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Adaptation to extreme environments often involves the evolution of dramatic physiological changes. To better understand how organisms evolve these complex phenotypic changes, the repeatability and predictability of evolution, and possible constraints on adapting to an extreme environment, it is important to understand how adaptive variation has evolved. Poeciliid fishes represent a particularly fruitful study system for investigations of adaptation to extreme environments due to their repeated colonization of toxic hydrogen sulfide-rich springs across multiple species within the clade. Previous investigations have highlighted changes in the physiology and gene expression in specific species that are thought to facilitate adaptation to hydrogen sulfide-rich springs. However, the presence of adaptive nucleotide variation in coding and regulatory regions and the degree to which convergent evolution has shaped the genomic regions underpinning sulfide tolerance across taxa are unknown. By sampling across seven independent lineages in which nonsulfidic lineages have colonized and adapted to sulfide springs, we reveal signatures of shared evolutionary rate shifts across the genome. We found evidence of genes, promoters, and putative enhancer regions associated with both increased and decreased convergent evolutionary rate shifts in hydrogen sulfide-adapted lineages. Our analysis highlights convergent evolutionary rate shifts in sulfidic lineages associated with the modulation of endogenous hydrogen sulfide production and hydrogen sulfide detoxification. We also found that regions with shifted evolutionary rates in sulfide spring fishes more often exhibited convergent shifts in either the coding region or the regulatory sequence of a given gene, rather than both.

BackgroundHydrogen sulfide is a highly toxic, flammable, and colorless gas. Hydrogen sulfide has been identified as a potential terrorist chemical threat agent in mass-casualty events. Our previous studies showed that cobinamide, a vitamin B12 analog, effectively reverses the toxicity from hydrogen sulfide poisoning. In this study, we investigate the effectiveness of intratracheally administered cobinamide in treating a lethal dose hydrogen sulfide gas inhalation and compare its performance to saline control administration.MethodsA total of 53 pathogen-free New Zealand White rabbits were used for this study. Four groups were compared: (i) received no saline solution or drug intratracheally (n = 15), (ii) slow drip saline intratracheally (n = 15), (iii) fast drip saline intratracheally (n = 15), and (iv) slow drip cobinamide intratracheally (n = 8). Blood pressure was continuously monitored, and deoxy- and oxyhemoglobin concentration changes were monitored in real-time in vivo using continuous wave near-infrared spectroscopy.ResultsThe mean (± standard deviation) weight for all animals (n = 53) was 3.87 ± 0.10 kg. The survival rates of the slow cobinamide and the fast saline groups were 75 percent and 60 percent, respectively, while the survival rates in the slow saline and control groups were 26.7 percent and 20 percent, respectively. A log-rank (Mantel-Cox) test showed that survival in fast saline and slow cobinamide groups were significantly greater than those of no saline control and slow saline groups (P

In genetically heterogeneous (UM-HET3) mice produced by the CByB6F1 × C3D2F1 cross, the Nrf2 activator astaxanthin (Asta) extended the median male lifespan by 12% (p = 0.003, log-rank test), while meclizine (Mec), an mTORC1 inhibitor, extended the male lifespan by 8% (p = 0.03). Asta was fed at 1840 ± 520 (9) ppm and Mec at 544 ± 48 (9) ppm, stated as mean ± SE (n) of independent diet preparations. Both were started at 12 months of age. The 90th percentile lifespan for both treatments was extended in absolute value by 6% in males, but neither was significant by the Wang-Allison test. Five other new agents were also tested as follows: fisetin, SG1002 (hydrogen sulfide donor), dimethyl fumarate, mycophenolic acid, and 4-phenylbutyrate. None of these increased lifespan significantly at the dose and method of administration tested in either sex. Amounts of dimethyl fumarate in the diet averaged 35% of the target dose, which may explain the absence of lifespan effects. Body weight was not significantly affected in males by any of the test agents. Late life weights were lower in females fed Asta and Mec, but lifespan was not significantly affected in these females. The male-specific lifespan benefits from Asta and Mec may provide insights into sex-specific aspects of aging.

Recently, a debate is raising the concern of possible carbonaceous sulfur hydrides with room-temperature superconductivity around 270 GPa. In order to systematically investigate the structural information and relevant natures of C–S–H superconductors, we performed an extremely extensive structure search and first-principles calculations under high pressures. As a result, the metastable stoichiometries of CSH7, C2SH14, CS2H10, and CS2H11 were unveiled under high pressure, which can be viewed as CH4 units inserted into the S–H framework. Given the super-high superconductivity of Im 3 ̄ m-SH3, we performed electron–phonon coupling calculations of these compounds,the metastable of R3m-CSH7, Cm-CSH7, Cm-CS2H10, P3m1-CS2H10, Cm-CS2H11, and Fmm2-CS2H11 are predicted to become good phonon-mediated superconductors that could reach Tc of 130, 120, 72, 74, 92, and 70 K at 270 GPa, respectively. Furthermore, we identified that high Tc is associated with the large contribution of the S–H framework to the electron density of states near the Fermi level. Our results highlight the importance of the S–H framework in superconductivity and verify that the suppression of density of states of these carbonaceous sulfur hydrides by CH4 units results in Tc lower than that of Im 3 ̄ m-SH3, which could act as a useful guidance in the design and optimization of high-Tc superconductors in these and related systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, Al 2 O 3 –20TiO 2 (AT) and Cr 2 O 3 –3TiO 2 –5SiO 2 (CT) coatings were prepared by atmospheric plasma spraying (APS), The microstructure, phase compositions and corrosion behavior were studied comparatively. The results indicated that both coatings had layered structure, with an average surface roughness RA around 6 μm, an adhesive strength around 35 MPa, and a porosity around 4 %. The AT coating mainly composed of γ-Al 2 O 3 and α-Al 2 O 3 , and the CT coating composed Cr 2 O 3 respectively. Moreover, the AT coating exhibited better corrosion resistance than the CT coating. In artificial seawater, the corrosion process was strongly related to the porosity. The corrosion rate (based on the corrosion current density) of the two coatings showed a same trend which decreased first and then increased. It was thought that the blocking of early corrosion products in holes was helpful to delaying the progress of corrosion. In contrast, the later corrosion products would promote the formation and propagation of cracks, accelerating the corrosion. In the simulated environment with high pressure and hydrogen sulfide seawater, the corrosion process was strongly related to the porosity as well as the brittleness of the coatings. The corrosion rate (based on the weight loss) of the AT coatings still remained the same trend as it in the artificial seawater. However, the CT coating showed a continuously increasing corrosion rate, due to higher porosity and brittleness resulted in a large number of cracks under external stress, which offered corrosion channels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alzheimer's disease (AD) represents a devastating form of neurodegeneration, hallmarked by a relentless erosion of memory and cognitive faculties. One key player in this complex pathology is hydrogen sulfide (H2S), a gaseous neurotransmitter that is highly concentrated in the brain. Its fluctuating levels have been compellingly linked to the onset and progression of AD. Despite the availability of numerous fluorescent probes for detecting H2S, targeted imaging of this neurotransmitter within AD models remains underexplored. To bridge this gap, we have engineered an innovative near-infrared (NIR) "turn-on" fluorescent probe, designated as probe 1. Crafted around a dicyanoisophorone scaffold, the probe incorporates a strategic methoxy modification to facilitate a bathochromic spectral shift. Impressively, upon binding with H2S, probe 1 exhibited a robust 46-fold enhancement in fluorescence at a wavelength of 680 nm. We successfully deployed this probe to visualize both exogenous and endogenous H2S in living cells and zebrafish. Further, our pathogenic