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Comparative flow analysis of the magnetohydrodynamic flow of Ag–Al2O3 hybrid nanoparticles in C2H6O2–H2O (50–50%) hybrid base fluid and a single nanoparticle-based mono-nanofluid (Al2O3–C2H6O2–H2O) through permeable stretched tubes under the prevalence of variable magnetic flux, solar radiating heat, and shape factor of nanoparticles is presented in this research. Boundary value problems are obtained by transforming the equations into ordinary differential equations using similarity transformations. The numerical results for these nonlinear leading equations are computed using the Runge–Kutta method of order 4 coupled with the Fehlberg method in conjunction with relevant boundary conditions. The computations are done by a program that uses the symbolic and computational software Maple 17. The effects of embedded flow factors on temperature and velocity have been studied parametrically. Interestingly, the fluid velocity curves of Ag–Al2O3–C2H6O2–H2O show a rapid decline in slope when the magnetic field and Reynolds number rise compared to Al2O3–C2H6O2–H2O. Whereas, the thermal boundary layer width grows quickly for hybrid nanofluid with the augmentation of the magnetic field, nanoparticle shape, and thermal radiation. Moreover, the temperature distribution for hybrid nanofluid is better in contrast to mono-nanofluid for the temperature ratio parameter and the nanoparticle's shape parameter. With increasing values of the thermal radiation parameter and magnetic field parameter, the heat transfer rate enlarges, and the rate of heat transfer is greater for a hybrid nanofluid than for a mono-nanofluid. As a conclusion, it is evident that the choice of hybrid nanoparticles will have a significant impact on the stream function in addition to the cooling and heating processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multifunctional, biocompatible magnetic materials, such as iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs), hold great potential for biomedical applications including diagnostics (e.g., MRI) and cancer therapy. In particular, they can play a crucial role in advancing cancer thermotherapy by generating heat when administered intratumorally and when exposed to an alternating magnetic field. This heat application is often combined with radio- (chemo)-therapy and/or imaging. Consequently, the design of materials for such a multimodal approach requires hybrid nanoparticles that retain their magnetic properties while integrating additional functionalities. This work introduces synthesis and investigation of magnetically enhanced nanoparticles with a palladium core (envisioned for future radiolabeling with therapeutic 103Pd) and a magnetic iron oxide shell containing paramagnetic manganese (Pd/Fe|(nMn)-oxide, n = 0.25 and 0.5). Doping the iron oxide lattice with Mn significantly increases magnetic saturation, boosting specific loss power up to 1.7 times compared to that of undoped analogs. Interestingly, higher Mn-content in Pd/Fe|(0.5Mn)-oxide leads to a pronounced Mn outer rim, enhancing the heating efficiency at 346 kHz and 23 mT and contributing to the water exchange on the surface of the paramagnetically doped nanoparticles, resulting in additional T1 MRI contrast. The enhanced magnetic properties of the hybrid Pd/Fe|Mn-oxide nanoparticles enable effective therapeutic outcomes with injection of only small quantities of the material, offering great potential for effective cancer treatment strategies that combine hyperthermia/thermal ablation with radiotherapy while allowing for real-time monitoring via MRI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study investigates the entropy generation of chemically reactive micropolar hybrid nanoparticle motion with mass transfer. Magnetic oxide (Fe3O4) and copper oxide (CuO) nanoparticles were mixed in water to form a hybrid nanofluid. The governing equations for velocity, concentration, and temperature are transformed into ordinary differential equations along with the boundary conditions. In the fluid region, the heat balance is kept conservative with a source/sink that relies on the temperature. In the case of radiation, there is a differential equation along with several characteristic coefficients that transform hypergeometric and Kummer's differential equations by a new variable. Furthermore, the results of the current problem can be discussed by implementing a graphical representation with different factors, namely the Brinkman number, porosity parameter, magnetic field, micropolar parameter, thermal radiation, Schmidt number, heat source/sink parameter, and mass transpiration. The results of this study are presented through graphical representations that depict various factors influencing the flow profiles and physical characteristics. The results reveal that an increase in the magnetic field leads to a reduction in velocity and entropy production. Furthermore, temperature and entropy generation rise with a stronger radiation parameter, whereas the Nusselt number experiences a decline. This study has several industrial applications in technology and manufacturing processes, including paper production, polymer extrusion, and the development of specialized materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study aims to enhance the energy absorption performance of Twaron aramid fabrics by impregnating them with single and multi-solid phase shear thickening fluids (STFs). To investigate the energy absorption capacity of Twaron 200 and Twaron 460 fabrics, surface friction, yarn tensile, and ballistic tests have been performed. Silicon carbide (SiC), graphene nanoplate (GNP), and carbon nanotube (CNT) are utilized both individually and in hybrid forms to examine the impact of multi-solid phase STFs. The research reveals that STFs reinforced with SiC and GNP exhibit higher viscosity and rheological behavior compared to other hybrid nanoparticles. The addition of SiC and GNP reinforced STF (STF/SiC + GNP) suspension significantly increases the friction coefficient by approximately 82% for Twaron 200 and 120% for Twaron 460 in comparison to neat fabric. Moreover, the maximum yarn tensile strength of Twaron 460 is higher than that of Twaron 200 in both neat and STF impregnated fabrics. The research also states that STF impregnation procedure improves the ballistic performance of neat fabrics in both fabric types. The ballistic test results show an increase in the protective performance of STF impregnated fabrics reinforced with nanoparticles. The best ballistic performance is found in STF/SiC + GNP impregnated fabrics in Twaron 200 and Twaron 460 samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new strategy for multifunctional coatings with flame retardancy, superhydrophobicity and UV shielding ability on cotton fabrics (SFR cotton) was realized by step-by-step spraying ammonium phytate, lignin and hybrid nanoparticles of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) modified mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) with entrapped Fe2O3 (PDMS@Fe2O3-MSNs). The surface adhesion PDMS@Fe2O3-MSNs constructed micro/nano-scale surface structure on SFR cotton fabric, which endowed superhydrophobic (WCA = 152 ± 1.3°), anti-fouling and self-cleaning properties. Benefiting from the synergistic effects of the physical barrier provided by the PDMS@Fe2O3-MSNs and the intumescent flame-retardant properties of ammonium phytate and lignin, the SFR cotton fabric demonstrated excellent self-extinguishing