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An insecticidal mannose binding lectin gene of Withania somnifera, WsMBP1 was constitutively expressed in tobacco plants. Instar-wise study on the response of Hyblaea puera larvae to the total protein extracted from transgenic tobacco was conducted and survivability percent was 33.33% and 55.55% in the first and the second instars, respectively. Minimum survivability of 22.22% was registered in the third instar. Further, two-fold reduction was observed in mean pre-pupal and pupal weight in the third instar larval populations fed with lectin protein compared to the control populations. The functional confirmation of the insecticidal activity of WsMBP1 established its potential as a novel gene resource for future transformation studies in developing teak genotypes tolerant to its leaf defoliator, H. puera.

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A survey on lepidopteran pests of mangrove was conducted in different Islands of Sunderban Biosphere Reserve within the district of South 24 Parganas, West Bengal, India, over a period of 4 years (2012–2016). During the survey, a severe lepidopteran infestation was observed on the Avicennia alba Blume, which is one of the major mangrove species of Sunderbans. The life history of the lepidopteran species was studied in field as well as in laboratory conditions. The adults were identified as Hyblaea puera (Cramer, 1777) (Lepidoptera : Hyblaeidae) which is being reported for the first time from the Indian part of Sunderbans. The study revealed that the Hyblaea puera (Cramer, 1777) completed its life cycle in 21–25 days in both laboratory and field conditions. The biology and ecology of the said species and the nature of damage caused to the mangroves by these moths are discussed.

We report the first known infestation of mangroves by the invasive moth Hyblaea puera in Paraná, Southern Brazil. The infestation caused massive defoliation of Avicennia schaueriana trees, affecting approximately 20,000 hectares of mangroves. We discuss the implications for conservation and management, focusing on protected areas, the ecology of mangroves, and local livelihoods.

Outbreaks of caterpillars have been recorded in some mangrove forests in Brazil and other countries. This study reports an infestation of Hyblaea puera caterpillars (Cramer, 1777) (Lepidoptera: Hyblaeidae) in the mangrove forest of the Mamanguape River, Paraiba State, Brazil. The attacks occurred between May and July 2020 and affected Avicennia germinans (L.) L. and Avicennia schaueriana Stapf & Leechm. ex Moldenke. During the caterpillar outbreak period, the foliar herbivory rate was > 50 % in both species. Throughout the distribution area of the species in the estuary, there was variation in the intensity of caterpillar infestation: from the absence of attack to the complete defoliation of the trees in mono-specific forests of A. germinans. The consequences of severe defoliation are briefly discussed, emphasizing mangrove conservation.

Hyblaea puera Cramer (Lepidoptera: Hyblaeidae) was reported in commercial teak (Tectona grandis L. f.) plantations in the states of Campeche and Tabasco in southeastern Mexico, from 2011 to 2013. By 2013, more than 1,000 and 4,000 ha of teak were attacked by H. puera in Tabasco and Campeche, respectively. It is necessary to monitor and detect of the arrival of the epicentic phase of H. puera to take action and prevent the epidemic phase and defoliation of large areas.

Defoliator pests often cause severe damage to commercially valuable timber trees, such as teak, grown in plantations, affecting the quality and quantity of the wood produced. Twenty-five isolates of an entomopathogenic fungus, Metarhizium anisopliae (Metsch.), derived from different forest habitats were tested for their efficacy against the Teak Defoliator, Hyblaea puera Cram. The median lethal concentration (LC50) for the isolates ranged from 0.65 to 947.41 × 105 conidia mL−1. Four isolates, viz. MIS2, MIS19, MIS7 and MIS1, were promising, having low LC50 values. A median lethal time (LT50) of 3.8 d was recorded for the isolates MIS2 and MIS7 when the moth larvae were exposed to a spore load of 107 conidia mL−1. Formulations composed of “MIS2 + MIS7 + 0.5% Pongamia pinnata seed oil” and “MIS2 + MIS7” proved to be superior against the Teak Defoliator, causing 94.73% and 93.93% mortality, respectively. Application of the formulation “MIS2 + MIS7 + 0.5% P. pinnata oil” resulted in 63.6% and 56.2% reduction ...