investigations have corroborated that diminished H2S levels are intricately linked to an escalation in amyloid plaque formation. Most crucially, we employed probe 1 to capture real-time images of H2S concentrations within the hippocampal tissue of AD mouse models. This revealed a significant depletion in H2S levels, thereby underscoring the probe's immense potential as an effective tool for the diagnosis and prevention of Alzheimer's disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary Plant survival to a potential plethora of diverse environmental insults is underpinned by coordinated communication amongst organs to help shape effective responses to these environmental challenges at the whole plant level. This interorgan communication is supported by a complex signal network that regulates growth, development and environmental responses. Nitric oxide (NO) has emerged as a key signalling molecule in plants. However, its potential role in interorgan communication has only recently started to come into view. Direct and indirect evidence has emerged supporting that NO and related species (S‐nitrosoglutathione, nitro‐linolenic acid) are mobile interorgan signals transmitting responses to stresses such as hypoxia and heat. Beyond their role as mobile signals, NO and related species are involved in mediating xylem development, thus contributing to efficient root–shoot communication. Moreover, NO and related species are regulators in intraorgan systemic defence responses aiming an effective, coordinated defence against pathogens. Beyond its in planta signalling role, NO and related species may act as ex planta signals coordinating external leaf‐to‐leaf, root‐to‐leaf but also plant‐to‐plant communication. Here, we discuss these exciting developments and emphasise how their manipulation may provide novel strategies for crop improvement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study evaluates the efficacy of the Thiopaq bio-desulfurization system at the Daegu Bangcheon-ri Sanitary Landfill in Korea over 1 year focusing on operational insights and microbial dynamics. The system employs sulfur-oxidizing bacteria (SOBs) to convert hydrogen sulfide (H2S) in landfill gas (LFG) into elemental sulfur. Key findings include maintaining over 96% H2S removal efficiency despite operational challenges such as sulfur clogging and foam formation. Significant microbial community shifts were observed, with Thioalkalibacter halophilus remaining robust, Alkalilimnicola ehrlichii declining, and Halothiobacillus kellyi becoming more prominent, especially during new well installations with high thiol (methanethiol) concentrations. Scanning electron microscopy revealed distinct morphological characteristics of bio-sulfur under varying conditions contributing to process optimization. Our results underscore the necessity for continuous monitoring and adaptive management of microbial populations and system parameters to effectively handle fluctuating LFG compositions and operational conditions. This study provides substantial guidance for enhancing LFG quality and bio-sulfur production in large-scale landfills. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydrogen sulfide, a toxic gas, can be released into the air during oil and natural gas extraction, metallurgical production, and the storage and processing of industrial and household wastes. The determination of hydrogen sulfide in the atmosphere is a pertinent task in analytical chemistry. The established methods, such as chromatography or mass spectrometry, are unsuitable for continuous monitoring in hard-to-reach places. This creates a practical need for a low-cost chemical sensor that offers high sensitivity and selectivity. In this study, gas-sensitive materials based on In2O3 with catalytic additives—primarily palladium (as PdO) and silver (as Ag2O)—were synthesized. The synthesis proceeded in several stages. Initially, an In(OH)3 sol was prepared, followed by centrifugation and thermal treatment to yield indium oxide nanopowder. The material was characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray powder diffraction. Subsequently, the indium oxide nanopowder was blended with catalytic additives and a binder to form a paste. The gas-sensitive material was obtained by annealing the paste at 750°C. The sensor properties of these gas-sensitive materials were investigated with respect to hydrogen sulfide and carbon monoxide under nonstationary temperature conditions: heating to 450°C for 2 s and cooling to 100°C for 13 s. The study demonstrated that nanodispersed indium oxide-based materials exhibit high sensitivity to hydrogen sulfide and exceptional selectivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over 50 nations worldwide have Pollutant Release and Transfer Registers (PRTRs), including Canada's National Pollutant Release Inventory (NPRI), which comprise large public datasets of chemical releases to air, water, and land and also transfers to various on and off-site waste management practices. These inventories aim to support a myriad of audiences in pollution-related decision-making. While the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) framed a role for PRTRs as indicators for Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 12 - the sound management of chemicals and wastes, research to date has focused only on air and water releases, omitting vast PRTR data on pollutant transfers to waste management. For Canada's NPRI, 30 years of waste management transfers data on 250+ chemicals has been collected but rarely used in environmental research. Here we show how this overlooked NPRI data may be used to inform snapshots and trends in progress towards SDG 12 using the OECD's framework. Results show that over 28 million (M) tonnes (t) of NPRI pollutants have been transferred from industrial facilities to various waste management practices from 2006 to 2021, of which ~10M t were transferred off-site for waste management operations both within and outside Canada. Time trends show pollutant transfer quantities are increasing, driven by on-site disposals to tailings and waste rock management (of mainly phosphorous, manganese and other metals) and underground injection (of mainly hydrogen sulphide). New route maps reveal that interprovincial and international pollutant transfers are common, and that chain of custody analyses is a burgeoning opportunity but hampered by data limitations. The findings create a state of the knowledge launching point for mainstreaming the use of this overlooked data from both Canada's NPRI and PRTRs around the world, to better track both national and international progress towards sound management of chemicals in waste and SDG 12. Implications: Pollutant transfers and disposals data has not previously been widely used in environmental research. This paper shows how it can be, in the context of SDG 12. Doing so can inspire uptake by researchers and a range of other public users, both strengthening the justification for collecting this data, and bolstering public participation in environmental decision-making from a local to global scale. Doing so also provides the foundation for more in-depth analysis on the domestic and international transboundary movement of Canadian industrial pollutants in waste in the lens of SDG 12 – a topic that was beyond scope here but addressed elsewhere. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Martinique island, located in the Caribbean Sea, is subject to the stranding of Sargassum algae, which decompose and release toxic gases, such as hydrogen sulfide or ammonia. This study aims to investigate the atmospheric corrosion of zinc in these conditions. For this purpose, three sites in Martinique more or less impacted by Sargassum algae stranding were selected. Mass loss results after 1‐year exposure range from 1.9 µm for the site least impacted to 45.3 µm for the site most affected by Sargassum algae. This high value proves that the presence of Sargassum algae caused significant zinc degradation. The morphological structures and properties of the corrosion products obtained at the impacted and non‐impacted sites differ significantly. In the absence of Sargassum algae, "classical" corrosion products based on hydrozincite, simonkoleite, gordaite, and zinc hydroxylsulfate are observed. In the area close to the Sargassum seaweed stranding, the presence of elemental sulfur products, zinc hydroxylsulfate, and sphalerite is reported. