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El diseño de la investigación parte de una pregunta adecuadamente formulada y delimitada que además corresponda a un problema real, no a un problema supuesto que el investigador ha creado para realizar un estudio. Seguidamente se formulan los objetivos, los cuales deben estar en concordancia con el título del estudio y la pregunta de investigación, los objetivos específicos deben derivarse del objetivo general y ser medibles. El diseño incluye la tipología del estudio, descriptiva, cuantitativa, cualitativa, mixta, correlacional, experimental, no experimental, cuasi experimental, histórica, documental, etc. La recolección de los datos y su respectivo procesamiento debe de ser acorde con la tipología del estudio definida en la metodología, es decir, si se definió que el estudio es descriptivo, se esperaría encontrar tablas de frecuencias, de contingencia, medidas de centralización, de dispersión, el coeficiente de desviación. Si el estudio es correlacional, se espera encontrar en el procesamiento, una prueba de correlación, unas hipótesis nula y alterna, con sus respectivas pruebas de hipótesis. Si se ha definido que el estudio es experimental, se espera que se haya definido una variable de control y las condiciones para ejecutar el experimento, etc. El estudio analizó 50 trabajos de grado en el campo de la administración y sus áreas afines, de tipología cuantitativa, se seleccionaron al azar y se observó la metodología planteada por los autores, se estudió el procesamiento estadístico de datos que usaron los autores. Este documento de trabajo, como su nombre lo indica, ofrece apuntes estadísticos para el procesamiento de los datos, en estudios cuantitativos, que sean consistentes con la tipología de la investigación cuantitativa.

The design of investigation begin with a key question, formulated and delimited correctly, is a real problem, not a invention problem developed by the investigator. Nextly the objectives are formulated, they must be according with the title of study and according with the key question, the secondary objectives are derivates from de main objective, and be measures. The design include the class of study, such as descriptive, quantitative, qualitative, mix, correlational, experimental, non-experimental, quasi experimental historical, documental or others. The data recollections and its process must be according with the class of study, if study is descriptive, may be are frequency tables, contingency tables, central measures, dispersion measures and deviation coefficient. If the study is correlational may be are a correlation test, null and altern hypothesis with itsmechanisms of test. If the study is experimental, may be are a control variable and the conditions to make the experiment, etc. The study analyzed 50 grades papers in the administration fields and similar areas, with quantitative typology, the elements were selected with the random way and in the methodology was studied, as well as, its statically data processing used by the authors. This paper as its title said, offers statistical notes to process data in quantitative studies according with the quantitative investigation. El diseño de la investigación parte de una pregunta adecuadamente formulada y delimitada que además corresponda a un problema real, no a un problema supuesto que el investigador ha creado para realizar un estudio. Seguidamente se formulan los objetivos, los cuales deben estar en concordancia con el título del estudio y la pregunta de investigación, los objetivos específicos deben derivarse del objetivo general y ser medibles. El diseño incluye la tipología del estudio, descriptiva, cuantitativa, cualitativa, mixta, correlacional, experimental, no experimental, cuasi experimental, histórica, documental, etc. La recolección de los datos y su respectivo procesamiento debe de ser acorde con la tipología del estudio definida en la metodología, es decir, si se definió que el estudio es descriptivo, se esperaría encontrar tablas de frecuencias, de contingencia, medidas de centralización, de dispersión, el coeficiente de desviación. Si el estudio es correlacional, se espera encontrar en el procesamiento, una prueba de correlación, unas hipótesis nula y alterna, con sus respectivas pruebas de hipótesis. Si se ha definido que el estudio es experimental, se espera que se haya definido una variable de control y las condiciones para ejecutar el experimento, etc. El estudio analizó 50 trabajos de grado en el campo de la administración y sus áreas afines, de tipología cuantitativa, se seleccionaron al azar y se observó la metodología planteada por los autores, se estudió el procesamiento estadístico de datos que usaron los autores. Este documento de trabajo, como su nombre lo indica, ofrece apuntes estadísticos para el procesamiento de los datos, en estudios cuantitativos, que sean consistentes con la tipología de la investigación cuantitativa.

