms. We evaluated the δ 11 B CaCO3 of 6 species of marine calcifiers (a temperate coral, Oculina arbuscula ; a coralline red alga, Neogoniolithion sp.; a tropical urchin, Eucidaris tribuloides ; a temperate urchin, Arbacia punctulata ; a serpulid worm, Hydroides crucigera ; and an American oyster, Crassostrea virginica ) that were reared for 60 days in isothermal seawater (25 °C) equilibrated with an atmospheric p CO 2 of ca. 409 μatm. We observe large inter-species variability in δ 11 B CaCO3 (ca. 20 ‰) and significant discrepancies between measured δ 11 B CaCO3 and δ 11 B CaCO3 expected from established relationships between δ 11 B CaCO3 and seawater pH. We discuss these results in the context of various proposed mechanisms of biocalcification, including the potential dominant role that internal calcifying site pH plays in regulating CaCO 3 saturation state and borate δ 11 B at the site of calcification and, thus, the δ 11 B composition of calcifers’ shells and skeletons.

Hydroides panamensis Bastida-Zavala & ten Hove, 2003 (Figures 6, 12 D) Hydroides panamensis Bastida-Zavala & ten Hove, 2003: 97 –99, Figs 18A–N. Type locality: Paitilla Beach, Pacific side of Panamá; also from La Libertad, Ecuador; 0–9 m. Hydroides panamensis.— Salazar-Vallejo & Londoño-Mesa 2004: 54 (Tropical Eastern Pacific, checklist); Bastida-Zavala 2008: 28, fig. 6O (mentioned only); Bastida-Zavala 2009: 534, Fig. 2 S (identification key for Tropical America); ten Hove & Kupriyanova 2009: 54 (worldwide serpulid checklist); Tovar-Hernández et al. 2015: 3 (Costa Rica, comparison with H. dolabrus). Material examined. 10 specimens. Michoacán: UMAR-Poly 774 (Faro de Bucerías, on sabellariid tubes, December 21, 1996, coll. SGM). Oaxaca: UMAR-Poly 775 (Agua Blanca Beach, rocks, intertidal, April 27, 2012, coll. OECR); UMAR-Poly 776 (Estacahuite, Puerto Ángel, rocks, intertidal, June 2, 2012, coll. AVB); UMAR-POLY 777 (Marina Chahué, Huatulco, on mollusc, May 22, 2000, coll. RBZ); UMAR-Poly 778, 4 spec. (Salina Cruz, angler pier, main dock, sta. 4, 1 m, May 26, 2011, coll. SGM et al.); UMAR-POLY 779, 2 spec. (“sample 85”, Oaxaca, 0–6 m, September 15, 2004). Habitat. Intertidal to subtidal (9 m, Bastida-Zavala & ten Hove 2003). On sabellariid colonies, on mollusk in a dock and on an angler pier; on rocks. Salinity range of 19–37 PSU (Bastida-Zavala & ten Hove 2003). Fouling species in marinas, ports and on PVC plates in Punta Culebra, Panamá (Bastida-Zavala, pers. obs.). Distribution. Previously known from the Pacific of Panamá and Ecuador (Bastida-Zavala & ten Hove 2003), and Costa Rica (Tovar-Hernández et al. 2015), the known geographical range of Hydroides panamensis is extended to Faro de Bucerías, Michoacán, along the littoral approximately 3,075 km to the north. Remarks. Hydroides panamensis was found both on natural and anthropogenic substrates, being more common on the latter. The species is very abundant in Panamá and is relatively scarce in México, which possibly suggest a recent introduction by ships and yachts. This fouling species has potential to be introduced to other tropical regions by ships. Some specimens from Mazatlán, Sinaloa were recorded as Hydroides recurvispina by Tovar-Hernández et al. (2009b); later those specimens were described as a new species, H. dolabrus Tovar-Hernández, Villalobos- Guerrero, Kupriyanova & Sun, 2015, supported with morphological and molecular characters. Tovar-Hernández et al. (2015: 9) mentioned that “ Hydroides dolabrus sp. nov. is more similar to H. panamensis than to the rest of the species to the extent that these two species can be easily confused; and the phylogram, based on the combined dataset of 18S, cyt b and COI DNA sequence fragments, show both species as a sister group.

Crucigera websteri Benedict, 1887 (Figures 3, 10 H���I) Crucigera Websteri Benedict, 1887: 550���551, pl. 21, Figs 24���25; pl. 22, Figs 26���30. Type locality: 29��16���30���N, 85��32���W, off Florida, USA, sta. 2369, 43.5 m. Serpula (Crucigera) websteri.��� Monro 1928: 101 (Taboga Island, Panam��, 7���9 m, on sand and rocks); Monro 1933b: 1079 ��� 1080 (Taboga Island, Panam��, 2���4 m, on dead broken coral); Salazar-Vallejo & Londo��o-Mesa 2004: 55 (Tropical Eastern Pacific, checklist). Crucigera websteri.��� Treadwell 1914: 227 (San Pedro, Southern California); Berkeley & Berkeley 1941: 57 (Newport Bay, Southern California, from ���boat bottom���); Hartman 1961: 44 (Southern California, on rocky habitats); Hartman 1969: 751���752, Figs 1���4 (Southern California; figures from Benedict 1887); ten Hove & Jansen-Jacobs 1984: 155���160, Figs 3 a, 4j���l, 5a, 6a���e, 7a���k, 10e, 12 (revision of the genus, from Western Atlantic and Eastern Pacific specimens; 2���86 m); de Le��n-Gonz��lez 1990: 336, Fig. 3 a���d (Punta San Juanico and Cabo San L��zaro, Baja California Sur; 27���30 m); Salazar- Vallejo & Londo��o-Mesa 2004: 54 (Tropical Eastern Pacific, checklist); Bastida-Zavala 2008: 16���17, fig. 4C���D (Southern California, Baja California Sur, Guerrero and Oaxaca; 0���73 m); Bastida-Zavala 2009: 531, Figs 1 G, 5E (identification key for Tropical America); ten Hove & Kupriyanova 2009: 36 (worldwide serpulid checklist); Bastida-Zavala et al. 2013: 349 (Oaxaca, checklist). Material examined. Eight specimens. Oaxaca: UMAR-Poly 709 (Corralero Lagoon, on rocks, March 23, 2010, coll. FAG); UMAR-Poly 710, 7 spec. (same, on rocks, April 18, 2013, coll. LLR et al.). Habitat. Depth: Intertidal to 73 m (Bastida-Zavala 2008); ten Hove & Jansen-Jacobs (1984) recorded 2��� 86 m. Occasionally as part of fouling fauna. Distribution. Amphi-American. From Florida and Gulf of Mexico to Brazil; Southern California (San Pedro, Newport Bay, Santa Barbara Island), western coast of Baja California Sur (Punta San Juanico and Cabo San L��zaro), Guerrero (Acapulco), Oaxaca (Puerto Escondido), Panam�� (Taboga Island) (Treadwell 1914; Berkeley & Berkeley 1941; ten Hove & Jansen-Jacobs 1984; Bastida-Zavala 2008); also from Humboldt Bay, Northern California (Bastida-Zavala et al. unpublished data); and Corralero Lagoon, Oaxaca (this work). Remarks. Crucigera websteri is recorded from few localities in the Eastern Pacific. In general, it was represented by few specimens. The record of Treadwell (1914) from San Pedro, California, is evidence that this species has been in the Eastern Pacific before the opening of the Panam�� Canal (August, 1914), as his samples were collected in 1912 or before. Bastida-Zavala (2008) revised the Treadwell���s specimen in LACM-AHF (N8819) shown in Figure 10 I. Fouling records of this species are uncommon, only one specimen has been recorded by Berkeley & Berkeley (1941) from a ���boat bottom���, Newport Bay, Southern California; one specimen from ���floats and piles������, Newport Bay (Bastida-Zavala 2008); and one specimen from a fouling plate in Humboldt Bay, Northern California (Bastida- Zavala et al. unpublished data)., Published as part of Bastida-Zavala, J. Rolando, Buelna, Alondra Sof��a Rodr��guez, Le��n-Gonz��lez, Jes��s Angel De, Camacho-Cruz, Karla Andrea & Carmona, Isabel, 2016, New records of sabellids and serpulids (Polychaeta: Sabellidae, Serpulidae) from the Tropical Eastern Pacific, pp. 401-457 in Zootaxa 4184 (3) on pages 409-410, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4184.3.1, http://zenodo.org/record/255062, {"references":["Benedict, J. E. (1887) Descriptions of ten species and one new genus of the Annelids from the dredgings of the U. S. Fish Commission Steamer Albatross. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 9, 547 - 553. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00963801.9 - 594.547","Monro, C. C. A. (1928) Papers from Dr. Th. Mortensen's Pacific Expedition 1914 - 16, 45. On the polychaeta collected by Dr. Th. Mortensen off the coast of Panama. Videnskabelige Meddelelser Fra Dansk Naturhistorisk Forening, 85, 75 - 103.","Monro, C. C. A. (1933 b) The Polychaeta Sedentaria collected by Dr. C. Crossland at Colon, in the Panama region, and the Galapagos Islands during the expedition of the S. Y. \" St. George \". Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1933, 1039 - 1092. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1933. tb 01640. x","Salazar-Vallejo, S. I. & Londono-Mesa, M. H. (2004) Lista de especies y bibliografia de poliquetos (Polychaeta) del Pacifico oriental tropical. Anales del Instituto de Biologia, Mexico, 75 (1), 9 - 97.","Treadwell, A. L. (1914) Polychaetous annelids of the Pacific Coast in the collections of the Zoological Museum of the University of California. University of California Publications in Zoology, 13 (8), 175 - 234.","Berkeley, E. & Berkeley, C. (1941) On a collection of Polychaeta from Southern California. Bulletin of the Southern California Academy of Sciences, 40 (1), 16 - 60.","Hartman, O. (1961) Polychaetous annelids from California. Allan Hancock Pacific Expeditions, 25, 1 - 226.","Hartman, O. (1969) Atlas of the Sedentariate Polychaetous Annelids from California. Allan Hancock Foundation, Los Angeles, 812 pp.","Hove, H. A. ten & Jansen-Jacobs, M. J. (1984) A revision of the genus Crucigera (Polychaeta; Serpulidae); a proposed methodical approach of serpulids, with special reference to variation in Serpula and Hydroides. In: Hutchings, P. A. (Ed.), Proceedings of the First International Polychaete Conference. The Linnean Society of New South Wales, Sydney, pp. 143 - 180.","Leon-Gonzalez, J. A. de (1990). Dos serpulidos nuevos para el Pacifico mexicano y duplicidad opercular en Hydroides cruciger (Polychaeta: Serpulidae). Revista de Biologia Tropical, 38 (2 A), 335 - 338.","Hove, H. A. ten & Kupriyanova, E. K. (2009) Taxonomy of Serpulidae (Annelida, Polychaeta): the state of affairs. Zootaxa, 2036, 1 - 126.","Bastida-Zavala, J. R., Garcia-Madrigal, M. S., Rosas-Alquicira, E. F., Lopez-Perez, R. A., Benitez-Villalobos, F., Meraz- Hernando, J. F., Torres-Huerta, A. M., Montoya-Marquez, A. & Barrientos-Lujan, N. A. (2013) Marine and coastal biodiversity of Oaxaca, Mexico. Check List, 9 (2), 329 - 390. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.15560 / 9.2.329"]}

