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The protection system is crucial for grid stability and safeguarding essential components, including generators, transformers, transmission systems, and power connections. The smart grid system increases the flexibility and complexity of the power system, making fault detection and isolation the primary challenges for the protection system. This paper presents an optimal protection solution using an adaptive electronic relay to enhance reliability and enable self-healing. The proposed protection algorithm quickly detects faults and automatically isolates them from the rest of the healthy system in 25ms. The relay operation algorithm has been validated using MATLAB SIMULINK software. The results confirm the effectiveness of the proposed smart electronic relay in various sections of the smart grid system, including transformers, transmission and distribution., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Copyright: © 2024 Nasrallah et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.)

There are many problems related to the use of machine learning and machine vision technology on a commercial scale for cutting sugarcane seeds. These obstacles are related to complex systems and the way the farmers operate them, the possibility of damage to the buds during the cleaning process, and the high cost of such technology. In order to address these issues, a set of RGB color sensors was used to develop an automated sugarcane seed cutting machine (ASSCM) capable of identifying the buds that had been manually marked with a unique color and then cutting them mechanically, and the sugarcane seed exit chute was provided with a sugarcane seed monitoring unit. The machine's performance was evaluated by measuring the damage index at sugarcane stalk diameters of 2.03, 2.72, 3.42, and 3.94 cm. where two different types of rotary saw knives had the same diameter of 7.0 in/180 mm the two knives had 30 and 80 teeth, also we used five cutting times of 1000, 1500, 2000, 2500, and 3000 ms. All tests were done at a fixed cutting speed of 12000 rpm. In addition, the machine's performance was evaluated by conducting an economic analysis. The obtained results showed that the most damage index values were less than 0.00 for all cutting times and sugarcane stalk diameters under testing, while the DI values were equal zero (partial damage) for sugarcane stalk diameter of 3.42 cm at cutting times of 2000 ms and 2500 ms, in addition to the DI values being equal zero (extreme damage) for sugarcane stalk diameter of 3.94 cm at cutting times of 1500 ms and 2000 ms. The economic analysis showed that the total cost of sugarcane seeds per hectare is 70.865 USD. In addition, the ASSCM can pay for itself in a short period of time. The payback time is 0.536 years, which means that the ASSCM will save enough money to pay for itself in about 6.43 months. Finally, we suggest using a rotary saw knife with 80 teeth and a cutting time of 2000 ms to cut sugarcane stacks with an average diameter of 2.72 cm. This will result in higher performance and lower operating costs for the ASSCM., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Copyright: © 2024 Elwakeel et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.)

There has been a lack of a satisfactory solution for identifying and locating evolving faults in unbalanced distribution systems. The proposed approach is based on the cross-correlation technique as a key element for fault detection and location. Evolving faults, in this context, refer to two sequential faults that result in a change of fault phase. The captured QRS value reflects the occurrence of the second fault occurrence. In order to identify Evolving Faults, it makes use of the signal that is currently being monitored at any given point in the network. Typical system occurrences, such as a short circuit fault that grew into another short circuit fault, as well as cross-country faults, are simulated, and according to the suggested technique, they are accurately differentiated from one another. Using a real-time simulator, rigorous simulations are performed on the modified IEEE 240 bus distribution system. The results of these simulations reveal that they have the potential to uncover defects that are constantly changing. Regardless of the fault (location\resistance\inception angle), location of the monitored point, or sample frequency that is selected, the suggested approach is unaffected by any of these factors. In addition, the slime mold optimization approach is utilized in order to get the best monitoring points that accurately identify the bus in which the evolving fault has taken place., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Copyright: © 2024 Krishna Ponukumati et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.)

Diesel engines (DEs) commonly power pumps used in agricultural and grassland irrigation. However, relying on unpredictable and costly fuel sources for DEs pose's challenges related to availability, reliability, maintenance, and lifespan. Addressing these environmental concerns, this study introduces an emulation approach for photovoltaic (PV) water pumping (WP) systems. Emulation offers a promising alternative due to financial constraints, spatial limitations, and climate dependency in full-scale systems. The proposed setup includes three key elements: a PV system emulator employing back converter control to replicate PV panel characteristics, a boost converter with an MPPT algorithm for efficient power tracking across diverse conditions, and a motor pump (MP) emulator integrating an induction motor connected to a DC generator to simulate water pump behaviors. Precise induction motor control is achieved through a controlled inverter. This work innovatively combines PV and WP emulation while optimizing system dynamics, aiming to develop a comprehensive emulator and evaluate an enhanced control algorithm. An optimized scalar control strategy regulates the water MP, demonstrated through MATLAB/Simulink simulations that highlight superior performance and responsiveness to solar irradiation variations compared to conventional MPPT techniques. Experimental validation using the dSPACE control desk DS1104 confirms the emulator's ability to faithfully reproduce genuine solar panel characteristics., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Copyright: © 2024 Fatah et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.)

In recent years, deep learning (DL) has emerged as a powerful tool in clinical imaging, offering unprecedented opportunities for the diagnosis and treatment of neurological disorders (NDs). This comprehensive review explores the multifaceted role of DL techniques in leveraging vast datasets to advance our understanding of NDs and improve clinical outcomes. Beginning with a systematic literature review, we delve into the utilization of DL, particularly focusing on multimodal neuroimaging data analysis-a domain that has witnessed rapid progress and garnered significant scientific interest. Our study categorizes and critically analyses numerous DL models, including Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs), LSTM-CNN, GAN, and VGG, to understand their performance across different types of Neurology Diseases. Through particular analysis, we identify key benchmarks and datasets utilized in training and testing DL models, shedding light on the challenges and opportunities in clinical neuroimaging research. Moreover, we discuss the effectiveness of DL in real-world clinical scenarios, emphasizing its potential to revolutionize ND diagnosis and therapy. By synthesizing existing literature and describing future directions, this review not only provides insights into the current state of DL applications in ND analysis but also covers the way for the development of more efficient and accessible DL techniques. Finally, our findings underscore the transformative impact of DL in reshaping the landscape of clinical neuroimaging, offering hope for enhanced patient care and groundbreaking discoveries in the field of neurology. This review paper is beneficial for neuropathologists and new researchers in this field., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest We confirm that our work belongs to the scope of the journal. It’s not been published anywhere and also authors don’t have any conflicts of interest in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Dihydroquercetin is a natural flavonoid with anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and neuroprotective activities. Dihydroquercetin exhibits a great neuroprotector promise in Alzheimer's disorder via preventing the aggregation of amyloid-beta-peptide-Aβ(1-42). The goal of the study was to create dihydroquercetin-loaded-chitosan nanoparticles (DHQ-CS NPs) loaded to a mucoadhesive, thermosensitive in-situ gel for direct nasal administration to cure Alzheimer's disorder. Loading drug in chitosan nanoparticles and incorporation into thermosensitive gel enhanced residence time and reduced mucociliary-clearance. Different in-vitro-physicochemical-characteristics of gels and nanoparticles-characterization were used to evaluate the formulations. The therapeutic effectiveness of DHQ-CS NPs gel was evaluated behaviorally, biochemically and histopathologically in Alzheimer's-rat-model compared to intranasal DHQ gel. The small particles-size was obtained = 235.3 nm of DHQ-CS NPs. The DHQ-CS NPs gel demonstrated a greater release rate compared to the raw DHQ gel. Additionally, the nasal-administration of the DHQ-CS NPs gel showed better In-vivo results compared to DHQ gel, through improvement of memory and learning deficits and also the exploratory behavior and new object memory in streptozotocin induced-Alzheimer rats. Biochemically, the intranasal DHQ-CS NPs gel, showed reduced both Aβ-protein formation and tau protein hyperphosphorylation, inhibition of acetylcholine esterase activity and oxidative stress in the brain with increase of total antioxidants in the brain and serum, compared to DHQ gel. Histopathologically, the DHQ-CS NPs nasal gel produced improvement in the hippocampal and cerebral cortex structures, being comparable to the normal group. Consequently, the intranasal DHQ-CS NPs loaded in-situ gel seems to be a promising therapeutic formulation for Alzheimer's disease medication., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