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The potential for corrosion and odor emissions from a combined sewer interceptor system in Northwest Chicago was investigated. Seven manholes along the interceptor system were selected as monitoring locations, and eight critical physical-chemical and biological parameters were measured semiweekly at each location for four weeks during the morning and afternoon hours. Statistical analyses were performed to determine the diurnal variability of 5-day biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5), as well as the variability of total sulfide with respect to BOD5 and the sewer flow rates. Subsequently, the Pomeroy–Parkhurst mathematical model was used to predict the change in total sulfide concentration in a mile-long segment of the interceptor system. The model was calibrated by modifying the sulfide flux coefficient in the generation term to reflect the conditions in these interceptors, such that the measured values and model predictions were in agreement. A strong linear relationship between the system's wastewater flow and water quality characteristics and the modified sulfide flux coefficient was found (R2=0.828). With limited wastewater characteristic data, the modified Pomeroy–Parkhurst model can be used in predicting the change in total sulfide concentrations for this interceptor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydrogen sulfide (H 2 S), together with carbon monoxide (CO) and nitric oxide (NO), is recognized as a vital gasotransmitter. H 2 S is biosynthesized by enzymatic pathways in the skin and exerts significant physiological effects on a variety of biological processes, such as apoptosis, modulation of inflammation, cellular proliferation, and regulation of vasodilation. As a major health problem, dermatological diseases affect a large proportion of the population every day. It is urgent to design and develop effective drugs to deal with dermatological diseases. Dermatological diseases can arise from a multitude of etiologies, including neoplastic growth, infectious agents, and inflammatory processes. The abnormal metabolism of H 2 S is associated with many dermatological diseases, such as melanoma, fibrotic diseases, and psoriasis, suggesting its therapeutic potential in the treatment of these diseases. In addition, therapies based on H 2 S donors are being developed to treat some of these conditions. In the review, we discuss recent advances in the function of H 2 S in normal skin, the role of altering H 2 S metabolism in dermatological diseases, and the therapeutic potential of diverse H 2 S donors for the treatment of dermatological diseases. • H 2 S-generating enzymes including CBS, CSE and 3-MST can be found in the skin. • Dermatological diseases are health problems and affect a large number of people. • H 2 S plays a role in various physiological and pathological processes of the skin. • H 2 S donors could be promising drugs for the treatment of dermatological diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Here we report the development of a concise and efficient synthetic protocol for the preparation of 1H-perimidin-2-amine derivatives that contain an N-(2,2,2-trichloroethyl)carboxamide substituent near the amino group. These compounds' synthesis method is based on the interaction of naphthalene-1,8-diamine with N-(2,2,2-trichloro-1-isothiocyanatoethyl)carboxamides under reflux in acetonitrile medium for 15 minutes. This transformation is likely to pass through the stage of formation of the intermediate thiourea, which further eliminates hydrogen sulfide, which is accompanied by the closure of the perimidine cycle. Using the developed protocol, we synthesized nine new 1H-perimidin-2-amine derivatives. The yield of synthesized compounds was 67-82%. IR,1H NMR,13C NMR, 1H-1H COSY, 1H-13C HSQC, and 1H-13C HMBC spectroscopy data proved their structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is recognized as the third gasotransmitter, after nitric oxide (NO) and carbon monoxide (CO). It is known for its cardioprotective properties, including the relaxation of blood vessels, promotion of angiogenesis, regulation of myocardial cell apoptosis, inhibition of vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation, and reduction of inflammation. Additionally, abnormal H2S generation has been linked to the development of cardiovascular diseases (CVD), such as pulmonary hypertension, hypertension, atherosclerosis, vascular calcification, and myocardial injury. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are non-coding, conserved, and versatile molecules that primarily influence gene expression by repressing translation and have emerged as biomarkers for CVD diagnosis. Studies have demonstrated that H2S can ameliorate cardiac dysfunction by regulating specific miRNAs, and certain miRNAs can also regulate H2S synthesis. The crosstalk between miRNAs and H2S offers a novel perspective for investigating the pathophysiology, prevention, and treatment of CVD. The present analysis outlines the interactions between H2S and miRNAs and their influence on CVD, providing insights into their future potential and advancement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electron transfer mechanism of C-Ni 5 P 4 /CdS under visible light irradiation. [Display omitted] The capacitance of a co-catalyst can be likened to a "double-edged sword". Α co-catalysts with high capacitance can store photoexcited electrons, thereby facilitating charge separation within the host catalyst. However, this property simultaneously restricts electron release. Both effects are enhanced with an increasing capacitance value, implying that excessively high capacitance can significantly hinder the photocatalytic hydrogen (H 2) production reaction. Herein, we have designed a metal-organic framework (MOF) -derived carbon-coated nickel phosphide (C-Ni 5 P 4) as the co-catalyst of cadmium sulfide (CdS). When C-Ni 5 P 4 and CdS are closely interconnected, electrons spontaneously migrate from CdS to C-Ni 5 P 4 under irradiation due to the higher work function (WF) of C-Ni 5 P 4 compared to CdS. Most importantly, although the WF of C-Ni 5 P 4 is 0.1 eV lower than that of Ni 5 P 4 , its specific capacitance (1.2 mF/cm2) is also lower than that of Ni 5 P 4 (1.3 mF/cm2). This difference dramatically promotes electron release. Thereby exerting a strong positive effect on capacitance catalysis. Therefore, 7% C-Ni 5 P 4 /CdS exhibits exceptional cyclic stability and has a remarkably high activity level of 12283 μmol/h/g and 3.8 times as many as 3.0 %Ni 5 P 4 /CdS. This study provides a theoretical basis for the advancement of photocatalysts with high efficiency in H 2 production and is expected to be applied in other fields of photocatalysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the dawn of civilization, sandstone has been a fantastic building material. Numerous causes have been observed in the past for sandstone damage or deterioration, one of which is sulphur-oxidizing bacteria (SOB) and cyanobacteria. In general, SOB is present in the soil, air, water, humidity, and human activity. The oxidation of sulphur compounds, such as hydrogen sulphide, thiosulphate, or elements of sulphur, provides energy for SOB. These microorganisms contribute to the decay of buildings materials, especially those made of stone, metal, or concrete. The sulphur oxidizing process affects the mechanical properties of sandstone. Mechanical properties are related to strength. Losses of mechanical properties may be the reason for deflection, cracking, collapse, and catastrophic failure of sandstone. Monitoring and evaluation gives an idea about the behavior of structure and the prevention of catastrophic failure. This research paper contains the application of electromechanical impedance with surface bonded Piezoelectric Lead Zirconate Titanate. The sandstone samples and soil samples have been collected from the historical site. Two sets of cylindrical types of sandstone specimens have been used in experimental work. The conductance signature and susceptance signature have been measured every six months. The variation and shifting of the signature curve have been used to identify the structural behavioral change. Statistical methods like the root mean square deviation have been used for the quantification of damage. An equitation has been generated on the basis of the percentage root mean square deviation to quantify the prediction of damages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the Thermal Decomposition of Xishan coal Experiments and ReaxFF MD Simulations, the study investigated the processes and product changes in the thermal decomposition of coal and the pyrolysis of coal with Na2SO4. The results indicate that the initial temperature of thermal decomposition of Xishan coal is around 300 °C in experiments and approximately 1600 K in molecular simulations. The addition of Na2SO4 advances the initial pyrolysis temperature and promotes the generation of total number and