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Today, the world and the agricultural sector face great challenges, and agricultural development systems are subject to increasing pressure due to the challenges of food security, climate change, climate adaptation, and market fluctuations. One of the most important of these vital systems is agricultural extension and its workers. Agricultural extension work does not rise to the level required to meet these challenges. Traditional work is no longer an appropriate option to meet these challenges and achieve an effective response to the needs of farmers and improve their livelihoods. These challenges require the presence of effective systems that help accelerate and expand the transition to sustainable and smart agricultural systems. The role of agricultural extension in the process of converting to agricultural systems is important and necessary because transformation is a process of change, and change means moving from one situation to another. This requires effective extension services, as the farmer may stop from applying some technologies or stopping the transition to sustainable systems, here the role of agricultural extension is focuses on encouraging the farmer to continue and transition to sustainable agricultural systems. The performance of agricultural extension is affected by a group of internal and external factors, and capacities are a vital factor influencing the performance and effectiveness of vital development systems in the agricultural sector, including the agricultural extension system. Therefore, developing these capacities is a basic condition for achieving effective performance of these organizations. In the past two decades, many programs and projects have emerged, and there is a growing interest by international organizations to develop agricultural extension capacities, such as the FAO, the United Nations, Tropical Agriculture Platform, and others. The current paper discusses the contemporary concept of agricultural extension, capacity and capacity development, and the reasons and global trends for its capacity development.

The partnership between the government and private sectors is an important issue, as it is one of the topics that has received and continues to receive the attention of researchers, international and global organizations, and national development plans in the country to benefit from it as an experiment within the process of building the national economy and improving the reality of the agricultural sector in the country and its compatibility with the sustainable development goals that the government seeks in At the present time, it is also considered one of the ways through which risks can be shared between the public and private sectors, and work efficiency can be increased and the exchange of experiences and knowledge and other benefits, opportunities and common interests that can be achieved through partnership between the two sectors. This partnership is an important source and one of the components of the system. Disseminating agricultural technologies, as the practice of partnership means the efficient and effective use of available resources. In addition, it is a major challenge in coordination and cooperation between the governmental and non-governmental sectors in order to unify the extension services provided and avoid duplication and waste of agricultural resources and supplies. It is also considered a successful and effective approach to development. Sustainable agricultural and rural areas, and in reforming agricultural extension systems and improving the quality of extension service. Therefore, this article aims to identify the concept of the government sector, the private sector, and the partnership between the two sectors, its importance, the reasons for it, its advantages, goals, principles, and problems of partnership, as well as identifying the most important factors affecting and related to the effectiveness of the partnership between The public and private sectors in the field of meeting the needs of farmers in agricultural technologies

هدف البحث التعرف على تأثير اثر تمرينات ( (TRX لتطوير الرشاقة و سرعة أداء التحركات الدفاعية لتغطية الهجوم الخاطف للاعبي كرة اليد للشباب .اما فيما يخص المنهجية في البحث تم استعمال المنهج التــجريبي وذلك لملائمته في طبيعة المشكلة المدروسة , اما عينة البحث مجمـــوعة من لاعبي نادي نفط ميسان بكرة اليد والبالغ عددهم (23) لاعبا (وبنسبة 100%) وتم تقسيمهم إلى مجموعتين (ضابطة) و (تجريبية ) وعن طريق القرعة بواقع (7) لاعبا لكل مجموعة . واستنتج الباحثان أدت التمرينات TRX الى احداث تطوير للرشاقة وسرعة أداء التحركات الدفاعية لتغطية الهجوم الخاطف للاعبي لدى المجموعة التجريبية من لاعبي كرة اليد للشباب وكذلك أوصى الباحثان الاهتمام بتطوير الرشاقة و سرعة أداء التحركات الدفاعية لتغطية الهجوم الخاطف كرة اليد للشباب.

