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Summary: Plant survival to a potential plethora of diverse environmental insults is underpinned by coordinated communication amongst organs to help shape effective responses to these environmental challenges at the whole plant level. This interorgan communication is supported by a complex signal network that regulates growth, development and environmental responses. Nitric oxide (NO) has emerged as a key signalling molecule in plants. However, its potential role in interorgan communication has only recently started to come into view. Direct and indirect evidence has emerged supporting that NO and related species (S‐nitrosoglutathione, nitro‐linolenic acid) are mobile interorgan signals transmitting responses to stresses such as hypoxia and heat. Beyond their role as mobile signals, NO and related species are involved in mediating xylem development, thus contributing to efficient root–shoot communication. Moreover, NO and related species are regulators in intraorgan systemic defence responses aiming an effective, coordinated defence against pathogens. Beyond its in planta signalling role, NO and related species may act as ex planta signals coordinating external leaf‐to‐leaf, root‐to‐leaf but also plant‐to‐plant communication. Here, we discuss these exciting developments and emphasise how their manipulation may provide novel strategies for crop improvement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Purpose: Sodium glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) have emerged as a potent therapy for heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF). Hydrogen sulphide (H2S), a well‐studied cardioprotective agent, could be beneficial in HFpEF. SGLT2i monotherapy and combination therapy involving an SGLT2i and H2S donor in two preclinical models of cardiometabolic HFpEF was investigated. Experimental Approach: Nine‐week‐old C57BL/6N mice received L‐NAME and a 60% high fat diet for five weeks. Mice were then randomized to either control, SGLT2i monotherapy or SGLT2i and H2S donor, SG1002, for five additional weeks. Ten‐week‐old ZSF1 obese rats were randomized to control, SGLT2i or SGLT2i and SG1002 for 8 weeks. SG1002 monotherapy was investigated in additional animals. Cardiac function (echocardiography and haemodynamics), exercise capacity, glucose handling and multiorgan pathology were monitored during experimental protocols. Key Results: SGLT2i treatment improved E/e′ ratio and treadmill exercise in both models. Combination therapy afforded increases in cardiovascular sulphur bioavailability that coincided with improved left end‐diastolic function (E/e′ ratio), exercise capacity, metabolic state, cardiorenal fibrosis, and hepatic steatosis. Follow‐up studies with SG1002 monotherapy revealed improvements in diastolic function, exercise capacity and multiorgan histopathology. Conclusions and Implications: SGLT2i monotherapy remediated pathological complications exhibited by two well‐established HFpEF models. Adjunctive H2S therapy resulted in further improvements of cardiometabolic perturbations beyond SGLT2i monotherapy. Follow‐up SG1002 monotherapy studies inferred an improved phenotype with combination therapy beyond either monotherapy. These data demonstrate the differing effects of SGLT2i and H2S therapy while also revealing the superior efficacy of the combination therapy in cardiometabolic HFpEF. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biogas desulphurisation plants aim to remove hydrogen sulphide and other gaseous compounds that occur in the gas mixture. This mainly concerns the reduction of H2S which reacts with most metals such as iron or copper, which leads to the corrosion of pipelines and equipment. The aim of this research was to use two materials to adsorb hydrogen sulphide from biogas and to compare the efficiency of these two processes. Biogas was passed through both adsorbents. The concentration of hydrogen sulphide was measured upstream and downstream of the adsorbent bed. The results are summarised in diagrams. The first material used in the biogas desulphurisation plant at the wastewater treatment plant was bog iron ore. The bed was replaced several times during the year to maintain the efficiency of hydrogen sulphide removal from the biogas. After a year, a new adsorbent called "SulfurE" was used in place of the bog iron ore. The new bed operated with higher efficiency than the bog iron ore. The operating period between bed replacements was also extended. The bog iron ore bed in the desulphurisation plant was replaced on average 3 to 4 times a year, depending on the amount of hydrogen sulphide flowing into the desulphurisation plant (the more H2S, the higher the frequency of bed replacement). The bed in the desulphurisation plant filled with the "SulfurE" product operated for about 9 months with 90% hydrogen sulphide absorption efficiency (depending on the quality of biogas produced). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: Renal ischemia‐reperfusion injury (IRI) is a major cause of acute kidney injury. Hydrogen sulphide (H2S) exerts a protective effect in renal IRI. The present study was carried out to investigate the effects of exogenous H2S on renal IRI by regulating autophagy in mice. Methods: Mice were randomly assigned to control, IRI and NaHS (an H2S donor, 28, 56 and 100 μmol/kg) groups. Renal IRI was induced by clamping the bilateral renal pedicles with non‐traumatic arterial clamp for 45 min and then reperfused for 24 h. Mice were administered intraperitoneally with NaHS 20 min prior to renal ischemia. Sham group mice underwent the same procedures without clamping. Serum and kidney tissues were harvested 24 h after reperfusion for functional, histological, oxidative stress, and autophagic determination. Results: Compared with the control group, the concentrations of serum creatinine (Scr), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), and malondialdehyde (MDA), the protein levels of LC3II/I, Beclin‐1 and P62, as well as the number of autophagosomes were significantly increased, but the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) was decreased after renal IRI. NaHS pre‐treatment dramatically attenuated renal IRI‐induced renal dysfunction, histological changes, MDA concentration and p62 expression in a dose‐dependent manner. However, NaHS increased the SOD activity and the protein levels of LC3II/I and Beclin‐1. Conclusion: These results indicate that exogenous H2S protects the kidney from IRI through enhancement of autophagy and reduction of oxidative stress. Novel H2S donors could be developed in the treatment of renal IRI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Myocardial ischaemia reperfusion injury (IRI) occurring from acute coronary artery disease or cardiac surgical interventions such as bypass surgery can result in myocardial dysfunction, presenting as, myocardial "stunning", arrhythmias, infarction, and adverse cardiac remodelling, and may lead to both a systemic and a localised inflammatory response. This localised cardiac inflammatory response is regulated through the nucleotide-binding oligomerisation domain (NACHT), leucine-rich repeat (LRR)-containing protein family pyrin domain (PYD)-3 (NLRP3) inflammasome, a multimeric structure whose components are present within both cardiomyocytes and in cardiac fibroblasts. The NLRP3 inflammasome is activated via numerous danger signals produced by IRI and is central to the resultant innate immune response. Inhibition of this inherent inflammatory response has been