performance under an open fire and left a char layer with 8.4 cm. In addition, due to the excellent UV-absorption ability of lignin and Fe2O3 nanoparticles, the SFR cotton fabric was able to shield the UV irradiation damages to rat skin. Furthermore, the SFR cotton fabric demonstrated remarkable durability against rigorous conditions, including ultrasonic washing, sandpaper abrasion, UV irradiation and exposure to strong acid/alkali environments. After 150 min of ultrasonic washing and 50 cycles of abrasion, the SFR cotton fabric could preserve its hydrophobicity, flame retardancy and UV shielding ability. In addition, the SFR cotton fabric delivered exceptional chemical stability and UV durability when exposed to strong acid/alkali for 24 h and UV irradiation (200 W) for 12 h, respectively. Significantly, the SFR cotton fabric could retain the original flexibility and breathability of pristine cotton fabric. Therefore, the simple and feasible strategy of multifunctional coatings has broad application prospects in advanced multifunctional textiles, military facilities and other fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hybrid nanostructures have found wide application in various fields of science, medicine, industry, etc. due to the unique possibilities of controlling their functional properties by combining the properties of components or as a result of a synergistic effect. In this work, hybrid core-shell nanoparticles based on gold spherical cores and a polymer shell with controlled thickness were synthesized. Metallic nanoparticles were obtained by laser ablation in water, which allows obtaining nanoparticles with the highest chemical purity. The shell was formed layer by layer using polymers in cationic and anionic forms, which allows for precise control of its thickness. A water-soluble porphyrin was electrostatically attached to the polymer shell and used in the molecular plasmonic hybrid as a photo-excitable agent. The photophysical properties of the obtained hybrid nanostructures were investigated. The effect of enhancing the photoluminescence of porphyrin by 16 times due to the plasmonic core with a shell thickness of 1.5 nm was obtained. The influence of the polymer shell thickness on the efficiency of photoinitiated generation of singlet oxygen forms was established. The using of hybrid molecular-plasmonic nanostructures as luminescent thermometers was assessed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transformer oil (Naphthenic Oil) is vital for the safe and efficient operation of transformer systems. The current experimental investigation mainly concentrates on the impact of low-concentration TiO2 and ZnO hybrid nanoparticles of 0.001 and 0.005 vol. % concentrations on the thermophysical properties of Naphthenic oil (Transformer oil). This investigation separately determines the flash and fire point, viscosity, thermal conductivity, pH, breakdown voltage and strength, and zeta potential analysis for both fresh and used Naphthenic oil and adding hybrid nanoparticles. The addition of hybrid nanoparticles to fresh and used Naphthenic oil increases the flash and fire points, viscosity, thermal conductivity, and pH values but the breakdown strength of the fresh oil decreases and the used oil increases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the impact of hybrid nanoparticles on the temperature of nuclear reactor coolant, with a focus on graphene nanoplatelet (GNP)‐based hybrid nanoparticles. Sixteen different hybrid nanofluids were analyzed, and their performance was compared with a standard water‐based coolant. The criticality values were obtained through MCNP modeling, revealing that higher nanoparticle ratios led to increased criticality, with the highest value of 1.3239 observed in GNP‐Fe3O4 + Al2O3 nanofluids (0.05 wt%) and the lowest value of 1.2935 in GNP–Fe3O4 + SiO2 nanofluids (0.001 wt%). Temperature variations showed that increasing nanoparticle concentrations resulted in slightly higher temperatures, with a maximum of 611.97 K for 0.05 vol.% GNP nanoparticles. Additionally, the departure from nucleate boiling ratio values were consistently above the safety threshold of 2.08, with the lowest value of 3.657 for GNP–Fe3O4 + SiO2 nanofluids (0.05 vol.%). These findings suggest that hybrid nanofluids, particularly those with higher nanoparticle ratios, can enhance the thermal performance and safety margins of nuclear reactor coolants, offering a promising avenue for future research and application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Overexpression of permeability-glycoprotein (P-gp) transporter leads to multidrug resistance (MDR) through cellular exclusion of chemotherapeutics. Co-administration of P-gp inhibitors and chemotherapeutics is a promising approach for improving the efficacy of therapy. Nevertheless, problems in pharmacokinetics, toxicity and solubility limit the application of P-gp inhibitors. Herein, we developed a novel all-in-one hybrid nanoparticle system to overcome MDR in doxorubicin (DOX)-resistant breast cancer. First, folic acid-modified DOX-loaded mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) were prepared and then loaded into PEGylated poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanoparticles along with a P-gp inhibitor, elacridar. This hybrid nanoparticle system had high drug loading capacity, enabled both passive and active targeting of tumour tissues, and exhibited sequential and pH-triggered release of drugs. In vitro and in vivo studies in DOX-resistant breast cancer demonstrated the ability of the hybrid nanoparticles to reverse P-gp-mediated drug resistance. The nanoparticles were efficiently taken up by the breast cancer cells and delivered elacridar, in vitro. Biodistribution studies demonstrated substantial accumulation of the folate receptor-targeted PLGA/MSN hybrid nanoparticles in tumour-bearing mice. Moreover, deceleration of the tumour growth was remarkable in the animals administered with the DOX and elacridar co-loaded hybrid nanoparticles when compared to those treated with the marketed liposomal DOX (Caelyx®) or its combination with elacridar. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Central nervous system diseases negatively affect patients and society. Providing successful noninvasive treatments for these diseases is challenging because of the presence of the blood–brain barrier. While protecting the brain’s homeostasis, the barrier limits the passage of almost all large-molecule drugs and most small-molecule drugs. A noninvasive method, nose-to-brain delivery (N2B delivery) has been proposed to overcome this challenge. By exploiting the direct anatomical interaction between the nose and the brain, the drugs can reach the target, the brain. Moreover, the drugs can be encapsulated into various drug delivery systems to enhance physicochemical characteristics and targeting success. Many preclinical data show that this strategy can effectively deliver biopharmaceuticals to the brain. Therefore, this review focuses on N2B delivery while giving examples of different drug delivery systems suitable for the applications. In addition, we emphasize the importance of the effective delivery of monoclonal antibodies and RNA and stress the recent literature tackling this challenge. While giving examples of nanotechnological approaches for the effective delivery of small or large molecules from the current literature, we highlight the preclinical studies and their results to prove the strategies’ success and limitations.