ABSTRACT The newly emerged Candida species Candida auris is associated with an exponential rise in life-threatening invasive disease in health care facilities worldwide. Unlike other species, C. auris exhibits a high level of transmissibility, multidrug resistance, and persistence in the environment, yet little is known about its pathogenesis largely due to limited data from animal models. Based on in vitro biofilm evaluations and confocal laser scanning microscopy, C. auris phenotypes with different biofilm-forming abilities were identified, indicating potential clinical implications. Using clinically relevant murine models of implanted catheter, oral, and intraperitoneal infections, we comparatively evaluated the host site-specific pathogenic potential of C. auris phenotypes and Candida albicans. Based on the results of microbial recovery and scanning electron microscopy analysis of explanted catheters, compared to C. albicans, C. auris more avidly adhered and formed biofilms on catheters. However, although C. auris adhered to oral tissue ex vivo, unlike C. albicans, it failed to colonize the oral cavity in vivo, as demonstrated by microbial recovery and tissue histopathology analysis. In contrast, recovery from peritoneal lavage fluid and kidneys during time course experiments demonstrated that C. auris persisted longer in the peritoneal cavity and kidneys. Although there were clear niche-specific differences in pathogenic features between C. auris and C. albicans, no significant differences were noted between the C. auris phenotypes in vivo. The combined findings highlight unique niche-specific pathogenic traits for C. auris warranting further investigations. Understanding the factors contributing to the rise of C. auris as a nosocomial pathogen is critical for controlling the spread of this species. IMPORTANCE The newly emerged Candida species C. auris has been associated with an exponential rise in invasive disease in health care facilities worldwide with a mortality rate approaching 60%. C. auris exhibits a high level of transmissibility, multidrug resistance, and persistence in hospital environments, yet little is known about its pathogenesis largely due to limited data from animal studies. We used clinically relevant murine models of infection to comparatively evaluate the host niche-specific pathogenic potential of C. auris and C. albicans. Findings demonstrated that C. auris adheres more avidly, forming robust biofilms on catheters implanted in mice. However, although C. auris adhered to oral tissue ex vivo, it failed to colonize the oral cavity in vivo. In contrast, in the intraperitoneal infection model, C. auris persisted longer in the peritoneal cavity and kidneys. Understanding the host-pathogen factors contributing to the rise of C. auris as a nosocomial pathogen is critical for controlling the spread of this species.

The Wadi El-Rayan is a depression in the Fayoum oasis collecting agricultural drainage water from the Fayoum. Since 1973, this drainage water formed two man-made lakes. Twenty years ago, a third lake, called Lake Magic was formed. Since this newly formed lake was not yet studied, in January of 2019 we conducted research related to its physico-chemical (ion composition, nutrients, heavy metals, etc.) and biological (phyto-, bacterio- and zooplankton) characteristics. The depth of the lake ranged from 1.5 to 9.0 m, water transparency was up to 4.0 m, and the water temperature was 13.6 °C. The average salinity was 29.1 g/l, and the salinity of drainage waters from agricultural fields was 2.9 g/l. A total of 28 phytoplankton species was identified belonging to Bacillariophyceae (eight species), Dinophyceae (three species), Cyanobacteria (seven species), Chlorophyceae (nine species) and Conjugatophyceae (one species). Chlorophyll a content varied from 14.3 to 24.2 μg/l. In zooplankton, there were three species of Ciliophora, five of Rotifera, and two Copepoda as well as Nematoda and Cirripedia larvae. Salinity in Lake Magic was much higher than in drainage waters coming in the lake. This is a result of a strong salinity increase in Lake Magic after its creation due to climate aridity, and salinity may markedly increase during the next 20 years along with the sharp changes of the lake's ecosystem.

An effort is made to study the effect of composite nanocoating using aluminum-9%wt silicon alloys reinforced with different percentage (0.5,1,2,4)wt.% of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) using plasma spraying. The effect of this composite on corrosion behavior for AA6061-T6 by extrapolation Tafel test in sea water 3.5wt% NaCl was invested. Many specimens where prepared from AA6061-T6 by the dimension (15x15x3)mm as this first set up and other steps include coating process, X-ray diffraction and SEM examination .The results show the CNTs increase the corrosion rate of the nanocomposite coatings with increasing the weight percentage of CNTs within the Al-Si matrix. Al-9wt%Si coating layer itself has less corrosion rate if compared with both nanocomposite coating and the substrate of AA6061-T6.

To evaluate the effect of three different palatal expanders (Hyrax, Quad-Helix and W-Arch) on maxillary 1st premolar, 2nd premolar and 1st molar width changes. Materials and Methods: The sample consisted of three groups, the Hyrax (N=10), the Quad-Helix (N=10) and the W-Arch (N=10). Images were taken before and after expansion; analysis were made using Autodesk AutoCAD© pro-gram. One-way ANOVA and Duncan's multiple range tests were used (P ≤ 0.05). Results: Significant difference was found in the maxillary 1st premolar, 2nd premolar and 1st molar width changes between the Hyrax and the other two expanders, while there was no significant difference between the Quad-Helix and the W-Arch expanders. Conclusion: Maxillary arch width increases more consistently with the Hyrax expanders.