The greater wax moth, Galleria mellonella , is a significant pest in apiculture and a well-established model organism for immunological and ecotoxicological studies. This investigation explores the individual and combined effects of the ectoparasite Bracon hebetor (B.h.) and the entomopathogenic nematode Steinernema carpocapsae (S.c.) on G. mellonella larvae. We evaluated the activity of oxidative stress enzymes, including superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione S-transferase (GST), malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, cytochrome P450 activity, cell viability using Annexin V-FITC, DNA damage via comet assay, and larval morphology through scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Control larvae exhibited higher GPx and GST activities compared to those treated with B.h., S.c., or the B.h. + S.c. combination. Conversely, MDA levels displayed the opposite trend. SOD activity was reduced in the B.h. and S.c. groups but significantly higher in the combined treatment. Cytochrome P450 activity increased in response to parasitism by B. hebetor . The Annexin V-FITC assay revealed decreased cell viability in parasitized groups (B.h. 79.4%, S.c. 77.3%, B.h. + S.c. 70.1%) compared to controls. DNA damage analysis demonstrated significant differences between groups, and SEM observations confirmed severe cuticle abnormalities or malformations in G. mellonella larvae. These findings highlight the complex interactions between B. hebetor , S. carpocapsae , and their host, G. mellonella . Additionally, they illuminate the intricate physiological responses triggered within the host larvae.

This case presents a somewhat unique and different phenotype of hereditary spastic paraplegia from previously reported kinase D-interacting substrate of 220 kDa ( KIDINS220 ) gene mutation-related disease. We report a unique putative causative heterozygous mutation in KIDINS220 in a pure hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP) patient expanding the HSP group further. We also deliberate on how our case was different from prior KIDINS220 -related pathologies including spastic paraplegia, intellectual disability, nystagmus, and obesity (SINO) syndrome, and the observation of KIDINS220 and aquaporin-4 ( AQP4 ) downregulation in the ventricular ependymal lining of idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus (iNPH) patients. These findings warrant further investigations of the biology of KIDINS220 . With the advent of new gene editing technologies like Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated protein 9 (Cas9), variants such as ours provide an opportunity for targeted precision medicine., Competing Interests: Human subjects: Consent was obtained or waived by all participants in this study. Conflicts of interest: In compliance with the ICMJE uniform disclosure form, all authors declare the following: Payment/services info: All authors have declared that no financial support was received from any organization for the submitted work. Financial relationships: All authors have declared that they have no financial relationships at present or within the previous three years with any organizations that might have an interest in the submitted work. Other relationships: All authors have declared that there are no other relationships or activities that could appear to have influenced the submitted work., (Copyright © 2024, Al Hussein et al.)

In this paper, two problems involving nonlinear time fractional hyperbolic partial differential equations (PDEs) and time fractional pseudo hyperbolic PDEs with nonlocal conditions are presented. Collocation technique for shifted Chebyshev of the second kind with residual power series algorithm (CTSCSK-RPSA) is the main method for solving these problems. Moreover, error analysis theory is provided in detail. Numerical solutions provided using CTSCSK-RPSA are compared with existing techniques in literature. CTSCSK-RPSA is accurate, simple and convenient method for obtaining solutions of linear and nonlinear physical and engineering problems., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Green hydrogen generation technologies are currently the most pressing worldwide issues, offering promising alternatives to existing fossil fuels that endanger the globe with growing global warming. The current research focuses on the creation of green hydrogen in alkaline electrolytes utilizing a Ni-Co-nano-graphene thin film cathode with a low overvoltage. The recommended conditions for creating the target cathode were studied by electrodepositing a thin Ni-Co-nano-graphene film in a glycinate bath over an iron surface coated with a thin copper interlayer. Using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) mapping analysis, the obtained electrode is physically and chemically characterized. These tests confirm that Ni, Co, and nano-graphene are homogeneously dispersed, resulting in a lower electrolysis voltage in green hydrogen generation. Tafel plots obtained to analyze electrode stability revealed that the Ni-Co-nano-graphene cathode was directed to the noble direction, with the lowest corrosion rate. The Ni-Co-nano-graphene generated was used to generate green hydrogen in a 25% KOH solution. For the production of 1 kg of green hydrogen utilizing Ni-Co-nano-graphene electrode, the electrolysis efficiency was 95.6% with a power consumption of 52 kwt h -1 , whereas it was 56.212. kwt h -1 for pure nickel thin film cathode and 54. kwt h -1 for nickel cobalt thin film cathode, respectively., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Understanding the spatial variation in lithology is crucial for characterizing reservoirs, as it governs the distribution of petrophysical characteristics. This study focuses on predicting the lithology of carbonate rocks (limestone, argillaceous limestone, marly limestone, and marl) within the Kometan Formation, Khabbaz Oil Field, Northern Iraq, using well logs. Precise lithology prediction was achieved by applying multivariate regression method on neutron, sonic, and density logs. Gamma-ray and elemental concentrations from bulk-rock X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy were employed to identify clay minerals, paleoenvironments, and quantify the shale content. The results indicate that the Kometan Formation predominantly comprises limestone, marl, marly limestone, and argillaceous limestone in the middle section. The middle part exhibits a higher shale content compared to the lower and upper parts. A statistically significant correlation (R 2  = 0.83-0.85) between described and predicted lithology was established. The model with a higher coefficient of determination (0.85) was tested for further predictions in other wells in the Kirkuk Oil Field. This research can be valuable for lithological and petrophysical characterization of carbonate reservoirs and electrofacies analysis, particularly in situations where core data is unavailable., Competing Interests: The author whose name is listed immediately below certifies that they have no affiliations with or involvement in any organization or entity with any financial interest (such as honoraria; educational grants; participation in speakers’ bureaus; membership, employment, consultancies, stock ownership, or other equity interest; and expert testimony or patent-licensing arrangements), or non-financial interest (such as personal or professional relationships, affiliations, knowledge or beliefs) in the subject matter or materials discussed in this manuscript., (© 2024 The Authors.)

Nuclear energy (NE) is seen as a reliable choice for ensuring the security of the world's energy supply, and it has only lately begun to be advocated as a strategy for reducing climate change in order to meet low-carbon energy transition goals. To achieve flexible operation across a wide operating range when it participates in peak regulation in the power systems, the pressurised water reactor (PWR) NE systems must overcome the nonlinearity problem induced by the substantial variation. In light of this viewpoint, the objective of this work is to evaluate the reactor core (main component) of the NE system via different recent optimization techniques. The PWR, which is the most common form, is the reactor under investigation. For controlling the movement of control rods that correspond with reactivity for power regulation the PWR, PID controller is employed. This study presents a dynamic model of the PWR, which includes the reactor core, the upper and lower plenums, and the piping that connects the reactor core to the steam alternator is analyzed and investigated. The PWR dynamic model is controlled by a PID controller optimized by the gold rush optimizer (GRO) built on the integration of the time-weighted square error performance indicator. Additionally, to exhibit the efficacy of the presented GRO, the dragonfly approach, Arithmetic algorithm, and planet optimization algorithm are used to adjust the PID controller parameters. Furthermore, a comparison among the optimized PID gains with the applied algorithms shows great accuracy, efficacy, and effectiveness of the proposed GRO. MATLAB\ Simulink program is used to model and simulate the system components and the applied algorithms. The simulation findings demonstrate that the suggested optimized PID control strategy has superior efficiency and resilience in terms of less overshoot and settling time., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Copyright: © 2024 Abdelfattah et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.)