Yanan Yang,1,* Shuoye Yang,1,2,* Beibei Zhang,1 Jinpeng Wang,1 Di Meng,1 Lan Cui,1,2 Lu Zhang1,2 1School of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, People’s Republic of China; 2Key Laboratory of Functional Molecules for Biomedical Research, Zhengzhou, People’s Republic of China*These authors contributed equally to this workCorrespondence: Shuoye Yang, School of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Lianhua Street, Gaoxin District, Zhengzhou, 450001, People’s Republic of China, Tel/Fax: +86-371-67756513, Email yangshuoyehaut@163.comIntroduction: RNA interference (RNAi) stands as a widely employed gene interference technology, with small interfering RNA (siRNA) emerging as a promising tool for cancer treatment. However, the inherent limitations of siRNA, such as easy degradation and low bioavailability, hamper its efficacy in cancer therapy. To address these challenges, this study focused on the development of a nanocarrier system (HLM-N@DOX/R) capable of delivering both siRNA and doxorubicin for the treatment of breast cancer.Methods: The study involved a comprehensive investigation into various characteristics of the nanocarrier, including shape, diameter, Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), encapsulation efficiency, and drug loading. Subsequently, in vitro and in vivo studies were conducted on cytotoxicity, cellular uptake, cellular immunofluorescence, lysosome escape, and mouse tumor models to evaluate the efficacy of the nanocarrier in reversing tumor multidrug resistance and anti-tumor effects.Results: The results showed that HLM-N@DOX/R had a high encapsulation efficiency and drug loading capacity, and exhibited pH/redox dual responsive drug release characteristics. In vitro and in vivo studies showed that HLM-N@DOX/R inhibited the expression of P-gp by 80%, inhibited MDR tumor growth by 71% and eliminated P protein mediated multidrug resistance.Conclusion: In summary, HLM-N holds tremendous potential as an effective and targeted co-delivery system for DOX and P-gp siRNA, offering a promising strategy for overcoming MDR in breast cancer.Keywords: mesoporous silica nanoparticles, multidrug resistance, small interfering RNA, doxorubicin, hybrid nanoparticles

Abstract In the present work, a simple intelligence-based computation of artificial neural networks with the Levenberg-Marquardt backpropagation algorithm is developed to analyze the new ferromagnetic hybrid nanofluid flow model in the presence of a magnetic dipole within the context of flow over a stretching sheet. A combination of cobalt and iron (III) oxide (Co-Fe2O3) is strategically selected as ferromagnetic hybrid nanoparticles within the base fluid, water. The initial representation of the developed ferromagnetic hybrid nanofluid flow model, which is a system of highly nonlinear partial differential equations, is transformed into a system of nonlinear ordinary differential equations using appropriate similarity transformations. The reference data set of the possible outcomes is obtained from bvp4c for varying the parameters of the ferromagnetic hybrid nanofluid flow model. The estimated solutions of the proposed model are described during the testing, training, and validation phases of the backpropagated neural network. The performance evaluation and comparative study of the algorithm are carried out by regression analysis, error histograms, function fitting graphs, and mean squared error results. The findings of our study analyze the increasing effect of the ferrohydrodynamic interaction parameter $$\beta$$ β to enhance the temperature and velocity profiles, while increasing the thermal relaxation parameter $$\alpha$$ α decreases the temperature profile. The performance on MSE was shown for the temperature and velocity profiles of the developed model about 9.1703e−10, 7.1313ee−10, 3.1462e−10, and 4.8747e−10. The accuracy of the artificial neural networks with the Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm method is confirmed through various analyses and comparative results with the reference data. The purpose of this study is to enhance understanding of ferromagnetic hybrid nanofluid flow models using artificial neural networks with the Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm, offering precise analysis of key parameter effects on temperature and velocity profiles. Future studies will provide novel soft computing methods that leverage artificial neural networks to effectively solve problems in fluid mechanics and expand to engineering applications, improving their usefulness in tackling real-world problems.

Lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) are the most clinically advanced RNA delivery technology, but their efficiency is limited by low RNA release after endosome disruption. To improve RNA release, an acid‐responsive polymer is synthesized with which to formulate LNPs for RNA encapsulation and release. Specifically, three acid‐responsive poly(lactic acid)‐block‐poly(carboxybetaine) zwitterionic derivatives are designed and synthesized that are cationic and complexed with RNA at pH 7.4, but are neutral following cleavage at endosomal pH, thereby having lower affinity to RNA. The polymers are formulated into each of the clinically approved Onpattro, Moderna, or Pfizer LNP formulations to produce hybrid polymer‐lipid nanoparticles (PLNPs). With the PLNPs, the IC50 values of multiple small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) decreased up to 5.4‐fold compared to parent LNPs in several cell lines. Moreover, messenger RNA (mRNA) transfection increased up to two fold. The acid‐responsive polymers in PLNPs accounted for the enhanced RNA transfection as this phenomenon is lost with acid‐inert polymers. Confocal microscopy confirmed that cytosolic RNA concentration increased using the acid‐responsive polymers; conversely, uptake and endosomal escape are identical to existing LNPs. This confirmed that enhanced RNA transfection is due to increased RNA dissociation from its carrier. The novel polymer represents a versatile strategy to increase RNA transfection from LNPs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Acquired resistance and adverse effects are some of the challenges faced by thousands of Luminal A breast cancer patients under tamoxifen (TMX) treatment. Some authors associate the overexpression of HOXB7 with TMX resistance in this molecular subtype, and the knockdown of this gene could be an effective strategy to regain TMX sensitivity. Therefore, we used calcium phosphate hybrid nanoparticles (HNP) for the delivery of short interfering RNA molecule (siRNA) complementary to the HOXB7 gene and evaluated the RNA interference (RNAi) effects associated with TMX treatment in breast cancer in vivo. Methods: HNP were prepared by the self-assembly of a methoxy-poly (ethylene glycol)-block-poly (L-glutamic acid) copolymer (PEG-pGlu) and the coprecipitation of CaPO4 to incorporate siRNA. The in vitro cell viability and migration were evaluated prior to in vivo experiments. Further, animals bearing early-stage and advanced Luminal A breast cancer were treated with HNP-siHOXB7, HNP-siHOXB7 + TMX, and TMX. Antitumoral activity and gene expression were evaluated following histopathological, hematological, and biochemical analysis. Results: The HNP were efficient in delivering the siRNA in vitro and in vivo, whilst HOXB7 silencing associated with TMX administration promoted controlled tumor growth, as well as a higher survival rate and reduction in immuno- and hepatotoxicity. Conclusions: Therefore, our findings suggest that HOXB7 can be an interesting molecular target for Luminal A breast cancer, especially associated with hormone therapy, aiming for adverse effect mitigation and higher therapeutic efficacy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The need to increase thermal power stability and energy conservation have spurred the interest in various renewable energies. A diverse range of fabrication techniques and architectures have been developed to meet the global energy demand. Perovskite solar power technologies are the next emerging generation of photovoltaic thermal power systems for an enhanced and stable power supply. Thus, this project examines the thin radiation thermal stability of combined magneto-hybrid silicon oxide (SiO2) and aluminum oxide (Al2O3) nanoparticles in exothermic propylene glycol (C3H8O2)-Williamson fluid for perovskite thermal cells improvement. Without particles agglomeration, the fluid flow is influenced by lower wall velocity, Joule heating and Williamson shear stress in a bounded domain. An invariant coupled differential model is obtained through the similarity transformation of the governing model. The solutions to the invariant model is provided using semi-discretized finite difference method. The outcomes revealed that nanoparticles thermal propagation for perovskite power generation is strengthened with rising Brinkman number, radiation, and Frank-Kamenetskii terms. Also, criticality is raised at the unstable thermal region but damped at the stable thermal regime. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The need for efficient heating and cooling systems in the automotive, aerospace, and chemical industries is driving the growth of heat transfer technologies. The hybrid nanomaterials are preferred over traditional nanofluids due to their exceptional thermal effectiveness. Keeping in mind the need for efficient cooling and heating systems, the thermal flow model based on the hybrid nanoparticles (GO-MoS2) immersed in hybrid base liquid $ {\textrm{C}_\textrm{2}}{\textrm{H}_\textrm{6}}{\textrm{O}_2} - {\textrm{H}_\textrm{2}}\textrm{O} $ C 2 H 6 O 2 − H 2 O is presented in this novel attempt by considering the influence of homogeneous–heterogeneous (H–H) reactions and Hall current with a magnetohydrodynamic effect induced by a vertical stretching sheet. A simplified examination is examined in the existence of solar radiation, mixed convection, and viscous dissipation. Suitable transformations provide the system of ordinary differential equations. Later, the solution is tackled numerically for the flow problems using the Runge–Kutta–Fehlberg process with a shooting technique. The role of influential parameters on involved distributions is discussed graphically and is explained logically in view of physical significance. Results reveal that, the thermal profile declines near convectively heated surface and upsurges away from the surface for incline in mixed convection parameter. An upsurge in the Biot number inclines the rate of heat transfer, but a contrary trend can be seen for escalating values of volume fraction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the appealing properties of random copolymers, the use of these biomaterials in association with phospholipids is still limited, as several aspects of their performance have not been investigated. The aim of this work is the formulation of lipid/random