shown to protect the myocardium and stop the occurrence of the systemic inflammatory response syndrome following the re-establishment of cardiac circulation. Therapies to prevent NLRP3 inflammasome formation in the clinic are currently lacking, and therefore, new pharmacotherapies are required. This review will highlight the role of the NLRP3 inflammasome within the myocardium during IRI and will examine the therapeutic value of inflammasome inhibition with particular attention to carbon monoxide, nitric oxide, and hydrogen sulphide as potential pharmacological inhibitors of NLRP3 inflammasome activation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The combination of common semiconductors with porous materials has the potential to augment the splitting of electrons and holes, hence increasing the efficiency of gases-sensitive. This study examines the unique sensitivity shown by Pd/WO3 films that were fabricated via the use of the pulsed laser deposition technique on a substrate composed of porous silicon for the purpose of detecting hydrogen sulphide (H2S) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) over a wide range of temperatures. Tungsten trioxide films doped with palladium (Pd/WO3) are fabricated using pulsed laser deposition at varying laser pulse energies (600, 800, and 1000 mJ/pulse). The ablation process involves the use of a Q-switched Nd/YAG laser operating at a wavelength of 532 nm. The laser system being examined demonstrates pulse duration of 10 ns and a frequency of 1 Hz when used on a porous silicon n-type Si (100) substrate. The study of Pd/WO3 nanoparticles involves the analysis of their crystal structure, optical properties, and morphology through various analytical methods such as X-ray diffraction, UV–Vis spectroscopy, Raman scattering, photoluminescence spectroscopy, and field-emission scanning electron microscopy. The increase in intensity of the pulse laser results in a heightened sharpness of the peaks detected in the Pd/WO3 thin film, indicating an enhancement in crystallinity. The dimensions of the surface particles have shown a rise, followed by a corresponding augmentation in the energy difference, resulting in a heightened degree of uniformity. The study aimed to examine the influence of Pd on the development kinetics of tungsten trioxide nanoparticles. The findings demonstrated that Pd had the capacity to augment sensitivity, reduce operational temperature, and maintain high sensitivity levels even at room temperature. The Pd/WO3 NPs/porous silicon device fabricated in this work, consisting of a Pd/WO3 nanostructure integrated with porous silicon, has remarkable potential as a high-efficiency gas sensor in several sensing technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel reactive fluorescent hydrogen sulphide (H2S) probe (T-DNBS) consisting of 2,4-dinitrobenzenesulfonyl (DNBS) units has been synthesised from 4,7-dibromo-2,1,3-benzothidiazole. Adding H2S to probe T-DNBS solution resulted in a marked fluorescence increase accompanied by a visual colour change from colourless to pale red. Probe T-DNBS performed excellent sensitivity and selectivity for H2S, substantial fluorescence enhancement, can be detected quantitatively in the concentration range of 0–125 μM and the low detection limit was 77.78 nM. In addition, the probe T-DNBS can track H2S in red wine samples with high accuracy, high recovery and practical value in food analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The inexplicable distribution of souring wells (presence of H2S gas) of the unconventional Montney Formation hydrocarbon resource (British Columbia; BC) is investigated by analysing sulphur and oxygen isotopes, coupled with XRD mineralogy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDX). The sulphur isotopic analysis indicates that the sulphur isotopic range for Triassic anhydrite (δ34S 8.9 to 20.98‰ VCDT) is the same as the H2S sulphur that is produced from the Montney Formation (δ34S 9.3 to 20.9‰ VCDT). The anhydrite in the Triassic rocks is the likely source of the sulphur in the H2S produced in the Montney Formation. The deeper Devonian sources are enriched in 34S and are not the likely source for sulphur (δ34S 17.1 and 34‰ VCDT). This is contradictory to studies on Montney Formation producers in Alberta, with heavier (34S-enriched) sulphur isotopic signatures in H2S gas of all souring Montney Formation producers. These studies conclude that deep-seated faults and fractures have provided conduits for sulphate and/or H2S gas to migrate from deeper sulphur sources in the Devonian strata. There are several wells that show a slightly heavier (34S-enriched) isotopic signature (δ34S 18 to 20‰ VCDT) within the Montney Formation H2S gas producing within close proximity to the deformation front. This variation may be due to such deep-seated faults that acted as a conduit for Devonian sulphur to migrate into the Montney Formation. Our geological model suggests the sulphate-rich fluids have migrated from the Charlie Lake Formation prior to hydrocarbon generation in the Montney Formation (BC). Sulphate has concentrated in discrete zones due to precipitation in conduits like fracture and fault systems. The model fits the observation of multi-well pads containing both sour- and sweet-producing wells indicating that the souring is occurring in very narrow and discrete zones with the Montney Formation (BC). Government agencies and operators in British Columbia should map the anhydrite-rich portions of the Charlie Lake Formation, together with the structural elements from three-dimensional seismic to reduce the risk of encountering unexpected souring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Produced waters are often treated in open lagoons where hydrogen sulfide (H2S) can off gas, posing a risk to human health and the environment. The aim of this study was to optimize a treatment process using hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) to oxidize H2S while minimizing off gassing. Samples of produced water from West Texas and laboratory-prepared waters utilizing sodium sulfide (Na2S) or biogenic polysulfides were oxidized with H2O2 alone or in combination with copper or iron catalysts, sodium hydroxide (NaOH), or a commercial sulfide oxidizer, HydroPower Green™. Sulfur speciation was measured using Hach test kits for sulfide/sulfate/sulfite and Dräger tubes for headspace H2S. HydroPower Green™ (HPG) helped to reduce H2S in the headspace of water samples; some of this was pH related as NaOH also worked, but not as well as HPG. The dose of peroxide necessary to oxidize sulfides to sulfate is a function of the oxidation-reduction potential (Eh) of the water and total sulfide concentration as well as pH; approximately a 1–4:1 ratio of peroxide to sulfide concentration was needed to oxidize sulfidic waters of pH 7–10 with half-lives under 30 min. Both copper and iron catalysts reduce H2O2 demand and the half-life of H2S. Peracetic acid (PAA) and copper (II) sulfate pentahydrate (CuSO4, 5H2O) were explored as biocides for controlling sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRBs) that produce H2S. An AquaSnap (Hygenia) test kit was employed to monitor relative microbial activity in a wetland porewater containing H2S. Microbial regrowth occurred after a few days using the highest dose of PAA; these results showed that PAA was being used by bacteria as a carbon source even after the initial substantial reduction in the microbial activity. CuSO4, 5H2O at a dose of 1 ppm prevented microbial regrowth. The recommended treatment