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Diane N Sayah,1– 3 Itika Garg,1,2 Raviv Katz,1,2 Ying Zhu,1,4 Ying Cui,1,5 Rebecca Zeng,1,2 Rachel Tandias,1,2 Jade Y Moon,1,2 Filippos Vingopoulos,1,2 Hannah E Wescott,1,2 Grace Baldwin,1,2 Kira Wang,1,2 Tobias Elze,1,2 Cassie Ann Ludwig,1,2 Demetrios G Vavvas,1,2 Joan W Miller,1,2 Deeba Husain,1,2 Leo A Kim,1,2 Nimesh A Patel,1,2 John B Miller1,2 1Harvard Retinal Imaging Lab, Boston, MA, USA; 2Retina Service, Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; 3College of Optometry, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA; 4Eye Center of Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People’s Republic of China; 5Guangdong Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of ChinaCorrespondence: John B Miller, Retina Service, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, 243 Charles St, Boston, MA, 02114, USA, Tel +1 617 573-3750, Fax + 1 617 573-3698, Email John_Miller@meei.harvard.eduPurpose: Visual prognosis and treatment burden for macular neovascularization (MNV) can differ between myopic macular degeneration (MMD) and age-related macular degeneration (AMD). We describe and compare MNV associated with MMD and AMD using swept-source (SS)-OCTA.Patients and Methods: Adult patients with documented MNV associated with MMD or AMD were consecutively recruited. Qualitative and quantitative features were assessed from 6x6mm angiograms, including the MNV area and vessel density (VD). Descriptive statistics and linear regression analyses were carried out.Results: Out of 75 enrolled eyes with diagnosed MNV (30 MMD-MNV and 45 AMD-MNV; mean age 55± 19 and 75± 8 years, respectively), 44 eyes had discernible MNV (11 MMD-MNV and 33 AMD-MNV) on SS-OCTA at the time of the study and were included in the analysis. The MMD-MNV group exhibited a three-fold smaller sized MNV (p=0.001), lower greatest linear dimension (p=0.009) and greatest vascular caliber (p< 0.001) compared to AMD-MNVs, and had a higher prevalence of tree-in-bud pattern. Eyes with AMD showed a higher prevalence of type 1 MNVs with medusa pattern. There was no difference in the location of the MNV, shape’s regularity, margins, presence of core vessel, capillary fringe, peripheral loops, or perilesional dark halo (p> 0.05) between both conditions. After adjustment, decreased MNV area and increased VD were associated with the tree-in-bud pattern, whereas the diagnosis did not significantly influence those parameters.Conclusion: While larger studies are warranted, this study is the first to describe and compare MMD-MNV and AMD-MNV using SS-OCTA, providing relevant clinical insight on MNV secondary to MMD and AMD. These findings also further validate OCTA as a powerful tool to detect and characterize MNV non-invasively.Keywords: macular neovascularization, age-related macular degeneration, high myopia, swept source, OCT angiography

Yifan Lu,1,2,&ast; Ying Cui,1,3,&ast; Ying Zhu,1,4,&ast; Edward S Lu,1 Rebecca Zeng,1 Itika Garg,1 Raviv Katz,1 Rongrong Le,1,5 Jay C Wang,1 Demetrios G Vavvas,1,2 Deeba Husain,1,2 Joan W Miller,1,2 David Wu,1,2 John B Miller1,2 1Harvard Retinal Imaging Lab, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, MA, USA; 2Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; 3Guangdong Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China; 4Eye Center of Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People’s Republic of China; 5Wenzhou Medical University Affiliated Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, People’s Republic of China&ast;These authors contributed equally to this workCorrespondence: John B Miller, Retina Service, Mass, Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, 243 Charles St, Boston, MA, 02114, USA, Tel +1 (617) 573-3750, Fax +1 (617) 573-3698, Email john_miller@meei.harvard.eduPurpose: Retinal artery occlusion (RAO) is an ophthalmic emergency that can lead to poor visual outcomes and is associated with an increased risk of stroke and cardiovascular events. Wide-field swept-source OCT-A (WF SS-OCTA) can provide quick and non-invasive angiographic information with a wide field of view. Here, we looked for associations between OCT-A vascular imaging metrics and vision in RAO patients.Methods: Patients with diagnoses of central (CRAO) or branched retinal artery occlusion (BRAO) were included. 6mm × 6mm Angio and 15mm × 15mm AngioPlex Montage OCT-A images were obtained for both eyes in each patient using Zeiss Plex Elite 9000 WF SS-OCTA device. Each 6mm × 6mm image was divided into nine Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS) subfields. Non-perfusion area (NPA) was manually measured using 15mm × 15mm images. A linear regression model was utilized to identify correlation between imaging metrics and vision. P-values less than 0.05 were considered as statistically significant.Results: Twenty-five subjects were included. For RAO eyes, there was a statistically significant inverse correlation between retinal thickness as well as superficial capillary plexus (SCP) vessel density (VD) and vision. An inverse correlation was found between deep capillary plexus (DCP) VD and vision without statistical significance. There was a positive correlation between choroidal thickness as well as choroidal volume and vision without statistical significance. No significant correlation was found between the metrics and vision in contralateral eyes. For NPA and vision, no significant correlation was identified.Conclusion: This is the first study to investigate the utility of WF SS-OCTA in RAO and to demonstrate correlations between retinal vascular imaging metrics and visual outcomes. The results of this study provide a basis to understand the structural changes involved in vision in RAO and may guide management of RAO and prevention of cerebral stroke and cardiovascular accidents.Keywords: WF SS-OCTA, RAO, BRAO, CRAO, ETDRS, ARI network