Dialysis therapy has remarkably evolved through the innovation in dialyzers and hemodialysis modalities, enhancing patients' quality of life. The efficacy of dialysis can be determined by measuring the reduction ratio (RR) of middle molecules such as Interleukin-6 (IL-6) and Procalcitonin. In our study, we tested a high-flux dialyzer, BIOPURE (Biorema) 260 HF, with a surface area (SA) of 2.6 m2, in terms of IL-6 and Procalcitonin removal while performing high-flux hemodialysis (HF-HD) and post-dilution online hemodiafiltration (OL-HDF). This crossover study comprised 25 patients who received a session of HF-HD using the BIOPURE (Biorema) 260 H, followed by a session of post-dilution OL-HDF. A washout period of 2 weeks was instilled between the two sessions, during which the patients received HF-HD using high-flux dialyzers (maximum SA 2.0 m2). All patients' pre/post dialysis concentrations of IL-6 and procalcitonin were measured. The dialyzer used in this study resulted in a significant IL-6 RR of 44.92±5.11% (p <0.001) with HDF and 32.48±5.72% (p <0.001) with HF-HD; and a procalcitonin RR of 50.32±3.94% (p <0.001) with HDF and 41.80±4.32% (p <0.001) with HF-HD. In conclusion, the dialyzer BIOPURE (Biorema) 260 HF (SA 2.6 m2) is efficient in eliminating IL-6 and procalcitonin, especially with OL-HDF compared to HF-HD, with acceptable albumin loss in the dialysate., (Copyright© by the Egyptian Association of Immunologists.)

A hybrid network has recently been proposed as a framework for a high-speed wireless communication network. Basically, it integrates light fidelity (LiFi) with radio frequency wireless gigabit alliance (WiGig) networks that operate, simultaneously, in a completely different frequency band. To assign the best access point (AP) and provide enough resources for each user, an effective load-balancing (LB) strategy is needed. However, the traditional LB strategies involve sophisticated iterative computing procedures whenever the user distribution changes. Hence, the first contribution of this work is to offer a more adaptable, two-step, conditional, and most-correlated distribution (CMCD) algorithm. Thus, the low-complexity most-correlated distribution (MCD) LB scheme is applied, and the average data rates for all users are then calculated. If the results achieve the predefined performance threshold (PDT), the decisions will be confirmed; otherwise, the proposed scheme automatically switches to the more accurate, but more complex, consecutive assign WiGig first separate optimization algorithms (CAWFS) algorithm. The suggested algorithm provides a clear performance-complexity trade-off, which could be simply controlled by choosing the suitable performance tolerance factor. The second contribution of this paper is the correlation-weighted majority voting (CWMV) method, which attempts to benefit from as many prior decision votes as possible, instead of relying just on one vote. In the CWMV technique, the weight of each vote is calculated based on the correlation between the history distribution vectors and the new user distribution vector. A significant increase in the system performance is evident from the simulation results.

Nanotechnology research is emerging as a cutting-edge technology, and nanocomposites have played a significant role in pest control. Therefore, the present study focuses on the synthesis of tungsten oxide (WO 3 ), iron oxide (magnetic nanoparticle, MNP), and copper-doped iron oxide (MNP-Cu) nanocomposites and explores the different effects of their binary combinations with the insecticide cyromazine against Spodoptera littoralis . The synthesized nanoparticles were characterized by transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, and Raman spectroscopy. None of the tested nanomaterials showed any toxicity against the different stages of S. littoralis . Larval and pupal durations increased with increasing cyromazine and nanomaterial concentrations. The longest larval and pupal durations were recorded under treatment with the mixture of cyromazine (100 mg/L) + MNP-Cu (500 mg/L); the survival periods were 23.5 and 15.6 days, compared with 10.8 and 7.7 days in the control, respectively. The percentages of pupation and adult emergence were negatively affected by all treatments. Among the 500 mg/L nanomaterial combinations, only cyromazine (25 mg/L) and WO 3 (500 mg/L) resulted in adult emergence (at a rate of 27.3%). Some abnormalities in the S. littoralis stages were observed following treatment with the tested materials. The glutathione S -transferase and alpha-esterase enzyme activities in S. littoralis were significantly increased after treatment with cyromazine, followed by cyromazine/MNP-Cu combinations. The quantitative polymerase chain reaction (Q-PCR) data showed that all treated insects had a higher immune response than the control. Finally, mixes of nanocomposites and cyromazine may be suggested as viable alternatives for S. littoralis management., Competing Interests: The authors declare no competing financial interest., (© 2023 The Authors. Published by American Chemical Society.)

A new artificial intelligence-based approach is proposed by developing a deep learning (DL) model for identifying the people who violate the face mask protocol in public places. To achieve this goal, a private dataset was created, including different face images with and without masks. The proposed model was trained to detect face masks from real-time surveillance videos. The proposed face mask detection (FMDNet) model achieved a promising detection of 99.0% in terms of accuracy for identifying violations (no face mask) in public places. The model presented a better detection capability compared to other recent DL models such as FSA-Net, MobileNet V2, and ResNet by 24.03%, 5.0%, and 24.10%, respectively. Meanwhile, the model is lightweight and had a confidence score of 99.0% in a resource-constrained environment. The model can perform the detection task in real-time environments at 41.72 frames per second (FPS). Thus, the developed model can be applicable and useful for governments to maintain the rules of the SOP protocol.

Dialysis therapy has remarkably evolved through the innovation in dialyzers and hemodialysis modalities, enhancing patients' quality of life. The efficacy of dialysis can be determined by measuring the reduction ratio (RR) of middle molecules, such as alpha 1-microglobulin (A1M). In this study, we tested a high-flux dialyzer, BIOPURE (Biorema) 260 HF, with a surface area (SA) of 2.6 m2, in terms of A1M removal and concurrent albumin loss in dialysate while receiving high-flux hemodialysis (HF-HD) and post-dilution online hemodiafiltration (OL-HDF). This crossover study comprised 25 patients who received a session of HF-HD using the BIOPURE (Biorema) 260 H, followed by a session of post-dilution OL-HDF. A washout period of 2 weeks was instilled between the two sessions, during which the patients received HF-HD using high-flux dialyzers (maximum SA 2.0 m2). All patients' hourly dialysate albumin and pre/post dialysis concentrations of A1M were measured. The dialyzer used in this study resulted in significantly higher A1M RR of 41.9±7.93% with HDF than with HF-HD 27.12±7.65% (p < 0.001), and a median cumulative dialysate albumin loss of 2.97g (IQR 1.98 - 3.37), and 0.67g (IQR 0.49 - 1.13) with HDF and HF-HD, respectively. In conclusion, the dialyzer BIOPURE (Biorema) 260 HF (SA 2.6 m2) is efficient in eliminating A1M, especially with OL-HDF compared to HF-HD, with acceptable albumin loss in the dialysate., (Copyright© by the Egyptian Association of Immunologists.)

Finding innovative eco-friendly agents for pest control may be aided by investigating the plant-derived extracts' properties on economic pests. Therefore, the insecticidal, behavioral, biological and biochemical effects of Magnolia grandiflora (Magnoliaceae) leaf water and methanol extracts, Schinus terebinthifolius (Anacardiaceae) wood methanol extract, and Salix babylonica (Salicaceae) leaf methanol extract in comparison with a reference insecticide novaluron against S. littoralis were evaluated. The extracts were analyzed by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). The most abundant phenolic compounds were 4-hydroxybenzoic acid (7.16 mg/mL) and ferulic acid (6.34 mg/mL) in M. grandiflora leaf water extract; catechol (13.05 mg/mL), ferulic acid (11.87 mg/mL), and chlorogenic acid (10.33 mg/mL) in M. grandiflora leaf methanol extract; ferulic acid (14.81 mg/mL), caffeic acid (5.61 mg/mL), and gallic acid (5.07 mg/mL) In the S. terebinthifolius extract; cinnamic acid (11.36 mg/mL), and protocatechuic acid (10.33 mg/mL) In the methanol extract from S. babylonica extract. S. terebinthifolius extract had a highly toxic effect against second larvae after 96 h and eggs with LC 50 values of 0.89 and 0.94 mg/L, respectively. Despite M. grandiflora extracts didn't show any toxicity against S. littoralis stages, they had an attractant effect on fourth- and second larvae, with feeding deterrence values of - 2.7% and - 6.7%, respectively, at 10 mg/L. S. terebinthifolius extract significantly reduced the percentage of pupation, adult emergence, hatchability, and fecundity, with values of 60.2%, 56.7%, 35.3%, and 105.4 eggs/female, respectively. Novaluron and S. terebinthifolius extract drastically inhibited the activities of α-amylase and total proteases to 1.16 and 0.52, and 1.47 and 0.65 ΔOD/mg protein/min, respectively. In the semi-field experiment, the residual toxicity of tested extracts on S. littoralis gradually decreased over time compared to novaluron. These findings indicate that extract from S. terebinthifolius is a promising insecticidal agent against S. littoralis., (© 2023. The Author(s).)