process from this research is determined by jar testing with H2O2, a base for pH control, a biocide, and possibly a metal catalyst or other co-oxidants in order to achieve oxidation of sulfides without H2S release or the precipitation of metal carbonates or oxides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The agricultural industry produces a substantial quantity of organic waste, and finding a suitable method for disposing of this highly biodegradable solid waste is a difficult task. The utilisation of anaerobic digestion for agricultural waste is a viable technological solution for both renewable energy production (biogas) and waste treatment. The primary objective of the study was to assess the composition of biogas, namely the percentages of methane, carbon dioxide, ammonia, and hydrogen sulphide. Additionally, the study aimed to quantify the amount of biogas produced and determine the methane yield (measured in NmL/g VS) from different agricultural substrates. The biochemical methane potential (BMP) measurements were conducted in triplicate using the BPC Instruments AMPTS II instrument. The substrates utilised in the investigation were chosen based on their accessibility. The substrates used in this study comprise cattle manure, chicken manure, pig manure, tomato plants, tomatoes, cabbage, mixed fruits, mixed vegetables, dog food, and a co-digestion of mixed vegetables, fruits, and dog food (MVMFDF). Prior to the cleaning process, the makeup of the biogas was assessed using the BIOGAS 5000, a Geotech Analyser. The AMPTS II flow cell automatically monitored and recorded the volume of bio-methane produced after the cleaning stage. The data were examined using the Minitab-17 software. The co-digestion of mixed vegetables, mixed fruits, and dog food (MVMFDF) resulted in the highest methane level of 77.4%, followed by mixed fruits at 76.6%, pig manure at 72.57%, and mixed vegetables at 70.1%. The chicken manure exhibited the greatest levels of ammonia (98.0 ppm) and hydrogen sulphide (589 ppm). Chicken manure had the highest hydrogen sulphide level, followed by pig manure (540 ppm), tomato plants (485 ppm), mixed fruits (250 ppm), and MVMFDF (208 ppm). Ultimately, the makeup of biogas is greatly affected by the unique qualities of each substrate. Substrates containing elevated quantities of hydrogen sulphide, such as chicken manure, require the process of biogas scrubbing. This is because they contain substantial amounts of ammonia and hydrogen sulphide, which can cause corrosion to the equipment in biogas plants. This emphasises the crucial need to meticulously choose substrates, with a specific focus on their organic composition and their capacity to generate elevated methane levels while minimising contaminants. Substrates with a high organic content, such as agricultural waste, are optimal for maximising the production of methane. Furthermore, the implementation of biogas scrubbing procedures is essential for efficiently decreasing carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulphide levels in biogas. By considering and tackling these problems, the effectiveness of biogas generation can be enhanced and its ecological consequences alleviated. This strategy facilitates the advancement of biogas as a sustainable energy source, hence contributing to the attainment of sustainable development goals (SDGs). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gastric ulcers affect approx. 10% of population. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), including acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) predispose to or impair the physiologically complex healing of pre-existing ulcers. Since H2S is an endogenous cytoprotective molecule, we hypothesized that new H2S-releasing ASA-derivative (ATB-340) could overcome pathological impact of NSAIDs on GI regeneration. Clinically translational gastric ulcers were induced in Wistar rats using state-of-the-art microsurgical model employing serosal application of acetic acid. This was followed by 9 days long i.g. daily treatment with vehicle, ATB-340 (6–24 mg/kg) or equimolar ASA doses (4–14 mg/kg). Ulcer area was assessed macro- and microscopically. Prostaglandin (PG)E2 levels, indicating pharmacological activity of NSAIDs and 8-hydroxyguanozine content, reflecting nucleic acids oxidation in serum/gastric mucosa, were determined by ELISA. Qualitative and/or quantitative pathway-specific alterations at the ulcer margin were evaluated using real-time PCR and mass spectrometry-based proteomics. ASA, unlike ATB-340, dose-dependently delayed/impaired gastric tissue recovery, deregulating 310 proteins at the ulcer margin, including Ras signalling, wound healing or apoptosis regulators. ATB-340 maintained NSAIDs-specific cyclooxygenase-inhibiting capacity on systemic and GI level but in time-dependent manner. High dose of ATB-340 (24 mg/kg daily), but not ASA, decreased nucleic acids oxidation and upregulated anti-oxidative/anti-inflammatory heme oxygenase-1, 24-dehydrocholesterol reductase or suppressor of cytokine signalling (SOCS3) at the ulcer margin. Thus, ASA impairs the physiological healing of pre-existing gastric ulcers, inducing the extensive molecularly functional and proteomic alterations at the wound margin. H2S-releasing ATB-340 maintains the target activity of NSAIDs with limited impact on gastric PGE2 signalling and physiological GI regeneration, enhancing anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative response, and providing the pharmacological advantage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The comparison of different grades of carbon steel (API 5L X52 and X60) dissolution in CO2–H2S solution at various acetic acid concentrations was investigated via electrochemical experiments and other complementary techniques such as FESEM, XPS and contact angle measurements. The results are evident to suggest that the carbon steel grade strongly influences corrosion rate as X60 corrodes more than X52 in the system being investigated. The possible mechanism behind the higher corrosion rate observed for X60 is elucidated via analyzing the impedance data acquired at various overpotentials by the reaction mechanism analysis approach. The kinetics of dissolution in the given medium for the carbon steels is also reported. It is observed that X52 possess higher surface energy (lower contact angle), which eventually increases the formation rate of FeCO3 on X52. The FeCO3 layer formed on X52 is fine in nature, acts as a protective layer and decreases the corrosion rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A high concentration of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) released from pig farming is one of the major environmental problems affecting surrounding communities. In modern pig farms, the bioscrubber is used to eliminate H2S, which is found to be driven mainly by the sulfuroxidizing bacteria (SOB) community. Therefore, in this study, molecular biology techniques such as next-generation sequencing (NGS) and DNA microarray are proposed to study the linkage between enzyme activity and the abundance of the SOB community. The starting sludge (SFP1) and recirculating sludge (SFP2) samples were collected from the bioscrubber reactor in the pig farm. The abundance of microbial populations between the two sampling sites was considered together with the gene expression results of both soxABXYZ and fccAB. Based on the NGS analysis, the members of phylum Proteobacteria such as