Search

We present the first measurement of the missing energy due to nuclear effects in monoenergetic, muon neutrino charged-current interactions on carbon, originating from $K^+ \rightarrow \mu^+ \nu_\mu$ decay-at-rest ($E_{\nu_\mu}=235.5$ MeV), performed with the JSNS$^2$ liquid scintillator based experiment. Towards characterizing the neutrino interaction, ostensibly $\nu_\mu n \rightarrow \mu^- p$ or $\nu_\mu$$^{12}\mathrm{C}$ $\rightarrow \mu^-$$^{12}\mathrm{N}$, and in analogy to similar electron scattering based measurements, we define the missing energy as the energy transferred to the nucleus ($\omega$) minus the kinetic energy of the outgoing proton(s), $E_{m} \equiv \omega-\sum T_p$, and relate this to visible energy in the detector, $E_{m}=E_{\nu_\mu}~(235.5~\mathrm{MeV})-m_\mu~(105.7~\mathrm{MeV}) - E_{vis}$. The missing energy, which is naively expected to be zero in the absence of nuclear effects (e.g. nucleon separation energy, Fermi momenta, and final-state interactions), is uniquely sensitive to many aspects of the interaction, and has previously been inaccessible with neutrinos. The shape-only, differential cross section measurement reported, based on a $(77\pm3)$% pure double-coincidence KDAR signal (621 total events), provides an important benchmark for models and event generators at 100s-of-MeV neutrino energies, characterized by the difficult-to-model transition region between neutrino-nucleus and neutrino-nucleon scattering, and relevant for applications in nuclear physics, neutrino oscillation measurements, and Type-II supernova studies.

JSNS$^2$ searches for short baseline neutrino oscillations with a baseline of 24~meters and a target of 17~tonnes of the Gd-loaded liquid scintillator. The correct algorithm on the event reconstruction of events, which determines the position and energy of neutrino interactions in the detector, are essential for the physics analysis of the data from the experiment. Therefore, the performance of the event reconstruction is carefully checked with calibrations using $^{252}$Cf source. This manuscript describes the methodology and the performance of the event reconstruction.

JSNS$^2$ (J-PARC Sterile Neutrino Search at J-PARC Spallation Neutron Source) is an experiment that is searching for sterile neutrinos via the observation of $\bar{\nu}_{\mu} \rightarrow \bar{\nu}_e$ appearance oscillations using neutrinos with muon decay-at-rest. For this search, rejecting cosmic-ray-induced neutron events by Pulse Shape Discrimination (PSD) is essential because the JSNS$^2$ detector is located above ground, on the third floor of the building. We have achieved 95$\%$ rejection of neutron events while keeping 90$\%$ of signal, electron-like events using a data driven likelihood method., Comment: arXiv admin note: text overlap with arXiv:2111.07482, arXiv:2308.02722

The JSNS$^{2}$ (J-PARC Sterile Neutrino Search at J-PARC Spallation Neutron Source) is an experiment designed for the search for sterile neutrinos. The experiment is currently at the stage of the second phase named JSNS$^{2}$-II with two detectors at near and far locations from the neutrino source. One of the key components of the experiment is an acrylic vessel, that is used for the target volume for the detection of the anti-neutrinos. The specifications, design, and measured properties of the acrylic vessel are described.

JSNS$^2$ (J-PARC Sterile Neutrino Search at J-PARC Spallation Neutron Source) is an experiment which searches for sterile neutrinos via the observation of $\bar{\nu}_{\mu} \to \bar{\nu}_{e}$ appearance oscillations using muon decay-at-rest neutrinos. The data taking of JSNS$^2$ have been performed from 2021. In this manuscript, a study of the accidental background is presented. The rate of the accidental background is (9.29$\pm 0.39) \times 10^{-8}$ / spill with 0.75 MW beam power and comparable to the number of searching signals., Comment: arXiv admin note: substantial text overlap with arXiv:2111.07482