In this study Fe-Cu supported on Alginate-limestone (Fe-Cu/Alg-LS) was prepared. The increase in surface area was the main motivation for the synthesis of ternary composites. Scanning electronic microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were used to examine the surface morphology, particle size, percentage of crystallinity, and elemental content of the resultant composite. Fe-Cu/Alg-LS was used as an adsorbent for the removal of drugs such as ciprofloxacin (CIP) and levofloxacin (LEV)from contaminated medium. The adsorption parameters were computed using kinetic and isotherm models. The maximum removal efficiency of CIP (20 ppm) and LEV (10 ppm) was found to be 97.3% and 100%, respectively. The optimal conditions were pH 6 and 7 for CIP and LEV, optimum contact time 45, 40 min for CIP and LEV, and temperature of 303 K. The pseudo-second-order model, which confirmed the chemisorption properties of the process, was the most appropriate kinetic model among the ones used, and the Langmuir model, which was the most appropriate isotherm model. Moreover, the parameters of thermodynamics were also assessed. The results imply that the synthesized nanocomposites can be used to remove hazard materials from aqueous solutions.

Nanometric titanium derivatives such as hydroxide and dioxide compounds have a great attention because they are significant industrial material of commercial importance and applications in photocatalyst, semiconductors, and wastewater treatment. The present investigation gives the results of anodic dissolution preparation of titanium hydroxide nanometric particles followed by calcination for complete conversion to nanometric titanium dioxide product. The optimum conditions for the anodic dissolution of titanium metal were pH 4, C.D. 65 mA/cm 2 , 25 °C, 150 rpm, electrode gap distance 3 cm, and NaCl 3 g/l for electrolysis time 240 min and thermally calcinated at 600 °C for 240 min., to reach complete conversion to anatase titanium dioxide nanopowder of main particles size of 77 nm with major percentage of 70%. Chemical and physical characterizations were carried out for evaluation of the obtained products including transmission electron microscope, EDX, XRD, and the scanning advanced electronic diffraction pattern. Preliminary economic indicators were calculated to show that the capital cost of the plant is $1.613 million, with annual operating cost of $0.915 million which means the required investment is $2.528 million. The operating cost for the production of nanometric anatase TiO 2 is $30.5/kg with depreciation excluding the land price., (© 2022. The Author(s).)

The present study analyzes the determinants and patterns of the regional, local, and differential plant diversity of two different sites with similar climatic but varied edaphic factors. This research was undertaken to study the plant diversity and population structure as a consequence of variation in the soil quality between two biotopes: Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya in Koni (site-I) and National Thermal Power Corporation in Sipat (site-II). The soil of site-I was found to be fertile and showed rich vegetation. On the other hand, the soil of site II was found to be contaminated with heavy metals, which impacts the flora of the region. The ecology of both sites was studied, and their quantitative and qualitative aspects were compared and contrasted. The abundance, density, and richness of the plants in site II were fairly lower than in site-I, which was confirmed by utilizing Simpson's and Shannon's diversity indices. Many of the species collected from site II were heavy metal accumulators and could also serve as indicators of heavy metal toxicity.

The COVID-19 virus's rapid global spread has caused millions of illnesses and deaths. As a result, it has disastrous consequences for people's lives, public health, and the global economy. Clinical studies have revealed a link between the severity of COVID-19 cases and the amount of virus present in infected people's lungs. Imaging techniques such as computed tomography (CT) and chest x-rays can detect COVID-19 (CXR). Manual inspection of these images is a difficult process, so computerized techniques are widely used. Deep convolutional neural networks (DCNNs) are a type of machine learning that is frequently used in computer vision applications, particularly in medical imaging, to detect and classify infected regions. These techniques can assist medical personnel in the detection of patients with COVID-19. In this article, a Bayesian optimized DCNN and explainable AI-based framework is proposed for the classification of COVID-19 from the chest X-ray images. The proposed method starts with a multi-filter contrast enhancement technique that increases the visibility of the infected part. Two pre-trained deep models, namely, EfficientNet-B0 and MobileNet-V2, are fine-tuned according to the target classes and then trained by employing Bayesian optimization (BO). Through BO, hyperparameters have been selected instead of static initialization. Features are extracted from the trained model and fused using a slicing-based serial fusion approach. The fused features are classified using machine learning classifiers for the final classification. Moreover, visualization is performed using a Grad-CAM that highlights the infected part in the image. Three publically available COVID-19 datasets are used for the experimental process to obtain improved accuracies of 98.8, 97.9, and 99.4%, respectively., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2022 Hamza, Attique Khan, Wang, Alhaisoni, Alharbi, Hussein, Alshazly, Kim and Cha.)

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a highly contagious disease that has claimed the lives of millions of people worldwide in the last 2 years. Because of the disease's rapid spread, it is critical to diagnose it at an early stage in order to reduce the rate of spread. The images of the lungs are used to diagnose this infection. In the last 2 years, many studies have been introduced to help with the diagnosis of COVID-19 from chest X-Ray images. Because all researchers are looking for a quick method to diagnose this virus, deep learning-based computer controlled techniques are more suitable as a second opinion for radiologists. In this article, we look at the issue of multisource fusion and redundant features. We proposed a CNN-LSTM and improved max value features optimization framework for COVID-19 classification to address these issues. The original images are acquired and the contrast is increased using a combination of filtering algorithms in the proposed architecture. The dataset is then augmented to increase its size, which is then used to train two deep learning networks called Modified EfficientNet B0 and CNN-LSTM. Both networks are built from scratch and extract information from the deep layers. Following the extraction of features, the serial based maximum value fusion technique is proposed to combine the best information of both deep models. However, a few redundant information is also noted; therefore, an improved max value based moth flame optimization algorithm is proposed. Through this algorithm, the best features are selected and finally classified through machine learning classifiers. The experimental process was conducted on three publically available datasets and achieved improved accuracy than the existing techniques. Moreover, the classifiers based comparison is also conducted and the cubic support vector machine gives better accuracy., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2022 Hamza, Attique Khan, Wang, Alqahtani, Alsubai, Binbusayyis, Hussein, Martinetz and Alshazly.)

Early detection of brain tumors can save precious human life. This work presents a fully automated design to classify brain tumors. The proposed scheme employs optimal deep learning features for the classification of FLAIR, T1, T2, and T1CE tumors. Initially, we normalized the dataset to pass them to the ResNet101 pretrained model to perform transfer learning for our dataset. This approach results in fine-tuning the ResNet101 model for brain tumor classification. The problem with this approach is the generation of redundant features. These redundant features degrade accuracy and cause computational overhead. To tackle this problem, we find optimal features by utilizing differential evaluation and particle swarm optimization algorithms. The obtained optimal feature vectors are then serially fused to get a single-fused feature vector. PCA is applied to this fused vector to get the final optimized feature vector. This optimized feature vector is fed as input to various classifiers to classify tumors. Performance is analyzed at various stages. Performance results show that the proposed technique achieved a speedup of 25.5x in prediction time on the medium neural network with an accuracy of 94.4%. These results show significant improvement over the state-of-the-art techniques in terms of computational overhead by maintaining approximately the same accuracy., Competing Interests: All authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest., (Copyright © 2022 Usman Zahid et al.)