Halothiobacillus, Acidithiobacillus, Thiothrix, Novosphingobium, Sulfuricurvum, Sulfurovum, Sulfurimonas, Acinetobacter, Thiobacillus, Magnetospirillum, Arcobacter, and Paracoccus were predominantly found in SFP2. The presence of Cyanobacteria in SFP pig farms is associated with increased biogas yields. The microarray results showed that the expression of soxAXBYZ and fccAB genes involved in the oxidation of sulfide to sulfate was increased in Halothiobacillus, Paracoccus, Acidithiobacillus, Magnetospirillum, Sphingobium, Thiobacillus, Sulfuricurvum, Sulfuricurvum, Arcobacter, and Thiothrix. Both NGS and DNA microarray data supported the functional roles of SOB in odor elimination and the oxidation of H2S through the function of soxABXYZ and fccAB. The results also identified the key microbes for H2S odor treatment, which can be utilized to monitor the stability of biological treatment systems and the toxicity of sulfide minerals by oxidation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The imidazolium-based supported ionic liquids (IL) in activated carbon (AC) is an exciting strategy for developing new adsorbents for H2S removal from biogas. In this work, the influence of IL on AC was discovered by examining the effect of ultrasonic stirring as an impregnation method, AC particle size and IL anion type. AC300µm-[Bmim] Cl-U5 demonstrated the highest H2S adsorption capacity of 8.25±0.38 mg H2S/g and was obtained through [Bmim] Cl impregnated on 300 µm AC size through the ultrasonic stirring for five minutes at room temperature. The adsorption/desorption study confirmed the regeneration ability of AC300µm-[Bmim]Cl-U5 up to three cycles with a maximum adsorption capacity of 14.24±0.43 mg H2S/g. The SEM images confirmed the presence of IL on the AC surface and were further explained through BET analysis. TGA measurement indicated the thermal stability of pristine IL, the fresh and exhausted adsorbent. Therefore, this study proved the potential of ultrasonic-assisted supported IL as a promising adsorbent for H2S removal from biogas that exhibits excellent properties in high adsorption capacity and thermal stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Therapies targeting histone deacetylase (HDAC) have gained wider attention in the treatment of various clinical conditions. However, the use of HDAC inhibitors in pre-clinical trials in the case of Parkinson's disease (PD) is very limited. In the present study, the HDAC inhibitor, entinostat, was tested in animals induced with Parkinson's disease experimentally. Material and methods: Wistar male rats (150 ±10 g) were administered with rotenone (2 mg/kg/day, s.c.) for 21 days to induce PD, while entinostat (20 mg/kg) was given intraperitoneally. Then, the neurological functions, PD markers, and HDACs were analysed in the control and experimental animals. Results: The results demonstrated that rats that received entinostat displayed progressive motor, behavioural, and neurological function with attenuated α-synuclein and improved tyrosine-hydroxylase compared to control cells. Moreover, the induction of PD in rats demonstrated reduced levels of H2S, dopamine, 3, and 4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC), and increased monoamine oxidase activity in PD rats. However, the rats that received entinostat demonstrated progressive levels of dopa and DOPAC, with attenuated levels of HDAC-2, -4, and -6 mRNA in the PD rats compared to controls. On the other hand, elevated (p < 0.01) levels of PD marker genes such as GDF3 and NMDA2b were reduced, with a significant increase in neuroprotective genes such as VDAC3 and CBX5 in entinostat-supplemented rats. Conclusions: The study results suggest that inhibition of HDAC systematically improves the neurological functions, and hence treatments, emphasizing that HDACI, as the speculated mechanism, will be a promising mode of treatment in PD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The low-birth-weight of piglets is an important factor affecting pig enterprises. The placenta, as a key organ for material exchange between mother and foetus, directly influences the growth and development of the foetus. Allicin exhibits various biological activities, including anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. It may also play a crucial role in enhancing sow reproductive performance and placental angiogenesis. In this study, we used 70 lactating Landrace × Yorkshire binary heterozygous sows to explore the effect of allicin on the reproductive performance of sows and placental development. The sows were randomly assigned into the Allicin group (Allicin), which was fed with a diet containing 0.25% allicin, and the negative control group, which was fed with basal feed. The experimental period lasted for 114 d from the date of mating to the end of farrowing. The results showed that the addition of allicin to the gestation diets increased the number of total born piglets, born alive piglets, and high-birth-weight piglets, reduced peripartum oxidative stress, alleviated dysregulation of glucose-lipid metabolism in sows, and increased the levels of antioxidant markers in the placenta. Differential analysis of metabolites in maternal plasma and placenta samples by non-targeted metabolomics revealed that allicin improved cholesterol metabolism, steroid biosynthesis, and increased plasma progesterone levels in sows. Allicin promoted sulphur metabolism, cysteine and methionine metabolism in placental samples and increased the hydrogen sulphide (H2S) content in the placenta. In addition, Quantitative Real-time PCR, Western blot and immunofluorescence results showed that allicin upregulated the expression of angiogenesis-related genes, VEGF-A, FLK 1 and Ang 1, in the placenta, implying that it promoted placental angiogenesis. These results indicate that supplementing the diet of pregnant sows with allicin reduces oxidative stress, alleviates dysregulation of glucose-lipid metabolism during the periparturient period, and promotes placental angiogenesis and foetal development by increasing plasma progesterone level and placental H2S content.

The study focused on odours generated by hydrogen sulphide (H2S) immissions from a municipal wastewater treatment plant in a city of 2 million people. Odour awareness was vital to monitor environmental pollution and human’s safety. H2S was released from decomposition of organic matter, sulphites (SO32-) and sulphates (SO42-) by anaerobic microorganisms used in the biological stage of wastewater treatment. H2S was responsible for odours coming from the treatment plant. Long exposure (8 hours) to 2-5 ppm causes headaches and watery eyes, and 50 ppm irritates the airways. Maximum permissible concentrations for H2S are 0.006 ppm (24 hours) and 0.011 ppm (30 minutes). In Romania there are no limits on the concentration of odours. The sludge pumping station from the wastewater treatment plant registered the highest odour concentration at 36.000 OUE/m3, with significant levels of H2S primarily found there. Nevertheless, the activated sludge aeration system effectively eliminated around 99% of the H2S through degradation and absorption processes. The correlation between H2S and odour has been proved by a direct proportional relationship with a ratio of 25.000. Experimental determinations and mathematical modelling, using the Aermod View program, contributed to a deeper understanding of the impact of odours on the environment and on sensitive receptors, showed maximum odour concentrations of 38.8 ouE/m3 at the site of the municipal wastewater treatment plant and 5 ÷7 ouE/m3 at receptors, but without affecting residential areas.