We report here the pathological effects of a microsporidian isolate ( Nosema sp.) from the lepidopteran teak defoliator Hyblaea puera Cramer. The spores were ovo-cylindrical and had a mean size of 5.1 × 2.8 μm. The midgut and fat body were the primary organs infected by the microsporidium. Subsequently, infection was observed in Malphigian tubules, tracheal epithelium and gonads. The sequence of infection observed was: midgut – fat body – tracheal membrane – Malpighian tubule – gonad. Infection of this microsporidium produced a marked negative effect on the growth and development of larvae. The weight of healthy larvae increased about 22 times from the 3rd instar to pupation while the increase was about 12 times in the infected larvae. Rearing experiments conducted in the laboratory revealed a high potential for horizontal transmission (>90%) of the microsporidium among the defoliator larvae developing together. A nearly equal degree of vertical transmission (88.7%) was also observed from the infected females to the progeny larvae. The observations reported here indicate the prospect of the microsporidium as a bio-control agent against the defoliator pest if exploited properly. Small subunit rRNA gene sequence analysis revealed that this microsporidium differed from Nosema bombycis of silk moth by only two nucleotides. The teak moth and the silk moth are not as closely related as these two parasites appear to be, implying the likelihood of host switching.

Hyblaea puera nucleopolyhedrovirus (HpNPV) is a potential biocontrol agent against the teak defoliator H. puera (Cramer) (Lepidoptera: Hyblaeidae). As part of optimization of the mass production of this nucleopolyhedrovirus, three methods of inoculation were evaluated against the host larvae with various yield parameters as selection criteria. The inoculation methods compared were controlled dose on diet in rearing tubes using a micropipette, controlled dose on leaf discs (prepared from teak leaves) using a micropipette and spraying onto diet filled rearing tubes using an atomizer. Fifth instar H. puera larvae of the weight classes 75-100, 101-125, 126-150, 151-175 and 176-200mg were used for the bioassay. With reference to percentage of harvested larvae, virus production per larva and virus production per inoculated larva (VPIL), spraying viral suspension into rearing tubes filled with artificial diet using a hand sprayer was found to be the most efficient method of inoculation. It was observed that the method of inoculation and age of the larvae has discrete as well as interactive influence on the virus yield parameters.

Methanolic extracts from leaves and seeds of chinaberry tree, Melia azedarach L. (Meliaceae) were tested against the larvae of Hyblaea puera ( H. puera ) Cramer (Lepidoptera: Hyblaeidae) under laboratory conditions. This insect defoliates teak, and is considered as a major pest that strongly influences the development of the teak tree. Chinaberry extracts were found to affect the growth, feeding and oviposition of H. puera . In general, the seed extracts showed high bioactivity at all doses, while the leaf extract, proved to be active, only at the higher doses. Our laboratory experiment showed that the seed extract suppressed the larval activity of H. puera even at low doses. Gross dietary utilization (efficiency of conversion of ingested and digested food) of H. puera decreased after treatment in the diet. The growth of surviving larvae decreased, and no late fourth and early fifth instars completed development on higher dose treatment of both leafs and seed extracts. Food consumption, digestion, relative consumption rate (RCR), efficiency of conversion of ingested food (ECI), efficiency of conversion of digested food (ECD), and relative growth rate (RGR) values declined significantly, but concurrently a significant increase in approximate digestibility (AD) was observed. Clear dose–response relationships were established, with the highest dose of 4% seed extract evoking 94% feeding deterrence. Larvae that were chronically exposed M. azedarach extract showed a reduction in weight (65–84%). The less expensive and naturally occurring biopesticide may be an alternative for synthetic pesticides in order to protect forest trees.