copolymer platforms and the comprehensive study of their features by multiple advanced characterization techniques. Both biomaterials are amphiphilic, including two phospholipids (1,2-dioctadecanoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DSPC), 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DOPC)) and a statistical copolymer of oligo (ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate (OEGMA) and 2-(diisopropylamino) ethyl methacrylate (DIPAEMA). We examined the design parameters, including the lipid composition, the % comonomer ratio, and the lipid-to-polymer ratio that could be critical for their behavior. The structures were also probed in different conditions. To the best of the authors' knowledge, this is the first time that P(OEGMA-co-DIPAEMA)/lipid hybrid colloidal dispersions have been investigated from a membrane mechanics, biophysical, and morphological perspective. Among other parameters, the copolymer architecture and the hydrophilic to hydrophobic balance are deemed fundamental parameters for the biomaterial co-assembly, having an impact on the membrane's fluidity, morphology, and thermodynamics. Exploiting their unique characteristics, the most promising candidates were utilized for methotrexate (MTX) loading to explore their encapsulation capability and potential antitumor efficacy in vitro in various cell lines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polyelectrolyte multilayer (PEM) was developed through layer-by-layer (LbL) adsorption on sodium alginate on negatively charged lipid polymer hybrid nanoparticles (LPHNPs) for the delivery of Buspirone hydrochloride (BUH). The resultant BUH-LPHNPs (F2) showed a mean particle size of 166 ± 4.2 nm and zeta potential of −30.5 ± 1.52 mV. The BUH-LPHNPs were found to be stable and demonstrated controlled drug release kinetics. Further, the pharmacokinetic studies revealed a 3.29-fold rise in the oral bioavailability of formulation (F2) than BUH (pure). Thus, PEM fabricated through LbL technology could be explored for overcoming the bioavailability issue and targeted delivery for potential drug candidates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The idea of a hybrid nanofluid (HNF) has sparked curiosity among many scientists because of its ability to enhance thermal characteristics, leading to elevated rates of heat transfer (HT). These HNFs are utilized in various engineering and industrial settings, such as electronics cooling, manufacturing, naval structures, biomedical applications, and drug delivery. The current study investigates the analysis of irreversibility in EMHD [Cu + TiO2/H2O]h flow over a stretching sheet with radiation and viscous dissipation. The governing PDEs are converted into ODEs using similarity variables. These ODEs are then solved using the RKF method along with a shooting technique. The effects of different physical parameters on the velocity and temperature distributions of the HNF, as well as on HT and surface drag force, are thoroughly examined and presented in graphs. The velocity of [TiO2/water]n flow declines as the magnetic field strength rises, but it rises with greater electric field values for [Cu + TiO2/water]h. The temperature of the [Cu + TiO2/water]h increases with elevated levels of radiation, Eckert number, and heat generation strength. Higher Reynolds and Brinkman numbers result in a rise in entropy generation for [Cu + TiO2/H2O]h, whereas the Bejan number decreases to the same extent. The HT rate in [Cu + TiO2/H2O]h increases by 3.05% as the Eckert number rises, while it drops by 4.01% when there is significant thermal radiation. Skin friction reduces by 3.21% in [TiO2/water]n as the electric field strength increases, whereas it decreases by 4.05% with an increase in magnetic field strength. These discoveries offer valuable perspectives on furthering the utilization of HNFs in engineering and industrial operations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the aim of all researcher in the field of water purification, is to develop new materials with high reactivity this study took the advance to apply the hybrid Ca(OH)2/Ag nanocomposite which is not used very often in this filed for the catalytic reduction of various types of dyes separately and in a mixture to assess their ability and effectiveness under contact with direct sunlight. The catalytic degradation of dyes was considered under various conditions: with and without adding reducing agent, and with and without applying sun light to evaluate the reductive ability of the catalyst under study at all conditions. The prepared Ca(OH)2/Ag hybrid nanocomposite, examined by XRD and TEM to study their morphology size and shape and to prove the presence of both nanoparticles Ca(OH)2 and Ag and the results showed a high crystalline structure with an average particle size of 10.9 nm nanoparticles formed. The results of degradation of all dyes under test (acidic green dye 25 (AGD25), orange direct dye (ODD), and basic blue dye 41(BBD41)) showed that under applying the Ca(OH)2 nanoparticles only the degradation percentage reached nearly 84, 67, 73.8% respectively, after 24 h. The primed nanocomposite Ca(OH)2/Ag exhibited an unusual ability to reduce all various tested dyes by using 0.2 g of prepared hybrid nanocatalyst, which was adequate to degrade a 50 ml solution of 200 mg/L concentration of each dye after nearly 60 min, this time differs somewhat with varying the type of dye where the degradation percentage reached 98, 90, and 97% for AGD25, ODD, and BBD41, respectively. The results revealed that the acid green 25 dye (AGD25) had the most significant degradation percentage compared with the other tested dyes, which grasped to 98% after only 60 min. Also, the degradation experiment carried out under various factors as initial concentration of dye, amount of catalyst, and temperature and the results showed that increasing the amount of catalyst and temperature enhances the degradation pf AGD25 to completion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This review examines the latest developments in nanoscopic antibiotic formulations used to treat infections caused by bacteria. A wide range of nanocarrier platforms are discussed, including polymer-based nanoparticles (NPs), lipid-based vesicles, mesoporous silica, and other inorganic materials. The antibiotic levofloxacin (LVF) is predominantly