Gas sensors are crucial in various industries like chemicals, food processing, pharmaceuticals, health monitoring through breath analysis, as well as in household and environmental monitoring to ensure human safety. Chemo‐resistive gas sensors based on metal oxides convert gas information into electrical signals by interacting with adsorption and desorption processes. For metal oxide semiconductor gas sensors, sensitivity and selectivity enhancements are achieved through doping, functionalization, composite formations, heterojunction creation, and morphological adjustments. The formation of heterojunctions notably boosts the efficacy of the sensing material, leveraging synergistic effects to reinforce adsorption rates, catalytic activity acceleration, and the depletion interface for electrons and holes. Over the past few decades, nanomaterials have played a critical role in gas sensing applications. They have enabled the detection of a wide array of harmful and polluting gases, as well as volatile organic compounds serving as disease biomarkers. Additionally, incorporating heterostructure nanomaterials into heterojunctions significantly impacts sensing performance and detection speed. This review discussed various types of gas sensing devices, categorizing them based on the sensing elements employed, each possessing its own set of unique advantages and disadvantages. Nevertheless, the review underscored the importance of several key parameters and factors that influence the performance of gas sensors. Additionally, recent advancements in the utilization of nanomaterial composites for gas sensor applications, particularly in the detection of gases such as ammonia, hydrogen sulphide, and sulphur dioxide vapours, were discussed. Furthermore, the review highlights recent research endeavours and fundamental parameters, including sensitivity, detection limits, selectivity, response times, and recovery times. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydrogen sulphide (H2S) is a toxic gas soluble in water, H2Saq, as a weak acid. Since H2Saq usually originates from the decomposition of faecal matter, its presence also indicates sewage dumping and possible parallel waterborne pathogens associated with sewage. We here present a low footprint ('frugal') H2Saq sensor as an accessible resource for water quality monitoring. As a sensing mechanism, we find the chemical affinity of thiols to gold (Au) translates to H2Saq. When an Au electrode is used as a control gate (CG) or floating gate (FG) electrode in the electric double layer (EDL) pool of an extended gate field effect transistor (EGFET) sensor, EGFET transfer characteristics shift along the CG voltage axis in response to H2Saq. We rationalise this by the interface potential from the adsorption of polar H2S molecules to the electrode. The sign of the shift changes between Au CG and Au FG, and cancels when both electrodes are Au. The sensor is selective for H2Saq over the components of urine, nor does urine suppress the sensor's ability to detect H2Saq. Electrodes can be recovered for repeated use by washing in 1M HCl. Quantitatively, CG voltage shift is fitted by a Langmuir-Freundlich (LF) model, supporting dipole adsorption over an ionic (Nernstian) response mechanism. We find a limit-of-detection of 14.9 nM, 100 times below potability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An excessive proliferation of skin fibroblasts usually results in different skin fibrotic diseases. Hydrogen sulphide (H2S) is regarded as an important endogenous gasotransmitter with various functions. The study aimed to investigate the roles and mechanisms of H2S on primary mice skin fibroblasts proliferation. Cell proliferation and collagen synthesis were assessed with the expression of α‐smooth muscle actin (α‐SMA), proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), Collagen I and Collagen III. The degree of oxidative stress was evaluated by dihydroethidium (DHE) and MitoSOX staining. Mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) was detected by JC‐1 staining. Necroptosis was evaluated with TDT‐mediated dUTP nick end labelling (TUNEL) and expression of receptor‐interacting protein kinase 1 (RIPK1), RIPK3 and mixed lineage kinase domain‐like protein (MLKL). The present study found that α‐SMA, PCNA, Collagen I and Collagen III expression were increased, oxidative stress was promoted, ΔΨm was impaired and positive rate of TUNEL staining, RIPK1 and RIPK3 expression as well as MLKL phosphorylation were all enhanced in skin fibroblasts from cystathionine γ‐lyase (CSE) knockout (KO) mice or transforming growth factor‐β1 (TGF‐β1, 10 ng/mL)‐stimulated mice skin fibroblasts, which was restored by exogenous sodium hydrosulphide (NaHS, 50 μmol/L). In conclusion, endogenous H2S production impairment in CSE‐deficient mice accelerated skin fibroblasts proliferation via promoted necroptosis, which was attenuated by exogenous H2S. Exogenous H2S supplement alleviated proliferation of skin fibroblasts with TGF‐β1 stimulation via necroptosis inhibition. This study provides evidence for H2S as a candidate agent to prevent and treat skin fibrotic diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study we investigated the role of voltage dependent (KV), Ca2+-activated (KCa), and inward rectifier (Kir) potassium channels in the effects of hydrogen sulfide donor (H2S) sodium hydrosulfide (NaHS) on spontaneous contractile activity of rat jejunum. It was shown that NaHS dose-dependently (10–500 μM) reduced the tonus of the preparation, as well as the amplitude and frequency of spontaneous contractions of jejunum preparations under isometric conditions; the half-maximal effective concentration (EC50) of the inhibitory effect of NaHS on the amplitude of contractions was 165 μM. The blocker of KV channels 4-AP (200 μM) caused an increase in the amplitude of spontaneous contractions. NaHS (200 μM) decreased the amplitude and frequency of spontaneous activity of the preparation in the presence of 4-AP as well as in the control, and the effect on basal tonus was less pronounced. Blockers of large conductance KCa channels (BK), non-specific TEA (3 mM) and specific paxillin (1 μM), increased the amplitude of spontaneous contractions, while the depressing effect of NaHS was completely preserved. The selective blocker of small conductance KCa channels (SK) NS8593 (4 μM) did not affect the tonus of the preparation and the parameters of spontaneous contractions; it did not prevent the effect of NaHS. The activator of KATP channels diazoxide (100 μM) caused a decrease in the basal tonus of the preparation, as well as the amplitude and frequency of spontaneous contractions. Diazoxide and the KATP channel blocker glibenclamide (50 μM) prevented the effect of NaHS on the tonus of the preparation. BaCl2, the Kir channel blocker (30 μM), caused an increase in the amplitude of spontaneous contractions and prevented the development of the NaHS inhibitory effects on the frequency and amplitude of spontaneous contractions; the decrease in tonus was less pronounced than in the control. Thus, a decrease in the basal tonus of the rat jejunum preparation under the action of the H2S donor was associated with activation of Kir channels, including KATP channels, whereas the effect of H2S on amplitude and frequency was mediated by an increase in Ba2+-sensitive conductivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study was carried out to investigate the effects of garlic (Allium sativum Linn) and leek (Allium porrum L.) on biochemical parameters, lipid profile and gene expression in high fructose diet (HDF)- induced diabetes in rat. In this study, we used 80 males Wistar rats for 18 weeks, HDF was administered daily in diet to