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Resumen (Objetivo) Se estudió la variación de las concentraciones del sulfuro de hidrógeno (H2S) y del amoniaco (NH3) en aire, en un sistema de tratamiento de aguas residuales en Costa Rica, para conocer el posible alcance de los olores producidos, con mediciones en el lugar y un modelo de dispersión de sustancias en el aire. (Metodología) Fueron realizados 13 muestreos en periodos de 12 horas y 24 horas, entre octubre del 2016 y febrero del 2017; con las mediciones de campo, se alimentó un modelo de dispersión. Se midieron los parámetros meteorológicos: dirección y velocidad de viento, radiación global, temperatura, porcentaje de humedad relativa, precipitación y presión atmosférica. Mediante el uso de los programas Aermed View y AERMOD, se demostró la dispersión de los gases alrededor de los puntos de emisión seleccionados en la planta de tratamiento. Al Aermet View se le incorporaron los parámetros de rugosidad superficial, la proporción de Bowen y el albedo para una zona rural. Los datos recolectados se incluyeron en AERMOD. (Resultados) La concentración de los gases emitidos por la planta se encuentra por debajo de los valores de percepción de estas sustancias, 0,70 µg/m3 (< 0,50 ppb) para el H2S y 26,6 µg/m3 (< 35,5 ppb) para el NH3. Se determinó que el canal de vertido es la fuente principal de emisión. Los gases generados se dispersaron hacia las comunidades vecinas de La Carpio, María Auxiliadora y Rincón Grande, en dirección noroeste; Carvajal Castro, Rossiter Carballo, Residencial Real Santamaría y Lagunilla, en dirección noreste, y la Comisión Nacional de Emergencia, en dirección sur. Los valores de error se encontraron en un ámbito entre el 5 % y el 48 % para el H2S y entre el 8 % y el 75 % para el NH3. El índice de concordancia (IC) mostró una similitud entre los valores predichos y los valores observados, tanto para el H2S como para el NH3. (Conclusiones) Las emisiones gaseosas de H2S y NH3 provenientes del sistema de tratamiento de aguas residuales no representan un riesgo para la salud ni el medio ambiente, en las poblaciones cercanas. Abstract (Objective) The variation of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and ammonia (NH3) concentrations in air was studied in a wastewater treatment system in Costa Rica to obtain information about the dispersion of odors produced using on-site measurements and an air dispersion model. (Methodology) Thirteen samples were taken in periods of 12 hours and 24 hours between October 2016 and February 2017, and the measurements taken in the field were entered into a dispersion model. Meteorological parameters including direction and wind speed, global radiation, temperature, percentage of relative humidity, precipitation, and atmospheric pressure were recorded. Dispersion of gases around the selected emission points in the treatment plant was determined using the Aermed View and AERMOD programs. Data on roughness parameters, Bowen ratio and albedo for a rural area were incorporated into the Aermet View and the data collected was incorporated into the AERMOD model. (Results) The concentrations of gases emitted by the plant were below the perception values of these substances, 0.70 µg/m3 (< 0.50 ppb) for H2S and 26.6 µg/m3 (< 35.5 ppb) for NH3. The discharge channel is the main source of emissions; the gases emitted were dispersed to the neighboring communities of La Carpio, María Auxiliadora and Rincón Grande to the Northwest; Carvajal Castro, Rossiter Carballo, Residencial Real Santamaría and Lagunilla to the Northeast, and the National Emergency Commission to the South. Error values ranged between 5% and 48% for H2S and between 8% and 75% for NH3. The concordance index (CI) showed agreement between the predicted and observed values for both H2S and NH3. (Conclusions) H2S and NH3 emissions from the wastewater treatment system do not represent a risk to health or the environment for nearby populations. Resumo (Objetivo) A variação nas concentrações de sulfeto de hidrogênio (H2S) e amoníaco (NH3) no ar, em um sistema de tratamento de águas residuais na Costa Rica, para conhecer a possível extensão dos odores produzidos, com medições no local e um modelo de dispersão de substâncias no ar. (Metodologia). Foram realizadas treze amostragens em períodos de 12 horas e 24 horas, entre outubro de 2016 e fevereiro de 2017; com as medidas de campo, um modelo de dispersão foi alimentado. Os parâmetros meteorológicos foram medidos: direção e velocidade do vento, radiação global, temperatura, porcentagem de umidade relativa, precipitação e pressão atmosférica. Usando o Aermed View e o software AERMOD, foi demonstrada a dispersão de gases em torno dos pontos de emissão selecionados na estação de tratamento. Os parâmetros de rugosidade superficial, razão de Bowen e albedo para uma área rural foram incorporados na Aermet View. Os dados coletados foram incluídos no AERMOD. (Resultados) A concentração dos gases emitidos pela planta está abaixo dos valores de percepção para estas substâncias, 0,70 µg/m3 (< 0,50 ppb) para H2S e 26,6 µg/m3 (< 35,5 ppb) para NH3. O canal de deposição de descarte foi identificado como a principal fonte de emissões. Os gases gerados foram dispersos para as comunidades vizinhas de La Carpio, María Auxiliadora e Rincón Grande, na direção noroeste; Carvajal Castro, Rossiter Carballo, Residencial Real Santamaría e Lagunilla, na direção nordeste, e a Comissão Nacional de Emergência, na direção sul. Foram encontrados valores de erro entre 5% e 48% para o H2S e entre 8% e 75% para o NH3. O índice de concordância (CI) mostrou uma semelhança entre os valores previstos e observados tanto para o H2S quanto para o NH3. (Conclusões) As emissões gasosas de H2S y NH3 do sistema de tratamento de águas residuais não representam um risco sanitário e ambiental para as populações próximas.