Hyblaea fortissima Butler, a species of Hyblaeidae is recorded for the first time in Korea. The descriptions of adults including illustrations of male and female genitalia are provided.

Commercial Bacillus thuringiensis (B.t.) Berliner products, namely Delfin®, Agree®, Halt® and Spicturin® were evaluated in the laboratory and on an intensively managed teak plantation for the control of the teak defoliator, Hyblaea puera Cramer (Lepidoptera: Hyblaeidae). A 2 g/litre concentration showed highly significant lethality against defoliator larvae, the early instars being more susceptible (99.8% mortality) than late ones (63.6–81.2% mortality). The order of effectiveness was Delfin = Agree > Halt > Spicturin. At 2 g/litre the B.t. preparations were as effective as at 0.07% (2 ml/litre) monocrotophos 36 % when sprayed on one-year-old saplings in a plantation. However, at 1 g/litre concentration, monocrotophos 0.07% was superior to the B.t. products.

Mangrove trees are not immune to herbivory. They are affected mainly by folivores, which may influence litter production and nutrient cycling within the system (Choudhury 1988). The amount of leaf material lost to herbivory is also related to the characteristics of the trees and local environmental conditions (Feller 1995), which result in widely varying rates of leaf consumption (Anderson & Lee 1995). According to Cannicci et al. (2008), the true ecological role played by insect herbivores is not simply the amount of plant material lost to herbivory, but also involves effects at the scale of whole plant performance and ecosystem functioning. Thus, the activities of insect herbivores may also be viewed as a positive impact on mangroves, influencing, for example, energy transfer in the system.

In an intensively managed commercial teak plantations wild undergrowth of two malvaceous weed species, namely, Pavonia odorata Willd. and Pavonia zeylanica (L.) Cav. Willd. trapped larvae of the teak defoliator, Hyblaea puera Cramer (Lepidoptera: Hyblaeidae) because of the presence of sticky trichomes all over the plant surface. Mortality of larvae recorded in situ, indicated that the first three instars were more vulnerable to trapping (25.1–43.9%) than later instars (0.7–2.8%). Artificial introduction of defoliator larvae on these `bio-trap plants’ showed arrested movement of larvae with over 80% mortality of first and second instar one day after release. Most introduced larvae died of starvation but the time taken to die was longer for the longer larvae.

Extensive defoliation of Avicennia germinans by Junonia evarete (Stoll) (Nymphalidae) and Hyblaea purea (Cramer) (Hyblaeidae) was noted following hurricanes Hugo (1989), Luis & Marilyn (1995). The proposed work is about evaluating the direct loss of organic matter and minerals by insect grazing during an inter-hurricane period. The physiological response of the plant was assessed on perforated leaves over a 3 week period. A. germinans in two contrasted sites exhibited a leaf area loss close to 4.5% which corresponds to 50 kg D.W. / ha. In a third site, the low consumption rate of about 0.83% could be related to a drop in the insect population following an earlier outbreack and full tree defoliation. Damage in R. mangle was exceptionally low (0.2%). Bulk minerals trapped in the folivore pathway was about 1.2 kg N and 60 g P / ha in A. germinans stands. Leaf grazing brings a significant accumulation of organic matter and minerals by importing compounds from other tissues of the plant. This reflects a sudden change in leaf metabolism and we may hypothesise scarring reaction and/or secondary compound accumulation. In any case, leaf grazing demands additional energy and minerals to maintain partially grazed leaves. Moreover, such leaves are susceptible to greater loss in the event of repeated insect damage, due to higher concentrations. From these results, it appears that physiological effects of insect grazing have to be considered not only as direct loss in living tissues but also as deep changes in internal fluxes of the carbon and minerals.