induce diabetes. A high and low dose of garlic oil and leek powder were given orally daily to HDF-diabetic rats. Compared to rats in the diabetic groups, the garlic oil and leek powder reduced serum cholesterol, triacylglycerol, low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-c) and very low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (VLDL-c) levels. The garlic oil and leek powder also helped reduce hepatic destruction. A reduction was found in the gene expression in the hepatic homogenate of activating transcription factor 6 (ATF6) and X-Box Binding Protein1 (XBP1), Binding immunoglobulin protein (BIP), C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP), Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), and peroxisome proliferator- activated receptor gamma (PPAR-γ). On the other hand, there was a significant upregulation in the mRNA expression of has been found in the promoter of glucose transporter 2 (Glut2), and miRNA 27a which is also a dose- and time-dependent manner. These results suggest that H2S donor as garlic oil and leek powder exhibits therapeutic potential for diabetes, which is most likely related to its protective effects against ER stress and regulating miRNA 27a and its target gene. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Emissions of odorous compounds are major contributors to public opposition when siting waste management facilities. Thus, it is essential to understand how to minimise the concentration of odour-causing chemicals in ambient air surrounding such facilities. Although the concentration of pollutants in the atmosphere is a function of meteorology, there is limited data on the atmospheric parameters that drive ambient air concentrations of odour-causing substances in settlements near waste management facilities. Here, we analysed how temperature, wind direction, wind speed, atmospheric pressure and humidity impact the concentrations of hydrogen sulphide (H2S) in the ambient air, a potentially toxic chemical and a chief contributor to noxious odours. The relative contribution of each variable was assessed using multivariate statistical analysis applied to an extensive data set of over 7,000 data points collected during 2021. Our results show that all tested atmospheric parameters significantly affected H2S concentrations in ambient air. Wind direction had the greatest impact on H2S concentrations, followed by temperature, humidity, atmospheric pressure and wind speed. Specifically, the concentration of H2S was positively correlated with humidity and atmospheric pressure and had a U-shaped correlation with temperature. Atmospheric variables were able to explain 15% of variation in H2S concentrations (R2 = 15%), indicating the presence of other factors affecting H2S ambient air concentrations. Our study shows that proper consideration of atmospheric parameters, especially wind direction and temperatures, is of uttermost importance when siting waste management facilities. The conclusions are broadly applicable to odorous compounds near waste management facilities, so adverse effects to human health and the environment can be minimised. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydrogen (H$_{2}$) and hydrogen sulphide (H$_{2}$S) are typically present at only minor to trace levels in volcanic gas emissions, and yet they occupy a key role in volcanic degassing research in view of the control they exert on volcanic gas reducing capacity (e.g., their ability to remove atmospheric O$_{2}$). In combination with other major compounds, H$_{2}$ and H$_{2}$S are also key to extracting information on source magma conditions (temperature and redox) from observed magmatic gas compositions. Here, we use a catalogue, compiled by extracting from the geological literature a selection of representative analyses of magmatic to mixed (magmatic–hydrothermal) gases, to review the processes that control H$_{2}$ and H$_{2}$S abundance in volcanic gases. We show that H$_{2}$ concentrations and H$_{2}$/H$_{2}$O ratios in volcanic gases both exhibit strong positive temperature dependences, while H$_{2}$S concentrations and H$_{2}$S/SO$_{2}$ ratios are temperature insensitive overall. The high H$_{2}$ concentrations (and low H$_{2}$S/SO$_{2}$ compositions, of ${\sim }$0.1 on average) in high-temperature (${>}$1000 °C) magmatic gases are overall consistent with those predicted thermodynamically assuming external redox buffering operated by the coexisting silicate melt, at oxygen fugacities ranging from ${\Delta }$FMQ $-$1 to 0 (non-arc volcanoes) to ${\Delta }$FMQ 0 to ${+}$2 (arc volcanoes) (where ${\Delta }$FMQ is oxygen fugacity expresses as a log unit difference relative to the Fayalite–Magnetite–Quartz oxygen fugacity buffer). Lower temperature (${

The inexplicable distribution of souring wells (presence of H2S gas) of the unconventional Montney Formation hydrocarbon resource (British Columbia; BC) is investigated by analysing sulphur and oxygen isotopes, coupled with XRD mineralogy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDX). The sulphur isotopic analysis indicates that the sulphur isotopic range for Triassic anhydrite (δ34S 8.9 to 20.98‰ VCDT) is the same as the H2S sulphur that is produced from the Montney Formation (δ34S 9.3 to 20.9‰ VCDT). The anhydrite in the Triassic rocks is the likely source of the sulphur in the H2S produced in the Montney Formation. The deeper Devonian sources are enriched in 34S and are not the likely source for sulphur (δ34S 17.1 and 34‰ VCDT). This is contradictory to studies on Montney Formation producers in Alberta, with heavier (34S-enriched) sulphur isotopic signatures in H2S gas of all souring Montney Formation producers. These studies conclude that deep-seated faults and fractures have provided conduits for sulphate and/or H2S gas to migrate from deeper sulphur sources in the Devonian strata. There are several wells that show a slightly heavier (34S-enriched) isotopic signature (δ34S 18 to 20‰ VCDT) within the Montney Formation H2S gas producing within close proximity to the deformation front. This variation may be due to such deep-seated faults that acted as a conduit for Devonian sulphur to migrate into the Montney Formation. Our geological model suggests the sulphate-rich fluids have migrated from the Charlie Lake Formation prior to hydrocarbon generation in the Montney Formation (BC). Sulphate has concentrated in discrete zones due to precipitation in conduits like fracture and fault systems. The model fits the observation of multi-well pads containing both sour- and sweet-producing wells indicating that the souring is occurring in very narrow and discrete zones with the Montney Formation (BC). Government agencies and operators in British Columbia should map the anhydrite-rich portions of the Charlie Lake Formation, together with the structural elements from three-dimensional seismic to reduce the risk of encountering unexpected souring.

This study explored the effectiveness of tobacco extract as a corrosion inhibitor for carbon steel in an H2S-containing NaCl solution. The experiments were conducted at room temperature and atmospheric pressure, with a variation in inhibitor concentration and rate of fluid flow. Results showed that the tobacco extract decreases the corrosion rate of carbon steel in the 3.5% NaCl solution. Increasing flow rate and inhibitor concentration significantly affect the corrosion rate of carbon steel. In the NaCl solution, crystalline corrosion product formation of magnetite (Fe3O4) was mainly detected. Furthermore, the presence of H2S leads to forming of a mackinawite (FeS) structure. The inhibition efficiency of 1000 and 2000 ppm tobacco extract in NaCl solution with the presence of H2S is in the range of 24 to 69%.