Background DNA methylation changes are associated with a wide array of biological processes. Bisulfite conversion of DNA followed by high-throughput sequencing is increasingly being used to assess genome-wide methylation at single-base resolution. The relative slowness of most commonly used aligners for processing such data introduces an unnecessarily long delay between receipt of raw data and statistical analysis. While this process can be sped-up by using computer clusters, current tools are not designed with them in mind and end-users must create such implementations themselves. Results Here, we present a novel BS-seq aligner, Bison, which exploits multiple nodes of a computer cluster to speed up this process and also has increased accuracy. Bison is accompanied by a variety of helper programs and scripts to ease, as much as possible, the process of quality control and preparing results for statistical analysis by a variety of popular R packages. Bison is also accompanied by bison_herd, a variant of Bison with the same output but that can scale to a semi-arbitrary number of nodes, with concomitant increased demands on the underlying message passing interface implementation. Conclusions Bison is a new bisulfite-converted short-read aligner providing end users easier scalability for performance gains, more accurate alignments, and a convenient pathway for quality controlling alignments and converting methylation calls into a form appropriate for statistical analysis. Bison and the more scalable bison_herd are natively able to utilize multiple nodes of a computer cluster simultaneously and serve to simplify to the process of creating analysis pipelines.

Kinetics and mechanisms of As(III) oxidation by free available chlorine (FAC-the sum of HOCl and OCl-), ozone (O-3), and monochloramine (NH2Cl) were investigated in buffered reagent solutions. Each reaction was found to be first order in oxidant and in As(III), with 1:1 stoichiometry. FAC-As(III) and O-3-As(III) reactions were extremely fast, with pH-dependent, apparent second-order rate constants, k"(app), of 2.6 (+/- 0.1) x 10(5) M-1 s(-1) and 1.5 (+/- 0.1) x 10(6) M-1 s(-1) at pH 7, whereas the NH2Cl-As(III) reaction was relatively slow (k "(app)) 4.3 (+/- 1.7) x 10(-1) M-1 s(-1) at pH 7). Experiments conducted in real water samples spiked with 50 mu g/L As(III) (6.7 x 10(-7) M) showed that a 0.1 mg/L Cl-2 (1.4 x 10(-6) M) dose as FAC was sufficient to achieve depletion of As(III) to < 1 mu g/L As(III) within 10 s of oxidant addition to waters containing negligible NH3 concentrations and DOC concentrations < 2 mg-C/L. Even in a water containing 1 mg-N/L (7.1 x 10(-5) M) as NH3, > 75% As(III) oxidation could be achieved within 10 s of dosing 1-2 mg/L Cl-2 (1.4-2.8 x 10(-5) M) as FAC. As(III) residuals remaining in NH3-containing waters 10 s after dosing FAC were slowly oxidized (t(1/2) >= 4 h) in the presence of NH2Cl formed by the FAC-NH3 reaction. Ozonation was sufficient to yield > 99% depletion of 50 mu g/L As(III) within 10 s of dosing 0.25 mg/L O-3 (5.2 x 10(-6) M) to real waters containing < 2 mg-C/L of DOC, while 0.8 mg/LO3 (1.7 x 10(-5) M) was sufficient for a water containing 5.4 mg-C/L of DOC. NH3 had negligible effect on the efficiency of As(III) oxidation by O-3, due to the slow kinetics of the O-3-NH3 reaction at circumneutral pH. Time-resolved measurements of As(III) loss during chlorination and ozonation of real waters were accurately modeled using the rate constants determined in this investigation.