types of products. Xishan coal pyrolysis generates a large number of small molecular gases and free radicals, and the addition of Na2SO4 promotes the generation of CO, CH4, and H2S, as well as the accumulation of a significant number of free radicals. Free Na mainly affects the evolution of N elements, promoting the formation of N into amino groups, and Na easily combines with sulfur-containing intermediates. Through the extraction of sulfur-containing intermediates and the analysis of the influence of free radicals, it was found that S elements Xishan coal ultimately forms H2S. This study microscopically confirms that in the coal with Na2SO4 system, H2S originates from the hybridised sulfur atoms in the carbon chain and free ${\rm SO}_4^{2-}$ SO 4 2 − . [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The deep-processing utility of pure hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a significant direction in natural gas chemical industry. Herein, a brand-new strategy of H2S conversion by a,b-unsaturated carboxylate esters into thiols or thioethers using task-specific carboxylate ionic liquids (ILs) as catalyst has been developed, firstly accomplishing the phase separation of product and catalyst without introducing the third component. It can be considered as a cascade reaction in which the product selectivity can be controlled by adjusting the molar ratio of H2S to a,b-unsaturated carboxylate esters. Also, the effects of ILs with different anions and cations, intermittent feeding operations, as well as pressure time kinetic behaviors on cascade reaction were investigated. Furthermore, the proposed interaction mechanism of H2S conversion using butyl acrylate catalyzed by [Emim][Ac] was revealed by DFT-based theoretical calculation. The approach enables the selfhase separation promotion of catalyst and product and achieves 99% quantitative conversion under mild conditions in the absence of solvent, making the entire process ecologically benign. High-efficiency reaction activity can still be maintained after ten cycles of the catalyst. Therefore, the good results, combined with its simplicity of operation and the high recyclability of the catalyst, make this green method environmentally friendly and costeffective. It is anticipated that this self-separation method mediated by task-specific ILs will provide a feasible strategy for H2S utilization, which will guide its application on an industrial scale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the Thermal Decomposition of Xishan coal Experiments and ReaxFF MD Simulations, the study investigated the processes and product changes in the thermal decomposition of coal and the pyrolysis of coal with Na2SO4. The results indicate that the initial temperature of thermal decomposition of Xishan coal is around 300 °C in experiments and approximately 1600 K in molecular simulations. The addition of Na2SO4 advances the initial pyrolysis temperature and promotes the generation of total number and types of products. Xishan coal pyrolysis generates a large number of small molecular gases and free radicals, and the addition of Na2SO4 promotes the generation of CO, CH4, and H2S, as well as the accumulation of a significant number of free radicals. Free Na mainly affects the evolution of N elements, promoting the formation of N into amino groups, and Na easily combines with sulfur-containing intermediates. Through the extraction of sulfur-containing intermediates and the analysis of the influence of free radicals, it was found that S elements Xishan coal ultimately forms H2S. This study microscopically confirms that in the coal with Na2SO4 system, H2S originates from the hybridised sulfur atoms in the carbon chain and free ${\rm SO}_4^{2-}$ SO 4 2 − . [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydrogen sulfide regulates essential plant processes, including adaptation responses to stress situations, and the best characterized mechanism of action of sulfide consists of the post-translational modification of persulfidation. In this study, we reveal the first persulfidation proteome described in rice including 3443 different persulfidated proteins that participate in a broad range of biological processes and metabolic pathways. In addition, comparative proteomics revealed specific proteins involved in sulfide signaling during drought responses. Several proteins are involved in the maintenance of cellular redox homeostasis, the tricarboxylic acid cycle and energy-related pathways, and ion transmembrane transport and cellular water homeostasis, with the aquaporin family showing the highest differential levels of persulfidation. We revealed that water transport activity is regulated by sulfide which correlates with an increasing level of persulfidation of aquaporins. Our findings emphasize the impact of persulfidation on total ATP levels, fatty acid composition, levels of reactive oxygen species, antioxidant enzymatic activities, and relative water content. Interestingly, the role of persulfidation in aquaporin transport activity as an adaptation response in rice differs from current knowledge of Arabidopsis, which highlights the distinct role of sulfide in improving rice tolerance to drought. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydrogen sulfide is essential in numerous physiological and pathological processes and has emerged as a promising cancer imaging and signaling molecule and a potentially versatile therapeutic agent. However, the endogenous levels of hydrogen sulfide remain insufficient to perform its biological functions, and thus, developing novel strategies that amplify hydrogen sulfide signals at lesion sites is of increasing interest. In this work, a nanoplatform (SNP) based on hydrogen sulfide-responsive self-immolative poly(thiocarbamate) with localized hydrogen sulfide signal amplification capability is developed to encapsulate a hydrogen sulfide-responsive fluorescent probe (e.g., hemicyanine dye; p-Cy) or an anticancer prodrug (e.g., doxorubicin; p-DOX) to form a nanoprobe (SNPp-Cy) or nanomedicine (SNPp-DOX) for cancer imaging and therapy, respectively. SNPp-Cy exhibits a low detection limit for hydrogen sulfide, enabling ultrasensitive detection of small (<2 mm) tumors in female mice. In addition, SNPp-DOX can effectively inhibit the growth of DOX-resistant human breast cancer xenograft, lung metastasis, and patient-derived xenograft tumors in female mice. Hydrogen sulfide is essential in many biological processes and a promising cancer imaging and signalling molecule and therapeutic agent, but the potential applications are hindered by its low endogenous levels. Here, the authors develop a nanoplatform based on H2S-responsive self-immolative poly(thiocarbamate) with localized H2S signal amplification capability and use the nanoplatform to encapsulate an H2S-responsive fluorescent probe or an anticancer prodrug. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phosphorus (P) has crucial roles in plant growth and development. Hydrogen sulphide (H2S) has multiple functions in plants, particularly having the ability to promote tolerance to a variety of adversity stresses. However, it is unclear whether H2S has a function when plants suffer Pi‐deficiency stress. DES1, encoding L‐cysteine desulfhydrase1, is a crucial source of H2S in Arabidopsis thaliana by catalysing the substrate L‐cysteine. Under phosphate starvation, the des1 mutant had a significantly shorter primary root length than the wild‐type Col‐0, and exogenous application of H2S donor NaHS could compensate for the root growth‐sensitive phenotype. In contrast, the transgenic lines DES1ox overexpressing DES1 exhibited less sensitivity to phosphate starvation in terms of longer roots compared to the Col‐0. These results demonstrate that H2S is involved in the regulation of Arabidopsis root growth under phosphate starvation. Moreover, using quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction experiments to analyse the changes in genes induced by phosphate starvation in des1 mutant and Col‐0, we screened to find that the expression of the Sulfoquinovosyl diacylglycerol 1 (SQD1) gene was significantly downregulated in the des1 mutant. Consistently, exogenous H2S significantly promoted SQD1 expression levels in roots of Col‐0. Taken together, we demonstrate that DES1‐mediated H2S participates in alleviating root growth inhibition by promoting the expression of SQD1 under Pi starvation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work primarily reviewed the response mechanism of fluorescent probes for H2S detection in foodstuffs in recent years, as well as the methodologies employed for detecting foodstuffs. Firstly, the significance of studying H2S gas as an important signaling molecule