Neonicotinoids are modern insecticides widely used in agriculture worldwide. Their impact on target (nervous system) and non-target (midgut) tissues has been well studied in beneficial insects including honeybees under controlled conditions. However, their detailed effects on pest insects on the field are missing to date. Here, we have studied the effects of the neonicotinoid imidacloprid on the midgut of the pest insect Locusta migratoria caught in the field. We found that in the midgut of imidacloprid-exposed locusts the activity of enzymes involved in reactive oxygen metabolism was perturbed. By contrast, the activity of P450 enzymes that have been shown to be activated in a detoxification response and that were also reported to produce reactive oxygen species was elevated. Probably as a consequence, markers of oxidative stress including protein carbonylation and lipid peroxidation accumulated in midgut samples of these locusts. Histological analyses revealed that their midgut epithelium is disorganized and that the brush border of the epithelial cells is markedly reduced. Indeed, microvilli are significantly shorter, misshapen and possibly non-functional in imidacloprid-treated locusts. We hypothesize that imidacloprid induces oxidative stress in the locust midgut, thereby changing the shape of midgut epithelial cells and probably in turn compromising their physiological function. Presumably, these effects reduce the survival rate of imidacloprid-treated locusts and the damage they cause in the field., (© 2022. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

Based on the adsorption performance of a porous nanocomposite with limestone (LS), activated carbon (AC) and sodium alginate (SG), a unique, multifunctional LS-AC-SG nanocomposite absorbent was designed and prepared for extracting antibiotics and drugs from aqueous solutions. The composite exhibited the following advantages: quick and simple to prepare, multifunctionality and high efficiency. Amoxicillin (AMX) and diclofenac (DCF) were chosen as the conventional antibiotic and the drug, respectively. The prepared nanocomposite's physicochemical characteristics were calculated through numerous characterization methods. The structure of the surface was made up of interconnected pores that can easily confine pollutants. The surface area was measured to be 27.85 m 2 /g through BET analysis. The results show that the maximum absorption capacity of amoxicillin and diclofenac was 99.6% and 98.4%, respectively, at a contact time of 40 min. The maximum removal of amoxicillin and diclofenac was reached at pH = 2. Adsorption analysis revealed that adsorption isotherm and kinetic data matched the pseudo-first-order kinetic and the Langmuir isotherm models. The results imply that the synthesized nanocomposites have the capacity to remove amoxicillin (AMX) and diclofenac (DCF) from aqueous solutions.

In the present investigation, green nano-zerovalent copper (GnZVCu), activated carbon (AC), chitosan (CS) and alginate (ALG) nanocomposites were produced and used for the elimination of chromium (VI) from a polluted solution. The nanocomposites GnZVCu/AC-CS-alginate and AC-CS-alginate were prepared. Analysis and characterization were performed by the following techniques: X-ray diffraction, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The SEM analysis revealed that the nanocomposites are extremely mesoporous, which leads to the greatest adsorption of Cr +6 (i.e., 97.5% and 95%) for GnZVCu/AC-CS-alginate and AC-CS-alginate, respectively. The adsorption efficiency was enhanced by coupling GnZVCu with AC-CS-alginate with a contact time of 40 min. The maximum elimination of Cr +6 with the two nanocomposites was achieved at pH 2. The isotherm model, Freundlich adsorption isotherm and kinetics model and P.S.O.R kinetic models were discovered to be better suited to describe the exclusion of Cr +6 by the nanocomposites. The results suggested that the synthesized nanocomposites are promising for the segregation of Cr +6 from polluted solutions, specially the GnZVCu/AC-CS-alginate nanocomposite.

This study focuses on utilizing a plant-derived urease enzyme (PDUE)-urea mixture to remove heavy metals from water as constituents of nano-carbonate minerals. The bio-removal process was conducted by individually mixing PbCl 2 , CuCl 2 , and NiCl 2 solutions with a PDUE-urea mixture, followed by incubation for 24 h at 23 ± 2 °C. The preliminary results revealed that the proposed method exhibited high Pb removal efficiency (˃ 99%) in a short time (8 h); meanwhile, moderate Cu and Ni removal efficiencies (67.91% and 58.49%, respectively) were obtained at the same incubation time. The concentration of heavy metals (50-200 mM) had an insignificant effect on the bio-removal rate, indicating that the PDUE-urea mixture is highly effective for the removal of heavy metals at different concentrations. The bio-removal process involved the transformation of soluble heavy metals into insoluble carbonate materials. A spherically shaped nano-cerussite (4-15 nm), a malachite hexahydrate nanosheet (thickness 8 nm), and an ultrafine micro-hellyerite (thickness 0.3 μm) were the main minerals produced by the Pb, Cu, and Ni bio-removal processes, respectively. As a beneficial application, nano-cerussite was used as an additive in an alkali-activated slag/ceramic waste-based geopolymeric coating. A preliminary study proved that increasing the nano-cerussite content enhanced the resistance of the geopolymeric coating to sulfur-oxidizing bacteria, which is detrimental to normal concrete, particularly in sewer systems.

Objectives: The objective of this study is to test the wear of dual-cured bulkfill and flowable bulkfill composites., Materials and Methods: Six dual-cured bulkfill composites, Cention, Cention-Exp, Activa, Fill-up, Hyperfil Injectafill, and two flowable bulkfill composites Tetric Evoflow BulkFill and G-aenial Universal Flo were tested in this study (n = 8). Each composite was applied into an aluminum sample holder and cured with a Valo Grand (1230 mW/cm 2 ) or self-cured according to manufacturer's recommendations, and stored in water for 3 weeks. The samples were subjected to 120 000 load cycles of 49 N (CS-4) against spherical steatite antagonists and simultaneously subjected to 4440 thermocycles (5°C-55°C). At intervals between load cycles, polyvinyl siloxane impressions were taken and scanned with a True Definition Laser Scanner. The volumetric wear was calculated using image software (Geomagic). Microscopic images of selected wear facets and their corresponding worn antagonists were obtained using SEM. All data were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey post hoc test for multiple comparison (α = .05; β = .2)., Results: The load cycles volumetric wear-increase was linear. Two-way ANOVA showed significant main effects (material and light-cured) and significant interactions. Self-cured materials (mean = 0.38 mm 3 ) showed more wear than light-cured materials (mean = 0.35mm 3 )., Conclusions: The bioactive materials except Activa light-cured showed significantly more wear than the flowable composites., Clinical Significance: This study demonstrated that most of the dual-cured composites, if light-cured, showed the same wear as the flowable composites used as control. Therefore, to obtain adequate wear resistance the dual-cured composites should be routinely light-cured., (© 2020 Wiley Periodicals LLC.)

The present investigation is a comparison study of two nanocomposites: Nano-silica-coated oxyhydroxide aluminum (SiO 2 -AlOOH; SCB) and nano-silica-coated oxyhydroxide aluminum doped with polyaniline (SiO 2 -AlOOH-PANI; SBDP). The prepared nanocomposites were evaluated by monitoring the elimination of heavy metal Ni(II) ions from aquatic solutions. The synthesized nanocomposites were analyzed and described by applying scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) techniques, as well as Zeta potential distribution. In this study, two adsorbents were applied to investigate their adsorptive capacity to eliminate Ni(II) ions from aqueous solution. The obtained results revealed that SBDP nanocomposite has a higher negative zeta potential value (-47.2 mV) compared with SCB nanocomposite (-39.4 mV). The optimum adsorption was performed at pH 8, with approximately 94% adsorption for SCB and 97% adsorption for SBDP nanocomposites. The kinetics adsorption of Ni ions onto SCB and SBDP nanocomposites was studied by applying the pseudo first-order, pseudo second-order, and Mories-Weber models. The data revealed that the adsorption of Ni ions onto SCB and SBDP nanocomposites followed the pseudo second-order kinetic model. The equilibrium adsorption data were analyzed using three models: Langmuir, Freundlich, and Dubinin-Radusekevisch-Kanager Isotherm. It was concluded that the Langmuir isotherm fits the experimental results well for the SCB and SBDP nanocomposites. Thermodynamic data revealed that the adsorption process using SCB nanocomposites is an endothermic and spontaneous reaction. Meanwhile, the Ni ion sorption on SBDP nanocomposites is exothermic and spontaneous reaction., Competing Interests: There is no conflict of interest for the authors to declare.