JSNS$^2$ (J-PARC Sterile Neutrino Search at J-PARC Spallation Neutron Source) is an experiment that is searching for sterile neutrinos via the observation of $\bar{\nu}_{\mu} \to \bar{\nu}_{e}$ appearance oscillations using muon decay-at-rest neutrinos. Before dedicated data taking in the first-half of 2021, we performed a commissioning run for 10 days in June 2020. Using the data obtained in this commissioning run, in this paper, we present an estimate of the correlated background which imitates the $\bar{\nu}_{e}$ signal in a sterile neutrino search. In addition, in order to demonstrate future prospects of the JSNS$^2$ experiment, possible pulse shape discrimination improvements towards reducing cosmic ray induced fast neutron background are described., Comment: 7 pages, 3 figures

We try to define "our world" by stating that "we live in the quantum 4-dimensional Minkowski space-time with the force-fields gauge group $SU_c(3) \times SU_L(2) \times U(1) \times SU_f(3)$ built-in from the outset". We begin by explaining what "space" and "time" are meaning for us - the 4-dimensional Minkowski space-time, then proceeding to the quantum 4-dimensional Minkowski space-time. In our world, there are fields, or, point-like particles. Particle physics is described by the so-called Standard Model. Maybe I should explain why, how, and what my Standard Model would be everybody's "Standard Model" some day. Following the thinking underlying the minimal Standard Model and based on the gauge group $SU_c(3) \times SU_L(2) \times U(1) \times SU_f(3)$, the extension, which is rather unique, derives from the family concept that there are three generations of quarks, on (123), and of leptons, on another (123). It yields neutrino oscillations in a natural manner. It also predicts a variety of lepton-flavor-violating rare decays. At the end of the Standard Model, we will provide some clear answers toward two "origin" questions: What is the origin of mass? Another one: what is the origin of fields (point-like particles)?, Comment: 13 pages

Granting that the $SU_c(3) \times SU_L(2) \times U(1) \times SU_f(3)$ Standard Model is valid (or, partially valid), for the real world, we propose the $\mu^+ e^-$ collider in the $10^2\, GeV$ range as the family collider. This family collider may work efficiently in producing the family Higgs particles and detecting the effects of family gauge bosons, with the range of sub-sub-fermi's (a few $10^{-2} \, fermi$'s)., Comment: arXiv admin note: substantial text overlap with arXiv:1409.6077, arXiv:1301.6464

We declare that we are living in the quantum 4-dimensional Minkowski space-time with the force-fields gauge-group structure $SU_c(3) \times SU_L(2) \times U(1) \times SU_f(3)$ built-in from the very beginning. From this overall background, we see the lepton world, which has the symmetry characterized by $SU_L(2) \times U(1) \times SU_f(3)$ - the lepton world is also called "the atomic world". From the overall background, we also see the quark world, which experiences the well-known $(123)$ symmetry, i.e., $SU_c(3) \times SU_L((2) \times U(1)$. The quark world is also called "the nuclear world". The $3^\circ\,K$ cosmic microwave background (CMB) in our Universe provides the evidence of that "the force-fields gauge-group structure was built-in from the very beginning". The CMB is almost uniform, to the level of one part in $10^5$, reflecting the massless of the photons. The lepton world is dimensionless in the 4-dimensional Minkowski space-time. That is, all couplings are dimensionless. The quark world is also dimensionless in the 4-dimensional Minkowski space-time. Apart from the "ignition" term, the gauge and Higgs sector, i.e., the overall background, is also dimensionless. Thus, apart the "ignition" term, our world as a whole is dimensionless in the 4-dimensional Minkowski space-time - that is, it is the characteristic of the quantum 4-dimensional Minkowski space-time., Comment: 1 figure. arXiv admin note: substantial text overlap with arXiv:1301.6464