Hydroides inermis Monro, 1933b (Figures 5, 12 A) Hydroides inermis Monro, 1933b: 1083 ���1085, Text-figure 27A���E. Type locality: James Bay, Santiago [James] Island, Gal��pagos, 9���11 m, on clean sand and weeds. Hydroides inermis.���Bastida-Zavala & ten Hove 2003: 94���95, Figs 16A���K (Gal��pagos and Per��; 1���91 m); Salazar-Vallejo & Londo��o-Mesa 2004: 54 (Tropical Eastern Pacific, checklist); Bastida-Zavala 2008: 27, fig. 6M (mentioned only); Bastida-Zavala 2009: 538, Fig. 2 K (identification key for Tropical America); ten Hove & Kupriyanova 2009: 53 (worldwide serpulid checklist). Material examined. Three specimens. Oaxaca: UMAR-Poly 771, 3 spec. (Agua Blanca Beach, rocks, intertidal, April 27, 2012, coll. OCR). Habitat. Intertidal to subtidal (91 m, Bastida-Zavala & ten Hove 2003). In tide pools, on sand and weed (Monro 1933b; Bastida-Zavala & ten Hove 2003). Distribution. Previously only known from the Gal��pagos Islands and North Per�� (Bastida-Zavala & ten Hove 2003), our record extends its known geographical range from Santiago (James) Island, to Agua Blanca, Oaxaca (approximately 1,860 km to the north in a straight line). Remarks. Some specimens of Hydroides inermis that have a more developed dorsal spine (Bastida-Zavala & ten Hove 2003, Fig. 16A) could be somewhat confused with H. brachyacantha or H. deleoni; however, H. inermis has fewer (7���8) and broad verticil spines, with blunt tips, while the two latter species generally have more verticil spines (7���11) with pointed tips. The species is rare except, maybe, in the Gal��pagos Islands (Bastida-Zavala & ten Hove 2003)., Published as part of Bastida-Zavala, J. Rolando, Buelna, Alondra Sof��a Rodr��guez, Le��n-Gonz��lez, Jes��s Angel De, Camacho-Cruz, Karla Andrea & Carmona, Isabel, 2016, New records of sabellids and serpulids (Polychaeta: Sabellidae, Serpulidae) from the Tropical Eastern Pacific, pp. 401-457 in Zootaxa 4184 (3) on page 423, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4184.3.1, http://zenodo.org/record/255062, {"references":["Monro, C. C. A. (1933 b) The Polychaeta Sedentaria collected by Dr. C. Crossland at Colon, in the Panama region, and the Galapagos Islands during the expedition of the S. Y. \" St. George \". Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1933, 1039 - 1092. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1933. tb 01640. x","Bastida-Zavala, J. R. & Hove, H. A. ten (2003) Revision of Hydroides Gunnerus, 1768 (Polychaeta: Serpulidae) from the Eastern Pacific Region and Hawaii. Beaufortia, Bulletin of Zoological Museum, 53 (4), 67 - 110.","Salazar-Vallejo, S. I. & Londono-Mesa, M. H. (2004) Lista de especies y bibliografia de poliquetos (Polychaeta) del Pacifico oriental tropical. Anales del Instituto de Biologia, Mexico, 75 (1), 9 - 97.","Hove, H. A. ten & Kupriyanova, E. K. (2009) Taxonomy of Serpulidae (Annelida, Polychaeta): the state of affairs. Zootaxa, 2036, 1 - 126."]}

Hydroides elegans (Haswell, 1883) (Figures 4, 11 F���G) Eupomatus elegans Haswell, 1883: 633, pl. 12, Fig. 1. Type locality: Port Jackson, Australia. Hydroides norvegica (not Gunnerus, 1768).��� Berkeley & Berkeley 1941: 56 (Newport Bay, Southern California, from ���piling���); Hartman 1961: 44 (Los Angeles harbor, Southern California, fouling on hulls of ships); Lakshmana Rao 1969: 5, pl. 2, Figs a���g (Visakhapatnam and Madras, India; harbours); Salazar-Vallejo & Londo��o-Mesa 2004: 54 (Tropical Eastern Pacific, checklist). Hydroides pacificus Hartman, 1969: 759 ���760, Figs 1���5 (type locality: Velero IV, sta. 1454-42, from hull of ship; central and Southern California); D��az-Casta��eda 2000: 327 (Todos Santos Bay, Baja California, terracotta plates, 10 m). Serpula verimicularis (not Linnaeus, 1767).��� Lakshmana Rao 1969: 2 ���3, pl. 1, Figs a���g (Visakhapatnam and Madras, India; harbours; auctore misspelling). Hydroides elegans.��� Zibrowius 1971: 721���725, Figs 56���64 (Oahu, Hawaii, Newport Bay and Los Angeles Harbor, California); Long 1974: 28 (Pearl Harbor, Oahu, Hawaii, 9 m, fouling, with little coverage on test panels); Bailey-Brock 1976: 77���78 (Oahu Island and Hawaii Island, reef flats, live substrata [chlorophyte Dictyosphaeria cavernosa], epifauna of mobile substrata [mollusks and crustaceans], boat harbors, lagoons, brackish waters and reef slope); Due��as 1981: 100��� 101, fig. 31A���G (Cartagena Bay, Colombia; on plastic ponds for shrimp culture); Bailey-Brock 1987: 420���421 (Hawaii); Zibrowius 1992: 91 (discussion about its origin); Carpizo-Ituarte & Hadfield 1998: 15, Fig. 2 (Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, stimulation of metamorphosis); Bastida-Zavala & ten Hove 2003: 86���87, Figs 11 A���S (California and Hawaii; 0���1 m); Rodr��guez-Valencia 2004: 520 (Petacalco Bay, Guerrero); Okolodkov et al. 2007: 40 (cryptogenic in the Mexican Pacific); Bastida-Zavala 2008: 25���26, fig. 6H (California and Baja California Sur; 0���1 m; deeper records questionable); Bastida- Zavala 2009: 535, Figs 2 E, 5F (identification key for Tropical America); D��az-Casta��eda & Valenzuela-Solano 2009: 513 (Salsipuedes Bay, Baja California, near tuna sea-cages); ten Hove & Kupriyanova 2009: 53 (worldwide serpulid checklist); Tovar-Hern��ndez et al. 2009b: 331, Figs 3 l, 8a-c (fouling in Mazatl��n, Sinaloa); Tovar-Hern��ndez et al. 2012: 16���17 (Guaymas, Sonora, and Topolobampo, Sinaloa); Bastida-Zavala et al. 2014: 326, Figs 19.1e ���h (exotic in the Mexican Pacific); Tovar-Hern��ndez et al. 2014: 390 (Marina Palmira, Topolobampo, Sinaloa; API and Marina Fonatur, Guaymas, Sonora; and API and Marina Palmira, La Paz, Baja California Sur); Villalobos-Guerrero et al. 2014: 107 (Sinaloa, checklist); Sun et al. 2015: 23���29, fig. 6a���b (Capital Territory, New South Wales, Northern Territory, Queensland, South Australia and Western Australia; intertidal to 20 m; in natural habitat as lagoons, also in fouling communities of fish farms, harbors and ship���s hulls). Material examined. 3,545 specimens. Baja California Sur: UANL 7875, 548 spec. (Marina Santa Rosal��a, sta. 3: 27��20���24.5���N, 112��15���56.1���W, April 19, 2010, ARB & JAL); UANL 7876 (same, sta. 4: 27��20���23.9���N, 112��15���55.9���W, April 19, 2010, ARB & JAL); UANL 7877, 1,271 spec. (same, Sta. 1, 27��20���25.2���N, 112��15���56.1���W, March 31, 2011, coll. JAL & ARB); UANL 7878, 1,702 spec. (Puerto Escondido, sta. 1: 25��48���51.8���N, 111��18���41.2���W, sta. 2: 25��48���53.1���N, 111��18���40.5���W, April 2, 2011, coll. ARB & JAL); UANL 7879 (Marina Palmira, La Paz, 24��11���05.3���N, 110��18���12.8���W, April 3, 2011, coll. ARB & JAL). Oaxaca: UMAR-Poly 765, 4 spec. (Salina Cruz, angler pier, main dock, sta. 4, 1 m, May 26, 2011, coll. SGM et al.); UMAR-Poly 766, 10 spec. (same, hull of the shrimp boat ���Golfo P��rsico���, 1 m, May 26, 2011, coll. EVP): UMAR-POLY 767, 8 spec. (���sample 85���, Oaxaca, 0���6 m, September 15, 2004). Habitat. Intertidal to subtidal (20 m, Sun et al. 2015); deeper records, 110��� 1,200 m from California (LACM- AHF 1377, 2475, 2792, 2850), were regarded to be questionable by Bastida-Zavala (2008: 26). Most records of Hydroides elegans were as fouling on artificial substrates: hulls of ships, terracotta and PVC panels and harbor structures. In the Hawaiian Islands it was also found on reef flats, reef slope and on the native alga Dictyosphaeria cavernosa (Bailey-Brock 1976). In the material studied the specimens were associated only with anthropogenic substrates in marinas and ports from La Paz, Puerto Escondido and Santa Rosal��a, Baja California Sur, and from Salina Cruz, Oaxaca. Fouling species. Distribution. Worldwide in temperate and tropical regions. Mediterranean, North Sea, Gulf of Mexico to Brazil, South Africa, Persian Gulf, India, Australia, Micronesia; California (USA) to Oaxaca (M��xico), Hawaii (Zibrowius 1971; Bastida-Zavala & ten Hove 2002; 2003; Sun et al. 2015). Remarks. The confusion between Hydroides elegans and H. norvegica Gunnerus, 1768 was unraveled by Zibrowius (1971), mainly on the basis of the collar chaetae: in H. norvegica with 2���3 teeth, while they have many small teeth in H. elegans. Hydroides norvegica has a distribution limited to the boreal Atlantic and subtidal waters in the Mediterranean, while H. elegans has a worldwide distribution in temperate and tropical waters, mainly in harbors and marinas (Zibrowius 1971; ten Hove 1974; Zibrowius 1992; Kupriyanova & Jirkov 1997; Bastida- Zavala & ten Hove 2002; 2003; Moen 2006; Bastida-Zavala 2008; Ben-Eliahu & ten Hove 2011). Long (1974: 28) recorded both H. elegans and H. norvegica from Oahu, Hawaii; however, after the revision of Zibrowius (1971) it is uncertain if the specimens identified by Long as H. norvegica belong to H. elegans or a different taxon. Zibrowius (1992) doubted if Hydroides elegans originated from Australia; however, Ben-Eliahu & ten Hove (2011) propose that its origin probably is Australia and Sun et al. (2015) suggest on biogeographical and ecological reasons that H. elegans is likely to be a native to Australia. Many historic and recent records of H. elegans come from ports and marinas, on anthropogenic substrates; however, in the Hawaiian Islands the species was found in both natural sites and in boat harbors (Long 1974; Bailey-Brock 1976); also, H. elegans was found in Australia both in natural sites (lagoons), as well as fouling of fish farms, harbors and ship���s hulls (Sun et al. 2015). Hydroides elegans has been present in the Eastern Pacific for at least 86 years; its first record was Newport Bay, Southern California (Berkeley & Berkeley 1941, as Hydroides norvegica); Bastida-Zavala & ten Hove (2003) recorded specimens collected in 1929 from the fouling of a submarine (U.S. Narwhal, N-1) in the harbor of San Francisco. In the Tropical Eastern Pacific the species was recorded first by Bastida-Zavala (2008) with a sample of more than a thousand specimens encrusting (1991) a PVC plate in La Paz Bay, Baja California Sur; later, Tovar- Hern��ndez et al. (2009b) recorded the species in the fouling of Mazatl��n port, Sinaloa. Hydroides elegans was selected as a model species for research in biofouling and testing marine coatings for a number of reasons: its high abundance and the fact that their calcareous tubes can create problems for vessels. Furthermore H. elegans is easy to reproduce in laboratory (Carpizo-Ituarte & Hadfield 1998; Nedved & Hadfield 2008), making it possible to experiment with different means to avoid their settlement, e.g. antifouling paints (Johnson & Gonzalez 2004; Johnson et al. 2006); and has been observed that the larvae settle in response to both natural biofilms, formed by marine bacteria, or to artificially induced surfaces by cations and other chemicals (Nedved & Hadfield 2008)., Published as part of Bastida-Zavala, J. Rolando, Buelna, Alondra Sof��a Rodr��guez, Le��n-Gonz��lez, Jes��s Angel De, Camacho-Cruz, Karla Andrea & Carmona, Isabel, 2016, New records of sabellids and serpulids (Polychaeta: Sabellidae, Serpulidae) from the Tropical Eastern Pacific, pp. 401-457 in Zootaxa 4184 (3) on pages 419-420, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4184.3.1, http://zenodo.org/record/255062, {"references":["Haswell, W. A. (1883) On some new Australian tubicolous Annelids. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, 7, 633 - 638.","Gunnerus, J. (1768) Om nogle norske coraller. Skrifter det Kongliger norske Videnskabsselskabet Trondhjem, 4, 38 - 73.","Berkeley, E. & Berkeley, C. (1941) On a collection of Polychaeta from Southern California. Bulletin of the Southern California Academy of Sciences, 40 (1), 16 - 60.","Hartman, O. (1961) Polychaetous annelids from California. Allan Hancock Pacific Expeditions, 25, 1 - 226.","Lakshmana Rao, M. V. (1969) Fouling serpulids from some Indian harbours. Journal of Timber Developers Association of India, 15 (2), 1 - 20.","Salazar-Vallejo, S. I. & Londono-Mesa, M. H. (2004) Lista de especies y bibliografia de poliquetos (Polychaeta) del Pacifico oriental tropical. Anales del Instituto de Biologia, Mexico, 75 (1), 9 - 97.","Hartman, O. (1969) Atlas of the Sedentariate Polychaetous Annelids from California. Allan Hancock Foundation, Los Angeles, 812 pp.","Diaz-Castaneda, V. (2000) The early establishment and development of a polychaete community settled on artificial substrata at Todos Santos Bay, Baja California, Mexico. Bulletin of Marine Science, 67 (1), 321 - 335.","Zibrowius, H. (1971) Les especes Mediterranee du genre Hydroides (Polychaeta Serpulidae). Remarques sur le pretendu polymorphisme de Hydroides uncinata. Tethys, 2, 691 - 746.","Long, E. R. (1974) Marine fouling studies off Oahu, Hawaii. The Veliger, 17 (1), 23 - 36.","Bailey-Brock, J. H. (1976) Habitats of tubicolous polychaetes from the Hawaiian Islands and Johnston Atoll. Pacific Science, 30 (1), 69 - 81.","Duenas, P. D. (1981) Inventario preliminar de los poliquetos (Annelida) de aguas someras de la bahia de Cartagena y areas adyacentes. Boletin del Museo del Mar, 10, 82 - 138.","Bailey-Brock, J. H. (1987) Phylum Annelida. In: Devaney, D. M. & Eldredge, L. G. (Eds.), Reef and shore fauna of Hawaii. Section 3: Sipuncula through Annelida. Special Publication of the Bernice P. Bishop Museum, 64, pp. 213 - 453.","Zibrowius, H. (1992) Ongoing modification of the Mediterranean marine fauna and flora by the establishment of exotic species. Mesogee, 51, 83 - 107.","Carpizo-Ituarte, E. & Hadfield, M. G. (1998) Stimulation of metamorphosis in the polychaete Hydroides elegans Haswell (Serpulidae). The Biological Bulletin, 194 (1), 14 - 24. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2307 / 1542509","Bastida-Zavala, J. R. & Hove, H. A. ten (2003) Revision of Hydroides Gunnerus, 1768 (Polychaeta: Serpulidae) from the Eastern Pacific Region and Hawaii. Beaufortia, Bulletin of Zoological Museum, 53 (4), 67 - 110.","Rodriguez-Valencia, J. A. (2004) Respuesta de los poliquetos bentonicos a la variabilidad ambiental y condiciones El Nino en Bahia Petacalco (Guerrero, Mexico). Ciencias Marinas, 30 (4), 515 - 526.","Okolodkov, Y. B., Bastida-Zavala, R., Ibanez, A. L., Chapman, J. W., Suarez-Morales, E., Pedroche, F. & Gutierrez-Mendieta, F. J. (2007) Especies acuaticas no indigenas en Mexico. Ciencia y Mar, 11 (32), 29 - 67.","Bastida-Zavala, J. R. (2009) Serpulidae Rafinesque, 1815. In: Leon-Gonzalez, J. A. de, Bastida-Zavala, J. R., Carrera-Parra, L. F., Garcia-Garza, M. E., Pena-Rivera, A., Salazar-Vallejo, S. I. & Solis-Weiss, V. (Eds.), Poliquetos (Annelida: Polychaeta) de Mexico y America Tropical. Vol. 4 3. Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, Monterrey, pp. 521 - 554.","Diaz-Castaneda, V. & Valenzuela-Solano, S. (2009) Polychaete fauna in the vicinity of bluefin tuna sea-cages in Ensenada, Baja California, Mexico. Zoosymposia, 2, 505 - 526.","Hove, H. A. ten & Kupriyanova, E. K. (2009) Taxonomy of Serpulidae (Annelida, Polychaeta): the state of affairs. Zootaxa, 2036, 1 - 126.","Tovar-Hernandez, M. A., Mendez, N. & Villalobos-Guerrero, T. F. (2009 b) Fouling polychaete worms from the Southern Gulf of California: Sabellidae and Serpulidae. Systematics and Biodiversity, 7 (3), 319 - 336. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1017 / s 1477200009990041","Tovar-Hernandez, M. A., Yanez-Rivera, B., Villalobos-Guerrero, T. F., Aguilar-Camacho, J. M. & Ramirez-Santana, I. D. (2014) Invertebrados marinos exoticos en el Golfo de California. In: Low Pfeng, A. M, Quijon, P. A. & Peters Recagno, E. M. (Eds.). Especies invasoras acuaticas: Casos de estudio en ecosistemas de Mexico. Secretaria de Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales, Instituto Nacional de Ecologia y Cambio Climatico, University of Prince Edwards Island, Prince Edward Island, pp. 15 - 32.","Bastida-Zavala, J. R. & Hove, H. A. ten (2002) Revision of Hydroides Gunnerus, 1768 (Polychaeta: Serpulidae) from the Western Atlantic Region. Beaufortia, 52, 103 - 178.","Hove, H. A. ten (1974) Notes on Hydroides elegans (Haswell, 1883) and Mercierella enigmatica Fauvel, 1923, alien serpulid polychaetes introduced into the Netherlands. Bulletin Zoologisch Museum Universiteit van Amsterdam, 4 (5), 45 - 51.","Kupriyanova, E. K. & Jirkov, I. A. (1997) Serpulidae (Annelida, Polychaeta) of the Arctic Ocean. Sarsia, 82, 203 - 236.","Moen, T. L. (2006) A translation of Bishop Gunnerus' description of the species Hydroides norvegicus with comments on his Serpula triqvetra. Scientia Marina, 70 S 3, 115 - 123. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.3989 / scimar. 2006.70 s 3115","Ben-Eliahu, M. N. & Hove, H. A. ten (2011) Serpulidae (Annelida: Polychaeta) from the Suez Canal-From a Lessepsian migration perspective (a monograph). Zootaxa, 2848, 1 - 147.","Nedved, B. T. & Hadfield, M. G. (2008) Hydroides elegans (Annelida: Polychaeta): A model for biofouling research. In: Flemming, H. - C., Murthy, P. S., Venkatesan, R. & Cooksey, K. E. (Eds.), Marine and Industrial Biofouling, Series in Biofuling, Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, 4, pp. 203 - 217. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / 978 - 3 - 540 - 69796 - 1 _ 11","Johnson, L. T. & Gonzalez, J. A. (2004) Staying afloat with nontoxic antifouling strategies for boats. California Sea Grant College Program Report Number T- 054. University of California, Oakland, California, 21 pp.","Johnson, L., Gonzalez, J., Alvarez, C., Takada, M. & Himes, A. (2006) Managing hull-borne invasive species and coastal water quality for California and Baja California boats kept in saltwater. California Sea Grant College Program Report Number T- 061. University of California, Oakland, California, 149 pp."]}

Hydroides deleoni Bastida-Zavala & ten Hove, 2003 (Figures 4, 11 D) Hydroides deleoni Bastida-Zavala & ten Hove, 2003: 80 –83, Figs 7 G–T, 8. Type locality: Punta San Juanico, Western coast of Baja California Sur, México, 35 m; also from Costa Rica, Panamá and Ecuador; on rocks, rock-pools and artificial substrate (PVC), 0– 35 m. Hydroides deleoni.— Salazar-Vallejo & Londoño-Mesa 2004: 54 (Tropical Eastern Pacific, checklist); Bastida-Zavala 2008: 25, fig. 6F (mentioned only); Bastida-Zavala 2009: 538, Fig. 2 B (identification key for Tropical America); ten Hove & Kupriyanova 2009: 53 (worldwide serpulid checklist). Material examined. 20 specimens. Baja California Sur: UMAR-Poly 755 (La Paz Bay, approx. 24°16’10”N, 110º19’29”W, SEAL-UABCS, PVC plate, one month in water, covered 85–90% by serpulids, mostly H. elegans, May 24, 1991, coll. Luis Varela). Guerrero: UMAR-Poly 756 (16º50’N, 99º54’W, Cantiles, La Quebrada, Acapulco, on rock oyster, 8 m, May 26, 2000, coll. AM). Oaxaca: UMAR-POLY 757 (Puerto Ángel, pier and beach, May 20, 2007, coll. FCC & SRH); UMAR-POLY 758, 2 spec. (Panteón Beach, Puerto Ángel, rocks, intertidal, June 12, 2012, coll. ERR & MJC). Panamá: UMAR-POLY 759 (Yachting Club, Balboa, June 1, 2002, coll. SSV). Perú: UMAR-Poly 760, 6 spec. (5°84’59”S, 80°94'21"O, Vichayo, Sechura, on shells of Argopecten purpuratus [Lamarck], 8 m, coll. IC); UMAR-Poly 761, 8 spec. (3°38'13"S, 80°35'22"O, Puerto La Cruz, Tumbes, 8 m, coll. IC). Habitat. Intertidal to subtidal (35 m, Bastida-Zavala & ten Hove 2003). On PVC plate, rock oyster, on shells of Argopecten purpuratus, and one specimen found on a pier (Puerto Ángel, Oaxaca). Also in rock-pools and on a PVC structure surrounded by soft-bottom, with salinity range of 25–37 PSU (Bastida-Zavala & ten Hove 2003). Distribution. Tropical Eastern Pacific. Baja California Sur (México) to Ecuador (Bastida-Zavala & ten Hove 2003) and Perú. Remarks. Hydroides deleoni was not commonly found on anthropogenic substrates; here we only report one specimen from a PVC plate (La Paz Bay) and another from a pier (Puerto Ángel); however, the species has a wide salinity range of 25–37 PSU (Bastida-Zavala & ten Hove 2003).

Hydroides dirampha M��rch, 1863 (Figures 4, 11 E) Hydroides (Eucarphus) dirampha M��rch, 1863: 379, pl. 11, Fig. 10. Type locality: St. Thomas, Caribbean Sea. Hydroides (Eucarphus) benzoni M��rch, 1863: 380, plate 11, fig. 11 (type locality: Bahia, Brazil, on gastropod Purpura haemastoma). Hydroides (Eucarphus) cumingii M��rch, 1863: 379 ���380, plate 11, fig. 9 (type locality: Philippines); Ehlers 1905: 70 ���72 (Oahu, Hawaii, harbor). Hydroides (Eucarphus) cumingii navalis M��rch, 1863: 379 (type locality: New Zealand). Eupomatus lunulifer Clapar��de, 1870: 181 ���182 (type locality: Gulf of Naples, Italy; hull of a vessel in refit). Eucarphus serratus Bush, 1910: 495 ���496 (type locality: Bermuda). Hydroides sp.��� Treadwell 1914: 226, pl. 12, fig. 48 (���yacht bottom, Honolulu���, Hawaii). Hydroides malleophorus Rioja, 1942: 126 ���130, Figs 7 ���14 (Mazatl��n, Sinaloa, on rocks; type material lost); Salazar-Vallejo 1989b: 199 (Mexican coasts, checklist); Salazar-Vallejo & Londo��o-Mesa 2004: 54 (Tropical Eastern Pacific, checklist); Hern��ndez-Alc��ntara et al. 2008: 49 (mentioned only). Hydroides lunulifera.��� Nelson-Smith 1967: 31, Fig. 16 (Panam�� Canal); Lakshmana Rao 1969: 5 ���6, pl. 3, Figs a���g (Visakhapatnam and Madras, India; harbour); Straughan 1969: 232 (Oahu, Hawaii, samples from 1929 to 1968); Salazar- Vallejo & Londo��o-Mesa 2004: 54 (Tropical Eastern Pacific, checklist). Hydroides dirampha.��� Long 1974: 28 (Oahu, Hawaii, 9���36 m; with moderate coverage on test panels to 15 m); Bailey-Brock 1976: 77���78 (Oahu Island and Hawaii Island, reef flats, epifauna of mobile substrata [mollusks and crustaceans], boat harbors, lagoons and reef slope); Due��as 1981: 100, fig. 30A���F (Cartagena Bay, Colombia; on cement wall and plastic tubes of shrimp culture ponds); Bailey-Brock 1987: 420 (Hawaii); Zibrowius 1992: 91 (discussion about its origin in tropical American Atlantic); Bastida-Zavala 1993: 35 (Caimancito Beach, La Paz Bay, Baja California Sur); Sun et al. 2015: 20���23, fig. 5a���b (New South Wales, Queensland and Western Australia; intertidal to 11.8 m; in lagoons and harbors, ship���s hulls, fish farms and other man-made structures). Hydroides diramphus.���Bastida-Zavala & ten Hove 2003: 83���86, Figs 10 A���L (California, Baja California Sur and Hawaii; 0��� 1 m); Salazar-Vallejo & Londo��o-Mesa 2004: 54 (Tropical Eastern Pacific, checklist); Rodr��guez-Valencia 2004: 520 (Petacalco Bay, Guerrero); Bastida-Zavala 2008: 25, Fig. 6 G (Hawaii, California and Sinaloa; 0���2 m); Okolodkov et al. 2007: 40 (cryptogenic in the Mexican Pacific); Bastida-Zavala 2009: 534, Figs 2 D, 4J (identification key for Tropical America); ten Hove & Kupriyanova 2009: 53 (worldwide serpulid checklist); Tovar-Hern��ndez et al. 2012: 14���15 (Guaymas, Sonora); Bastida-Zavala et al. 2014: 326, Figs 19.1c���d (exotic in the Mexican Pacific); Murtaugh & Hern��ndez 2014: 412 (Concepci��n Bay, Baja California Sur; oyster boxes suspended 3 m deep, for one month during a year cycle); Tovar-Hern��ndez et al. 2014: 390 (API Guaymas, Sonora, and Marina Palmira, La Paz, Baja California Sur); Villalobos- Guerrero et al. 2014: 107 (Sinaloa, checklist). Material examined. 