Background and Objective: The cotton leafworm, Spodoptera littoralis (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is the most destructive pests and causing a great loss for several vegetables and field crops. So, the present study was aimed to evaluate and compare the effects of chlorantraniliprole and chlorfluazuron on certain behavioral and biological aspects of S. littoralis at different stages., Materials and Methods: Under laboratory conditions, the toxicity of chlorantraniliprole and chlorfluazuron against the egg masses, 2nd and 4th larval instars of S. littoralis were evaluated. The impact of tested insecticides on the feeding, oviposition of females and biological aspects of S. littoralis was also carried out., Results: Overall, chlorfluazuron was more toxic than chlorantraniliprole. According to repellency index (RI %), tested insecticides have a repulsive effect for the feeding of 2nd and 4th larval instars as well as for oviposition of females. Sublethal concentrations significantly reduced larval and pupal weight, adult survival, percent of pupation and adult emergence, female fecundity, fertility percentage, weight and protein content of ovaries. While, larval and pupal durations were increased., Conclusion: It was concluded that chlorantraniliprole and chlorfluazuron have insecticidal, behavioral and biological effects on S. littoralis stages and may be used as alternatives to conventional insecticides in IPM programs.

Due to the Internet of Things (IoT) requirements for a high-density network with low-cost and low-power physical (PHY) layer design, the low-power budget transceiver systems have drawn momentous attention lately owing to their superior performance enhancement in both energy efficiency and hardware complexity reduction. As the power budget of the classical transceivers is envisioned by using inefficient linear power amplifiers (PAs) at the transmitter (TX) side and by applying high-resolution analog to digital converters (ADCs) at the receiver (RX) side, the transceiver architectures with low-cost PHY layer design (i.e., nonlinear PA at the TX and one-bit ADC at the RX) are mandated to cope with the vast IoT applications. Therefore, in this paper, we propose the orthogonal shaping pulses minimum shift keying (OSP-MSK) as a multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) modulation/demodulation scheme in order to design the low-cost transceiver architectures associated with the IoT devices. The OSP-MSK fulfills a low-power budget by using constant envelope modulation (CEM) techniques at the TX side, and by applying a low-resolution one-bit ADC at the RX side. Furthermore, the OSP-MSK provides a higher spectral efficiency compared to the recently introduced MIMO-CEM with the one-bit ADC. In this context, the orthogonality between the in-phase and quadrature-phase components of the OSP are exploited to increase the number of transmitted bits per symbol (bps) without the need for extra bandwidth. The performance of the proposed scheme is investigated analytically and via Monte Carlo simulations. For the mathematical analysis, we derive closed-form expressions for assessing the average bit error rate (ABER) performance of the OSP-MSK modulation in conjunction with Rayleigh and Nakagami-m fading channels. Moreover, a closed-form expression for evaluating the power spectral density (PSD) of the proposed scheme is obtained as well. The simulation results corroborate the potency of the conducted analysis by revealing a high consistency with the obtained analytical formulas.

The gross pathological and histopathological changes associated with parasitic infection in the European eel (Anguilla anguilla Linnaeus, 1758) was investigated. A total of 65 eels collected from three sampling localities in Eastern Delta, Egypt were examined over the period of January-May 2008. The fish were subjected to standard procedures for parasitological and pathological examinations. Overall, 22 (33.8%) of the 65 fish examined were found to have parasitic infections. The eels harbored a total of six parasite species; among them, the nematode Anguillicoloides crassus was the most prevalent species (10.7%), followed by the Monogenea Pseudodactylogyrus anguillae (7.7%) and Dactylogyrus species (6.1%), the ciliate Trichodinella epizootica (4.6%), the Myxozoa Myxidium giardi (3.1%), and the cestode Proteocephalus macrocephalus (1.5%). Affected fish showed varying levels of tissue damage and pathological alterations including mild to severe degenerative, necrotic, and inflammatory changes in the affected organs.

Blood samples from camels, sheep, goats and cattle from six Regions in Saudi Arabia were examined for blood parasites. Asir Region camels were disinfected while those of the Eastern, Jazan, Northern Frontiers, Riyadh and Tabouk Regions were infected with Trypanosoma evansi (5-40%), those of Riyadh and the Eastern Regions were infected with Dipetalonema evansi (1-6%) and those of the Eastern, Jazan and Riyadh Regions were infected with Eperythrozoon species (8-20%). Sheep and goats of all tested regions were infected with Theilaria hirci (4-20% and 6-14%, respectively), Theilaria ovis (5-19% and 6-24%, respectively) and Eperthrozoon ovis (2-9% and 2-8%, respectively). Sheep of the Eastern and Northern Frontiers Regions were also infected with Anaplasma ovis (2%) and also those of the Eastern Region were infected with Babesia motasi (4%) as well. Cattle of Asir and Eastern Regions were infected with Anaplasma marginale (1-3.4%) and those of the Eastern, Jazan and Riyadh Regions were infected with Theileria annulata (11.3-25%) and Eperthrozoon wenyoni (1-4%). Moreover, Jazan cattle were infected with Babesia bigemina (6%) and a benign Theileria species (27%). Some of these parasites are recorded in new localities indicating that they are spreading in the country. Also, this is the first report in Saudi Arabia of D. evansi in camels, A. ovis and B. motasi in sheep and A. marginale and B. bigemina in cattle. These parasites may be introduced into the country with infected livestock infested with the vectors of these parasites. The suspected vectors of the detected parasites in Saudi Arabia is discussed. Follow up surveys of blood parasites are recommended to assess their distribution and infection rates in the livestock of all Regions of Saudi Arabia, to make plans for control measures against their vectors.

Thirty five (70%) of 51 Carangoides bajad were naturally infected with Anisakis simplex during the period from September 2007 to January 2008. The fish were collected from eastern south coast of the Red Sea at Hurgada. The morphological and ultrastructures of Anisakis larvae and adults, and the induced lesions in the fish (intermediate host), five puppies (final host) were orally given infected fish. The body of the larvae is gradually tapering towards the anterior part. It is covered by striated ornamentation longitudinally and horizontally, except the anterior region which is smooth. The morphological and ultrastrutural examinations of the anterior body end of larvae showed a prominent boring tooth, 3 pairs of lips inconspicuous and an excretory ventral pore between the rudimentary subventral lips. The anal end showed a distinct mucron and a slit-shaped anus. The pathological studies revealed encapsulated larvae with concentrical fibrous connective tissue infiltrated, with macrophages and lymphocytes on the surface of liver, spleen and peritoneum of the infected fish. The macrophages aggregated together to form the denser part of the capsule, and invaded the adjacent parenchymal tissue. The hepatocytes, under the affected capsule were necrotic and invaded by melanomacrophages.