Abstract Background It’s thought that respiratory epithelium-produced reduced hydrogen sulphide (H2S) plays a role in the pathophysiology of acute asthma. In this case–control research, blood H2S levels were examined between matched acutely asthmatic children and non-asthmatic controls. The grade of acute asthma, vital signs and absolute eosinophilic count in the asthmatic children were likewise associated with the blood H2S level. Methods Forty Egyptian asthmatic children had visited the emergency room and forty age- and sex-matched non-asthmatic controls had their blood H2S levels measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results The serum H2S in the two groups did not differ statistically significantly. Serum H2S and respiratory rate showed a moderately significant inverse connection (r = -0.325, p = 0.041). However, serum H2S and other clinical or laboratory variables exhibited no meaningful relationships. Patients' absolute and percentage eosinophil counts were considerably higher than healthy controls. Serum H2S exhibited a sensitivity of 50% and a specificity of 32.5% for identifying children with acute asthma from non-asthmatic children. Conclusion Children with asthma and those without asthma had similar serum H2S levels. It has a lousy relationship with respiratory rate. It is indicated that it is an inadequate screening and diagnostic tool since it has low sensitivity (50%) and specificity (32.5%) in differentiating acute asthmatic children.

The disposal of municipal biowaste is associated with the formation of malodorous and frequently hazardous volatile compounds. The composition of volatile pollutants formed during composting of mechanically sorted organic fraction of municipal solid waste (ms-OFMSW), sewage sludge (SS), food waste (FW), and wood waste (WC) during 28 days in a laboratory setup was analysed using electrochemical measurements, gas chromatography, and solid phase microextraction. Despite the close biodegradation intensity of SS+WC, ms-OFMSW, and FW+WC, the average temperature values were 57.0, 51.7, and 50.6 °C. The emission of volatile substances per day were: CO2 0.64, 0.68, and 0.64 g/kg, NH3 22.3, 93.1, and 4.9 µg/kg, CH4 5.3, 1.5 and 8.7 mg/kg, H2S 5.0, 3.3 and 1.8 µg/kg organic matter. The ratios of emission from SS+FW, ms-OFMSW and FW+WC for inorganic substances were 1.0, 1.1, and 1.0, and for organic compounds (VOC) were 1, 24, and 123. A total of 121 VOC was identified. The 12 N-containing compounds detected at the beginning of composting, some of which are highly toxic, ranged from 3.2 to 21.0% of the total VOC and belonged to amines with a very low olfactory thresholds and heterocyclic compounds. The results of this research help to optimise the systems used to remove pollutants from exhaust air. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The goal of this research was to determine the impact of garlic oil and leek powder on serum lipid levels and on sonic hedgehog (SHH) signalling pathway in a rat model of hyperlipidemia, to offer evidence supporting the use of diet as a means of preventing hyperlipidemia, and to further investigate the possible health advantages of these two H2S-donors. In this study, 80 males Wistar rats were divided into eight groups, for a period of 18 weeks, the rats were orally dosed with garlic oil and leek powder. Obesity indicators, serum lipid levels, some biochemical, molecular parameters and histopathology of liver tissues were determined. Compared to rats in the obese model groups, the garlic oil and leek powder reduced cholesterol, triacylglycerol, low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-c) and very low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (VLDL-c) levels in the serum (P < 0.05). The garlic oil and leek powder also helped reduce hepatic steatosis and enhance lipid profiles. A reduction was found in the gene expression in the hepatic homogenate of Patched 1 (Ptch1), SMOothened (SMO), glioma-associated oncogene homolog 1 (GLI1), Sonic hedgehog protein (SHH), Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR 4), and nuclear factor kappa kB (NF-kB). On the other hand, there was a significant upregulation in the mRNA expression of hedgehog-interacting protein (Hhip-1), and miRNA 26a which is also a dose- and time-dependent manner. The obtained findings suggested that both garlic oil and leek powder as H2S donor had anti-obesity capabilities that can mitigate the effects of an HFD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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High levels of chemical pollution in ambient air due to industrial emissions can facilitate development of functional disorders in various organs and systems. They are a significant component to be considered when assessing health risks under expo-sure to combined multi-factorial pollution. However, the issue of methodical approaches to assessing possible effects on health under exposure to combinations of chemicals has not been studied enough as regards public health risk assessment. Given that, we suggest a trend to develop the methodology that involves revising and substantiating indicators applied in health risk assessment. This should be done as new research data on influence exerted by chemicals on health (including exposure to levels higher than reference ones) become available. We have substantiated a system of quantitative indicators (including additional reference concentrations) for health risk assessment under chronic exposure to hydrogen sulphide in ambient air (including its elevated levels). Points of departure and modifying factors were established by analyzing studies on effects produced on health by hydrogen sulphide. On their basis, we developed parameters for non-carcinogenic health risk assessment. The reference concentration equaled 0.002 mg/m3 (the critical systems were respiratory organs and the nervous system). The additional reference concentration for risk assessment under elevated exposure to hydrogen sulphide was substantiated as equal 0.07 mg/m3 (impaired development being the critical system in the case). The suggested system of quantitative indicators enhances and specifies parameters for health risk assessment. This makes it possible to perform more adequate assessment of health risks under combined exposure to chemicals in ambient air including those contained in levels higher than reference ones. The suggested system of quantitative indicators was tested properly; as a result, the system was established to give an opportunity to obtain more comprehensive and accurate results of health risk assessment under combined exposure to chemical pollutants.