Clinical simulation as a teaching methodology allows the student to train and learn technical abilities and/or non-technical abilities. One of the key elements of this teaching methodology is the debriefing, which consists of a conversation between several people, in which the participants go over a real or simulated event in order to analyze their actions and reflect on the role that thought processes, psychomotor skills and emotional states can play in maintaining, or improving their performance in the future. The Debriefing Experience Scale allows the experience of students in debriefing to be measured. The objective of this study is to translate the Debriefing Experience Scale (DES) into Spanish and analyze its reliability and validity to measure the experience of nursing students during the debriefing. The study was developed in two phases: One: the adaption of the instrument to Spanish, two: a transversal study carried out in a sample of 290 nursing students. The psychometric properties were analyzed in terms of reliability and construct validity using confirmatory factorial analysis (CFA). Cronbach's alpha was adequate for all the scales and for each one of the dimensions. The confirmatory factorial analysis showed that the 4-dimensional model is acceptable for both scales (experience and opinion). The Spanish version Debriefing Experience Scale questionnaire is useful, valid and reliable for use to measure the debriefing experience of university students in a simulation activity.

Professionals that work in neonatal units need to identify the strengths and weaknesses of the premature infant who is in the transition process from feeding through a gastric tube to oral feeding. The main aim of this study was to validate the Oral FEeding Assessment in premaTure INfants (OFEATINg) instrument. A psychometric validity and reliability study was conducted in Neonatal Intensive Care Units of two public, metropolitan, university hospitals. The study population were premature infants at a postconceptional age of 31-35 weeks. The study included evaluation of the reliability, convergent, discriminant and construct validity, sensitivity and specificity of the OFEATINg instrument. A total of 621 feedings of 56 preterm infants were evaluated. Confirmatory factor analysis identified 3 factors and 13 indicators with a good fit to the model. Cronbach's alpha coefficient was 0.78. The instrument showed high indices of inter-rater reliability (Pearson 0.9 and intraclass correlation coefficient 0.95). The OFEATINg scale is a valid and reliable instrument for evaluating the readiness for oral feeding of preterm infants. It may enable clinicians to evaluate the physiological and behavioral abilities involved in the oral feeding process and help them make decisions related to the transition to full oral feeding.Clinical trial registration: This study was prospectively registered at the two Institutional review boards.

Ethical sensitivity is a requirement for people care as well as for decision-making in everyday practice. The aim is to present an adaptation and transcultural validation -in Spanish- of the Moral Sensitivity Questionnaire by Lutzen et al. in Spain. In addition to that, we provide a practical implementation analysing the degree of moral sensitivity of nursing students. The data used for data collection were moral Sensitivity Questionnaire, socio-demographic data and a self-report questionnaire. The psychometric properties of the questionnaire were assessed, including validity and reliability. Fit indices of the overall model were computed. The fit indices of the Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) indicate a poor fit, although the Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) revealed two dimensions that show a better fit of its indices. Women and those women with more experience in the clinical setting have a higher mean score, as well as those who study in centers where the strategic lines are the humanization of care. Female nursing students with more experience in the clinical setting and with more educational training present higher sensitivity indexes, as well as those who study in centers where the strategic lines are the humanization of care. The findings confirm that the Lutzen et al. questionnaire is multidimensional. In the Spanish sample, it was necessary to group the three initial factors into two: sense of moral burden and moral strength-grouping the moral responsibility items into the above items to make the instrument more resilient.

Coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) patients usually require long periods of mechanical ventilation and sedation, which added to steroid therapy, favours a predisposition to the development of delirium and subsequent mental health disorders, as well as physical and respiratory sequelae. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of post-intensive care syndrome (PICS) at 3 months after hospital discharge, in a cohort of mechanically ventilated patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). An ambispective, observational study was conducted in three hospitals with intensive care unit (ICU) follow-up clinics. We studied adults who survived a critical illness due to SARS-CoV-2 infection requiring invasive mechanical ventilation. A physical (muscle strength and pulmonary function), functional [12-Item Short Form Health Survey (SF-12), and Barthel score], psychological [hospital anxiety and depression (HADS) and posttraumatic stress disorder symptom severity scales], and cognitive [Montreal cognitive assessment (MoCA) test] assessment were performed. A total of 186 patients were evaluated at 88 days (IQR 68-121) after hospital discharge. Mean age was 59 +/- 12 years old, 126 (68%) patients were men, and median length of mechanical ventilation was 14 days (IQR 8-31). About 3 out of 4 patients (n = 139, 75%) met PICS criteria. Symptoms of cognitive and psychiatric disorders were found in 59 (32%) and 58 (31%) patients, respectively. Ninety-one (49%) patients had muscle weakness. Pulmonary function tests in patients with no respiratory comorbidities showed a normal pattern in 93 (50%) patients, and a restrictive disorder in 62 (33%) patients. Also, 69 patients (37%) were on sick leave, while 32 (17%) had resumed work at the time of assessment. In conclusion, survivors of critical illness due to SARS-CoV-2 infection requiring mechanical ventilation have a high prevalence of PICS. Physical domain is the most frequently damaged, followed by cognitive and psychiatric disorders. ICU follow-up clinics enable the assistance of this vulnerable population.