To investigate whether infection of Swiss outbred mice with the digenetic fluke Schistosoma mansoni is influenced by exposure to environmental pollutants, experimentally infected mice were exposed to 200 and 400 mg/kg of malathion. Pathology of liver and spleen, worm burden and levels of key hematological, biochemical and liver enzymes parameters of these mice were evaluated and were compared with data from infected, unexposed mice, uninfected, exposed mice as well as with data from uninfected, unexposed mice. Oral administration of malathion to mice infected with 20, 40 or 60 S. mansoni cercariae adversely affect architecture of liver and spleen and critically alter hematological, biochemical, histological and hepatic enzymes parameters significantly more than the controls. Alterations observed in infected, exposed mice included (i) higher mortality rate; (ii) severe pathologies in liver and spleen; (iii) increased serum level of bilirubin and alanine aminotransferase/aspartate aminotransferase (ALT/AST) enzymes; (iv) decreased serum level of albumin and total proteins; and (v) decreased red blood cell count (RBC), lymphocytes, leucocytic count, and hemoglobin content. The number of recovered adult worms of S. mansoni or their oviposition capacity did not seem to be affected with malathion treatment. Statistical analysis revealed that the increase alteration in hepatic functions is correlated with increasing the number of S. mansoni cercariae and malathion doses. Such alterations were more significant in mice treated with the higher dose of malathion or infected with the largest numbers of S. mansoni cercariae. These data indicate that schistosomiasis can be exacerbated by simultaneous malathion exposure, which in turn adversely impact the clinical and pathological outcome of the disease.

Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) strains have caused a large number of human illness outbreaks worldwide. In most cases, the infection was traced to consumption of meats or vegetables contaminated with cattle feces. To combat this public health problem, pre- and post-harvest control strategies are continuously implemented to assure food safety. Thus, rapid, reliable, and sensitive methods for STEC detection must be available to provide confidence not only in the meats or vegetables entering the food chain but also in testing humans with illnesses. As a result, enrichment for STEC has been a critical step in any successful protocol for their detection. The base media commonly used for STEC enrichment include sorbitol MacConkey agar, tryptic soy broth (TSB), E. coli broth, enterohemorrhagic E. coli broth, buffered peptone water (BPW), and brain heart infusion broth. In addition to bile salts, antibiotics (e.g., tellurite, cefixime, novobiocin, vancomycin, cefsulodin, and acriflavin) are used at different concentrations to enrich for STEC. In most published reports, however, the reasons for choosing the selective medium were not provided. Thus, this review was intended to evaluate the base media and antibiotics commonly used for STEC detection. The efficacy of a detection method will certainly depend on the choice of the base medium, selective agents, and their concentrations. The interactions among these factors are also expected to affect sensitivity of the detection method, especially when the test sample contains a small number of STEC cells. Because sensitivity of detection is expected to decline when testing for stressed or injured STEC cells, as is the case in environmental samples, a pre-enrichment step in TSB or BPW without antibiotics may be necessary. Future research should focus on identifying possible antibiotic combinations that effectively inhibit most background bacteria without affecting pathogenic STEC strains in the test sample.

Detection methods of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) in cattle feces varied in using enrichment media containing different antibiotic combinations. To examine efficacy of a new detection method for STEC, three O157:H7 (ATCC 43889, 43890, and 43895) and 41 non-O157:H7 (members of the O1, O15, O26, O86, O103, O111, O125, O127, O128, O136, O146, O153, O158, O165, O166, and O169 serogroups) isolates were tested. These isolates were grown in tryptic soy broth for 6 h, and their concentrations were determined before inoculation of tubes containing 1 g of cattle feces (sterile [experiment 1; evaluating growth] and fresh [experiment 2; evaluating enrichment]) to simulate the high and low levels of STEC shedding by cattle (10(5) versus 102 CFU/g feces, respectively). Eight STEC isolates (the three O157:H7 and five non-O157:H7 selected at random) were tested at a very low level (10 CFU/g feces). The feces were incubated in 50 ml of brain heart infusion broth containing potassium tellurite, novobiocin, and vancomycin (2.5, 20, and 40 mg/liter, respectively) and cefixime (50 microg/liter) at 37 degrees C for 12 h and tested for STEC (VTEC [verotoxin-producing E. coli]-Screen assay [agglutination immunoassay]). Potential STEC isolates were recovered, characterized biochemically, serotyped, and tested for toxin production using Vero (African green monkey kidney) cell toxicity assay and agglutination immunoassay. In both experiments, all the STEC isolates used for fecal inoculation were recovered at the concentrations tested. Our medium supported growth of and enrichment for a wide range of STEC isolates.

Transgenic tobacco plants engineered with bacterial merA and merB genes via the chloroplast genome were investigated to study the uptake, translocation of different forms of mercury (Hg) from roots to shoots, and their volatilization. Untransformed plants, regardless of the form of Hg supplied, reached a saturation point at 200 microM of phenylmercuric acetate (PMA) or HgCl2, accumulating Hg concentrations up to 500 microg g(-1) with significant reduction in growth. In contrast, chloroplast transgenic lines continued to grow well with Hg concentrations in root tissues up to 2000 microg g(-1). Chloroplasttransgenic lines accumulated both the organic and inorganic Hg forms to levels surpassing the concentrations found in the soil. The organic-Hg form was absorbed and translocated more efficiently than the inorganic-Hg form in transgenic lines, whereas no such difference was observed in untransformed plants. Chloroplast-transgenic lines showed about 100-fold increase in the efficiency of Hg accumulation in shoots compared to untransformed plants. This is the first report of such high levels of Hg accumulation in green leaves or tissues. Transgenic plants attained a maximum rate of elemental-Hg volatilization in two days when supplied with PMA and in three days when supplied with inorganic-Hg, attaining complete volatilization within a week. The combined expression of merAB via the chloroplast genome enhanced conversion of Hg2+ into Hg,0 conferred tolerance by rapid volatilization and increased uptake of different forms of mercury, surpassing the concentrations found in the soil. These investigations provide novel insights for improvement of plant tolerance and detoxification of mercury.

Besnoitia tissue cysts were found in five naturally-infected adult opossums (Didelphis virginiana) from Michigan. Details of the microscopy, histopathology, ultra-structure, and genetic features of the cysts were studied to identify their species-specific traits. The materials were differentiated phenotypically from cysts of other Besnoitia spp. by difference in size, pattern of tissue distribution, morphology of pellicle and nucleus, number of micronemes and rhoptries, amount of lipids and amylopectin, and presence of enigmatic bodies. Morphometric variations identified the tissue cysts and the pathologic changes in opossums host to be due to B. darlingi. The data were proved by phylogenetic analysis based on DNA sequences of the first internal transcribed spacer of nuclear rDNA. Cluster analysis showed that B. darlingi was distinct from all other Besnoitia spp. as two distinct phylogenetic clades: I- included Besnoitia spp. described from opossum (B. darlingi), sheep (B. jellisoni), rodent (B. akadoni) and rabbit (B. oryctofelisi) and clade II- encompassed parasites described from cattle (B. besnoiti), equids (B. bennetti) and reindeer (B. tarandi). The genetic attributed particular to the genus Besnoitia complemented the morphologica features and lead to accurate delimitation of Besnoitia species.

During the past 23 yr, a large number of human illness outbreaks have been traced worldwide to consumption of undercooked ground beef and other beef products contaminated with Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC). Although several routes exist for human infection with STEC, beef remains a main source. Thus, beef cattle are considered reservoirs of O157 and nonO157 STEC. Because of the global nature of the food supply, safety concerns with beef will continue, and the challenges facing the beef industry will increase at the production and processing levels. To be prepared to address these concerns and challenges, it is critical to assess the beef cattle role in human infection with STEC. Because most STEC outbreaks in the United States were traced to beef containing E. coli O157:H7, the epidemiological studies have focused on the prevalence of this serotype in beef and beef cattle. Worldwide, however, additional STEC serotypes (e.g., members of the O26, O91, O103, O111, O118, O145, and O166 serogroups) have been isolated from beef and caused human illnesses ranging from bloody diarrhea and hemorrhagic colitis to the life-threatening hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS). To provide a global assessment of the STEC problem, published reports on beef and beef cattle in the past 3 decades were evaluated. The prevalence rates of E. coli O157 ranged from 0.1 to 54.2% in ground beef, from 0.1 to 4.4% in sausage, from 1.1 to 36.0% in various retail cuts, and from 0.01 to 43.4% in whole carcasses. The corresponding prevalence rates of nonO157 STEC were 2.4 to 30.0%, 17.0 to 49.2%, 11.4 to 49.6%, and 1.7 to 58.0%, respectively. Of the 162 STEC serotypes isolated from beef products, 43 were detected in HUS patients and 36 are known to cause other human illnesses. With regard to beef cattle, the prevalence rates of E. coli O157 ranged from 0.3 to 19.7% in feedlots and from 0.7 to 27.3% on pasture. The corresponding prevalence rates of nonO157 STEC were 4.6 to 55.9% and 4.7 to 44.8%, respectively. Of the 373 STEC serotypes isolated from cattle feces or hides, 65 were detected in HUS patients and 62 are known to cause other human illnesses. The results indicated the prevalence of a large number of pathogenic STEC in beef and beef cattle at high rates and emphasized the critical need for control measures to assure beef safety.