54 specimens. Baja California Sur: UANL 7870, 8 spec. (Marina Santa Rosal��a, sta. 1: 27��20���25.2���N, 112��15���56.1���W, March 31 2011, coll. ARB & JAL); UANL 7871, 3 spec. (same, February 12, 2013, coll. JAL & JMC); UANL 7872, 4 spec. (Puerto Escondido, sta. 1: 25��48���51.8���N, 111��18���41.2���W, April 2, 2011, coll. JAL & ARB); UANL 7868 (Marina Cantamar, Pichilingue, sta. 1: 24��16���42.7���N, 110��19���50.4���W, April 22, 2010, ARB & JAL); UANL 7873, 17 spec. (Marina Los Cabos, San Jos�� del Cabo, sta. 1: 23��03���42.4���N, 109��40���27.8���W, April 4, 2011, coll. JAL & ARB); UANL 7869, 2 spec. (Marina Cabo San Lucas, sta. 1: 22��53���09.1���N, 109��54���38.4���W, April 22, 2010, coll. JAL); UANL 7874 (same, April 4, 2011, coll. JAL & ARB). Oaxaca: UMAR-Poly 762, 8 spec. (Salina Cruz, angler pier, main dock, sta. 4, 1 m, May 26, 2011, coll. SGM et al.); UMAR-Poly 763, 9 spec. (same, hull of the shrimp boat ���Golfo P��rsico���, 1 m, May 26, 2011, coll. EVP); UMAR-POLY 764 (���sample 85���, Oaxaca, 0���6 m, September 15, 2004). Habitat. Intertidal to subtidal (12 m, Sun et al. 2015). On anthropogenic substrates in marinas and ports (from Cabo San Lucas, San Jos�� del Cabo, Pichilingue, Puerto Escondido and Santa Rosal��a, Baja California Sur, and from Salina Cruz, Oaxaca). Also on rocks on sandy bottom (Bastida-Zavala 2008) and oyster boxes suspended in Concepci��n Bay, Baja California Sur (Murtaugh & Hern��ndez 2014). Fouling species. Distribution. Worldwide in temperate and tropical regions. Mediterranean, Gulf of Mexico to Brazil, South Africa, India, Australia, New Zealand, Philippines, South of Japan, Marshall Islands, Hawaii, California (USA), Gulf of California to Oaxaca (M��xico) (Lakshmana Rao 1969; Zibrowius 1971; Imajima 1978; Bastida-Zavala & ten Hove 2002; 2003; Bailey-Brock et al. 2012; Sun et al. 2012a; Sun et al. 2015). Remarks. Zibrowius (1992) and Ben-Eliahu & ten Hove (2011) mentioned that the origin of Hydroides dirampha probably is the tropical Eastern Atlantic. This species is present in the Tropical Eastern Pacific for at least 70 years; it was first recorded in Mazatl��n, Sinaloa, by Rioja (1942), as H. malleophorus; half a century later, Bastida-Zavala (1993) recorded a specimen from a beach in La Paz Bay. Straughan (1969) recorded H. dirampha from samples collected in Oahu, Hawaii, between 1929 and 1968. More recently, Tovar-Hern��ndez et al. (2012) and Tovar-Hern��ndez et al. (2014) recorded the species in the fouling from Mazatl��n, Sinaloa; La Paz, Baja California Sur, and Guaymas, Sonora. Almost all historic and recent records of Hydroides dirampha, from the Tropical Eastern Pacific were in ports and marinas, on anthropogenic substrates. However, in the Hawaiian Islands it is abundant both in natural sites (reef flats) and in boat harbors (Long 1974; Bailey-Brock 1976). In Concepci��n Bay, Baja California Sur, Murtaugh & Hern��ndez (2014) found that the species abundance changes drastically from warm (abundant, more than 60 specimens found in three oyster cages deployed in the water six times) to cold season (only one specimen found in three oyster cages deployed six times)., Published as part of Bastida-Zavala, J. Rolando, Buelna, Alondra Sof��a Rodr��guez, Le��n-Gonz��lez, Jes��s Angel De, Camacho-Cruz, Karla Andrea & Carmona, Isabel, 2016, New records of sabellids and serpulids (Polychaeta: Sabellidae, Serpulidae) from the Tropical Eastern Pacific, pp. 401-457 in Zootaxa 4184 (3) on pages 418-419, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4184.3.1, http://zenodo.org/record/255062, {"references":["Morch, O. A. L. (1863) Revisio critica Serpulidarum. Et bidrag til roromenes naturhistorie. Naturhistorisk Tidsskrift Henrik KrOyer, KObenhavn, Series 3, 1, 347 - 470.","Ehlers, E. (1905) Neuscelandische Anneliden. Abhandlungen der Koniglichen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Gottingen, Mathematisch-Physikalische Klasse, New Series, 3 (1), 1 - 80.","Claparede, E. (1870) Les annelides chetopodes du Golfe de Naples. Annelides sedentaires. Supplement. Memoires de la Societe de Physique et d'Historie Naturelle de Geneve, 20 (part 2), 365 - 542. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 2142","Bush, K. J. (1910) Description of new serpulids from Bermuda with notes on known forms from adjacent regions. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 62, 490 - 501.","Treadwell, A. L. (1914) Polychaetous annelids of the Pacific Coast in the collections of the Zoological Museum of the University of California. University of California Publications in Zoology, 13 (8), 175 - 234.","Rioja, E. (1942) Estudios Anelidologicos IV. Observaciones sobre especies de serpulidos de las costas del Pacifico de Mexico, con descripcion de una especie nueva del genero Hydroides. Anales del Instituto de Biologia, Mexico, 13, 125 - 135.","Salazar-Vallejo, S. I. (1989 b) Bibliografia y lista de especies. In: Poliquetos (Annelida: Polychaeta) de Mexico. Libros Universitarios, Universidad Autonoma de Baja California Sur, La Paz, pp. 133 - 211.","Salazar-Vallejo, S. I. & Londono-Mesa, M. H. (2004) Lista de especies y bibliografia de poliquetos (Polychaeta) del Pacifico oriental tropical. Anales del Instituto de Biologia, Mexico, 75 (1), 9 - 97.","Hernandez-Alcantara, P., Tovar-Hernandez, M. A. & Solis-Weiss, V. (2008) Polychaetes (Annelida: Polychaeta) described for the Mexican Pacific: an historical review and an updated checklist. Latin American Journal of Aquatic Research, 36 (1), 37 - 61. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.3856 / vol 36 - issue 1 - fulltext- 4","Nelson-Smith, A. (1967) Catalogue of main marine fouling organisms (found on ships coming into European waters). Vol. 3. Serpulids. Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, Paris, 79 pp.","Lakshmana Rao, M. V. (1969) Fouling serpulids from some Indian harbours. Journal of Timber Developers Association of India, 15 (2), 1 - 20.","Straughan, D. (1969) Serpulidae (Annelida: Polychaeta) from Oahu, Hawaii. Bulletin of the Southern California Academy of Sciences, 68 (4), 229 - 240.","Long, E. R. (1974) Marine fouling studies off Oahu, Hawaii. The Veliger, 17 (1), 23 - 36.","Bailey-Brock, J. H. (1976) Habitats of tubicolous polychaetes from the Hawaiian Islands and Johnston Atoll. Pacific Science, 30 (1), 69 - 81.","Duenas, P. D. (1981) Inventario preliminar de los poliquetos (Annelida) de aguas someras de la bahia de Cartagena y areas adyacentes. Boletin del Museo del Mar, 10, 82 - 138.","Bailey-Brock, J. H. (1987) Phylum Annelida. In: Devaney, D. M. & Eldredge, L. G. (Eds.), Reef and shore fauna of Hawaii. Section 3: Sipuncula through Annelida. Special Publication of the Bernice P. Bishop Museum, 64, pp. 213 - 453.","Zibrowius, H. (1992) Ongoing modification of the Mediterranean marine fauna and flora by the establishment of exotic species. Mesogee, 51, 83 - 107.","Bastida-Zavala, J. R. (1993) Taxonomia y composicion biogeografica de los poliquetos (Annelida: Polychaeta) de la bahia de La Paz, B. C. S., Mexico. Revista de Investigaciones Cientificas, UABCS, 4 (1), 11 - 39.","Bastida-Zavala, J. R. & Hove, H. A. ten (2003) Revision of Hydroides Gunnerus, 1768 (Polychaeta: Serpulidae) from the Eastern Pacific Region and Hawaii. Beaufortia, Bulletin of Zoological Museum, 53 (4), 67 - 110.","Rodriguez-Valencia, J. A. (2004) Respuesta de los poliquetos bentonicos a la variabilidad ambiental y condiciones El Nino en Bahia Petacalco (Guerrero, Mexico). Ciencias Marinas, 30 (4), 515 - 526.","Okolodkov, Y. B., Bastida-Zavala, R., Ibanez, A. L., Chapman, J. W., Suarez-Morales, E., Pedroche, F. & Gutierrez-Mendieta, F. J. (2007) Especies acuaticas no indigenas en Mexico. Ciencia y Mar, 11 (32), 29 - 67.","Hove, H. A. ten & Kupriyanova, E. K. (2009) Taxonomy of Serpulidae (Annelida, Polychaeta): the state of affairs. Zootaxa, 2036, 1 - 126.","Murtaugh, M. P. & Hernandez, L. (2014) Inventario de la macro-fauna reclutada sobre sustrato artificial suspendido en bahia Concepcion, Baja California Sur, Mexico. Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad, 85, 402 - 413. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.7550 / rmb. 34225","Tovar-Hernandez, M. A., Yanez-Rivera, B., Villalobos-Guerrero, T. F., Aguilar-Camacho, J. M. & Ramirez-Santana, I. D. (2014) Invertebrados marinos exoticos en el Golfo de California. In: Low Pfeng, A. M, Quijon, P. A. & Peters Recagno, E. M. (Eds.). Especies invasoras acuaticas: Casos de estudio en ecosistemas de Mexico. Secretaria de Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales, Instituto Nacional de Ecologia y Cambio Climatico, University of Prince Edwards Island, Prince Edward Island, pp. 15 - 32.","Zibrowius, H. (1971) Les especes Mediterranee du genre Hydroides (Polychaeta Serpulidae). Remarques sur le pretendu polymorphisme de Hydroides uncinata. Tethys, 2, 691 - 746.","Imajima, M. (1978) Serpulidae (Annelida, Polychaeta) collected around Nii-jima and O-shima, Izu Islands. Memoirs of the National Science Museum, Tokyo, 11, 49 - 72.","Bastida-Zavala, J. R. & Hove, H. A. ten (2002) Revision of Hydroides Gunnerus, 1768 (Polychaeta: Serpulidae) from the Western Atlantic Region. Beaufortia, 52, 103 - 178.","Bailey-Brock, J. H., Magalhaes, W. F. & Brock, R. C. (2012) Coral reef inhabiting tubeworms (Polychaeta: Serpulidae) from Enewetak, Kwajalein, Rongelap and Utirik Atolls, Marshall Islands. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 92 (5), 967 - 988. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1017 / s 0025315411001950","Sun, Y., ten Hove, H. A. & Qiu, J. W. (2012 a) Serpulid polychaetes from Hong Kong. Zootaxa, 3424, 1 - 42.","Ben-Eliahu, M. N. & Hove, H. A. ten (2011) Serpulidae (Annelida: Polychaeta) from the Suez Canal-From a Lessepsian migration perspective (a monograph). Zootaxa, 2848, 1 - 147."]}