We examine the nonlinear structure of gravitationally collapsed objects that form in our simulations of wavelike cold dark matter ($\psi$DM), described by the Schr\"{o}dinger-Poisson (SP) equation with a particle mass $\sim 10^{-22} {\rm eV}$. A distinct gravitationally self-bound solitonic core is found at the center of every halo, with a profile quite different from cores modeled in the warm or self-interacting dark matter scenarios. Furthermore, we show that each solitonic core is surrounded by an extended halo composed of large fluctuating dark matter granules which modulate the halo density on a scale comparable to the diameter of the solitonic core. The scaling symmetry of the SP equation and the uncertainty principle tightly relate the core mass to the halo specific energy, which, in the context of cosmological structure formation, leads to a simple scaling between core mass ($M_c$) and halo mass ($M_h$), $M_c \propto a^{-1/2} M_h^{1/3}$, where $a$ is the cosmic scale factor. We verify this scaling relation by (i) examining the internal structure of a statistical sample of virialized halos that form in our 3D cosmological simulations, and by (ii) merging multiple solitons to create individual virialized objects. Sufficient simulation resolution is achieved by adaptive mesh refinement and graphic processing units acceleration. From this scaling relation, present dwarf satellite galaxies are predicted to have kpc sized cores and a minimum mass of $\sim 10^8 {M_\odot}$, capable of solving the small-scale controversies in the cold dark matter model. Moreover, galaxies of $2\times10^{12} {M_\odot}$ at $z=8$ should have massive solitonic cores of $\sim 2\times10^9 {M_\odot}$ within $\sim 60 {\rm pc}$. Such cores can provide a favorable local environment for funneling the gas that leads to the prompt formation of early stellar spheroids and quasars., Comment: 6 pages, 4 figures, accepted for publication in PRL

We declare that we live in the quantum 4-dimensional Minkowski space-time with, via the gauge principle, the force-fields gauge-group structure, $SU_c(3) \times SU_L(2) \times U(1)$ applied to the quark world or $SU_L(2) \times U(1) \times SU_f(3)$ applied to the lepton world, built-in from the very beginning. The quark world with the triplets from the "quark" group $SU_Q(3)$ (used to be called "flavor $SU(3)$ symmetry"), which is of nuclear sizes and is protected by $SU_c(3) \times SU_L(2) \times U(1)$ (i.e. the (123) symmetry), can be seen by our world, while the lepton world, as of atomic sizes and protected by $SU_L(2) \times U(1) \times SU_f(3)$ or another (123) symmetry, can also be seen, as singlets of the quark group $SU_Q(3)$, by our world. Apart from the "ignition" term, the entire Standard Model is dimensionless and massless in the quantum 4-dimensional Minkowski space-time; that is, all couplings are dimensionless and there are no mass terms in the quantum 4-dimensional Minkowski space-time. Therefore, there exist the well-studied $3^\circ \,K$ cosmic microwave background (CMB) and the now clustered neutrino halos formed from cosmic background (CB) neutrinos (of three flavors, and antineutrinos), both present in the overall background of our Universe. In theory, it yields neutrino oscillations, as some lepton-flavor-violating processes, in a natural manner., Comment: 24 pages

We believe that the quantum 4-dimensional Minkowski space-time with the force-fields gauge-group structure $SU_c(3) \times SU_L(2) \times U(1) \times SU_f(3)$ built-in from the very beginning is the background for everything. Thus, the self-repulsive, but ``related'', complex scalar fields $\Phi(1,2)$ (the Standard-Model Higgs), $\Phi(3,1)$ (the purely family Higgs), and $\Phi(3,2)$ (the mixed family Higgs), with the first family label and the second $SU_L(2)$ label, co-exist such that they generate all the masses if, and only if, necessary. Note that the ``ignition'' channel is on the elusive $\Phi(3,1)$ channel, yielding the prediction that the Standard-Model (SM) Higgs mass $m_{SM}$ is half of the SM vacuum expectation value $v$. Before the ``ignition'', there is no mass terms, including the Higgs, the quarks, and the leptons. Apart from the ``ignition'' term, all the couplings are dimensionless and thus the theory is determined by the quantum 4-dimensional Minkowski space-time. The multi-GeV or sub-sub-fermi $SU_f(3)$ family gauge fields protect the lepton world from the QED Landau ghost and make them asymptotically free. We try to discuss different ways to deal with infinities (ultraviolet divergences) for the resultant Standard Model (as the consistent and complete theory)., Comment: 4 figures