used as a model drug given its broad-spectrum activity. Studies in this regard have evaluated drug loading and encapsulation efficiency (EE) using analytical techniques such as FTIR, DLS, and TEM. In vitro release kinetics was characterized through dialysis and fluorescence-based assays. Zone of inhibition and viability studies provided insights into antibacterial efficacy. Some approaches incorporated stimuli-responsive polymers or targeting ligands to facilitate controlled or targeted drug release. Overall, the nanocarriers demonstrated potential for sustained antibiotic levels, reduced dosing, and improved treatment of biofilms and intracellular infections compared to free drug administration. The review offers a comprehensive analysis of this promising field with implications for combating antibiotic resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anthracycline-based therapies exert endothelial damages through peroxidation and the production of proinflammatory cytokines, resulting in a high risk of cardiovascular complications in cancer patients. Hyaluronic acid-based hybrid nanoparticles (LicpHA) are effective pharmacological tools that can target endothelial cells and deliver drugs or nutraceuticals. This study aimed to prepared and characterized a novel LicpHA loaded with Rutin (LicpHA Rutin), a flavonoid with high antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, to protect endothelial cells against epirubicin-mediated endothelial damages. LicpHA Rutin was prepared using phosphatidylcholine, cholesterol, poloxamers, and hyaluronic acid by a modified nanoprecipitation technique. The chemical-physical characterization of the nanoparticles was carried out (size, zeta potential, morphology, stability, thermal analysis, and encapsulation efficiency). Cytotoxicity studies were performed in human endothelial cells exposed to epirubicin alone or in combination with Free-Rutin or LicpHA Rutin. Anti-inflammatory studies were performed through the intracellular quantification of NLRP-3, MyD-88, IL-1β, IL-6, IL17-α, TNF-α, IL-10, and IL-4 using selective ELISA methods. Morphological studies via TEM and image analysis highlighted a heterogeneous population of LicpHA particles with non-spherical shapes (circularity equal to 0.78 ± 0.14), and the particle size was slightly affected by Rutin entrapment (the mean diameter varied from 179 ± 4 nm to 209 ± 4 nm). Thermal analysis and zeta potential analyses confirmed the influence of Rutin on the chemical-physical properties of LicpHA Rutin, mainly indicated by the decrease in the surface negative charge (from −35 ± 1 mV to −30 ± 0.5 mV). Cellular studies demonstrated that LicpHA Rutin significantly reduced cell death and inflammation when compared to epirubicin alone. The levels of intracellular NLRP3, Myd-88, and proinflammatory cytokines were significantly lower in epirubicin + LicpHA Rutin-exposed cells when compared to epirubicin groups (p < 0.001). Hyaluronic acid-based nanoparticles loaded with Rutin exerts significant vasculo-protective properties during exposure to anthracyclines. The overall picture of this study pushes towards preclinical and clinical studies in models of anthracycline-induced vascular damages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose:: This study investigates the effects of hybrid nanoparticles on thermal performance, focusing on convection, magnetic fields, diffusion, radiation, and chemical reactions in porous media. An H2O-based fractional Carreau hybrid nanofluid is utilized to enhance heat transfer for industrial applications like gas turbines and condensers. Design/Methodology/Approach:: The Caputo definition of fractional derivatives models the fluid flow, integrating integer and non-integer dynamics. The governing equations are dimensionally reduced and solved using the explicit finite difference method (EFD), with stability and convergence criteria ensuring accuracy. Key parameters, including the Sherwood and Nusselt numbers, are examined to understand thermal and mass transfer behavior. Findings:: Results show that fractional exponents and thermophysical properties significantly influence flow behavior. Fluid velocity increases with the fractional exponent (α) due to reduced resistance, while higher porosity parameter (λ4) decreases velocity. The temperature gradient decreases by 20.31% with the fractional exponent (β) and by 22.87% with the Weissenberg number. Skin friction increases by 28.17% with the magnetic parameter, and higher thermal conductivity enhances temperature profiles.

In this work, we present a modified simultaneous growth and self-aggregation method that produces ceria and silver Janus nanoparticles for the conversion of 4-nitrophenol, a chemical widely used in several industries. The nanoparticles had cerium-to-silver ratios ranging from 0 to 1.35 and well-defined heterodimer morphologies. By controlling the growth conditions, we have manipulated the interface between ceria and silver, maximizing its exposure to the chemical reactants and increasing the reaction rate constants between 2- and 4-fold. Taken together, these results can inform the design rules to achieve better performing hybrid nanocatalysts.

Abstract Hybrid polypyrrole (PPy) nanoparticles were prepared using a low-temperature oxidative polymerization process in an acidic solution with polyethyleneimine (PEI) as a template and amine source. The results showed that the nanoparticles have an amorphous structure in the X-ray diffractogram and exhibited good dispersibility in water, uniform size, and a specific conductivity ranging from 0.1 to 6.9 S/cm. The particle size could be tuned from 85 to 300 nm by varying the reactant concentration. Undoping the samples with sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution altered the optical absorption properties and surface roughness of the particles. However, it did not affect the particle size. The nanoparticles also exhibited optical sensing properties based on their UV–vis absorption changes with the pH. Moreover, nanoparticles could have potential applications in gene delivery and bio-adsorption for contaminant removal. This work demonstrates a simple and effective method for preparing hybrid polypyrrole nanoparticles with controllable size, dispersibility, and conductivity for various nanotechnology, biotechnology, and environmental engineering purposes.