Hydroides trompi Bastida-Zavala & ten Hove, 2003 (Figures 6, 12 G) Hydroides trompi Bastida-Zavala & ten Hove, 2003: 104 ���108, Figs 22A���Q, 23. Type locality: Miraflores Locks, Pacific coast of Panam��, intertidal; Baja California and Baja California Sur; 2���3 m. Eupomatus recurvispina (not Rioja, 1941).��� Kudenov 1975: 228 (Station Beach, Puerto Pe��asco, Sonora, bottom of basalt boulders); Kudenov 1980: 122, fig. 6.50 a���b (same). Hydroides trompi.��� Salazar-Vallejo & Londo��o-Mesa 2004: 55 (Tropical Eastern Pacific, checklist); Bastida-Zavala 2008: 30, fig. 6U (Oaxaca; 6���10 m); Bastida-Zavala 2009: 535, Fig. 3 G (identification key for Tropical America); ten Hove & Kupriyanova 2009: 55 (worldwide serpulid checklist); Bastida-Zavala et al. 2013: 349 (Oaxaca, checklist). Material examined. Three specimens. Sonora: UMAR-Poly 787 (Puerto Pe��asco, no more data, coll. SSV et al.). Guerrero: UMAR-POLY 788, 2 spec. (Manzanillo Beach, Zihuatanejo, on Pocillopora damicornis, 5���7 m, December 4, 2011, coll. ALP). Habitat. Intertidal to subtidal (10 m, Bastida-Zavala 2008). On cobbles surrounded by sand, mangrove roots, dead and live corals (Pocillopora damicornis), spiny oysters (Spondylus limbatus), rocks and on locks (upper and lower chambers) of the Panam�� Canal (Bastida-Zavala & ten Hove 2003; Bastida-Zavala 2008). Occasionally part of fouling fauna. Distribution. Tropical Eastern Pacific. Gulf of California, Oaxaca (M��xico) and Panam�� (Bastida-Zavala & ten Hove 2003). Remarks. Hydroides trompi is found on several substrates; the type specimens came from the locks of Panam�� Canal; it is rare., Published as part of Bastida-Zavala, J. Rolando, Buelna, Alondra Sof��a Rodr��guez, Le��n-Gonz��lez, Jes��s Angel De, Camacho-Cruz, Karla Andrea & Carmona, Isabel, 2016, New records of sabellids and serpulids (Polychaeta: Sabellidae, Serpulidae) from the Tropical Eastern Pacific, pp. 401-457 in Zootaxa 4184 (3) on pages 427-428, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4184.3.1, http://zenodo.org/record/255062, {"references":["Bastida-Zavala, J. R. & Hove, H. A. ten (2003) Revision of Hydroides Gunnerus, 1768 (Polychaeta: Serpulidae) from the Eastern Pacific Region and Hawaii. Beaufortia, Bulletin of Zoological Museum, 53 (4), 67 - 110.","Kudenov, J. D. (1975) Sedentary polychaetes from the Gulf of California. Journal of Natural History, 9, 205 - 31. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222937500770131","Kudenov, J. D. (1980) Annelida: Polychaeta (Bristleworms). In: Brusca, R. C. (Ed.), Common intertidal invertebrates of the Gulf of California. 2 a Edition. University of Arizona Press, Tucson, pp. 77 - 123.","Salazar-Vallejo, S. I. & Londono-Mesa, M. H. (2004) Lista de especies y bibliografia de poliquetos (Polychaeta) del Pacifico oriental tropical. Anales del Instituto de Biologia, Mexico, 75 (1), 9 - 97.","Hove, H. A. ten & Kupriyanova, E. K. (2009) Taxonomy of Serpulidae (Annelida, Polychaeta): the state of affairs. Zootaxa, 2036, 1 - 126.","Bastida-Zavala, J. R., Garcia-Madrigal, M. S., Rosas-Alquicira, E. F., Lopez-Perez, R. A., Benitez-Villalobos, F., Meraz- Hernando, J. F., Torres-Huerta, A. M., Montoya-Marquez, A. & Barrientos-Lujan, N. A. (2013) Marine and coastal biodiversity of Oaxaca, Mexico. Check List, 9 (2), 329 - 390. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.15560 / 9.2.329"]}

Hydroides ochotereana Rioja, 1941a (Figures 5, 12 B���C) Hydroides ochotereana Rioja, 1941a: 164 ���167, pl. 2, Figs 1���12; pl. 3, fig. 1; pl. 4, fig. 16. Type locality: La Aguada Beach and La Quebrada, Acapulco, Guerrero, M��xico, on rocks, algae, hydrozoans and chaetopterid tubes (type specimens lost). Hydroides ochotereana.��� Rioja 1941b: 733 (same); Laverde-Castillo 1986: 128 (M��laga Bay, Colombian Pacific); Laverde- Castillo 1988: 89 (Curichichi Island, M��laga Bay, on coral rubble and rocks); Salazar-Vallejo 1989b: 199 (Mexican coasts, checklist); Hern��ndez-Alc��ntara et al. 2008: 49 (mentioned only). Hydroides ochoterena.���Bastida-Zavala & ten Hove 2003: 95���97, Figs 17A���M (Costa Rica, Gal��pagos and Mexican Pacific; 0���10 m); Bastida-Zavala 2008: 28, fig. 6N (Guerrero, Oaxaca and Oaxaca; 0���10 m); ten Hove & Kupriyanova 2009: 54 (worldwide serpulid checklist). Sensu auctore misspelling, see Remarks. Hydroides ochoterenai.��� Salazar-Vallejo & Londo��o-Mesa 2004: 54 (Tropical Eastern Pacific, checklist); Bastida-Zavala 2009: 534, Figs 2 Q, 5H (identification key for Tropical America); Bastida-Zavala et al. 2013: 349 (Oaxaca, checklist). Sensu auctore misspelling, see Remarks. Material examined. Two specimens. Guerrero: UMAR-Poly 772 (17��37���10.58���N, 101��31���27.23���W, Zihuatanejo, Manzanillo, Tlacoyunque, sta. 3, on coral Pocillopora damicornis, 3 m, December 4, 2010, coll. SGG). Oaxaca: UMAR-POLY 773 (Chacahua Lagoon, on rock, April 3, 2008); Habitat. Intertidal to subtidal (10 m, Bastida-Zavala & ten Hove 2003). On coral Pocillopora damicornis. Also in rock pools, on rocks and bivalve shells (Bastida-Zavala & ten Hove 2003; Bastida-Zavala 2008). Distribution. Tropical Eastern Pacific. From Manzanillo, Guerrero to Colombia and Gal��pagos Islands (Bastida-Zavala & ten Hove 2003). Remarks. Bastida-Zavala & ten Hove (2003) corrected the specific name from ochotereana to ochoterena, because Rioja (1941a: 167) dedicated the species to Ignacio Ochoterena, a masculine noun; however, as it was the author who was responsible for an incorrect latinisation (ICZN 1999: Art. 32.5.1) his original spelling should not corrected. Hydroides ochotereana is rare except in Acapulco, Guerrero, and Gal��pagos Islands, where several specimens were found. With this new record its known geographical range is extended from Manzanillo Point, in Acapulco area (Bastida-Zavala & ten Hove 2003) to Manzanillo, in Zihuatanejo area, both located in Guerrero, along the littoral approximately 200 km to the north., Published as part of Bastida-Zavala, J. Rolando, Buelna, Alondra Sof��a Rodr��guez, Le��n-Gonz��lez, Jes��s Angel De, Camacho-Cruz, Karla Andrea & Carmona, Isabel, 2016, New records of sabellids and serpulids (Polychaeta: Sabellidae, Serpulidae) from the Tropical Eastern Pacific, pp. 401-457 in Zootaxa 4184 (3) on pages 423-424, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4184.3.1, http://zenodo.org/record/255062, {"references":["Rioja, E. (1941 a) Estudios Anelidologicos II. Observaciones acerca de varias especies del genero Hydroides Gunnerus (sensu Fauvel) de las costas mexicanas del Pacifico. Anales del Instituto de Biologia, Mexico, 12, 161 - 175.","Rioja, E. (1941 b) Estudios Anelidologicos, III. Datos para el conocimiento de la fauna de poliquetos de las costas mexicanas del Pacifico. Anales del Instituto de Biologia, Mexico, 12, 669 - 746.","Laverde-Castillo, J. J. A. (1986) Lista anotada de los poliquetos (Annelida) registrados para el Pacifico colombiano, con notas preliminares sobre su zoogeografia. Actualidades Biologicas, 15 (58), 123 - 130.","Laverde-Castillo, J. J. A. (1988) Notas sobre algunos serpulidos (Annelida, Polychaeta) de Bahia Malaga, Pacifico colombiano. Anales del Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas de Punta de Betin, 18, 83 - 93.","Salazar-Vallejo, S. I. (1989 b) Bibliografia y lista de especies. In: Poliquetos (Annelida: Polychaeta) de Mexico. Libros Universitarios, Universidad Autonoma de Baja California Sur, La Paz, pp. 133 - 211.","Hernandez-Alcantara, P., Tovar-Hernandez, M. A. & Solis-Weiss, V. (2008) Polychaetes (Annelida: Polychaeta) described for the Mexican Pacific: an historical review and an updated checklist. Latin American Journal of Aquatic Research, 36 (1), 37 - 61. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.3856 / vol 36 - issue 1 - fulltext- 4","Bastida-Zavala, J. R. & Hove, H. A. ten (2003) Revision of Hydroides Gunnerus, 1768 (Polychaeta: Serpulidae) from the Eastern Pacific Region and Hawaii. Beaufortia, Bulletin of Zoological Museum, 53 (4), 67 - 110.","Hove, H. A. ten & Kupriyanova, E. K. (2009) Taxonomy of Serpulidae (Annelida, Polychaeta): the state of affairs. Zootaxa, 2036, 1 - 126.","Salazar-Vallejo, S. I. & Londono-Mesa, M. H. (2004) Lista de especies y bibliografia de poliquetos (Polychaeta) del Pacifico oriental tropical. Anales del Instituto de Biologia, Mexico, 75 (1), 9 - 97.","Bastida-Zavala, J. R., Garcia-Madrigal, M. S., Rosas-Alquicira, E. F., Lopez-Perez, R. A., Benitez-Villalobos, F., Meraz- Hernando, J. F., Torres-Huerta, A. M., Montoya-Marquez, A. & Barrientos-Lujan, N. A. (2013) Marine and coastal biodiversity of Oaxaca, Mexico. Check List, 9 (2), 329 - 390. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.15560 / 9.2.329"]}

Hydroides crucigera M��rch, 1863 (Figures 3, 11 C) Hydroides (Eucarphus) crucigera M��rch, 1863: 378, pl. 11, Fig. 8. Type locality: Punta Arenas, Pacific side of Costa Rica, on Margaritifera barbata (now Pinctada R��ding sp.), 26 m. Hydroides californicus Treadwell, 1929: 12 (Baja California); Rioja 1941a: 161 ���164 (La Aguada Beach, Acapulco, Guerrero, and Mazatl��n, Sinaloa); Rioja 1941b: 733 (same); Salazar-Vallejo 1989b: 199 (Mexican coasts, checklist); Salazar-Vallejo & Londo��o-Mesa 2004: 54 (Tropical Eastern Pacific, checklist); Hern��ndez-Alc��ntara et al. 2008: 48 (mentioned only). Hydroides crucigera.��� Monro 1933b: 1083, Text-figure 26 (Taboga Island, Panam��, on pier floats); Rioja 1944: 409 ���414 (synonymization of H. californicus recorded in the Mexican Pacific and duplicity of operculum); Rioja 1947a: 215 (La Paz, Baja California Sur, and Topolobampo, Sinaloa); Rioja 1958: 250 ���251 (Verde Island and Santiaguillo Island, Veracruz); Straughan 1969: 232 ���234 (Pearl Harbor, Kaneohe Bay, Coconut Island and Maili Point, Oahu, Hawaii, samples from 1936 to 1968); Shepherd 1972: 5 (La Paz Bay, Baja California Sur; epifauna on Pinctada mazatlanica [Hanley]); Long 1974: 28 (Oahu, Hawaii, 9���36 m, with little coverage on test panels); Kudenov 1975: 228 (Station Beach, Puerto Pe��asco, Sonora, bottom of basalt boulders); Bailey-Brock 1976: 77 ���78 (Oahu Island, Hawaii, reef flats, epifauna of mobile substrata [mollusks and crustaceans], boat harbors, lagoons and reef slope); Kudenov 1980: 122 (same as Kudenov 1975); Salazar-Vallejo & L��pez-Muraira 1983: 111 (Bocachibampo Bay, Sonora; intertidal; epifauna of sea urchin Hesperocidaris asteriscus H.L. Clark); Laverde-Castillo 1986: 128 (M��laga Bay, Colombian Pacific); Bailey-Brock 1987: 420 (Hawaii); Laverde-Castillo 1988: 91 (Curichichi, Cabez��n and Mayordomo Islands, M��laga Bay, Colombian Pacific, on dead coral and shells); Salazar-Vallejo 1989b: 199 (Mexican coasts, checklist); Bastida-Zavala 1993: 35 (Caimancito Beach and Balandra Beach, Baja California Sur); de Le��n-Gonz��lez et al. 1993: 879 (Puerto Escondido Bay, Baja California Sur, epifauna on the oyster ��� Spondylus princeps unicolor Sowerby ���; 30 m); Bastida-Zavala 1995: 24 (Cabo Pulmo Reef, Baja California Sur, on coral; 4���17 m); G��mez et al. 1997: 1071 (Puerto ��ngel Beach and La Entrega Beach, Oaxaca, rocks and coral); L��pez-Garc��a et al. 1997: 66 (Coiba, Panam��, under rocks, on dead coral and the octocoral Telesto riisei [Duchassaing & Michelotti]); Dean 2004: 165 (list of polychaetes from Costa Rica). Hydroides crucigerus.��� de Le��n-Gonz��lez 1990: 336���337, Fig. 3 e���g (Punta San Juanico, Baja California Sur; 30 m). Hydroides cruciger.���Bastida-Zavala & ten Hove 2003: 78���80, Figs 5 A���Q (Baja California, Baja California Sur, Guerrero, Oaxaca, Panam��, Hawaii; 0���8 m); Salazar-Vallejo & Londo��o-Mesa 2004: 54 (Tropical Eastern Pacific, checklist); Bastida-Zavala 2008: 23, fig. 6E (Hawaii, Guerrero and Oaxaca; 0���4 m); Bastida-Zavala 2009: 534, Fig. 2 A (identification key for Tropical America); ten Hove & Kupriyanova 2009: 53 (worldwide serpulid checklist); Tovar- Hern��ndez et al. 2009b: 330���331, Figs 3 k, 6b-c, 7g-i (fouling in Mazatl��n, Sinaloa); Bastida-Zavala et al. 2013: 349 (Oaxaca, checklist); Villalobos-Guerrero et al. 2014: 107 (Sinaloa, checklist). Material examined. 