is introduced. Subsequently, a review of the response mechanism of the scientific community on how to detect H2S in foodstuffs samples by fluorescent probe technology is carried out. Secondly, the methods commonly used for detecting foodstuffs samples are discussed, including the test strip method and the spiking recovery methods. Nevertheless, despite the significant advancements in this field, there remain some research gaps. Finally, the article identifies the remaining issues that require further attention in current research and proposes avenues for future investigation. More importantly, this work identifies the current limitations of research in this field and proposes future applications of fluorescent probes for H2S in assessing food freshness and determining food spoilage. Therefore, this review will provide robust technical support for the protection of consumer health and the advancement of the sustainable development of the food industry and also put forward some new ideas and suggestions for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The equilibrium state of hydrogen sulfide (H2S), a gaseous signaling molecule produced by lysosomal metabolites, in vivo is crucial for cellular function. Abnormal fluctuations in H2S concentration can interfere with the normal function of lysosomes, which has been closely linked to the pathogenesis of a variety of diseases. In view of this, a novel fluorescent probe Lyso-DPP based on 1,3,5-triarylpyrazolines was developed for the precise detection of H2S in lysosomes by using the hydrophilic morpholine moiety as a lysosomal targeting unit, and 2,4-dinitroanisole as a fluorescence-quenching and H2S-responsive unit. The probe cleverly combines the advantages of simple synthesis, sensitive blue fluorescence turn-on with a limit of detection, LOD, of 97.3 nM, good stability, and fast response time (10 min), which makes Lyso-DPP successful in portable monitoring of meat freshness in the form of test strips. Moreover, the excellent biocompatibility and precise targeting capability of the probe Lyso-DPP make it perform well in the monitoring of H2S in lysosomes, living cells, and zebrafish. This work not only provides new technical tools for food quality control but also paves up new ideas for early diagnosis and treatment of H2S-related diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: In Texas beef markets, the expansion of ethanol production has increased the demand for and utilization of biofuel co-products, like dried distiller grains with solubles, introducing highly variable concentrations of nutrients, such as sulfur, known to impact cattle health. The risk of sulfur toxicity for Texas cattle was estimated using two mathematical nutrition models at two production stages across twelve geographic districts. The assessment identified cattle raised in the South Plains region of northwest Texas as the most susceptible to sulfur toxicity, with those in the finishing production stage being more sensitive. Results also highlighted feed ingredients and water wells by district that significantly contributed to the risk of sulfur toxicity. This research further helps better manage the risk of sulfur toxicity by providing tools translatable nationwide that properly balance beef diets and calculate anticipated sulfur exposure. The purpose of this probabilistic assessment was to estimate the risk of sulfur-induced polioencephalomalacia (S-PEM) for beef raised across Texas, from a dietary perspective. Ruminant nutritionists in Amarillo, TX, formulated two typical nutritional regimens based on cattle production stages, each containing six feed ingredients and well water. The Office of the Texas State Chemist (OTSC), National Research Council (NRC), and the published literature provided S data for feed ingredients. The Texas Water Development Board provided data for S content in Texas well water, categorized into twelve districts established by the Texas A&M AgriLife Research Extension Service. The S-PEM risk was estimated at five different eNDF levels ranging from 0% to 8% in 2% increments, using rumen degradable S (RDS) as an input value. Findings identified cattle raised in the South Plains district as the most susceptible population to S toxicity, with beef in the finishing production stage experiencing increased sensitivity. The most potential (MP) risk scenario suggested that the S-PEM risk could reach 28.5% for growers and 100% for finishers. Results further revealed that when S concentrations in well water exceeded 14.5 mg/L, water became the greatest contributor to RDS content for Texas beef, suggesting that high S content in well water is the most prominent concern for Texas beef. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench) pod storage is challenging due to its high water content and tendency to lignify. Sodium hydrosulfide (NaHS) served as an H2S donor in this investigation. Compared with the control group, the group treated with 0.5 mmol/L NaHS solution effectively maintained the appearance quality, and its weight loss was only 6.21% at 20 days. The H2S treatment not only preserved tissue nutrients but also significantly enhanced catalase (CAT), ascorbic acid peroxidase (APX), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities while decreasing oxidant damage. In addition, H2S slowed down lignin synthesis by inhibiting the activities of key enzymes such as phenylalanine ammonialyase (PAL), cinnamate 4-hydroxylase (C4H), and cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD) in the lignin biosynthesis pathway. Transcriptome analysis revealed that H2S affects 34 genes in the phenylpropanoid biosynthesis pathway, such as AePAL, Ae4CL1, AeCCOAOMT1, AePOD, etc., which inhibit lignin synthesis of okra pods. All in all, moderate H2S can improve postharvest quality and extend the shelf-life of okra pods by enhancing antioxidant capacity and delaying lignification; the results will provide an overview of its application in the preservation of okra pods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Acrolein (ACR) is a ubiquitous environmental pollutant and byproduct of lipid peroxidation that has been implicated in male infertility. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying ACR-induced toxicity in Sertoli cells remain unclear. Given its role in inducing oxidative stress, we examined whether ferroptosis, an iron-dependent form of regulated cell death, could mediate ACR toxicity in Sertoli cells. We also tested if hydrogen sulfide (H2S), which has antioxidant and ACR detoxifying properties, could protect Sertoli cells from ACR-induced ferroptosis. ACR exposure decreased Sertoli cell viability, increased protein carbonylation and p38 MAPK phosphorylation, indicating oxidative injury. ACR also depleted glutathione (GSH), downregulated the cystine importer SLC7A11, increased intracellular ferrous iron (Fe2+) and lipid peroxidation, suggesting activation of ferroptosis. Consistently, the ferroptosis inhibitor deferoxamine (DFO) markedly attenuates ACR-induced cell death. Further studies revealed that ACR-induced ferroptotic changes were prevented by exogenous H2S and exaggerated by inhibition of endogenous H2S production. Furthermore, H2S also suppressed GPX4 inhibitor RSL3-induced intracellular ACR accumulation and ferroptosis. In summary, our study demonstrates that ACR induces ferroptotic cell death in Sertoli cells, which can be prevented by H2S through multiple mechanisms. Targeting the H2S pathway may represent a therapeutic strategy to mitigate ACR-induced Sertoli cell injury and preserve male fertility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soil salinity poses a significant threat to agricultural productivity, impacting the growth and yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) plants. This study investigates the potential of melatonin (MT; 100 µM) and hydrogen sulfide (H2S; 200 µM sodium hydrosulfide, NaHS) to confer the tolerance of wheat plants to 100 mM NaCl. Salinity stress induced the outburst of reactive oxygen species (ROS) resulting in damage to the chloroplast structure, growth, photosynthesis, and yield. Application of either MT or NaHS augmented the activity of antioxidant enzymes, superoxide dismutase, ascorbate peroxidase, glutathione reductase, and reduced glutathione (GSH) levels, upregulated the expression of Na+ transport genes (SOS1, SOS2, SOS3, NHX1), resulting in mitigation of salinity stress. Thus, improved stomatal behavior, gas-exchange parameters, and maintenance of chloroplast structure resulted in enhanced activity of the Calvin cycle enzymes and overall enhancement of growth, photosynthetic, and yield performance of plants under salinity stress. The use of DL-propargylglycine (PAG, an inhibitor of hydrogen sulfide biosynthesis) and p-chlorophenyl alanine (p-CPA, an inhibitor of melatonin biosynthesis) to plants under salt stress showed the comparative necessity of MT and H2S in mitigation of salinity stress. In the presence of PAG, more pronounced detrimental effects were observed than in the presence of p-CPA, emphasizing that MT was involved in mitigating salinity through various potential pathways, one of which was through H2S. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cystathionine γ-lyase (CSE) is a major enzyme that produces hydrogen sulfide (H2S). Herein, we report how CSE plays a previously unknown role in regulating the antioxidant effects of the mitochondria in human umbilical vein endothelial cells by releasing H2S nearby under stress conditions. We found that H2S partially promoted angiogenesis in the endothelial cells through the AKT/nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (AKT/NRF2) signaling pathway. H2S improved mitochondrial function by altering the expressions of the mitofusin2 and dynamin-1-like mitochondrial fission proteins to inhibit oxidative stress and enhance NRF2 nuclear translocation. CSE is located only in the cytoplasm and not in the mitochondria, but it is transported to the vicinity of the mitochondria to produce H2S, which plays an antioxidant role in human umbilical vein endothelial cells under stress. The CSE mutant (with mutated CSE activity center: CSED187A) partially decreased the effects on promoting angiogenesis, resisting oxidative stress, and entering the mitochondria. These results show that CSE translocation is a unique mechanism that promotes H2S production inside the mitochondria under stress stimulation. Therefore, the CSE mutant site (CSED187A) may be a potential target for drug therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the steel industry, blast furnace gas (BFG) is huge with complex components. The existence of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) in the BFG can produce sulfur dioxide (SO2) after combustion, which will increase the source of SO2 pollution and make the desulphurization more difficult, to be threat to people health. At present, the removal of H2S by dry adsorption with modified activated carbon adsorbent is a high-precision and low-cost desulphurization method. However, the effect of complex gas components in BFG on the adsorption of H2S by activated carbon adsorbent is not sufficient. Based on the fixed bed adsorbent evaluation system, a new type of highly efficient copper-cerium oxide (Cu–Ce–O) modified activated carbon H2S adsorbent was developed. And the effects of carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), hydrogen (H2), oxygen (O2), sulfur dioxide and hydrogen chloride (HCl) in BFG on the desulfurization activity of adsorbents were investigated. The results showed that the performance of H2S removal decreased in the presence of CO, CO2, HCl and SO2, and improved in the presence of H2 and O2. Other parameters were also studied which might influence the process. The application of modified activated carbon adsorbent in simulated BFG is basically stable. According to the fitting results of adsorption kinetics for the five adsorption models, as the atmosphere becomes BFG from N2, pore diffusion becomes the main adsorption form. However, the effects of internal diffusion, chemical adsorption and external mass transfer decreased. The Bangham model is the most suitable model to describe H2S adsorption process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Brain aging is closely related to cognitive decline, neurodegenerative diseases, and vascular dementia. Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) can delay brain aging by regulating protein homeostasis, anti-oxidative stress, inhibiting inflammation, reducing brain cell apoptosis and improving microcirculation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) are the final products of the Maillard reaction, formed through the interaction of carbohydrates and proteins. Reactive dicarbonyl compounds such as methylglyoxal (MGO) serve as precursors for AGEs formation. Elevated levels of MGO/AGEs are observed in conditions like obesity, polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), and diabetes, negatively impacting oocyte development. Previous studies have shown that hydrogen sulfide, a gasotransmitter with anti-AGEs effects, is produced in a process influenced by vitamin B6. R-α-lipoic acid (ALA) inhibits protein glycation and AGEs formation while stimulating glutathione (GSH) production. Taurine mitigates oxidative stress and acts as an anti-glycation compound, preventing in vitro glycation and AGEs accumulation. This study aimed to explore the ameliorative effects of a micronutrient support (Taurine, ALA and B6: TAB) on mouse oocytes challenged with MGO. Our results indicate that MGO reduces oocyte developmental competence, while TAB supplementation improves maturation, fertilization, and blastocyst formation rates. TAB also restores cell lineage allocation, redox balance and mitigates mitochondrial dysfunction in MGO-challenged oocytes. Furthermore, cumulus cells express key enzymes in the transsulfuration pathway, and TAB enhances their mRNA expression. However, TAB does not rescue MGO-induced damage in denuded oocytes, emphasizing the supportive role of cumulus cells. Overall, these findings suggest that TAB interventions may have significant implications for addressing reproductive dysfunctions associated with elevated MGO/AGEs levels. This study highlights the potential of TAB supplementation in preserving the developmental competence of COCs exposed to MGO stress, providing insights into mitigating the impact of dicarbonyl stress on oocyte quality and reproductive outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Activated carbon filters are used for the removal of hazardous gases from the air. This research applied vibrational spectroscopy methods, including Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy to characterize hydrogen sulfide adsorption on impregnated carbon materials with metals having reactivity toward hydrogen sulfide. The Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy results demonstrated the formation of a new chemical bond between the impregnating metals and the sulfur, indicated by the appearance of a new band at 618 cm−1. The Raman spectra results showed that for the copper-impregnated activated carbon with the highest hydrogen sulfide adsorption capacity, a new vibrational band at 475 cm−1 evolved, indicating a copper-sulfur bond. In addition, upshifts in the carbon D sub-bands were observed after efficient hydrogen sulfide adsorption, along with a larger area of the approximately 1500 cm−1 band. Therefore, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy combination can potentially indicate H2S adsorption on impregnated activated carbon filters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oxygen (O2), nitric oxide (NO), carbon monoxide (CO), hydrogen sulfide (H2S), and hydrogen (H2) with direct effects, and carbon dioxide (CO2) with complementary effects on the condition of various diseases are known as therapeutic gases. The targeted delivery and in situ generation of these therapeutic gases with controllable release at the site of disease has attracted attention to avoid the risk of gas poisoning and improve their performance in treating various diseases such as cancer therapy, cardiovascular therapy, bone tissue engineering, and wound healing. Stimuli‐responsive gas‐generating sources and delivery systems based on biomaterials that enable on‐demand and controllable release are promising approaches for precise gas therapy. This work highlights current advances in the design and development of new approaches and systems to generate and deliver therapeutic gases at the site of disease with on‐demand release behavior. The performance of the delivered gases in various biomedical applications is then discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Endogenous hydrogen sulfide (H 2 S) plays an important role in bone metabolism. However, the exact role of H 2 S in intestinal calcium and phosphorus absorption and its potential in preventing and treating primary osteoporosis remains unknown. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the potential of H 2 S in promoting intestinal calcium and phosphorus absorption and alleviating primary osteoporosis. We measured the apparent absorptivity of calcium, femoral bone density, expression and sulfhydration of the duodenal endoplasmic reticulum protein of 57 kDa (ERp57), duodenal cystathionine γ-lyase (CSE) expression, and serum H 2 S content in adult and old CSE-knockout and wild-type mice. We also assessed intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and Ca2+ content in CSE-overexpressing or knockout intestinal epithelial cell (IEC)-6 cells. In senile mice, CSE knockout decreased endogenous H 2 S, ERp57 sulfhydration, and intestinal calcium absorption and worsened osteoporosis, which were partially reversed by GYY4137, an H 2 S donor. CSE overexpression in IEC-6 cells increased ERp57 sulfhydration, protein kinase A and C activity, and intracellular Ca2+, whereas CSE knockout exerted the opposite effects. Furthermore, hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2) stimulation had similar effects as in CSE knockout, which were reversed by pretreatment with sodium hydrosulfide before H 2 O 2 stimulation and restored by DL-dithiothreitol. These findings suggest that H 2 S attenuates primary osteoporosis by preventing ROS-induced ERp57 damage in intestinal epithelial cells by enhancing ERp57 activity and promoting intestinal calcium absorption, thereby aiding in developing therapeutic interventions to prevent osteoporosis. • H 2 S attenuates primary osteoporosis by promoting intestinal calcium absorption. • H 2 S enhances ERp57 activity by sulfhydration in intestinal epithelial cells. • Sulfhydration prevents ROS-induced ERp57 damage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sodium thiosulfate has been used for decades in the treatment of calciphylaxis and cyanide detoxification, and has recently shown initial therapeutic promise in critical diseases such as neuronal ischemia, diabetes mellitus, heart failure and acute lung injury. However, the precise mechanism of sodium thiosulfate remains incompletely defined and sometimes contradictory. Although sodium thiosulfate has been widely accepted as a donor of hydrogen sulfide (H 2 S), emerging findings suggest that it is the executive signaling molecule for H 2 S and that its effects may not be dependent on H 2 S. This article presents an overview of the current understanding of sodium thiosulfate, including its synthesis, biological characteristics, and clinical applications of sodium thiosulfate, as well as the underlying mechanisms in vivo. We also discussed the interplay of sodium thiosulfate and H 2 S. Our review highlights sodium thiosulfate as a key player in sulfide signaling with the broad clinical potential for the future. [Display omitted] • The synthesis, biological properties and clinical applications of sodium thiosulfate are summarized. • The two current opposing views on the mechanism of sodium thiosulfate are also discussed in this paper. • Sodium thiosulfate is highlighted as a possible key player in sulfide signaling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The core autocatalytic cycle of the formose reaction may be enhanced or eroded by the presence of simple molecules at life's origin. Utilizing quantum chemistry, we calculate the thermodynamics and kinetics of reactions both within the core cycle and those that deplete the reactants and intermediates, such as the Cannizzaro reaction. We find that via disproportionation of aldehydes into carboxylic acids and alcohols, the Cannizzaro reaction furnishes simple catalysts for a variety of reactions. We also find that ammonia can catalyze both in-cycle and Cannizzaro reactions while hydrogen sulfide does not; both, however, play a role in sequestering reactants and intermediates in the web of potential reactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fetal growth restriction (FGR) is a common outcome in human suboptimal gestation and is related to prenatal origins of cardiovascular dysfunction in offspring. Despite this, therapy of human translational potential has not been identified. Using human umbilical and placental vessels and the chicken embryo model, we combined cellular, molecular, and functional studies to determine whether N‐acetylcysteine (NAC) and hydrogen sulphide (H2S) protect cardiovascular function in growth‐restricted unborn offspring. In human umbilical and placental arteries from control or FGR pregnancy and in vessels from near‐term chicken embryos incubated under normoxic or hypoxic conditions, we determined the expression of the H2S gene CTH (i.e. cystathionine γ‐lyase) (via quantitative PCR), the production of H2S (enzymatic activity), the DNA methylation profile (pyrosequencing) and vasodilator reactivity (wire myography) in the presence and absence of NAC treatment. The data show that FGR and hypoxia increased CTH expression in the embryonic/fetal vasculature in both species. NAC treatment increased aortic CTH expression and H2S production and enhanced third‐order femoral artery dilator responses to the H2S donor sodium hydrosulphide in chicken embryos. NAC treatment also restored impaired endothelial relaxation in human third‐to‐fourth order chorionic arteries from FGR pregnancies and in third‐order femoral arteries from hypoxic chicken embryos. This NAC‐induced protection against endothelial dysfunction in hypoxic chicken embryos was mediated via nitric oxide independent mechanisms. Both developmental hypoxia and NAC promoted vascular changes in CTH DNA and NOS3 methylation patterns in chicken embryos. Combined, therefore, the data support that the effects of NAC and H2S offer a powerful mechanism of human translational potential against fetal cardiovascular dysfunction in complicated pregnancy. Key points: Gestation complicated by chronic fetal hypoxia and fetal growth restriction (FGR) increases a prenatal origin of cardiovascular disease in offspring, increasing interest in antenatal therapy to prevent against a fetal origin of cardiovascular dysfunction.We investigated the effects between N‐acetylcysteine (NAC) and hydrogen sulphide (H2S) in the vasculature in FGR human pregnancy and in chronically hypoxic chicken embryos.Combining cellular, molecular, epigenetic and functional studies, we show that the vascular expression and synthesis of H2S is enhanced in hypoxic and FGR unborn offspring in both species and this acts to protect their vasculature.Therefore, the NAC/H2S pathway offers a powerful therapeutic mechanism of human translational potential against fetal cardiovascular dysfunction in complicated pregnancy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Leigh syndrome is the most common inherited mitochondrial disease in children and is often fatal within the first few years of life. In 2020, mutations in the gene encoding sulfide:quinone oxidoreductase (SQOR), a mitochondrial protein, were identified as a cause of Leigh syndrome. Here, we report that mice with a mutation in the gene encoding SQOR (SqorΔN/ΔN mice), which prevented SQOR from entering mitochondria, had clinical and pathological manifestations of Leigh syndrome. SqorΔN/ΔN mice had increased blood lactate levels that were associated with markedly decreased complex IV activity and increased hydrogen sulfide (H2S) levels. Because H2S is produced by both gut microbiota and host tissue, we tested whether metronidazole (a broad-spectrum antibiotic) or a sulfur-restricted diet rescues SqorΔN/ΔN mice from developing Leigh syndrome. Daily treatment with metronidazole alleviated increased H2S levels, normalized complex IV activity and blood lactate levels, and prolonged the survival of SqorΔN/ΔN mice. Similarly, a sulfur-restricted diet normalized blood lactate levels and inhibited the development of Leigh syndrome. Taken together, these observations suggest that mitochondrial SQOR is essential to prevent systemic accumulation of H2S. Metronidazole administration and a sulfur-restricted diet may be therapeutic approaches to treatment of patients with Leigh syndrome caused by mutations in SQOR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study evaluates the effectiveness of self-assessed exposure (SAE) data collection for characterization of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) risks in water and wastewater management, challenging the adequacy of traditional random or campaign sampling strategies. We compared 3 datasets derived from distinct strategies: expert data with activity metadata (A), SAE without metadata (B), and SAE with logbook metadata (C). The findings reveal that standard practices of random sampling (dataset A) fail to capture the sporadic nature of H2S exposure. Instead, SAE methods enhanced by logbook metadata and supported by reliable detection and calibration infrastructure (datasets B and C) are more effective. When assessing risk, particularly peak exposure risks, it is crucial to adopt measures that capture exposure variability, such as the range and standard deviations. This finer assessment is vital where high H2S peaks occur in confined spaces. Risk assessment should incorporate indices that account for peak exposure, utilizing variability measures