Owing to the rapid progress of science and technology, microelectronic devices characterized by high integration and exceptional performance have assumed crucial roles in various industrial fields such as aeronautics, astronautics, energy, medicine, and automobiles. As these devices constantly evolve, the issue of effective thermal management becomes increasingly of utmost importance, specifically in the case of high heat flux. Traditional cooling methods, such as air and liquid cooling, show notable disadvantages. They not only consume significant power but also present lower heat dissipation efficiency. These limitations considerably threaten the stability and reliability of microelectronic devices. Recently, numerous approaches to enhancing heat transfer have been proposed, encompassing both passive strategies, such as nanofluids, surface roughness, and heating element structures, and active techniques involving acoustic, electric, and magnetic fields. Among these approaches, the use of nanofluids stands out due to their inherent advantages, including cost-effectiveness, flexibility, and versatile applications. Aiming to address the low thermal conductivity of basic working fluids such as water, ethylene glycol, and mineral oil, researchers have developed a series of particulate forms including but not limited to silica dioxide (SiO2), aluminum oxide (Al2O3), titanium dioxide (TiO2), carbon nanotubes, copper (Cu), silver (Ag), silicon carbide (SiC), nanodiamond, zinc oxide (ZnO), magnesium oxide (MgO), and cupric oxide (CuO). These materials have led to nanofluids, which can be classified into mono nanofluids and hybrid nanofluids based on the particle composition. Hybrid nanofluids include at least two nanoparticle types. The unique advantages stemming from their mechanical and chemical stability, diverse structural configurations, and varied preparation techniques have significantly fascinated researchers. Currently, hybrid nanofluids present outstanding intensification performance across both single-phase and two-phase heat transfer processes. Some of them have superior performance to their mononanofluids due to the collaborative interplay of diverse nanoparticles. These characteristics enable hybrid nanofluids as promising candidates for diverse technological areas such as national defense, air-conditioner systems, semiconductors, mechanical manufacturing and materials. Combining hybrid nanofluids with heat transfer methodologies has also garnered considerable attention and is gradually evolving into a crucial direction for heat transfer improvement. In this study, we present a comprehensive overview of the research progress on enhancing the heat transfer process with hybrid nanofluids. First, the preparation techniques for hybrid nanofluids encompass both one-step and two-step methodologies, with a focus on emerging innovative approaches. Furthermore, the physical and chemical characteristics (including but not limited to stability, viscosity, and thermal performance) are reviewed. A detailed discussion of the principle of thermal enhancement is presented. Moreover, this review summarizes the applications of hybrid nanofluids in effectively managing heat within microelectronic devices, solar energy, and heat exchangers. Finally, we outline some challenges in this field and further directions for the advancements of hybrid nanofluids.

High operating temperatures, particularly under conditions of high solar irradiation have adverse effects on the performance of the photovoltaic (PV) panels. The efficiency of electricity generation decreases with an increase in operating temperature, and therefore, minimizing the operating temperature is essential. Thus, efficient cooling systems are of significant importance, particularly in areas with scorching heat during the day. Hybrid nanoparticles have been identified as one of the most effective methods in utilizing the concept of PV cooling because of their special characteristics that can help improve the efficiency of solar panels in the long run. These nanoparticles offer the best heat dissipation and convective heat transfer alongside better light trapping and stability and are relatively cheaper to produce, thus playing a central role in enhancing the cooling effectiveness in photovoltaic systems. In our view, depending on these combined forces, hybrid nanoparticles can enhance the general effectiveness, dependability, and efficacy of solar panels as a high-potential instrument for solar power extraction. This study sought to determine the most effective ZnO and Al2O3 Nanofluids concentrations in improving the performance of PV modules. Five PV modules were placed side by side. One of them was a reference sample; the other four were coated on the backside with a range of hybrid nanofluid concentrations. K-type thermocouples were used to monitor the hourly backside thermal profile of each module to ensure thermal integrity. Moreover, a data logger monitored the current and the voltage of each PV during the experiment. In general, the coated modules had significantly better results compared to the control. The best improvement in the generated output power was obtained when 0.4% Al2O3 and 0.2% ZnO reached 28.4% and increased efficiency to 29.6%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Researchers have made many efforts to store energy in forms that can be turned into required forms. Energy storage minimises the gap between supply and demand for energy while increasing energy systems’ effectiveness and dependability. Latent heat storage (LHS) can be used to store energy efficiently. This article explores the numerical analysis of the solidification procedure for latent heat thermal energy storage (LHTES) in a triplex chamber. TiO 2 –Al 2 O 3 nanoparticles were used as hybrid nanoparticles and water was used as a phase change material (PCM). FlexPDE, a general-purpose scripted finite-element software, was used to discretise and solve the partial differential governing equations. The study investigated the impact of various factors on the contour of solid fraction, temperature distribution, average temperature, solid fraction diagram and the overall energy of the system. These factors encompassed the volume fraction of nanoparticles, the presence of fins, thermal radiation and the shape factor of nanoparticles. Moreover, the optimal values for the full solidification time (FST) were established using the response surface methodology (RSM). The findings indicate that full solidification time is optimised when the hybrid nanoparticle volume fraction is 0.048, thermal radiation is 0.777 and shape factor is 15.29. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The nanosecond Nd:YAG pulsed laser ablation in liquid (PLAL) technique was used to successfully synthesize hybrid Fe3O4-Au nanoparticles (NPs). The synthesized nanoparticles were investigated using different techniques such as Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), UV-VIS spectroscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) with energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), UV-VIS spectroscopy, and photoluminescent spectroscopy (PL). Then the NP concentration in the bacterial pathogen was investigated. The FTIR and XRD data confirmed the successful synthesis of Fe3O4 NPs doped with Au. The morphology of hybrid Fe3O4-Au NPs was observed to be agglomerated into semispherical nanostructure particles. The absorption and PL properties of the nanoparticles were found to vary with doping concentrations. Additionally, bacterial activity was effectively inhibited by the hybrid NPs, which were found to be more effective against gram-negative and gram-positive strains, with a highly inhibited zone against Acinetobacter baumannii. Also, the inhibition zone increased with increasing doping concentrations of