Although wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) play a fundamental role in protecting the aquatic environment as they prevent organic matter, nutrients and other pollutants from reaching the natural ecosystems, near residential areas they can generate unpleasant smells and noise. The plant studied in the present work is in a seaside tourist area in the Valencian Community, Spain. The main aim was to detect any possible perceptible H2S concentrations from the WWTP by experimental measurement campaigns (including sensor readings and olfactometry measurements by two experts) plus mathematical modelling. After a thorough data analysis of the essential variables involved, such as wind speed, wind direction and H2S concentrations (the main odorant) and comparing their temporal patterns, it was found that the probability of affecting the residential area was highest from June to August before noon and in the late evening. The hourly H2S concentration, influent flow rate and temperature showed a positive correlation, the strongest (R2 = 0.89) being the relationship between the H2S concentration and influent flow rate. These two variables followed a similar daily pattern and indicated that H2S was emitted when influent wastewater was being pumped into the biological reactor. The H2S median concentration at the source of the emission was below 1393.865 μg/m3 (1 ppm), although concentrations 10 times higher were occasionally recorded. The observed H2S peak-to-mean ratio (1 min to 1 h of integration times) ranged from 1.15 to 16.03. This ratio and its attenuation with distance from the source depended on the atmospheric stability. Both H2S concentrations and variability were considerably reduced after submerging the inlet. The AERMOD modelling framework and applying the peak-to-mean ratio were used to map the peak H2S concentration and determine the best conditions to eliminate the unpleasant odour. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Central nervous system (CNS)-related conditions are currently the leading cause of disability worldwide, posing a significant burden to health systems, individuals and their families. Although the molecular mechanisms implicated in these disorders may be varied, neurological conditions have been increasingly associated with inflammation and/or impaired oxidative response leading to further neural cell damages. Therefore, therapeutic approaches targeting these defective molecular mechanisms have been vastly explored. Hydrogen sulphide (H2S) has emerged as a modulator of both inflammation and oxidative stress with a neuroprotective role, therefore, has gained interest in the treatment of neurological disorders. H2S, produced by endogenous sources, is maintained at low levels in the CNS. However, defects in the biosynthetic and catabolic routes for H2S metabolism have been identified in CNS-related disorders. Approaches to restore H2S availability using H2S-donating compounds have been recently explored in many models of neurological conditions. Nonetheless, we still need to elucidate the potential for these compounds not only to ameliorate defective biological routes, but also to better comprehend the implications on H2S delivery, dosage regimes and feasibility to successfully target CNS tissues. Here, we highlight the molecular mechanisms of H2S-dependent restoration of neurological functions in different models of CNS disease whilst summarising current administration approaches for these H2S-based compounds. We also address existing barriers in H2S donor delivery by showcasing current advances in mediating these constrains through novel biomaterial-based carriers for H2S donors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Vascular resistance, and therefore blood pressure (BP), depends on vascular and rheological factors. Microrheological characteristics of red blood cells (RBCs) can affect blood viscosity (BV) and thus be included in the pathogenesis of increased blood pressure in arterial hypertension (AH). Signaling molecules such as gasotransmitters (NO, CO and H2S) regulate vascular tone and RBC microrheological characteristics and thus affect blood pressure and tissue perfusion. OBJECTIVE: It was evaluated the changes in the macro- and microrheological characteristics of blood and red blood cells (RBCs) under arterial hypertension in persons with and without COVID-19, as well as the protective effect of NO and H2S donors on the RBC microrheological properties. METHODS: Hemorheological profile parameters were recorded in group 1 individuals (n = 18, 9 women and 9 men) without a history of COVID-19; group 2 (n = 16; 11 females and 5 males), hypertensive patients who had COVID-19. As a control, there was a group of healthy individuals (group 3 n = 22). In experiments with red blood cells (RBCs) and their recovered ghosts (filled with an isotonic solution of known viscosity), deformability (RBCD) and aggregation (RBCA) were recorded after incubation of cells with sodium nitroprusside (SNP, 100μM) and sodium hydrosulfide (NaHS, 100μM). RESULTS: In patients with AH in both groups, the main parameters of the hemorheological profile were negatively changed, including a decrease in RBCD and an increase in BV, plasma viscosity (PV) and RBCA. SNP and NaHS significantly increased deformability and reduced their aggregation (p < 0.01). However, in healthy individuals, microrheological responses to GT donors (100μM) were more pronounced than in patients with AH, especially in the AH+COVID-19 group (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Both gasotransmitter donors (NO and H2S) have a positive effect on the RBC microrheological characteristics in healthy and sick individuals. However in hypertensive patients, especially those who had COVID-19, microrheological responses to GT donors were significantly lower. Therefore, on the model of red cell microrheological responses, as on a test object, it is possible to determine the decrease in the sensitivity of cells and tissues to the regulatory action of gasotransmitters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explored the effectiveness of tobacco extract as a corrosion inhibitor for carbon steel in an H2S-containing NaCl solution. The experiments were conducted at room temperature and atmospheric pressure, with a variation in inhibitor concentration and rate of fluid flow. Results showed that the tobacco extract decreases the corrosion rate of carbon steel in the 3.5% NaCl solution. Increasing flow rate and inhibitor concentration significantly affect the corrosion rate of carbon steel. In the NaCl solution, crystalline corrosion product formation of magnetite (Fe3O4) was mainly detected. Furthermore, the presence of H2S leads to forming of a mackinawite (FeS) structure. The inhibition efficiency of 1000 and 2000 ppm tobacco extract in NaCl solution with the presence of H2S is in the range of 24 to 69%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context S-Propargyl-cysteine (SPRC), an endogenous H2S modulator, exerts anti-inflammatory effects on cardiovascular and neurodegenerative disease, but it remains unknown whether SPRC can prevent autoimmune hepatitis.Objective To evaluate the preventive effect of SPRC on concanavalin A (Con A)-induced liver injury and uncover the underlying mechanisms.Materials and methods Mice were randomly divided into five groups: control, Con A, SPRC (5 and 10 mg/kg injected intravenously once a day for 7 days), and propargylglycine (PAG; 50 mg/kg injected intraperitoneally 0.5 h before SPRC for 7 days). All mice except the controls were intravenously injected with Con A (20 mg/kg) on day 7. Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels were evaluated using kits. Inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α and IFN-γ) in the blood and in the liver were detected by ELISA Kit and real-time PCR, respectively. The expression of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway proteins (p-JNK and p-Akt) and apoptosis proteins (Bax and Bcl-2) was detected using western blotting.Results SPRC reduced the levels of AST (p

This study evaluated the effects of increased temperature and leachate recirculation on volatile solids (VS), biogas, hydrogen sulphide (H2S) leachate quality (pH and chemical oxygen demand) and the settlement of municipal solid waste (MSW). Three large-scale tests were conducted with no leachate recirculation at 21°C, weekly leachate recirculation at 20°C and weekly leachate recirculation at 50°C. Leachate recirculation and increased temperature accelerated biodegradation and pushed forward the onset time (from 27 to 8 days). The increase of biodegradation activity was reflected in the change of biogas production, VS and settlement. Compressibility index C c , increased from 0.71 and 0.77 at 21°C to 0.83 when the temperature was 50°C. In addition, leachate recirculation and high temperature reduced H2S concentration levels by inhibiting the growth of sulphate-reducing bacteria and leachate recirculation lowered H2S production by dissolving the high H2S presence. The results showed that MSW can have significantly changed mechanical and biochemical behaviour under different temperatures and saturations. The results help understand the processes in landfills for more effective short-term and long-term design and management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]