The Accelerator Test Facility 2 (ATF2) is a scaled demonstrator system for final focus beam lines of linear high energy colliders. This paper describes the high resolution cavity beam position monitor (BPM) system, which is a part of the ATF2 diagnostics. Two types of cavity BPMs are used, C-band operating at 6.423 GHz, and S-band at 2.888 GHz with an increased beam aperture. The cavities, electronics, and digital processing are described. The resolution of the C-band system with attenuators was determined to be approximately 250 nm and 1 m for the S-band system. Without attenuation the best recorded C-band cavity resolution was 27 nm., Comment: 16 pp

We would like to discuss the language to write an extended Standard Model - using renormalizable quantum field theory as the framework; to start with certain basic units together with a certain gauge group. Specifically we use the left-handed and right-handed spinors to form the basic units together with SUc(3) x SUL(2) x U(1) x SUf(3) as the gauge group. We could write down the extended Standard Model, though the details of the Higgs mechanism remains to be worked out. The same general quest appeared about forty years ago - the so-called "How to build up a model". It is timely to address the same question again especially since we could now put together "Dirac similarity principle" and "Higgs minimum hypothesis" as two additional working rules., Comment: arXiv admin note: substantial text overlap with arXiv:1207.6443, arXiv:1209.5488

We ponder about neutrino oscillations; a particle without a clear identity, a neutrino of a given flavor in fact does not satisfy the Dirac equation (which is used to define the mass eigen-states and mass eigen-values). This alters the basic treatment of neutrino oscillations, in that the Dirac spinors are defined as the mass eigen-states while the flavor states can only be given as linear combinations of the mass eigen-states (of Dirac equations). Even though neutrino masses are tiny, the impacts of several neutrino masses in a single reaction or a single decay, such as possible violation of the energy-momentum conservation, should not be overlooked. Among those sources of oscillating neutrinos, we point out that the ultra high energy cosmic rays (UHECR's) such as the proton of energy $10^{18}\, eV$ or higher, used to think of being rather stable, can capture, in the matter media, an electron to convert into an electron-like neutrino and a spectator neutron. This would be the most important neutrino source of the UHECR origin., Comment: 4 figures

We try to envision that there might be a dark-matter world and neutrinos, especially the right-handed ones, might be coupled directly with dark-matter particles in the dark-matter world. The candidate model would be the extended Standard Model based on SU_c(3)\times SU_L(2)\times U(1)\times SU_f (3)\times SU_R(2), with the search of the detailed version through the aid of the two working rules, "Dirac similarity principle" and "minimum Higgs hypothesis"., Comment: 1 figure. arXiv admin note: substantial text overlap with arXiv:1203.1407, arXiv:1207.6443

To describe neutrino oscillations in the sense of quantum mechanics and quantum field theory, we propose to use an off-diagonal neutrino-Higgs (mass) interaction, as discussed originally in a family gauge theory and in the extended Standard Model. For neutrino oscillations which take place presumably between point-like Dirac particles, the proposed description would be unique in the quantum mechanics sense. This may help us to resolve a few outstanding puzzles - the question of why there are only three generations, the question of why the masses of neutrinos are so tiny, the question of why neutrinos oscillate, and the question of why the dark-matter world is so huge (25%) as compared to the visible ordinary-matter world (5%)., Comment: 1 figure. arXiv admin note: substantial text overlap with arXiv:1209.5488, arXiv:1212.4944, arXiv:1207.6837, arXiv:1304.4705

ATF2 is a final-focus test beam line which aims to focus the low emittance beam from the ATF damping ring to a vertical size of about 37 nm and to demonstrate nanometer level beam stability. Several advanced beam diagnostics and feedback tools are used. In December 2008, construction and installation were completed and beam commissioning started, supported by an international team of Asian, European, and U.S. scientists. The present status and first results are described., Comment: 10 pp