NPs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) possess intrinsic properties to serve as T2 contrast agents for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) — a highly sensitive, non-invasive diagnostic tool. In this study, we have evaluated the potential of SPIONs by surface modifying it with generation 4 polyamidoamine dendrimers (G4 PAMAM). SPIONs were characterized using DLS, TEM, FTIR, VSM, and XRD. The dendrimer-coated SPIONs (DC-SPIONs) were characterized using NMR, FTIR, VSM, and XRD and their efficacy was studied using a 3 T clinical MR imager. SPIONs, DC-SPIONs, and dendrimers exhibit significant T2 contrast-enhancing properties while potentially improving interaction with cells. It was concluded that although SPIONs alone exhibit the highest contrast efficacy, the coating with dendrimers improvises their biocompatibility and dispersion in in vitro cells at clinically relevant concentrations ranging from 0.005 to 0.05 mmol/L−1. As expected, concentrations of 0.05 mmol/L−1 exhibited higher contrast-enhancing properties as compared to 0.005 mmol/L−1 but even at ultra-low concentrations, all materials exhibited qualitative and quantitative detection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hybrid polypyrrole (PPy) nanoparticles were prepared using a low-temperature oxidative polymerization process in an acidic solution with polyethyleneimine (PEI) as a template and amine source. The results showed that the nanoparticles have an amorphous structure in the X-ray diffractogram and exhibited good dispersibility in water, uniform size, and a specific conductivity ranging from 0.1 to 6.9 S/cm. The particle size could be tuned from 85 to 300 nm by varying the reactant concentration. Undoping the samples with sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution altered the optical absorption properties and surface roughness of the particles. However, it did not affect the particle size. The nanoparticles also exhibited optical sensing properties based on their UV–vis absorption changes with the pH. Moreover, nanoparticles could have potential applications in gene delivery and bio-adsorption for contaminant removal. This work demonstrates a simple and effective method for preparing hybrid polypyrrole nanoparticles with controllable size, dispersibility, and conductivity for various nanotechnology, biotechnology, and environmental engineering purposes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study concerns the preparation of hybrid nanostructures composed of carbon dots (CDs) synthesized in our lab and a double-hydrophilic poly(2-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate-co-oligo(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate) (P(DMAEMA-co-OEGMA)) random copolymer through electrostatic interactions between the negatively charged CDs and the positively charged DMAEMA segments of the copolymer. The synthesis of P(DMAEMA-co-OEGMA) copolymer was conducted through RAFT polymerization. Furthermore, the copolymer was converted into a strong cationic random polyelectrolyte through quaternization of the amine groups of DMAEMA segments with methyl iodide (CH3I), and it was subsequently utilized for the complexation with the carbon dots. The molecular, physicochemical, and photophysical characterization of the aqueous solution of the copolymers and their hybrid nanoparticles was conducted using dynamic and electrophoretic light scattering (DLS, ELS) and spectroscopic techniques, such as UV-Vis, fluorescence (FS), and FT-IR spectroscopy. In addition, studies of their aqueous solution using DLS and ELS showed their responsiveness to external stimuli (pH, temperature, ionic strength). Finally, the interaction of selected hybrid nanoparticles with iron (III) ions was confirmed through FS spectroscopy, demonstrating their potential application for heavy metal ions sensing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractA hyperbolic tangent fluid model characterized by shear rate dependent viscosity together with the effects of hybrid nanoparticles, Brownian motion, thermo-diffusion, and Nield’s conditions, is utilized for thermal enhancement purpose. Five percent copper nanoparticles and twenty percent alumina nanoparticles are submerged into ethylene glycol with the parametric influence of tangent hyperbolic fluid to obtain the tangent hyperbolic hybrid nano suspension. Numerical solutions of the nondimensionalized conservation laws are found by the Keller-box method. The influence of various parametric factors on velocity, temperature, concentration, Nusselt number, and Sherwood number has been discussed. A constant Nusselt number is noted with the influence of Nield’s constraints. A 90% increase in thermal conductivity is achieved by dispersing 5% copper and 20% alumina nanoparticles into the ethylene glycol with the influence of hyperbolic tangent fluid. The error and convergence analysis of the numerical solution have been discussed, along with the validation of the obtained numerical results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Personalized cancer vaccines based on resected tumors from patients is promising to address tumor heterogeneity to inhibit tumor recurrence or metastasis. However, it remains challenge to elicit immune activation due to the weak immunogenicity of autologous tumor antigens. Here, a hybrid membrane cancer vaccine is successfully constructed by membrane fusion to enhance adaptive immune response and amplify personalized immunotherapy, which formed a codelivery system for autologous tumor antigens and immune adjuvants. Briefly, the functional hybrid vesicles (HM‐NPs) are formed by hybridizing ginseng‐derived extracellular vesicles‐like particles (G‐EVLPs) with the membrane originated from the resected autologous tumors. The introduction of G‐EVLPs can enhance the phagocytosis of autologous tumor antigens by dendritic cells (DCs) and facilitate DCs maturation through TLR4, ultimately activating tumor‐specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs). HM‐NPs can indeed strengthen specific immune responses to suppress tumors recurrence and metastasis including subcutaneous tumors and orthotopic tumors. Furthermore, a long‐term immune protection can be obtained after vaccinating with HM‐NPs, and prolonging the survival of animals. Overall, this personalized hybrid autologous tumor vaccine based on G‐EVLPs provides the possibility of mitigating tumor recurrence and metastasis after surgery while maintaining good biocompatibility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article uses non-classical Fick's law, non-Fourier's law, and conservation laws for mass and thermal transport. The hybrid nanoparticles Cu and Al2O3 are considered. The new correlations among the thermo-physical properties of base fluid, Cu and Al2O3 are coupled with simplified nonlinear mathematical models. The resulting models are solved numerically by the finite element method (FEM). The linear shape functions are chosen for the approximation of residual equations. This approximation leads to a nonlinear algebraic system that is linearized by the Picard scheme. The numerical results are ensured to be grid-independent, and convergence is analyzed. The results are validated, and an excellent agreement is obtained between available benchmarks and current outcomes. Thermal solutal relaxation phenomena are responsible for a significant reduction in the transport of heat and mass in Newtonian fluids. These non-Fourier's and non-classical Fick's laws are capable of capturing thermal and solutal elastic phenomena, respectively. Cu and Al2O3 simultaneously act as good conductors of heat, and their simultaneous dispersion in base fluid results in a significant rise in thermal conductivity. Numerical experiments have shown that the transport of heat can be optimized by simultaneous suspension of Cu and Al2O3.