45 specimens. Sonora: UMAR-Poly 737, 2 spec. (Puerto Pe��asco, June 15, 1981, coll. SSV & JAL). Baja California: UMAR-Poly 738, 3 spec. (La Gringa, Bah��a de los ��ngeles cobbles on sand, scarce corals and sponges, 29��N, 113��30���W, 2���3 m in low tide, August 13, 1989, coll. HTH). Baja California Sur: UMAR-Poly 739, 3 spec. (Punta San Juanico, January 28, 1988, coll. JAL, don. UANL 0359); UMAR-Poly 740, 4 spec. (Concepci��n Bay, Reques��n Beach, May 15, 1988, coll. RBZ); UANL 7864 (Puerto Escondido, scraping of pier, sta. 4: 25��48���52.9���N, 111��18���40.4���W, April 20, 2010, coll. JAL); UANL 7867 (same, sta. 2: 25��48���53.1���N, 111��18���40.5���W, April 2, 2011, coll. JAL); UANL 7865, 3 spec. (Marina Cantamar, Pichilingue, sta. 1: 24��16���42.7���N, 110��19���50.4���W, April 22, 2010, coll. JAL); UANL 7866, 2 spec. (Marina Fonatur, La Paz, 24��07���29.7���N, 110��20���47.1���W, November 14. 2013); UMAR-Poly 741 (La Paz Bay, Comit��n Beach, October 18, 1989, coll. RBZ). Gulf of California: UMAR-Poly 742, 2 spec. (M-Serp-1, IM(N)?, no more data, coll. GGG). Guerrero: UMAR-Poly 743 (La Quebrada, Acapulco, on Muricanthus, May 25, 2000, coll. AM). Oaxaca, UMAR-Poly 744 (Chacahua Lagoon, on rock, April 3, 2008); UMAR-POLY 745, 5 spec. (Corralero Lagoon and Pante��n Beach, March 22���23 and May 15, 2010, coll. FAG, mixed samples); UMAR-Poly 746 (Pante��n Beach, Puerto ��ngel, 10 m, November 23, 2005, coll. GRC); UMAR-POLY 747 (Puerto ��ngel, June 15, 2010, coll. JPQ & RRB); UMAR-POLY 748 (Estacahuite Beach, Puerto ��ngel, April 18, 2005, coll. Yareth & SGM); UMAR- POLY 749 (Marina Chahu��, Huatulco, on rocks, May 22, 2000, coll. RBZ); UMAR-POLY 750, 3 spec. (same, on mollusc, May 22, 2000, coll. RBZ); UMAR-Poly 751, 4 spec. (Salina Cruz, angler pier, main dock, sta. 4, 1 m, May 26, 2011, coll. SGM et al.); UMAR-Poly 752 (same, hull of the shrimp boat ��� Golfo P��rsico ���, 1 m, May 26, 2011, coll. EVP); UMAR-POLY 753 (���sample 85���, Oaxaca, 0���6 m, September 15, 2004). Panam��: UMAR-Poly 754, 3 spec. (Diablo Spinning Club, Balboa, June 5, 2002, coll. SSV). Habitat. Intertidal to subtidal (36 m, Long 1974). On mollusks, rocks and on anthropogenic substrates in marinas and ports from Pichilingue, La Paz and Puerto Escondido, Baja California Sur, and Chahu�� and Salina Cruz, Oaxaca. Also on the oyster ��� Spondylus princeps unicolor ��� (de Le��n-Gonz��lez et al. 1993), on dead coral Pocillopora and in rock pools, with salinity range of 19���37 PSU (Bastida-Zavala 2008). Fouling species. Distribution. Tropical Eastern Pacific. From Gulf of California (M��xico) to M��laga Bay (Colombia); also in Veracruz (Rioja 1958: 251) and Hawaii (Bastida-Zavala & ten Hove 2003). Remarks. Hydroides crucigera was found both on natural and anthropogenic substrates. The species probably is exotic in Hawaii; Straughan (1969) recorded samples from 1936 to 1968; later, Long (1974) recorded the species from Oahu, collected from 1968 to 1972, and Bailey-Brock (1976) recorded the species from several localities, from reef flats to reef slopes in Hawaii. It is a fouling species with potential to be introduced to other tropical regions by ships. Rioja (1958: 250���251) recorded Hydroides crucigera (as H. californicus) from two reef islands of Veracruz, Gulf of Mexico; unfortunately his collection was lost. Nonato & Luna (1970: 99���100, Fig. 106) recorded a specimen as Hydroides californicus from Alagoas coast, Brazil, to 100 m depth; however, the specimen could not be synonymized with H. crucigera because their illustration represents an opercular funnel with 24 bluntly tipped radii, while H. crucigera has 30���50 radii with pointed tips (Fig. 11 C). Also, the lateral spinules are represented as very small, almost triangular, while H. crucigera shows long lateral spinules (Fig. 11 C). By the number of radii and general shape of the spines Nonato & Luna���s material is similar to Hydroides sp. 1 Bastida-Zavala & ten Hove (2002), from the Caribbean, except for the number of lateral spinules, 2���4 pairs in Hydroides sp. 1 and only one pair in the specimen from Brazil., Published as part of Bastida-Zavala, J. Rolando, Buelna, Alondra Sof��a Rodr��guez, Le��n-Gonz��lez, Jes��s Angel De, Camacho-Cruz, Karla Andrea & Carmona, Isabel, 2016, New records of sabellids and serpulids (Polychaeta: Sabellidae, Serpulidae) from the Tropical Eastern Pacific, pp. 401-457 in Zootaxa 4184 (3) on pages 415-416, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4184.3.1, http://zenodo.org/record/255062, {"references":["Morch, O. A. L. (1863) Revisio critica Serpulidarum. Et bidrag til roromenes naturhistorie. Naturhistorisk Tidsskrift Henrik KrOyer, KObenhavn, Series 3, 1, 347 - 470.","Treadwell, A. L. (1929) New species of polychaetous annelids in the collections of the American Museum of Natural History from Porto Rico, Florida, Lower California, and British Somaliland. American Museum Novitates, 392, 1 - 13.","Rioja, E. (1941 a) Estudios Anelidologicos II. Observaciones acerca de varias especies del genero Hydroides Gunnerus (sensu Fauvel) de las costas mexicanas del Pacifico. Anales del Instituto de Biologia, Mexico, 12, 161 - 175.","Rioja, E. (1941 b) Estudios Anelidologicos, III. Datos para el conocimiento de la fauna de poliquetos de las costas mexicanas del Pacifico. Anales del Instituto de Biologia, Mexico, 12, 669 - 746.","Salazar-Vallejo, S. I. (1989 b) Bibliografia y lista de especies. In: Poliquetos (Annelida: Polychaeta) de Mexico. Libros Universitarios, Universidad Autonoma de Baja California Sur, La Paz, pp. 133 - 211.","Salazar-Vallejo, S. I. & Londono-Mesa, M. H. (2004) Lista de especies y bibliografia de poliquetos (Polychaeta) del Pacifico oriental tropical. Anales del Instituto de Biologia, Mexico, 75 (1), 9 - 97.","Hernandez-Alcantara, P., Tovar-Hernandez, M. A. & Solis-Weiss, V. (2008) Polychaetes (Annelida: Polychaeta) described for the Mexican Pacific: an historical review and an updated checklist. Latin American Journal of Aquatic Research, 36 (1), 37 - 61. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.3856 / vol 36 - issue 1 - fulltext- 4","Monro, C. C. A. (1933 b) The Polychaeta Sedentaria collected by Dr. C. Crossland at Colon, in the Panama region, and the Galapagos Islands during the expedition of the S. Y. \" St. George \". Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1933, 1039 - 1092. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1933. tb 01640. x","Rioja, E. (1944) Estudios Anelidologicos XII. Observaciones acerca del operculo de Hydroides crucigera Morch y descripcion de un caso de duplicacion de este organo. Anales del Instituto de Biologia, Mexico, 15, 409 - 414.","Rioja, E. (1947 a) Estudios Anelidologicos XVII. Contribucion al conocimiento de los anelidos poliquetos de Baja California y Mar de Cortes. Anales del Instituto de Biologia, Mexico, 18 (1), 197 - 224.","Rioja, E. (1958) Estudios Anelidologicos XXI. Observaciones acerca de algunas especies de serpulidos de los generos Hydroides y Eupomatus de las costas mexicanas del Golfo de Mexico. Anales del Instituto de Biologia, Mexico, 28, 247 - 266.","Straughan, D. (1969) Serpulidae (Annelida: Polychaeta) from Oahu, Hawaii. Bulletin of the Southern California Academy of Sciences, 68 (4), 229 - 240.","Shepherd, W. M. (1972) Reporte hecho sobre el estudio de Gusanos Polychaete (sic) asociados con el criadero de Ostras de Perla (Pinctada mazatlanica) en Bahia Falsa, La Paz, Baja California Sur, Mexico. Reporte del permiso 15011, otorgado para coleccionar gusanos Polychaete en el Golfo de California, 1972, 1 - 5. [Unpublished report]","Long, E. R. (1974) Marine fouling studies off Oahu, Hawaii. The Veliger, 17 (1), 23 - 36.","Kudenov, J. D. (1975) Sedentary polychaetes from the Gulf of California. Journal of Natural History, 9, 205 - 31. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222937500770131","Bailey-Brock, J. H. (1976) Habitats of tubicolous polychaetes from the Hawaiian Islands and Johnston Atoll. Pacific Science, 30 (1), 69 - 81.","Kudenov, J. D. (1980) Annelida: Polychaeta (Bristleworms). In: Brusca, R. C. (Ed.), Common intertidal invertebrates of the Gulf of California. 2 a Edition. University of Arizona Press, Tucson, pp. 77 - 123.","Salazar-Vallejo, S. I. & Lopez-Muraira, I. G. (1983) Estudio preliminar sobre la epifauna de Hesperocidaris asteriscus (Echinodermata: Echinoidea). Ciencias Marinas, 9 (2), 109 - 119.","Laverde-Castillo, J. J. A. (1986) Lista anotada de los poliquetos (Annelida) registrados para el Pacifico colombiano, con notas preliminares sobre su zoogeografia. Actualidades Biologicas, 15 (58), 123 - 130.","Bailey-Brock, J. H. (1987) Phylum Annelida. In: Devaney, D. M. & Eldredge, L. G. (Eds.), Reef and shore fauna of Hawaii. Section 3: Sipuncula through Annelida. Special Publication of the Bernice P. Bishop Museum, 64, pp. 213 - 453.","Laverde-Castillo, J. J. A. (1988) Notas sobre algunos serpulidos (Annelida, Polychaeta) de Bahia Malaga, Pacifico colombiano. Anales del Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas de Punta de Betin, 18, 83 - 93.","Bastida-Zavala, J. R. (1993) Taxonomia y composicion biogeografica de los poliquetos (Annelida: Polychaeta) de la bahia de La Paz, B. C. S., Mexico. Revista de Investigaciones Cientificas, UABCS, 4 (1), 11 - 39.","Leon-Gonzalez, J. A. de, Leija-Tristan, A. & Salazar-Vallejo, S. I. (1993) Epifauna del ostion espinoso Spondylus princeps unicolor (Mollusca: Bivalvia), de Puerto Escondido, Golfo de California, Mexico. Revista de Biologia Tropical, 41, 877 - 881.","Bastida-Zavala, J. R. (1995) Poliquetos (Annelida: Polychaeta) del arrecife coralino de Cabo Pulmo-Los Frailes, B. C. S., Mexico. Revista de Zoologia, ENEPi, UNAM, 6, 9 - 29.","Gomez, P., Mercado, J. A., Mitchell, L. M. & Salazar-Vallejo, S. I. (1997) Poliquetos de fondos duros (Polychaeta) de bahias de Huatulco y Puerto Angel, Oaxaca, Mexico. Revista de Biologia Tropical, 45 (3), 1067 - 1074.","Lopez-Garcia, E., San Martin Peral, G., Caldera de Codina, P. & Capa Corrales, M. (1997) La fauna de anelidos poliquetos del Parque Nacional de Coiba (Panama). In: Castroviejo, S. (Ed.), Flora y fauna del Parque Nacional de Coiba (Panama): Inventario preliminar. DECI & Agencia Espanola Cooperacion Internacional, Madrid, pp. 57 - 73.","Dean, H. K. (2004) Marine biodiversity of Costa Rica: Class Polychaeta (Annelida). Revista de Biologia Tropical, 52 (2), 131 - 181.","Leon-Gonzalez, J. A. de (1990). Dos serpulidos nuevos para el Pacifico mexicano y duplicidad opercular en Hydroides cruciger (Polychaeta: Serpulidae). Revista de Biologia Tropical, 38 (2 A), 335 - 338.","Bastida-Zavala, J. R. & Hove, H. A. ten (2003) Revision of Hydroides Gunnerus, 1768 (Polychaeta: Serpulidae) from the Eastern Pacific Region and Hawaii. Beaufortia, Bulletin of Zoological Museum, 53 (4), 67 - 110.","Hove, H. A. ten & Kupriyanova, E. K. (2009) Taxonomy of Serpulidae (Annelida, Polychaeta): the state of affairs. Zootaxa, 2036, 1 - 126.","Bastida-Zavala, J. R., Garcia-Madrigal, M. S., Rosas-Alquicira, E. F., Lopez-Perez, R. A., Benitez-Villalobos, F., Meraz- Hernando, J. F., Torres-Huerta, A. M., Montoya-Marquez, A. & Barrientos-Lujan, N. A. (2013) Marine and coastal biodiversity of Oaxaca, Mexico. Check List, 9 (2), 329 - 390. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.15560 / 9.2.329","Nonato, E. F. & Luna, J. A. C. (1970) Anelideos poliquetas do Nordeste do Brasil. I - Poliquetas bentonicos da costa de Alagoas e Sergipe. Boletim do Instituto Oceanografico, Sao Paulo, 19, 57 - 130.","Bastida-Zavala, J. R. & Hove, H. A. ten (2002) Revision of Hydroides Gunnerus, 1768 (Polychaeta: Serpulidae) from the Western Atlantic Region. Beaufortia, 52, 103 - 178."]}