The Wijma Delivery Expectancy/Experience Questionnaire (W-DEQ-B) is an instrument that allows the experiences around fear of childbirth to be examined after the birth. It is currently the most widely used to measure different aspects related to the fear of childbirth and enables healthcare and additional assistance to women after birth to be adapted according to their needs. The objective of this study was to translate the W-DEQ-B into Spanish and analyse its reliability and validity. The study was carried out in two phases: (1) transcultural adaption of the questionnaire to Spanish and (2) a transversal study in a sample of 190 postpartum women from Sexual and Reproductive Health Clinics in the province of Barcelona (Spain). The psychometric properties were examined in terms of reliability (internal consistency and temporal stability) and construct validity (confirmatory factorial analysis [CFA] and exploratory factorial analysis [EFA]). The results of the CFA did not confirm unidimensionality of the W-DEQ-B questionnaire. The EFA suggested four very similar, but not identical, dimensions to those obtained in other studies in which the W-DEQ-B has been evaluated. Both the Cronbach's alpha and the omega coefficient were adequate for the total questionnaire and for each of the four dimensions. The results of this study confirm that the W-DEQ-B is multi-dimensional. In the Spanish version of the W-DEQ-B-Sp four dimensions have been identified that allow the experiences around fear of childbirth to be examined after the birth. The Spanish version of the WDEQ-B (WDEQ-B-Sp) is reliable and valid for the measurement of fear of childbirth in clinical practice and for use in future research.

Objectives: This paper shows the development of an application for the historical record of the values with which a wastewater treatment filter operates in the oil industry, used to eliminate traces of oil and solids, and make it suitable in the injection processes or shedding. Methods/Analysis: After analyzing the data, we proceeded to identify the variables within the filter that had to be shown in the program. After that, the programming work was done in the Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) to make this data accessible. The software Microsoft Excel and RSLinx were selected for the final development, the data was communicated from the PLC to this software, and the application was developed, together with its respective simulation and its use was demonstrated in a real case. The entire process is described in this document and, at the academic level; it can be a source of consultation or guidance for the development of applications and subsequent developments. Findings: Process that is automated and therefore uses a PLC (programmable logic controller) for control and operation, together with HMI screens (Human Machine Interface), which make it possible for operators to control and supervise their operation, but do not have software that allow to record its value over time, software that would be useful for field coordinators, maintenance managers and manufacturer representatives, in order to determine efficiency parameters and detect or correct faults. Improvements: The registration can be done to view it via WEB on any device. Keywords: Automated Register, Filters, Human Machine Interface (HMI), Programmable Logic Controller (PLC), Wastewater

There are multiple advantages to using human patient simulation (HPS) as a teaching method for clinical nursing education. Valid, reliable tools that can be used when applying this teaching method are needed to evaluate nursing student skill acquisition. The aim of this study was to translate the Creighton Simulation Evaluation Instrument (C-SEI) into Spanish and to analyse the reliability and validity of the Spanish C-SEI version with nursing students. The study was conducted in two phases: (1) Adaptation of the instrument into Spanish. (2) Cross-sectional study in a sample of 249 nursing students who were evaluated by two observers. The psychometric properties were analysed in terms of reliability (internal consistency and inter-observer consistency) and construct validity using an exploratory factor analysis. Questionnaire internal consistency was 0.839 for the tool as a whole. Inter-observer concordance for the tool as a whole was 0.936 and greater than 0.80 for the majority of the items. The exploratory factor analysis showed a four-factor structure that explains 49.5% of the total variance. The results of this study show that the C-SEI-sp tool is a valid and reliable tool that is easy to apply in the monitoring of student performance in clinical simulation scenarios.