In Bangladesh one to two population peaks of teak defoliator, Hyblaea puera Cram. occurred between late April and July, followed in some years by another flatter peak in August and September. The temporal and spatial distribution of infestation suggested a short-range migration of moth. When general flushing of teak occurs in March–April the population starts building up generation by generation. During early build up phase the infestations are distributed in discrete patches. When a critical density is reached in a patch the newly emerged moths migrate to a newly flushed teak areas. After one to three peaks the population declines due to leaf maturity, natural enemies or density dependant food depletion. Until next flushing season the population remains small, non-migratory but active. This residual population survives on a small but continuous supply of tender leaves prevalent due to phenological variation of teak, and on alternative sources of food. This cycle of ups and downs is repeated every year.

Sympiesis hyblaeae Surekha sp. n. is described from Kerala, India. This species, which is a solitary endoparasitoid of first and second instar larvae, is a potential biological control agent of the teak defoliator Hyblaea puera (Cramer).

Laboratory and field studies on the nuclear polyhedrosis of teak defoliator caterpillars, Hyblaea puera (Cram) were carried out to understand the insect-virus relationship. The typical symptoms of nuclear polyhedrosis were observed in both naturally and artificially infected caterpillars. The natural incidence of the disease observed was 35.6%. The number of polyhedral inclusion bodies (PIBs) per larva ranged from 1.12 x 10 to 2.37 x 10 9 with an average of 1.973 x 10 9 . There was no correlation between the larval weight and number of PIBs estimated. The virulence of the NPV, measured in terms of total mortality and incubation period was reduced when PIBs of the virus were stored at room temperature as a dry powder for a period of 6 years. The cross infectivity tests against the Achaea janata, Atteva fabriciella, Catopsilia crocale, Eligma narcissus, Euproctis fraterna and Eutectona machaeralis proved negative. It was confirmed with the straining property of the polyhedra that the disease pathogen belonged to nuclear polyhedrosis virus (NPV) of Subgroup A of the genus Baculovirus which is highly host-specific.

Studies were carried out on vertical transmission of microsporidian parasite isolated from teak defoliator Hyblaea puera (Hyblaeidae) Cramer. Larvae were inoculated with three different spore loads 2x102, 2x103, 2x104 to examine the extent of infection in F1 generation. The eggs hatched in F1 generation from different spore loads were 48-55%, 39-42% and less than 1%, in comparison with nearly 75% in control. Infections observed in progenies of different spore loads were 23%, 31.5% and 100% respectively. This indicates the influence of microsporidian parasite in mortality of the eggs as well as prevalence of infection in hatched larvae. Therefore, microsporidian parasite manifests a potential to be used as a biocontrol agent.

Hyblaea puera nucleoployhedrovirus (HpNPV) is a potential biocontrol agent of the teak defoliator, Hyblaea puera (Cramer) (Lepidoptera: Hyblaeidae). To quantify the growth of the virus in the host larvae, three larval stages of the teak defoliator were subjected to quantitative bioassays using specified dilutions of HpNPV. The HpNPV production was found to be dependent on the dose, incubation period as well as stage specific responses of the host insect used. As larvae matured, production of the virus per mg body weight was not found to be in a constant proportion to the increase in the body weight. The combination which yielded the greatest virus production of 3.55 x 10(9) polyhedral occlusion bodies (POBs) was that in which larva weighing 26-37 mg was fed with 1 x 10(6) POBs, incubated for 6 h and harvested at 72 h post infection (h p.i.). The response of the fourth instar larvae was found to be more productive than the third and fifth instar larvae, which makes it an ideal candidate for mass production of the virus in vivo.

The occurrence of the Hyblaea puera (Cramer, 1777) in homogeneous plantations of teak, Tectona grandis L.f., in Brazil, is reported here. Infestations of this pest were observed in the districts of Caceres and Rosario Oeste, State of Mato Grosso, Brazil. The occurrence of this moth is also registered in other Brazilian areas such as: Chapada dos Guimaraes and Nobres (State of Mato Grosso), Jatai (State of Goias), Dourados (State of Mato Grosso do Sul) and Rio de Janeiro (State of Rio de Janeiro).