Patrick Oellers,1,* Inês Laíns,1,2,* Steven Mach,1 Shady Garas,1 Ivana K Kim,1 Demetrios G Vavvas,1 Joan W Miller,1 Deeba Husain,1 John B Miller1 1Retina Service, Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; 2Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal *These authors contributed equally to this work Purpose: Eyes with age-related macular degeneration (AMD) often harbor pathological changes in the retinal periphery and perimacular region. These extramacular changes have not been well classified, but may be phenotypically and functionally relevant. The purpose of this study was to demonstrate a novel grid to systematically study peripheral retinal abnormalities in AMD using geometric distortion-corrected ultra-widefield (UWF) imaging.Methods: This is a cross-sectional observational case series. Consecutive patients with AMD without any other coexisting vitreoretinal disease and control patients over age 50 without AMD or any other vitreoretinal disease were imaged using Optos 200 Tx. Captured 200° UWF images were corrected for peripheral geometric distortion using Optos transformation software. A newly developed grid to study perimacular and peripheral abnormalities in AMD was then projected onto the images.Results: Peripheral and perimacular changes such as drusen, retinal pigment epithelium changes and atrophy were found in patients with AMD. The presented grid in conjunction with geometric distortion-corrected UWF images allowed for systematic study of these peripheral changes in AMD.Conclusion: We present a novel grid to study peripheral and posterior pole changes in AMD. The grid is unique in that it adds a perimacular zone, which may be important in characterizing certain phenotypes in AMD. Our UWF images were corrected for geometric peripheral distortion to accurately reflect the anatomical dimensions of the retina. This grid offers a reliable and reproducible foundation for the exploration of peripheral retinal pathology associated with AMD. Keywords: ultra-widefield, autofluorescence, macular degeneration, grid, periphery, drusen, retinal pigment epithelium changes

The experimental work reported has been carried out in two parts; Jatropha biodiesel production and engine test. The engine test has been carried out on a direct injection, single-cylinder, water-cooled stationary diesel engine. Several diesel fuel blends which contain 10% and 20% by volume of JBD and 1% and 3% nitromethane were prepared. The effects of these blends on the combustion, performance, and emission characteristics of diesel engine were studied. The tests were performed under constant speed and varying load conditions without altering injection timing. A maximum increase of 11.73%, 3.2 % and 7.68 % in the brake thermal efficiency, the brake specific fuel consumption and exhaust gas temperature were achieved respectively for 20% Jatropha biodiesel and 3% nitromethane at full engine load. Compared to the pure diesel operation, the peak in-cylinder pressure of blended fuels was lower at the full load conditions. Also, the maximum net heat release rate of blended fuels was lower than that of diesel at all loading conditions. In regards to the engine emissions, the results showed that the blended fuels reduced carbon monoxide at 18.6-28.9% and unburned hydrocarbon of 7.5-24.2%, while increased the emission of nitrogen oxides at 6.9-14.3% and carbon dioxide at 4.3-10.5%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The objective of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of ultrasonography (USG) if it can be used as a primary diagnostic method for maxillofacial trauma and to determine the sensitivity and specificity of USG verified with a computed tomography (CT) scan. Materials and Methods: This study was a comparative prospective study that consisted of a total of 32 patients. Patients reported to the Trauma Care and Emergency Center of KLES Dr. Prabhakar Kore Hospital with maxillofacial trauma during October 2018–September 2020 were included in the study. Following a CT scan, based on the inclusion criterion, the patient underwent an ultrasonographic examination of any maxillofacial fracture that had been confirmed by a CT scan to verify it. Sensitivity and specificity were calculated to establish the accuracy of USG. Results: A total of14 sites were selected in the maxillofacial region. Out of all the 14 anatomical landmarks, nine were able to detect all the fractures on USG with 100% sensitivity and specificity. Intracapsular condyle fractures were not seen on USG. The region where all the fractures were not identified on USG was medial wall and floor of the orbit, one nondisplaced ramus fracture. Conclusions: The overall sensitivity observed for the diagnosis of maxillofacial fracture was 85.21% and specificity observed was 100%. In conclusion, USG can be a handy, diagnostic, additional, noninvasive, and inexpensive tool in the detection of maxillofacial fractures when compared to CT in the primary health-care center. Furthermore, studies should be conducted with a considerable amount of sample size as the literature mentions limited work regarding USG as a primary technique in maxillofacial fractures detection.