INTRODUCTION: In the last two decades, non-invasive mechanical ventilation (NIV) has been consolidated as an initial strategy for the management of respiratory failure in critical adult and paediatric patients. OBJECTIVES: To identify risk factors and preventive strategies to reduce the incidence of skin lesions associated with clinical devices (LESADIC) related to NIV, as well as the most effective treatment for injuries that cannot be avoided. METHODOLOGY: Review in the MEDLINE, CINAHL and Cochrane databases of studies published in the last 10years to reach consensus through an expert panel. RESULTS: Knowledge about how to measure correct mask size and protection of the skin with foam or hydrocolloids dressings are factors related to the incidence of LESADIC, as it conditions the degree of pressure-friction and shear that the interface exerts on the skin. The interface that causes fewer LESADIC and is better tolerated is the face mask. When there are injuries, the first thing is to remove the interface that causes pressure on damaged skin, recommending a Helmet(®) hood as an alternative, treating the infection, managing the exudate and stimulating perilesional skin. CONCLUSIONS: The mask of choice is the facial, always using foam or hydrocolloid dressings on the nasal bridge. Evaluate the condition of the skin under the interface and harness every 4hours (recommended) and 11hours (maximum). Evaluate the rotation strategy of the interface at 24hours if the NIV is still needed on an ongoing basis.

Phytophthora infestans (Mont.) de Bary, causa pérdidas considerables en todas las áreas donde se cultivan Solanáceas. Su manejo se realizapor métodos químicos, biológicos y tradicionalmente por los agricultores utilizando jugo de fique. Se aislaron bacterias presentes en el jugo de fique y se evaluó el antagonismo contra P.infestans empleando el principio de la técnica de Bauer-Kirbyel. Se seleccionó el aislado con mayor inhibición para realizar una fermentación en jugo de fique estéril y pruebas de antagonismo contra P. infestans en cajas de agartomate enmendadas con caldo fermentado. Finalmente, se realizó la caracterización molecular del aislado seleccionado mediantela secuencia parcial del gen ribsomal 16S rRNA. Se obtuvo 41 aislados, de los cuales ocho presentaron inhibición del crecimiento In Vitro de P. infestans. Se seleccionó el aislado M46 para las pruebas de antagonismo en placas de agar tomate enmendadas con 200 µLde caldo fermentado y se alcanzó un porcentaje de inhibición del 95,4% del crecimiento de P. infestans. El aislado M46 se identificó como Bacillus spcon un porcentaje de identidad del 85% con B. cereus. La cepa de Bacillus spM46 tiene potencial como agente de control para el patógeno P.infestans.