In teak plantations at Nilambur, Kerala,Hyblaea puera Cramer (Lepidoptera, Hyblaeidae) caused one or two waves of epidemic defoliations between late April and July, followed in some years by isolated, lighter defoliation between August and November. The insect was absent at other periods, although with a 3-week life cycle it can theoretically pass through several generations per year. The temporal and spatial distribution of infestation and certain behavioural characteristics of populations gave evidence of short-range migration of newly emerged moths. In a model proposed for population dynamics ofH. puera, no diapause occurs and a residual, non-migratory population exists in natural forests during the nonepidemic period. With the onset of general flushing of teak in February–March, the population starts building up and when a critical density is reached, migratory behaviour is triggered. Migration facilitates exploitation of new food sources and escape from larval parasites. Generally, after one or two epidemics, the population declines due to leaf maturity, natural enemies and density-dependent food depletion. This cycle of ups and downs, with attendant transition between migratory and non-migratory phases is repeated every year. If some steps of the proposed model are confirmed by further study, simple methods could be devised to manage this serious pest of teak.

Two species of insects are well-known pests of the teak tree (Tectona grandis) in India—Hyblaea puera Cramer (Lepidoptera: Hyblaeidae), popularly known as the teak defoliator, and Eutectona machaeralis (Walker) syn. Pyrausta machaeralis Walker (Lepidoptera: Pyraustidae), popularly known as the teak skeletonizer. Larvae of the former feed on the entire leaf, leaving only the major veins, while those of the latter feed only on the green matter, leaving all the veins intact, thus qualifying for the name, skeletonizer. Of the two, H. puera is the more serious because it feeds on young leaves during the early part of the growing season, compared with E. machaeralis, which feeds on old leaves not long before natural leaf fall. First described in 1794,14 H. puera, originally included in the family Noctuidae, has been recognized as a pest of teak in India for almost a century. This is not surprising, since the first teak plantation in India was raised as early as 1842, in Nilambur, Kerala State. Preliminary information on the life history of H. puera and the nature of its damage were published from 1898 to 1903.10,11,19.30 The species is fairly widely distributed in the tropics: in the Oriental and Australian regions (India, Burma, Sri Lanka, Java, Papua—New Guinea, Cape York Peninsula of northern Queensland in Australia, and the Solomon Islands); in Central America (West Indies); and in Africa (South Africa and parts of East Africa). 3.9,12,14 Teak is considered the principal host plant, although some other hosts have been recorded.

We examine the systematic position of the lepidopteran family Prodidactidae Epstein and Brown, 2003, which includes the single species Prodidactis mystica (Meyrick). We provide details on a morphological trait of the adult male hindcoxa that appears to link Prodidactidae with Hyblaeidae. This putative relationship is consistent with molecular data derived from five genes. Based on morphological and molecular evidence, we place Prodidactidae in Hyblaeoidea. Moreover, the apex of the larval spinneret is similarly modified in these families and in Thyrididae. This modification is unknown in other Lepidoptera and may prove to be a synapomorphy linking Thyridoidea and Hyblaeoidea. As the latter is not fully congruent with published molecular studies, we refrain from suggesting sister group position for Thyridoidea and Hyb-laeoidea.

One of the very few families of the higher moths whose early stages have not been critically studied is the Hyblaeidae, with the single tropical genus Hyblaea. This genus was formerly placed as a subfamily of the Noctuidae and earlier was associated with forms commonly called Pseudodeltoids. Later when we came to study the thoracic characters we found it could not belong to the Noctuidae, and in Comstock's “Introduction” we placed it after the Pyraloids. Heinrich and Busck, who have examined the male genitalia, find more resemblance to the true microlepidoptera.