Human schistosomiasis is a chronic and debilitating parasitic disease caused by parasitic trematode worms (schistosomes). Praziquantel (PZQ) is the drug of choice as it is active against all Schistosoma species, can be administered easily, has high cure and egg reduction rates, with no or only mild side effects. Rapid re-infection following treatment and the concerns about PZQ resistance has led to the search for new drugs to treat schistosomiasis. Significant progress has been made with artemisinin derivatives (e.g., artemether [ART]) that are used for chemoprophylaxis. This present study aims to look at the effects of ART and PZQ on the antioxidant defence of immature (three-week-old) and mature (six-week-old) stages of S. mansoni. The possible development of time- or concentration-dependent changes in oxidative stress is assessed by incubation with different sublethal drug concentrations (50, 75, 100 ng/mL for both ART and PZQ) and different time periods (one and three hours). The results indicated a time- and concentration-dependent depletion of glutathione (GSH), which was greater in the immature worms after incubation with ART. On addition of ART to the incubation medium of mature and immature worms, elevation in lipid peroxidation (TBARS) level was observed, which was time- and concentration-dependent, and more prominent in the immature schistosomes. Addition of PZQ to the incubation medium containing the immature schistosomes did not have a significant effect on TBARS level, except after three hours' incubation with the highest concentration used; however, a significant rise was seen in the mature worms. The PZQ had no effect on the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (tGPx, sGPx and nGPx) and glutathione transferase (GST) in mature or immature worms. While ART induced SOD activity in mature worms, it induced tGPx, nGPx and GST activities in a time- and concentration-dependent manner in both mature and immature worms. Activation was more prominent in the immature schistosomes. The results of the present study indicate that the immature schistosomes are more prone to oxidative killing, which probably participates in the mechanism of antischistosomal action of ART against the immature stage of S. mansoni. The results suggest that the mechanism of schistosomicidal action of PZQ is probably not substantially dependent on oxidative stress or oxidative killing.

The Illinois River is a highly utilized navigable waterway in the US Midwest, and has historically been contaminated with metal toxicants from various industrial and municipal pollution sources. Little information on metal contamination is available in the Lower Illinois River, and in particular, in the habitat of the red-eared slider (Trachemys scripta elegans) at the southern end of the river near Grafton, IL. This study was conducted to determine current levels of metal contamination in water, sediment, soil, and plants in the habitat, as well as to reveal temporal and spatial variations of metal accumulation in eggs of the red-eared slider. Aluminum, Cd, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, V, Sn, and Zn were analyzed by inductively-coupled plasma spectroscopy. High concentrations of metals were observed in lake sediment, compared with the concentrations in water, soil, and plant tissues. Sediment Ni concentrations (mg kg(-1)) varied from 66 to 95 and Sn from 1100 to 1600. Five detectable metals in egg content were Zn (24.2 +/- 13), Al (2.2 +/- 1.2), Sn (1.8 +/- 1.1), Mn (1.1 +/- 0.6), and Cu (0.9 +/- 0.5); nine detectable metals in egg shell were Zn (6.8 +/- 3.9), Sn (3.7 +/- 3.1), Cu (1.9 +/- 1.3), Cr (1.6 +/- 1.5), V (1.6 +/- 1.4), Pb (1.3 +/- 0.7), Ni (1.3 +/- 0.9), Mn (1.0 +/- 0.8), and Cd (0.16 +/- 0.11). Zinc accumulation in egg content was significantly correlated with Zn in egg shell (r = 0.445, P < 0.002, n = 42). While significant spatial variation was observed in egg shell, metal accumulation in eggs (content and shell) collected from the same ground of turtles consecutively for 4 years did not show a significant temporal change.

Over the past two decades, many human illness outbreaks were attributed to consumption of undercooked beef products containing Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC). The illnesses included mild or bloody diarrhea, hemorrhagic colitis, and the life-threatening hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS). Tracing these outbreaks to O157 and an increasing number of non-O157 STEC strains suggests that beef safety concerns will continue to rise and may negatively affect the beef industry. To effectively address these concerns, it is critical to evaluate the role of beef in STEC infections. In this review, published reports on beef contamination were evaluated to assess prevalence rates and health risks of STEC isolates. Global testing of beef showed wide ranges of prevalence rates of O157 (from 0.01% to 54.2%) and non-O157 (from 1.7% to 62.5%) STEC. Of the 155 STEC serotypes found in beef, 31 and 25 are known to cause HUS and/or other illnesses, respectively.

A large number of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) strains have caused major outbreaks and sporadic cases of human illnesses, including mild diarrhea, bloody diarrhea, hemorrhagic colitis, and the life-threatening hemolytic uremic syndrome. These illnesses have been traced to both O157 and non-O157 STEC. In a large number of STEC-associated outbreaks, the infections were attributed to consumption of ground beef or other beef products contaminated with cattle feces. Thus, beef cattle are considered reservoirs of STEC and can pose significant health risks to humans. The global nature of the human food supply suggests that safety concerns with beef will continue and the challenges facing the beef industry will increase at the production and processing levels. To be prepared to address these concerns and challenges, it is critical to assess the role of beef cattle in human STEC infections. In this review, published reports on STEC in beef cattle were evaluated to achieve the following specific objectives: (i) assess the prevalence of STEC in beef cattle, and (ii) determine the potential health risks of STEC strains from beef cattle. The latter objective is critically important because many beef STEC isolates are highly virulent. Global testing of beef cattle feces revealed wide ranges of prevalence rates for O157 STEC (i.e., 0.2 to 27.8%) and non-O157 STEC (i.e., 2.1 to 70.1%). Of the 261 STEC serotypes found in beef cattle, 44 cause hemolytic uremic syndrome and 37 cause other illnesses.

The main objective of this review was to assess the role of dairy cattle and their products in human infections with Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC). A large number of STEC strains (e.g., members of the serogroups O26, O91, O103, O111, O118, O145, and O166) have caused major outbreaks and sporadic cases of human illnesses that have ranged from mild diarrhea to the life-threatening hemolytic uremic syndrome. These illnesses were traced to O157 and non-O157 STEC. In most cases, STEC infection was attributed to consumption of ground beef or dairy products that were contaminated with cattle feces. Thus, dairy cattle are considered reservoirs of STEC and can impose a significant health risk to humans. The global nature of food supply suggests that safety concerns with beef and dairy foods will continue and the challenges facing the dairy industry will increase at the production and processing levels. In this review, published reports on STEC in dairy cattle and their products were evaluated to achieve the following specific objectives: 1) to assemble a database on human infections with STEC from dairy cattle, 2) to assess prevalence of STEC in dairy cattle, and 3) to determine the health risks associated with STEC strains from dairy cattle. The latter objective is critically important, as many dairy STEC isolates are known to be of high virulence. Fecal testing of dairy cattle worldwide showed wide ranges of prevalence rates for O157 (0.2 to 48.8%) and non-O157 STEC (0.4 to 74.0%). Of the 193 STEC serotypes of dairy cattle origin, 24 have been isolated from patients with hemolytic uremic syndrome. Such risks emphasize the importance and the need to develop long-term strategies to assure safety of foods from dairy cattle.