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The latest cellular technology, known as 5G-NR, is intended to significantly speed up and improve the effectiveness of wireless systems. A revolution in the telecom industry has been sparked by the widespread use of and increased reliance on cellular communication technology. Moreover, 5G and B5G technologies are expected to utilize an even higher-frequency range to achieve faster data transmission and lower latency communication. Consequently, while transmitting signals across various types of equipment and infrastructure, the general public is exposed to much higher frequencies of electromagnetic radiation. The increasing need for 5G NR base stations (gNodeB) has heightened public anxiety over potential negative health impacts. This study reviews recent research on the effects of electromagnetic waves on humans, particularly focusing on how these effects influence cognitive functions. Most research to date has not found significant differences in cognitive performance due to ubiquitous mobile communications. However, current research has largely been limited to 4G technologies, and the health effects of exposure to 5G user equipment (UE) and base stations in higher-frequency bands remain unexplored. If subsequent research suggests that exposure to high-frequency wireless networks significantly impacts cognitive functions, the deployment and acceptance of these technologies may face challenges and constraints. Therefore, such investigations are crucial for determining whether next-generation technologies pose no risk to individuals.

The wave of modernization around us has put the automotive industry on the brink of a paradigm shift. Leveraging the ever-evolving technologies, vehicles are steadily transitioning towards automated driving to constitute an integral part of the intelligent transportation system (ITS). The term autonomous vehicle has become ubiquitous in our lives, owing to the extensive research and development that frequently make headlines. Nonetheless, the flourishing of AVs hinges on many factors due to the extremely stringent demands for safety, security, and reliability. Cutting-edge technologies play critical roles in tackling complicated issues. Assimilating trailblazing technologies such as the Internet of Things (IoT), edge intelligence (EI), 5G, and Blockchain into the AV architecture will unlock the potential of an efficient and sustainable transportation system. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the state-of-the-art in the literature on the impact and implementation of the aforementioned technologies into AV architectures, along with the challenges faced by each of them. We also provide insights into the technological offshoots concerning their seamless integration to fulfill the requirements of AVs. Finally, the paper sheds light on future research directions and opportunities that will spur further developments. Exploring the integration of key enabling technologies in a single work will serve as a valuable reference for the community interested in the relevant issues surrounding AV research.

Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA) is regarded as one of the most promising technologies for the fifth generation (5G) mobile communications. This paper delves into the NOMA downlink power allocation under the introduction of a Stackelberg game with uniform pricing and discounted pricing strategies, specifically addressing scenarios involving imperfect successive interference cancellation (SIC). The Stackelberg game is commonly employed to characterize strategic interactions, inherently involving a leader and followers. In this paper, the base station plays the role of the leader, making decisions regarding the price charged to the followers. On the other hand, users take on the role of followers, deciding the quantity of power to purchase. In each round of the game, driven by the pursuit of maximizing their respective utility functions, both roles iteratively adjust their strategies based on the decisions proposed by the other party until reaching the Stackelberg Equilibrium. Through the simulations, we compare the power allocated to the users and the obtained achievable rates under different scenarios, including imperfect SIC with uniform (ISIC-U) pricing strategy, imperfect SIC with discounted (ISIC-D) pricing strategy, and perfect SIC (PSIC). Simulation results reveal that the proposed ISIC-U and ISIC-D can obtain better power saving and fairness among achievable rates, while only sacrifice quite limited total achievable rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]