The problem of galactic formation and evolution should be solved on the basis of the Standard Model of particle physics. We believe that we live in the quantum 4-dimensional Minkowski space-time with the force-fields gauge-group structure SU_c(3) \times SU_L(2) \times U(1) \times SU_f(3) built-in from the very beginning, i.e., the "background" of our world. From this "background", we can see the lepton world, of atomic sizes, and also the quark world, of (fermi)^3 sizes. Basing on this belief, we study galactic formation and evolution, concluding that our Cosmos should end up with "model" galaxies. A model galaxy is the one in which a spiral visible ordinary-matter galaxy, such as our Milky Way and satellites, is surrounded by a huge dark-matter neutrino halo. As a byproduct (of studying the Standard Model), we find that neutrinos will be the {\it only long-lived} dark-matter particles., Comment: 18 pages

Recalculating the Bogoliubov coefficients from the solutions in Phys. Rev. D 78, 103517 (2008), we obtain the mean number of boson pairs in a uniform electric field in the global coordinates dS_2 and AdS_2, which have the correct zero-field and zero-curvature limits, and study the vacuum persistence at one-loop. The mean number in AdS_2 gives the lowest limit to the Breitenloher-Freedman bound in the uniform electric field, and the mean numbers in dS_2 and AdS_2 satisfy the reciprocal relation N_{dS} (R, E) N_{AdS} (R, E) = 1 under the analytical continuation of the scalar curvature R., Comment: RevTex 6 pages; 2 figures

We attempt to answer whether neutrinos and antineutrinos, such as those in the cosmic neutrino background, would clusterize among themselves or even with other dark-matter particles, under certain time span, say 1 Gyr. With neutrino masses in place, the similarity with the ordinary matter increases and so is our confidence for neutrino clustering if time is long enough. In particular, the clusterings could happen with some seeds (cf. see the text for definition), the chance in the dark-matter world to form dark-matter galaxies increases. If the dark-matter galaxies would exist in a time span of 1 Gyr, then they might even dictate the formation of the ordinary galaxies (i.e. the dark-matter galaxies get formed first); thus, the implications for the structure of our Universe would be tremendous., Comment: arXiv admin note: substantial text overlap with arXiv:1107.0156 and arXiv:1009.1954

The physics of the 20th Century is governed by two pillars, Einstein's relativity principle and the quantum principle. At the beginning of the 21st Century, it becomes clear that there exist the smallest units of matter, such as electrons, neutrinos, and quarks; their behaviors are described by the Standard Model. It was believed that the temperature of the early Universe was once 300 GeV, or higher, at $10^{-11} sec$, and then going through the electroweak phase transition. But the mass phase transition happens in the purely imaginary temperature. Later on, its temperature was 150 MeV at $3.3 \times 10^{-5} sec$, and then going through the "QCD cosmological phase transition". We attempt to use the Standard Model, a completely dimensionless theory apart from the negative "ignition" term, to conclude that the EW or mass phase transition {\it does not exist}. On the front of QCD cosmological phase transition, the intriguing question about the latent heat (energy) is discussed and its role is speculated., Comment: 24 pages, 1 figure

We investigate the evolution of the linear cosmological perturbations in f(R) gravity, an alternative to dark energy for explaining the late-time cosmic acceleration. We numerically calculate the early-time evolution with an approximation we contrive to solve a problem that commonly appears when one solves the full evolution equations. With the approximate evolution equations we can fairly assess the effect of the gravity modification on the early-time evolution, thereby examining the validity of the general-relativity (GR) approximation that is widely used for the early universe. In particular, we compare the CMB photon density perturbation and the matter density perturbation obtained respectively by our approximation and the conventional GR approximation. We find that the effect of the gravity modification at early times in f(R) gravity may not be negligible. We conclude that to be self-consistent, in the f(R) theory one should employ the approximation presented in this paper instead of that of GR in the treatment of the early-time evolution., Comment: 14 pages, 3 figures