Background: Over 6 million children in the developing countries died due to avoidable illnesses, mostly pneumonia and diarrhea. The Integrated Management of Childhood Illness (IMCI) program was launched by the World Health Organization (WHO) in 1992. This program aims to provide a comprehensive approach to managing the primary causes of illness and death in children. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive research study was carried out in 26 healthcare centers located in 6 districts of Najaf governorate, using the method of simple random sampling. The research study included a group of 111 healthcare workers. A questionnaire was used to evaluate the IMNCH skills of healthcare workers. The data collection got started on December 31, 2023, and finished on March 31, 2024. Results: The study findings indicated a significant level of high knowledge among healthcare workers. Additionally, a statistically significant link was observed between the healthcare workers' place of residence and their knowledge (P=0.05), suggesting that individuals living in urban regions have higher levels of knowledge compared to those residing in rural areas. Conclusion: Healthcare workers showed a high level of knowledge regarding IMNCH information, and the knowledge was strongly related to the healthcare worker's residences place and years of experience.

The main objective of this study was to develop sustainable, comfort and cost-effective durable cut-resistant gloves using recycled para-aramid and cotton. Recycled para-aramid fibres were blended with cotton in different blend proportions of 90/10, 30/70, 50/50, 70/30 and spun into yarn of 29.5 tex. A 100% cotton yarn of similar fineness was also spun for comparative purposes. All the developed yarns were then knitted into seamless gloves of 250 g/m2. The gloves were tested for their performance properties such as cut-resistance, abrasion, limited flame spread, and contact heat resistance as per applicable EN & ISO standards. The gloves made from 70/30 recycled para-aramid and cotton showed better performance properties with level C cut resistance, level 4 limited flame spread and level 1 contact heat resistance. The knitted gloves were also analysed for air permeability, q max (Peak heat flux), and the Moisture vapor transmission rate (MVTR). It is found that addition of cotton up to 30% in the gloves improved the q max and MVTR values without compromising the cut resistance properties. The longitudinal structural study of recycled para-aramid fibres using SEM showed flat and twisted structure with fibre breakage due to fibrillation and stress created during recycling compared cylindrical shape of virgin para-aramid fibre.

The current study delves into the impact of irrigation using two distinct water sources (freshwater and brackish water) in conjunction with three salt-tolerant fodder crops (Sesbania, Guar, and Pearl millet) within arid dry-land environments for two year experiments. Brackish water irrigation impedes the growth of all three plant species and reduces water consumption relative to freshwater irrigation. Logistic growth prediction equations for plant height, stem diameter, and the number of branches per plant are formulated across different water qualities irrigation against planting days. Biomass water use efficiency all three plant species having lower under brackish water irrigation. Consequently, the introduction of salt-tolerant plant species under brackish water irrigation presents an eco-friendly approach to harness arid dry-land for agricultural production. Furthermore, the predicted growth equations also provide, crucial insights for enhancing production in dry-land conditions by improving water use efficiency under different water irrigation.

Abstract The cotton bollworm causes severe mechanical damage to plants during feeding and leaves oral secretions (OSs) at the mechanical wounds. The role these OSs play in the invasion of plants is still largely unknown. Here, a novel H. armigera effector peptidyl prolyl trans‐isomerase 5 (PPI5) was isolated and characterized. PPI5 induces the programmed cell death (PCD) due to the unfolded protein response (UPR) in tobacco leaf. We reveal that PPI5 is important for the growth and development of cotton bollworm on plants, as it renders plants more susceptible to feeding. The GhFKBP17‐2, was identified as a host target for PPI5 with peptidyl‐prolyl isomerase (PPIase) activity. CRISPR/Cas9 knock‐out cotton mutant (CR‐GhFKBP17‐1/3), VIGS (TRV: GhFKBP17‐2) and overexpression lines (OE‐GhFKBP17‐1/3) were created and the data indicate that GhFKBP17‐2 positively regulates endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress‐mediated plant immunity in response to cotton bollworm infestation. We further confirm that PPI5 represses JA and SA levels by downregulating the expression of JA‐ and SA‐associated genes, including JAZ3/9, MYC2/3, JAR4, PR4, LSD1, PAD4, ICS1 and PR1/5. Taken together, our results reveal that PPI5 reduces plant defense responses and makes plants more susceptible to cotton bollworm infection by targeting and suppressing GhFKBP17‐2 ‐mediated plant immunity.