like range and standard or geometric standard deviation to reflect the actual risk more accurately. For large datasets, a histogram is just as useful as statistical measures. This approach has revealed that not only wastewater workers but also water distribution network workers, can face unexpectedly high H2S levels when accessing confined underground spaces. Our research underscores the need for continuous monitoring with personal electrochemical gas detector alarm systems, particularly in environments with variable and potentially hazardous exposure levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the advent of industrialization, there has been a significant increase in the accumulation of heavy metals (HMs) in the soil, which further pose a major threat to plant growth and productivity. To address this issue and meet the global demand for food and energy, it is crucial to develop strategies that mitigate the toxicity induced by increased levels of HMs. One viable option is the supplementation of various phytohormones and gasotransmitters. Gasotransmitters are well-known for their ability to counteract a plethora of stresses in plants, with multifunctional hydrogen sulfide (H2S) being a promising candidate for reducing HM- induced oxidative stress. Furthermore, H2S has also been reported to regulate various physiological processes, such as seed germination, senescence and ageing in plants both under normal and stressed conditions. This review concurrently underscores the significance of H2S in plants subjected to HM stress. It also elucidates H2S's role as both a standalone stress mitigator as well as a synergistic component when combined with other stress-alleviating agents, resulting in the mitigation of HM toxicity, enhanced plant growth, stabilization of physiological processes and the upregulation of antioxidative metabolic activities. Overall, this review accentuates the necessity for sustainable and eco-friendly approaches to manage HM stress and emphasizes the potential of H2S as a promising solution to alleviate HM-related damage to plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and nitroreductases (NTR) are key biological reductants, with H2S acting as a key signaling molecule and NTR reducing nitro groups to amines in cellular metabolism. Visualizing these reducing components, often overexpressed in cancer cells or bacterial environments, is crucial for metabolic understanding. Existing fluorescent probes detect these individually, but simultaneous detection methods are unexplored. We designed probe 1, which shows high fluorescence only when both NTR and H2S are overexpressed. The probe transformed into benzothiazole‐fused coumarin by NTR, exhibiting fluorescence, and shows a stronger signal in the presence of both NTR and H2S, making it a potential tool for detecting their simultaneous overexpression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the production and laying phases of hot-mixing asphalt (HMA), various volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and noxious gases such as H2S are released into the atmosphere. These emissions are a serious environmental problem, a risk to human health, and expose workers and residents to unfriendly odours. The aim of this study was the development of a fast and sensitive analytical method to detect the H2S emitted from hot bituminous binder that is generally used in the various stages of asphalt production, processing, handling and during road construction. The method consisted in the analysis of evolved H2S from a flask with molten bitumen, using nitrogen as a carrier gas to lead the volatile compounds into a residual gas analyser equipped with a quadrupole mass spectrometer. The analysis was performed following the H2S-specific signals at m/z 33 (HS+) and at m/z 34 (H2S+) in real time, directly on the sample without laborious and expensive pre-treatments and with short response times (<6 s). Calibration with a standard mixture of 1000 ppm of H2S in nitrogen allows semi-quantitative H2S detection. The sensitivity and rapidity of the method were evaluated by quenching the release of sulphur compounds with commercial odour-suppressing agents. Upon addition of 0.1% of additive in two minutes, the H2S signal drops about 80% in two minutes, confirming the good response of the method, even with a very complex matrix. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The balanced crosstalk between miRNAs and autophagy is essential in hypertensive nephropathy. Hydrogen sulfide donors have been reported to attenuate renal injury, but the mechanism is unclear. We aimed to identify and verify the miRNAs and autophagy regulatory networks in hypertensive nephropathy treated with hydrogen sulfide donors through bioinformatics analysis and experimental verification. From the miRNA dataset, autophagy was considerably enriched in mice kidney after angiotensin II (AngII) and combined hydrogen sulfide treatment (H2S_AngII), among which there were 109 differentially expressed miRNAs (DEMs) and 21 hub ADEGs (autophagy-related differentially expressed genes) in the AngII group and 70 DEMs and 13 ADEGs in the H2S_AngII group. A miRNA–mRNA–transcription factors (TFs) autophagy regulatory network was then constructed and verified in human hypertensive nephropathy samples and podocyte models. In the network, two DEMs (miR-98-5p, miR-669b-5p), some hub ADEGs (KRAS, NRAS), and one TF (RUNX2) were altered, accompanied by a reduction in autophagy flux. However, significant recovery occurred after treatment with endogenous or exogenous H2S donors, as well as an overexpression of miR-98-5p and miR-669b-5p. The miR/RAS/RUNX2 autophagy network driven by H2S donors was related to hypertensive nephropathy. H2S donors or miRNAs increased autophagic flux and reduced renal cell injury, which could be a potentially effective medical therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pregnant women with chronic kidney disease (CKD) face increased risks of adverse outcomes in their adult offspring. Offspring rats born to dams fed an adenine diet develop hypertension, coinciding with dysregulated hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and nitric oxide (NO) pathways, as well as alterations in gut microbiota. Chondroitin sulfate (CS) is a multifunctional food known for its diverse bioactivities. As a sulfate prebiotic, CS has shown therapeutic potential in various diseases. Here, we investigated the protective effects of maternal CS supplementation against hypertension in offspring induced by an adenine diet. Mother rats were administered regular chow, 0.5% adenine, 3% CS, or a combination throughout gestation and lactation. Maternal CS supplementation effectively protected offspring from hypertension induced by the adenine diet. These beneficial effects of CS were connected with increased renal mRNA and protein levels of 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase, an enzyme involved in H2S production. Furthermore, maternal CS treatment significantly enhanced alpha diversity and altered beta diversity of gut microbiota in adult offspring. Specifically, perinatal CS treatment promoted the abundance of beneficial microbes such as Roseburia hominis and Ruminococcus gauvreauii. In conclusion, perinatal CS treatment mitigates offspring hypertension associated with maternal adenine diet, suggesting that early administration of sulfate prebiotics may hold preventive potential. These findings warrant further translational research to explore their clinical implications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Waste from poultry droppings in Had Soualem is valuable because it is rich in organic molecules that break down easily. One way to use this waste is by making methane from it. This helps reduce its volume and its impact on the environment. We are studying how mixing this waste with green waste can assess the effect of co-digestion with a green waste co-substrate in batch mode, under mesophilic conditions at 37 °C and using an infinitely mixed laboratory digester continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR) with a capacity of 1.5 liters. During this process, the parameters pH, TOC, NTK, COD, alkalinity, and conductivity at the digester were monitored at the laboratory scale, and volatile fatty acids were modified to promote the bioconversion of biomass into methane. When everything works just right, the reactor stays stable, and it can make up to 70% methane, with only 1 to 1.5% hydrogen sulfide. This shows that combining poultry waste with green waste could be a good way to deal with these types of organic waste, turning them into something valuable and making the process more appealing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]