Debido a los posibles efectos carcinogénicos de algunos antioxidantes sintéticos las investigaciones sobre la obtención y evaluación de antioxidantes naturales tienen un creciente interés. En este trabajo se analizó la composición y se evaluó la capacidad antioxidante de una especie de orégano (Lippiaoriganoides H.B.K) que crece de forma silvestre en la región del Alto Patía al suroccidente de Colombia. El aceite esencial de las hojas de orégano (AEO) se extrajo por la técnica de arrastre con vapor. La composición química se analizó por cromatografía de gases acoplada a espectrometría de masas (GC-MS), identificando los constituyentes con base en sus patrones de fragmentación y sus índices de retención de Kovat’s. La actividad antioxidante se evaluó mediante los métodos espectrofotométricos de DPPH* y ABTS*+. Los componentes principales fueron timol (73,7%), ρ-cimeno (10,5%), mirceno (3,1%) y γ-terpineno (2,9%). Los valores de EC50 (concentración de aceite esencial que reduce el 50% de radicales DPPH*) para el AEO y para el BHT fueron 5,58 y 1,33 mg/mL, respectivamente; por su parte los valores TEAC (actividad antioxidante equivalente al Trolox) para el AEO y para el BHT fueron 0,33 y 0,68 mg/mL respectivamente, lo que indica que la capacidad antioxidante del AEO es similar a la del BHT, lo cual se puede atribuir a la acción sinérgica de sus compuestos fenólicos. El alto rendimiento de extracción y contenido de timol en el aceite esencial de orégano del Alto Patía hacen que esta especie tenga un alto potencial para la obtención de antioxidantes naturales.Devido aos possíveis efeitos carcinogênicos que têm alguns antioxidantes sintéticos, as pesquisas na obtenção e avaliação de antioxidantes naturais têm um crescente interesse. Neste trabalho foi analisada a composição e a capacidade antioxidante de uma espécie de orégano (Lippiaoriganoides H.B.K) que cresce em forma silvestre na região de Alto Patía ao sudoeste da Colômbia. O óleo essencial das folhas de orégano (OEO),foi extraído pela técnica de arraste com vapor. A composição química foi analisada por cromatografia gasosa acoplada a espectrometria de massas (GC-MS), os compostos foram identificados baseado nos patrões de fragmentação e seus índices de retenção de Kovat’s. A atividade antioxidante foi avaliada mediante os métodos espectrofotométricos de DPPH* y ABTS*+. Os principais componentes foram timol (73,7%), ρ-cimeno (10,5%), mirceno (3,1%) y γ-terpineno (2,9%). Os valores de EC50 (concentração do óleo essencial que reduz o 50% de radicais DPPH*) e de TEAC (atividade antioxidante equivalente ao Trolox) para o OEO e para o BHT foram 5,58y 1,33mg/mL e 0,33 e 0,68 mg/mL respectivamente, isto indica que a capacidade antioxidante do OEO é similar ao do BHT, que pode se atribuir a ação sinérgica dos compostos fenólicos. O alto rendimento de extração e conteúdo de timol no óleo essencial de orégano do Alto Patía fazem desta espécie, um potencial para a obtenção de antioxidantes naturais.Because of the potential carcinogenic effects of some synthetic antioxidants research on the collection and evaluation of natural antioxidants have a growing interest. In this work was analyzed the composition and evaluated the antioxidant activity of an oregano species (Lippiaoriganoides H.B.K) that grows wild in the region of Alto Patía, southwestern Colombia. The essential oils were obtained from oregano leaves by steam distillation technique. The chemical composition was analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), identifying the constituent based on their fragmentation patterns and Kovat's indices. The antioxidant activity was evaluated by spectrophotometric methods DPPH* and ABTS*+. The main components were thymol (73.7%), ρ-cymene (10.5%), myrcene(3.1%) and γ-terpinene (2.9%). EC50 values (essential oil concentration that reduces 50% of DPPH* radicals) and TEAC (Trolox equivalent antioxidant activity) for the oregano essential oils (OEO) and BHT were 5.58 and 1.33 mg/mL and 0.33 and 0.68 mg/mL, respectively, indicating that the antioxidant capacity of the OEO is similar to that of BHT, which can be attributed to the synergistic action of its phenolic compounds.The highextraction yieldand content ofthymol inoregano essentialoilof Alto Patíamake this specieshas a highpotentialfor obtainingnatural antioxidants.

Most standardized nursing care plans for healthy neonates include multiple nursing diagnoses to reflect nurses' judgments on the infant's status; however scientific literature concerning this issue is scarce. Newborn physiological immaturity is a concept in the ATIC terminology (architecture, terminology, interface, information, nursing [infermeria], and knowledge [coneixement]) to represent the natural status of vulnerability of the healthy neonate.