Hydroides cf. amri Sun, Wong, ten Hove, Hutchings, Williamson & Kupriyanova, 2015 (Figures 3, 11 A, Table 1) Hydroides amri Sun, Wong, ten Hove, Hutchings, Williamson & Kupriyanova, 2015: 14 ���20, Fig. 3 a���b, Fig. 4 a���h, Map 3. Type locality: South Bass Point, New South Wales, 34��36���12���S, 150��53���43���E, on rock. Hydroides brachyacantha not Rioja, 1941a.��� Dew 1959: 28 ���29 (only in part, according to Sun et al. 2015); Straughan 1967: 222 (apparently only specimens from Jervis Bay, Sydney, according to Sun et al. 2015); Straughan 1969: 232 (Black Point, Oahu, Hawaii, sample from 1939); Bailey-Brock 1976: 77 ���78 (Oahu Island, Hawaii, reef slope); Bailey-Brock 1987: 419 ��� 420, Fig. 3.II.189a���b (Hawaii). Hydroides brachyacanthus not Rioja, 1941a.���Bastida-Zavala & ten Hove 2003: 75, Figs 3 L���M (Oahu, Hawaii); Kupriyanova et al. 2006: 423, 430 (South Australia, DNA data); Kupriyanova et al. 2008: 428���431 (South Australia, DNA data). Eupomatus ralumianus not Augener, 1927.��� Poore et al. 1975: 30 (Port Phillip Bay, Victoria, probably juvenile, according to Sun et al. 2015). Material examined. 5 specimens. Hawaii: LACM s.n., 5 spec. (Oahu, Hawaii, five samples from 1972: X2-5, July 8; X3-2, July 9; X5-1, July 11; X14-3, July 17; coll. Dale Straughan). Habitat. Intertidal to subtidal (20.5 m, Sun et al. 2015). Temperate waters, on natural substrates: rocks, sponges, weed & ascidians on boulders, Ecklonia radiata holdfasts, in mixed red algae, orange solitary corals, dead corals, bryozoan colonies, in calcareous algae and Idanthyrsus sabellariid tubes, platform rock with gullies, surf swept rock-flat and lagoon, under ledge, underneath boulders and in crevices in rock pools; on man-made substrates: woodchip berth, subtidal wharf pile, breakwater, and on hull of SS ���Bonthorp��� (Sun et al. 2015). Distribution. Hydroides cf. amri is recorded only from Hawaii. Remarks. Hydroides amri sensu stricto was collected in both natural and man-made substrates, including the hull of a ship (Sun et al. 2015); this species has potential to be introduced to other temperate and subtropical regions by ships. Sun et al. (2015: 20) suggested that the specimens recorded from Hawaii as Hydroides cf. brachyacanthus by Bastida-Zavala & ten Hove (2003), probably correspond, morphologically, with H. amri, but also recommended additional studies to decide if Hydroides cf. brachyacantha from Hawaii is in fact H. amri. Re-examining the morphological data of the Hawaiian specimens, we can confirm that the characters of the opercula, mainly the three dorsal bigger spines, as well as the number of radioles, tube and thorax measurements, are more similar to H. amri than to H. brachyacantha sensu stricto (Table 1). Sun et al. (2016b) found that H. amri comprises two non-sister clades, and based on their genetic lineage described a new species from South Australia, Hydroides nikae Sun, Wong, Tovar-Hern��ndez, Williamson & Kupriyanova, 2016b. The same may happen with H. cf. amri from Hawaii, but only a phylogenetic analysis could solve their identity, something that is out of the scope of this work. Straughan (1969) mentioned ���Smaller spines have a blunt tooth projecting from the outside of the curve���, a character that coincides with the description of Hydroides amri. Bailey-Brock (1976; 1987) recorded H. brachyacantha from the Hawaiian Islands and, at least in her work of 1987 (Fig. 3.II.189a���b) reproduces the figures of Dew (1959, Fig. 7) from Australia. In our opinion all historical records from Hawaii belong to H. cf. amri. average: 0.99 1.45 2.55 0.87 2.83 12.70 11.04 4.06 0.84 28.55 7.38 ......continued on the next page Tube Thorax Radiole Operculum Internal External Number Number Peduncle Opercular Number Number Species Length Width Length diameter diameter left side right side length diameter of radii of spines minimum: 0.80 1.30 2.10 0.80 2.10 11.00 6.00 3.50 0.80 26 7, Published as part of Bastida-Zavala, J. Rolando, Buelna, Alondra Sof��a Rodr��guez, Le��n-Gonz��lez, Jes��s Angel De, Camacho-Cruz, Karla Andrea & Carmona, Isabel, 2016, New records of sabellids and serpulids (Polychaeta: Sabellidae, Serpulidae) from the Tropical Eastern Pacific, pp. 401-457 in Zootaxa 4184 (3) on pages 411-413, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4184.3.1, http://zenodo.org/record/255062, {"references":["Rioja, E. (1941 a) Estudios Anelidologicos II. Observaciones acerca de varias especies del genero Hydroides Gunnerus (sensu Fauvel) de las costas mexicanas del Pacifico. Anales del Instituto de Biologia, Mexico, 12, 161 - 175.","Dew, B. (1959) Serpulidae (Polychaeta) from Australia. Records of the Australian Museum, 25 (2), 19 - 56. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.3853 / j. 0067 - 1975.25.1959.654","Straughan, D. (1967) Marine Serpulidae (Annelida: Polychaeta) of eastern Queensland and New South Wales. Australian Journal of Zoology, 15, 201 - 261. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1071 / zo 9670201","Straughan, D. (1969) Serpulidae (Annelida: Polychaeta) from Oahu, Hawaii. Bulletin of the Southern California Academy of Sciences, 68 (4), 229 - 240.","Bailey-Brock, J. H. (1976) Habitats of tubicolous polychaetes from the Hawaiian Islands and Johnston Atoll. Pacific Science, 30 (1), 69 - 81.","Bailey-Brock, J. H. (1987) Phylum Annelida. In: Devaney, D. M. & Eldredge, L. G. (Eds.), Reef and shore fauna of Hawaii. Section 3: Sipuncula through Annelida. Special Publication of the Bernice P. Bishop Museum, 64, pp. 213 - 453.","Bastida-Zavala, J. R. & Hove, H. A. ten (2003) Revision of Hydroides Gunnerus, 1768 (Polychaeta: Serpulidae) from the Eastern Pacific Region and Hawaii. Beaufortia, Bulletin of Zoological Museum, 53 (4), 67 - 110.","Kupriyanova, E. K., Macdonald, T. A. & Rouse, G. W. (2006) Phylogenetic relationships within Serpulidae (Sabellida, Annelida) inferred from molecular and morphological data. Zoologica Scripta, 35, 421 - 439. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1463 - 6409.2006.00244. x","Poore, G. C. B., Rainer, S. F., Spies, R. B. & Ward, E. (1975) The zoobenthos program in Port Phillip Bay, 1969 - 73. Fish and Wildlife Paper, Victoria, 7, 1 - 78.","Sun, Y., Wong, E., Tovar-Hernandez, M. A., Williamson, J. E. & Kupriyanova, E. K. (2016 b) Is Hydroides brachyacantha (Serpulidae: Annelida) a widespread species? Invertebrate Systematics, 30 (1), 41 - 59. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1071 / IS 15015"]}

Hydroides sanctaecrucis Kr��yer [in] M��rch, 1863 (Figures 6, 12 E) Hydroides (Eucarphus) sanctae-crucis Kr��yer [in] M��rch, 1863: 378 ���379, pl. 11, Fig. 12. Type locality: Saint Croix, Caribbean Sea. Eupomatus sanctae crucis.��� Rioja 1958: 262 ���264 (Verde Island and Santiaguillo Island, Veracruz). Hydroides sanctaecrucis.��� Long 1974: 28 (Oahu, Hawaii, 15 m, with little coverage on test panels); Bastida-Zavala & ten Hove 2002: 148���151 (first record from the Pacific coast of Panam��; 5 m); Bastida-Zavala & ten Hove 2003: 101���102, Figs 19P���Q (Oaxaca and Panam��; 0���1 m); Salazar-Vallejo & Londo��o-Mesa 2004: 54 (Tropical Eastern Pacific, checklist); Cohen 2006: 167 (possible introductions from the Atlantic to the Pacific via of the Panam�� Canal); Lewis et al. 2006: 666��� 669 (establishment in northern Australia and Singapore); Okolodkov et al. 2007: 40 (exotic in the Mexican Pacific); Bastida-Zavala 2008: 29, fig. 6R (Oaxaca; 0���1 m); Bastida-Zavala 2009: 535���536, Fig. 3 B (identification key for Tropical America); ten Hove & Kupriyanova 2009: 54 (worldwide serpulid checklist); Tovar-Hern��ndez et al. 2012: 18���19 (La Paz, Baja California Sur, Guaymas, Sonora, and Topolobampo, Sinaloa); Bastida-Zavala et al. 2013: 349 (Oaxaca, checklist); Bastida-Zavala et al. 2014: 326���327, Fig. 19.1i (exotic in the Mexican Pacific); Tovar-Hern��ndez et al. 2014: 390 (Marina Palmira, Topolobampo, Sinaloa; Marina Fonatur, Guaymas, Sonora; and Marina La Paz, Baja California Sur); Villalobos-Guerrero et al. 2014: 107 (Sinaloa, checklist); Sun et al. 2015: 76���79, fig. 25 (Northern Territory and Queensland, Australia; intertidal to 1 m; on rocks, fouling of ship���s hulls and other man-made structures). Hydroides santaecrusis (sic): Due��as 1981: 99���100, fig. 29A���F (Albornoz, Cartagena Bay, Colombia; on mangrove roots); Quir��s-Rodr��guez et al. 2013: 91, Table 3 (C��rdoba, Colombian Caribbean; on red algae, intertidal). Eupomatus sanctaecrucis.��� Salazar-Vallejo & Londo��o-Mesa 2004: 54 (Tropical Eastern Pacific, checklist). Material examined. 