Our Universe is described jointly by Einstein's relativity principle and the quantum principle; there the existence of the smallest units of matter, such as electrons, neutrinos, quarks, and photons, is well established and the smallest units of matter are described by the Standard Model. Based on these, we have a clear picture for the propagation of ultra high energy cosmic rays (UHECR's), for energies greater than $E > 10^{13}\, eV$ but less than $E < 10^{26}\, eV$, in the cosmic medium of the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) and of the cosmic background neutrinos (CB$\nu$'s). We find that the CMB plays a pivot role in this energy range, so that the observed "knee(s)" and the "ankle" could be understood in reasonable terms. What we might observe at the energy near $10^{25}\,eV$', the so-called "$W^\pm$ bursts" or "$Z^0$ bursts", is briefly discussed. Meanwhile, in the early Universe, the CB$\nu$'s, in view of the tiny neutrino mass, gave rise to the clustering phenomenon, resulting in a neutrino halo attached to each visual ordinary-matter object, such as the Earth, the Sun, and stars - with the $PeV$ neutrinos near the surface of the Fermi-Dirac sphere of the neutrino halo of the Earth playing the most fundamental role., Comment: 16 pages

We introduce the "Dirac similarity principle" that states that only those point-like Dirac particles which can interact with the Dirac electron can be observed, such as in the Standard Model. We emphasize that the existing world of the Standard Model is a Dirac world satisfying the Dirac similarity principle and believe that the immediate extension of the Standard Model will remain to be so. On the other hand, we are looking for Higgs particles for the last forty years but something is yet to be found. This leads naturally to the "minimum Higgs hypotheses". Now we know firmly that neutrinos have tiny masses, but in the minimal Standard Model there is no natural sources for such tiny masses. If nothing else, this could be taken as the clue as the signature of the existence of the extra heavy $Z^{\prime 0}$ since it requires the extra Higgs field, that would help in generating the neutrino tiny masses. Alternatively, we may have missed the right-hand sector for some reason. A simplified version of the left-right symmetric electroweak model has the simplest Higgs sector (in which there is one standard left-hand Higgs doublet together with the image right-handed Higgs doublet), of which the Higgs sector also satisfies the "minimum Higgs hypothesis". Or, if we question the origin of the family symmetry, we may consider to enlarge it to the family gauge symmetry. It transpires very feeble family interactions. All the above possibilities satisfy both the so-called "Dirac similarity principle", the "minimum Higgs hypothesis", and renormalizability.

We find the exact one-loop effective action in a Schwarzschild black hole in the proper-time integral from the Schwinger variational principle, which has the same form up to number of states as the Heisenberg-Euler and Schwinger QED effective action in a constant electric field. The leading term for Hawking radiation comes from the first simple pole of the vacuum polarization and the sum of residues from all simple poles exactly leads to the vacuum persistence. We show that the vacuum persistence is the total flux of Hawking radiation for bosons and fermions and the vacuum polarization has an expression of thermal distribution and the propagator., Comment: RevTex 5 pages, no figure

Even though neutrinos and antineutrinos are everywhere in the Universe, their critical importance might be overlooked, especially because that at least one species of neutrinos has the mass 0.058 eV, far larger than the cosmic thermalization temperature 1.9^\circ K. The non-zero mass makes neutrinos participate the galaxy formation from the very beginning, in view of the process of clustering. Unlike the cosmic microwave background (CMB), the cosmic background neutrinos (CB\nu) cannot be uniform. Thus, we wish to examine the questions such as: Is there some new source for neutrinos or antineutrinos, that might be detectible experimentally? Is there some new interaction of neutrinos with the visible world, that may be of numerical importance at, e.g., the ultra high energies (\ge 10^{13} eV)? One major conclusion is that, on the basis of the Standard Model, neutrinos would eventually become the {\it only} dark-matter species left in our Universe. Our Cosmos is limited in energy for various particles, electrons or photons without threshold, while protons or neutrinos having the following hurdles to overcome in reaching extreme energies such as 10^{18} eV. In an electron-rich medium, the threshold is 10^{15} eV for an ultra high energy (UHECR) proton, due to p + e^- \to n + \nu_e. On the other hand, the cosmic background neutrinos would cut off UHECR neutrinos of greater than 10^{13} eV if at least one kind of neutrinos has the mass 0.05 eV (as suggested by the experimental value of 0.058 eV), due to \nu +{\bar \nu}_{CB} \to e^- + e^+; this, plus the clustering due to mass, gives us some hope that this effect might be detectible., Comment: 17 pages