Phytophthora infestans (Mont.) de Bary, causa pérdidas considerables en todas las áreas donde se cultivan Solanáceas. Su manejo se realizapor métodos químicos, biológicos y tradicionalmente por los agricultores utilizando jugo de fique. Se aislaron bacterias presentes en el jugo de fique y se evaluó el antagonismo contra P.infestans empleando el principio de la técnica de Bauer-Kirbyel. Se seleccionó el aislado con mayor inhibición para realizar una fermentación en jugo de fique estéril y pruebas de antagonismo contra P. infestans en cajas de agartomate enmendadas con caldo fermentado. Finalmente, se realizó la caracterización molecular del aislado seleccionado mediantela secuencia parcial del gen ribsomal 16S rRNA. Se obtuvo 41 aislados, de los cuales ocho presentaron inhibición del crecimiento In Vitro de P. infestans. Se seleccionó el aislado M46 para las pruebas de antagonismo en placas de agar tomate enmendadas con 200 µLde caldo fermentado y se alcanzó un porcentaje de inhibición del 95,4% del crecimiento de P. infestans. El aislado M46 se identificó como Bacillus spcon un porcentaje de identidad del 85% con B. cereus. La cepa de Bacillus spM46 tiene potencial como agente de control para el patógeno P.infestans. Phytophthorainfestans (Mont.) de Bary, has caused considerable losses in all areas where are cultivated the Solanaceae. Its control has been done by chemical, biological, and traditionally by farmersusing sisal juice. We isolated bacteria present in the sisal juice.These were tested for antagonism to P.infestans using the principle of Bauer-Kirby technique. The isolate with most inhibition zone was submeted to fermentation in sterile sisal juice and was also tested for antagonism against P.infestans on tomato agar amended with the fermented broth. Finally, we performed the molecular characterization of isolates selected using the 16S rRNA gene ribosomal. We obtained a total of 41 isolates, eigth of which showed good growth inhibition in vitro of P. infestans. The M46 Isolate was selected for testing of antagonism in tomato agar plates amended with 200μl of fermented broth and reached a rate of 95,4% inhibition of growth of P.infestans. The M46 isolate was identified as Bacillus spM46 with a percentage identity of 85% with Bacillus cereus. The strain of Bacillus sp. M46 has potential as a control agent for the pathogen P.infestans. Phytophthorainfestans (Mont.) de Bary, causou perdas consideráveis em todas as áreas onde foram cultivadas as Solanaceae. Seu controle tem sido feito por compostos químicos, biológicos, e tradicionalmente os agricultores ocontrolam-ló diretamente usando suco de sisal. Foram isoladas bactérias do suco de sisal, as quais foram testados para o antagonismo de P.infestans utilizando o principio da técnica de Bauer-Kirby. O isolado com maior inibição foi levado a fermentação com suco de sisal estéril e posteriormente submetido ao proceso de antagonismo contra P.infestans no meio de cultura de ágar tomate com caldo fermentado. Finalmente, foi realizada a caracterização molecular de isolados selecionados usando o gene 16S rRNAribsomal. Obtivemos um total de 41 isolados, dos quais 8 mostraram uma boa inibicao de crecimentoin vitro de P. infestans. O isolado M46 foi selecionado para o teste de antagonismo em placas do meio de cultura ágar tomate alterado com 200μl de caldo fermentado, este alcançou uma taxa de 95,4% de inibição do crescimento In vitro de P.infestans. O isolado M46 foi identificado como Bacillussp com uma identidade percentual de 85% a cepa de B.cereus. Bacillussp M46 tem um potencial como agente de controle para o patógenoP.infestans.

Se evaluó el efecto de un bioinsumo elaborado a partir de jugo de fique (Furcraea gigantea Vent.) en el manejo de la enfermedad del tizón tardío causada por el patógeno Phytophthora infestans en dos cultivos experimentales de papa (Solanum tuberosum L.).e utilizóun diseño de bloques completos al azar con arreglo factorial, en donde el factor A correspondió a las concentraciones: 5, 10 y 15 L.ha-1 y el factor B al tiempo de fermentación: 2, 4 y 6 días (a 33ºC)comparados con un testigo absoluto (agua) y un testigo comercial (Cymoxanil 8% + Mancozeb 64%).Los valores de severidad, incidencia y rendimiento determinaron que la aplicación de 15 L.ha-1 bajo un tiempo de fermentación de 4 días fue el único tratamiento que mostró diferencias estadísticas (P