71 specimens. Sonora: UANL 7883, 2 spec. (Marina Real, Puerto San Carlos, 27��56���41.7���N, 111��05���35.6���W, July 7, 2011, coll. JAL & ALE). Baja California Sur: UANL 7882, 42 spec. (Marina Fonatur, La Paz, 24��07���29.7���N, 110��20���47.1���W, November 14, 2013); UANL 7881 (Marina Puerto Los Cabos, San Jos�� del Cabo, sta. 1, 23��03���42.4���N, 109��40���27.8���W, April 4, 2011, coll. ARB & JAL); UANL 7880, 2 spec. (Marina Cabo San Lucas, sta. 1: 22��53���09.1���N, 109��54���38.4���W, April 22, 2010, coll. ARB & JAL). Oaxaca: UMAR-Poly 780, 4 spec. (Salina Cruz, angler pier, main dock, sta. 4, 1 m, May 26, 2011, coll. SGM et al.); UMAR-Poly 781, 10 spec. (same, hull of the shrimp boat ��� Golfo P��rsico ���, 1 m, May 26, 2011, coll. EVP); UMAR-Poly 782, 10 spec. (Laguna Inferior, San Dionisio del Mar, 16��18���8���N, 94��44���56���W, 0.5 m, salinity= 30.77 PSU, August 30, 2014, coll. CPR). Habitat. Intertidal to subtidal (5 m, Bastida-Zavala & ten Hove 2002). On anthropogenic substrates in marinas and ports (from Cabo San Lucas and San Jos�� del Cabo, Baja California Sur; Puerto San Carlos, Sonora; and Salina Cruz, Oaxaca). On rocks, floats and piers, salinity range 19���37 PSU (Bastida-Zavala & ten Hove 2003). Fouling species. Distribution. Caribbean Sea, Gulf of Mexico, from Eastern Florida to French Guyana. As exotic species in the Pacific side of Panam�� (Bastida-Zavala & ten Hove 2002), Oaxaca (Bastida-Zavala & ten Hove 2003), Gulf of California (Tovar-Hern��ndez et al. 2012), Hawaii (Long 1974), northern Australia and Singapore (Lewis et al. 2006). Remarks. The first record of Hydroides sanctaecrucis in the Tropical Eastern Pacific was from Panam��, specimens collected in 1972 (Bastida-Zavala & ten Hove 2002); previously, the species was reported from Oahu, Hawaii, collected 1968���1972 (Long 1974). The species was recorded from Oaxaca, collected in 2000 (Bastida- Zavala & ten Hove 2003); from Northern Australia, collected between 1998 and 2001; from Singapore, sampled 2002 (Lewis et al. 2006), moreover, these authors suspect that H. cf. uncinata, as recorded by Sun & Yang (2000, Figs 7 J-L) from the China Sea, might be H. sanctaecrucis; and from Darwin, Northern Territory of Australia in 2014 (Sun et al. 2015). Recently, the species was recorded from several localities in the Gulf of California (Tovar- Hern��ndez et al. 2012). In Northern Australia and Singapore Hydroides sanctaecrucis is an invasive species which reaches high abundances in several areas (Lewis et al. 2006). Although the species has been present in Oaxaca and Los Cabos marinas for several years, its abundance is not very high, approximately 25���50 specimens/m2. Lakshmana Rao (1969: 9, Plate 6, Figs A���H) described Hydroides vizagensis Lakshmana Rao, 1969 from Visakhapatnam, northeastern of India; however, the description and the figure of the operculum correspond to the H. sanctaecrucis description (opinion shared with Lena Kupriyanova and Harry ten Hove, pers. comm. 2016). Would need revise the type specimens (deposited in Andhra University, India) for confirm that suspicion., Published as part of Bastida-Zavala, J. Rolando, Buelna, Alondra Sof��a Rodr��guez, Le��n-Gonz��lez, Jes��s Angel De, Camacho-Cruz, Karla Andrea & Carmona, Isabel, 2016, New records of sabellids and serpulids (Polychaeta: Sabellidae, Serpulidae) from the Tropical Eastern Pacific, pp. 401-457 in Zootaxa 4184 (3) on page 426, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4184.3.1, http://zenodo.org/record/255062, {"references":["Morch, O. A. L. (1863) Revisio critica Serpulidarum. Et bidrag til roromenes naturhistorie. Naturhistorisk Tidsskrift Henrik KrOyer, KObenhavn, Series 3, 1, 347 - 470.","Rioja, E. (1958) Estudios Anelidologicos XXI. Observaciones acerca de algunas especies de serpulidos de los generos Hydroides y Eupomatus de las costas mexicanas del Golfo de Mexico. Anales del Instituto de Biologia, Mexico, 28, 247 - 266.","Long, E. R. (1974) Marine fouling studies off Oahu, Hawaii. The Veliger, 17 (1), 23 - 36.","Bastida-Zavala, J. R. & Hove, H. A. ten (2002) Revision of Hydroides Gunnerus, 1768 (Polychaeta: Serpulidae) from the Western Atlantic Region. Beaufortia, 52, 103 - 178.","Bastida-Zavala, J. R. & Hove, H. A. ten (2003) Revision of Hydroides Gunnerus, 1768 (Polychaeta: Serpulidae) from the Eastern Pacific Region and Hawaii. Beaufortia, Bulletin of Zoological Museum, 53 (4), 67 - 110.","Salazar-Vallejo, S. I. & Londono-Mesa, M. H. (2004) Lista de especies y bibliografia de poliquetos (Polychaeta) del Pacifico oriental tropical. Anales del Instituto de Biologia, Mexico, 75 (1), 9 - 97.","Cohen, A. N. (2006) The Panama Canal: Species introductions and the Panama Canal. In: Gollasch, S., Galil, B. S. & Cohen, A. N. (Eds.), Bridging Divides: Maritime Canals as Invasion Corridors. Kluwer Academic Publishing, Dordrecht, pp. 127 - 206. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / 978 - 1 - 4020 - 5047 - 3 _ 5","Lewis, J. A., Watson, C. & Hove, H. A. ten (2006) Establishment of the Caribbean serpulid tubeworm Hydroides sanctaecrucis Kroyer [in] Morch, 1863, in northern Australia. Biological Invasions, 8, 665 - 671. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 10530 - 005 - 2062 - 7","Okolodkov, Y. B., Bastida-Zavala, R., Ibanez, A. L., Chapman, J. W., Suarez-Morales, E., Pedroche, F. & Gutierrez-Mendieta, F. J. (2007) Especies acuaticas no indigenas en Mexico. Ciencia y Mar, 11 (32), 29 - 67.","Hove, H. A. ten & Kupriyanova, E. K. (2009) Taxonomy of Serpulidae (Annelida, Polychaeta): the state of affairs. Zootaxa, 2036, 1 - 126.","Bastida-Zavala, J. R., Garcia-Madrigal, M. S., Rosas-Alquicira, E. F., Lopez-Perez, R. A., Benitez-Villalobos, F., Meraz- Hernando, J. F., Torres-Huerta, A. M., Montoya-Marquez, A. & Barrientos-Lujan, N. A. (2013) Marine and coastal biodiversity of Oaxaca, Mexico. Check List, 9 (2), 329 - 390. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.15560 / 9.2.329","Tovar-Hernandez, M. A., Yanez-Rivera, B., Villalobos-Guerrero, T. F., Aguilar-Camacho, J. M. & Ramirez-Santana, I. D. (2014) Invertebrados marinos exoticos en el Golfo de California. In: Low Pfeng, A. M, Quijon, P. A. & Peters Recagno, E. M. (Eds.). Especies invasoras acuaticas: Casos de estudio en ecosistemas de Mexico. Secretaria de Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales, Instituto Nacional de Ecologia y Cambio Climatico, University of Prince Edwards Island, Prince Edward Island, pp. 15 - 32.","Duenas, P. D. (1981) Inventario preliminar de los poliquetos (Annelida) de aguas someras de la bahia de Cartagena y areas adyacentes. Boletin del Museo del Mar, 10, 82 - 138.","Quiros-Rodriguez, J., Duenas Ramirez, P. & Hernando Campos, N. (2013) Poliquetos (Annelida: Polychaeta) asociados a algas rojas intermareales de Cordoba, Caribe Colombiano. Revista de Biologia Marina y Oceanografia, 48 (1): 87 - 98. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.4067 / S 0718 - 19572013000100008","Sun, R. & Yang, D. (2000). Study on Hydroides (Polychaeta: Serpulidae) from waters off China. I. Studia Marina Sinica, 42, 116 - 135.","Lakshmana Rao, M. V. (1969) Fouling serpulids from some Indian harbours. Journal of Timber Developers Association of India, 15 (2), 1 - 20."]}

Hydroides glandifera Rioja, 1941a (Figures 5, 11 I) Hydroides glandiferum Rioja, 1941a: 172 ���174, pl. 4, Figs 10 ���14. Type locality: Caleta Beach, Acapulco, Guerrero, on rocks, algae and chaetopterid tubes (type specimens lost). Olgaharmania glandifera Rioja, 1941b: 733 ���734 (new genus and new combination); Salazar-Vallejo 1989a: 55 ���56 (checklist); Salazar-Vallejo 1989b: 200 (Mexican coasts, checklist); Salazar-Vallejo & Londo��o-Mesa 2004: 55 (Tropical Eastern Pacific, checklist). Hydroides glandiferum.��� Salazar-Vallejo 1989b: 199 (Mexican coasts, checklist); Hern��ndez-Alc��ntara et al. 2008: 48 (mentioned only). Olgaharmania sp.��� Bastida-Zavala 1995: 25 (Cabo Pulmo Reef, Baja California Sur, on coral; 4���17 m). Hydroides glandifer.���Bastida-Zavala & ten Hove 2003: 89, Figs 12 A���M (Baja California Sur and Jalisco; 4���17 m); Salazar- Vallejo & Londo��o-Mesa 2004: 54 (Tropical Eastern Pacific, checklist); Bastida-Zavala 2008: 26, fig. 6J (Oaxaca; 6���10 m); Bastida-Zavala 2009: 536, Fig. 2 H (identification key for Tropical America); ten Hove & Kupriyanova 2009: 53 (worldwide serpulid checklist); Bastida-Zavala et al. 2013: 349 (Oaxaca, checklist); Morales de Anda et al. 2014: 125 (Punta Mita, Nayarit and Navidad Bay, Jalisco; the locality Punta Anita, Jalisco was a mistake in Bastida-Zavala & ten Hove 2003). Material examined. Three specimens. Oaxaca: UMAR-POLY 769, 3 spec. (Marina Chahu��, Huatulco, on mollusk, May 22, 2000, coll. RBZ). Habitat. Intertidal to subtidal (17 m, Bastida-Zavala 1995). On mollusk in a dock. Also on dead coral Pocillopora and on spiny oyster Spondylus calcifer (now S. limbatus) (Bastida-Zavala 2008). Distribution. Mexican Pacific. Baja California Sur to Oaxaca (Bastida-Zavala & ten Hove 2003). Remarks. From Rioja���s original name Hydroides glandiferum, subsequently changed to Olgaharmania glandifera, it is evident that Rioja intended the specific name to be an adjective which should follow the gender of the genus. Since the genus Hydroides in the meantime is feminine again (ICZN 1999: Art. 30.1.4.4), the correct ending is ���a. Hydroides glandifera is found on corals and mollusks; it is a rare species in the Mexican Pacific., Published as part of Bastida-Zavala, J. Rolando, Buelna, Alondra Sof��a Rodr��guez, Le��n-Gonz��lez, Jes��s Angel De, Camacho-Cruz, Karla Andrea & Carmona, Isabel, 2016, New records of sabellids and serpulids (Polychaeta: Sabellidae, Serpulidae) from the Tropical Eastern Pacific, pp. 401-457 in Zootaxa 4184 (3) on page 422, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4184.3.1, http://zenodo.org/record/255062, {"references":["Rioja, E. (1941 a) Estudios Anelidologicos II. Observaciones acerca de varias especies del genero Hydroides Gunnerus (sensu Fauvel) de las costas mexicanas del Pacifico. Anales del Instituto de Biologia, Mexico, 12, 161 - 175.","Rioja, E. (1941 b) Estudios Anelidologicos, III. Datos para el conocimiento de la fauna de poliquetos de las costas mexicanas del Pacifico. Anales del Instituto de Biologia, Mexico, 12, 669 - 746.","Salazar-Vallejo, S. I. (1989 a) Enrique Rioja y su contribucion al estudio de los poliquetos (Annelida: Polychaeta) en Mexico. Brenesia, 30, 39 - 65.","Salazar-Vallejo, S. I. (1989 b) Bibliografia y lista de especies. In: Poliquetos (Annelida: Polychaeta) de Mexico. Libros Universitarios, Universidad Autonoma de Baja California Sur, La Paz, pp. 133 - 211.","Salazar-Vallejo, S. I. & Londono-Mesa, M. H. (2004) Lista de especies y bibliografia de poliquetos (Polychaeta) del Pacifico oriental tropical. Anales del Instituto de Biologia, Mexico, 75 (1), 9 - 97.","Hernandez-Alcantara, P., Tovar-Hernandez, M. A. & Solis-Weiss, V. (2008) Polychaetes (Annelida: Polychaeta) described for the Mexican Pacific: an historical review and an updated checklist. Latin American Journal of Aquatic Research, 36 (1), 37 - 61. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.3856 / vol 36 - issue 1 - fulltext- 4","Bastida-Zavala, J. R. (1995) Poliquetos (Annelida: Polychaeta) del arrecife coralino de Cabo Pulmo-Los Frailes, B. C. S., Mexico. Revista de Zoologia, ENEPi, UNAM, 6, 9 - 29.","Bastida-Zavala, J. R. & Hove, H. A. ten (2003) Revision of Hydroides Gunnerus, 1768 (Polychaeta: Serpulidae) from the Eastern Pacific Region and Hawaii. Beaufortia, Bulletin of Zoological Museum, 53 (4), 67 - 110.","Hove, H. A. ten & Kupriyanova, E. K. (2009) Taxonomy of Serpulidae (Annelida, Polychaeta): the state of affairs. Zootaxa, 2036, 1 - 126.","Bastida-Zavala, J. R., Garcia-Madrigal, M. S., Rosas-Alquicira, E. F., Lopez-Perez, R. A., Benitez-Villalobos, F., Meraz- Hernando, J. F., Torres-Huerta, A. M., Montoya-Marquez, A. & Barrientos-Lujan, N. A. (2013) Marine and coastal biodiversity of Oaxaca, Mexico. Check List, 9 (2), 329 - 390. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.15560 / 9.2.329","Morales de Anda, D. E., Villalobos-Guerrero, T. F. & Salazar-Silva, P. (2014) Poliquetos (Annelida: Polychaeta) de Jalisco y Colima. In: Franco-Gordo, M. C. (Ed.), Inventario de biodiversidad de la costa sur de Jalisco y Colima. Universidad de Guadalajara, Jalisco, pp. 101 - 135."]}