We now know firmly that neutrinos have tiny masses, but in the minimal Standard Model there is no natural sources for such tiny masses. On the other hand, the extra heavy Z^{\prime 0} requires the extra Higgs field, the particle generating the mass. Here I propose that the previous 2+2 Higgs scenario could be a natural framework for mass generations for both the neutrinos and the extra Z^{\prime)}. These particles are classified as the "dark matter". Hopefully all the couplings to the "visible" matter are through the neutrinos and the extra Z^{\prime 0}, explaining naturally why the dark matter is so dark to see.

We present an extension of the QCD sum rule method in the external fields so as to determine the induced pseudoscalar coupling constant g_P, which tests the validity of the partially conserved axial current (PCAC) hypothesis. This is essentially that we pick out the "higher-order" effects of both the hadron and quark (QCD) sides. A specific QCD sum rules for g_P is obtained and its prediction is briefly analyzed. It turns out that the final prediction on g_P is extremely stable. In view of the versatile nature of the present QCD sum rule methods, we appendix some discussions on the possible future of the method.

We advocate the extraterrestrial solar neutrino physics (etSNP) as a means of investigating solar neutrino physics (SNP). As we already know, the dominant and subdominant (vacuum) oscillation lengths would be approximately one kilometer and one hundred kilometers. On the other hand, we know so far that the matter-enhanced oscillations take place only in the core of the Sun. Thus, the etSNP, i.e. solar neutrino physics that could be extracted outside the Earth, would assume a special unique role. The etSNP experiments include (1) a satellite (detector) around the Earth or around the Jupiter or others (to provide the shadow, for the matter-enhanced neutrino oscillations), (2) during the Sun-Venus-Earth eclipse or similar, and (3) the chemical compositions of the geology type (as in the Jupiter or in the Venus, to study the origins of these planets). To be specific, we note that the reactions induced by the ^8B solar neutrinos, in view of the sole high energy nature (E_\nu^{max}=14.03 MeV), would be most interesting in the solar environment. Moreover, the experiments such as the chemical compositions of the geology type (on the Venus or Jupiter) and the matter-enhanced oscillations when the Sun-Venus-Earth eclipse, or the Sun-Mercury-Earth eclipse, may also be interesting.

Within a covariant Bethe-Salpeter approach a rank-six separable neutron-proton interaction kernel for the triplet coupled $^3S_1$-$^3D_1$ partial-wave state is constructed. Two different methods of a relativistic generalization of initially nonrelativistic form factors parametrizing the kernel are considered. The model parameters are determined by fitting the elastic $^3S_1$ and $^3D_1$ phase shifts and the triplet scattering length as well as the asymptotic $D/S$ ratio of the deuteron wave functions and the deuteron binding energy. The $D$-state probability constraints 4-7\% are taken into account. The deuteron magnetic moment is calculated. The half-off-shell properties are further demonstrated by the Noyes-Kowalski functions. The first test of the constructed kernel is performed by calculating the deuteron electrodisintegration at three different kinematic conditions., Comment: 17 pages, 12 figures

The vacuum persistence can be written as the Bose-Einstein distribution in spinor QED and as the Fermi-Dirac distribution in scalar QED exactly in a constant electric field and approximately in time-varying electric fields. The inverse temperature is determined by the period of charged particle in the Euclidean time and the negative chemical potential by the ratio of the worldline instanton to the inverse temperature. The negativity of chemical potential is due to the vacuum instability under strong electric fields. The inversion of spin statistics in the vacuum persistence is a consequence of the Bogoliubov relations for fermions and bosons., Comment: RevTex, 6 pages, no figure; the relation between the inverse temperature and the periodicity in the Euclidean time clarified; references added; replaced by the version to be published in Phys. Rev. D