El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar distintos tratamientos térmicos para inactivar las enzimas que causan el deterioro del jugo de fique sin alterar sus propiedades biocidas. Como indicador de un proceso exitoso se midió la actividad enzimática residual de las enzimas Peroxidasa (POD) y Polifenol oxidasa (PPO) causantes de alteración en distintos jugos vegetales. Para verificar que el tratamiento no afectó las propiedades biocidas del jugo se llevaron a cabo pruebas de inhibición de crecimiento micelial in vitro de P. infestans. El baremo de pasteurización que presentó un menor crecimiento del fitopatógeno (2,1%), así como una reducción aceptable de la actividad enzimática (10,6% para POD y 3,2% para PPO), fue 75°C por 4 minutos. Se concluye que el tratamiento aplicado permite preservar las propiedades biocidas del jugo The aim of this study was to evaluate different heat treatments to inactivate enzymes that cause deterioration of sisal juice without altering its biocide properties. As an indicator of a successful process, residual enzymatic activity of peroxidase (POD) and polyphenol oxidase (PPO) was measured. To verify that the treatment did not affect the juice´s biocide properties, micelial growth tests were carried out to assay in vitro inhibition of P. infestans. The successful pasteurization treatment that showed a lower growth of phytopathogen (2.1%) and an acceptable reduction on enzyme activity (10.6% for POD and 3.2% for PPO), was 75°C during 4 minutes. We conclude that the treatment applied preserves the biocide properties of the juice O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar diferentes tratamentos térmicos para inativar enzimas que causam a deterioração do suco de sisal sem alterar suas propriedades biocidas. Como um indicador de um processo bem sucedido foi medida a actividade enzimática residual do enzima peroxidase (POD) e da polifenol oxidase (PPO), causando alterações na sumos de vegetais diferentes. Para verificar que o tratamento não afectou os testes propriedades biocidas suco foram realizadas a inibição do crescimento micelial in vitro de P. infestans. A pasteurização mostrou uma escala menor crescimento do micélio (2,1%) e uma redução da actividade da enzima aceitável (10,6% para 3,2% para o POD e PPO), foi de 75° C durante 4 minutos. Concluímos que o tratamento aplicado preserva as propriedades biocidas do suco

Se evaluaron seis tratamientos de abonos orgánicos elaborados a partir de subproductos del procesamiento de fique (Furcraea gigantea Vent.) como alternativa para suplir los requerimientos nutricionales del cultivo de maíz (Zea mays L.) en el Municipio de Guaitarilla (Nariño, Colombia). Para la elaboración de los abonos se empleó la técnica Bocashi modificada, evaluando tres relaciones carbono:nitrógeno (10:1, 20:1 y 30:1) y dos fuentes de microorganismos descomponedores (microrganismos efectivos (EM) y levadura comercial). Cada tratamiento fue evaluado en campo utilizando un diseño de bloques completos al azar con arreglo factorial donde el factor A correspondió a los diferentes abonos orgánicos (Ta-Tf) y el factor B a las dosis de fertilización: 3, 6 y 9 t/ha, adicionalmente se valoró un testigo con fertilización química (Tq) y un testigo sin fertilización (To). Como variables de respuesta se estudiaron la altura de la planta (AP), rendimiento (RTO), número de granos por mazorca (GM) y peso de cien granos (PC). El mejor tratamiento fue Tb (20:1 + EM), el cual superó de forma significativa (P

Debido a los posibles efectos carcinogénicos de algunos antioxidantes sintéticos las investigaciones sobre la obtención y evaluación de antioxidantes naturales tienen un creciente interés. En este trabajo se analizó la composición y se evaluó la capacidad antioxidante de una especie de orégano (Lippiaoriganoides H.B.K) que crece de forma silvestre en la región del Alto Patía al suroccidente de Colombia. El aceite esencial de las hojas de orégano (AEO) se extrajo por la técnica de arrastre con vapor. La composición química se analizó por cromatografía de gases acoplada a espectrometría de masas (GC-MS), identificando los constituyentes con base en sus patrones de fragmentación y sus índices de retención de Kovat’s. La actividad antioxidante se evaluó mediante los métodos espectrofotométricos de DPPH* y ABTS*+. Los componentes principales fueron timol (73,7%), ρ-cimeno (10,5%), mirceno (3,1%) y γ-terpineno (2,9%). Los valores de EC50 (concentración de aceite esencial que reduce el 50% de radicales DPPH*) para el AEO y para el BHT fueron 5,58 y 1,33 mg/mL, respectivamente; por su parte los valores TEAC (actividad antioxidante equivalente al Trolox) para el AEO y para el BHT fueron 0,33 y 0,68 mg/mL respectivamente, lo que indica que la capacidad antioxidante del AEO es similar a la del BHT, lo cual se puede atribuir a la acción sinérgica de sus compuestos fenólicos. El alto rendimiento de extracción y contenido de timol en el aceite esencial de orégano del Alto Patía hacen que esta especie tenga un alto potencial para la obtención de antioxidantes naturales. Because of the potential carcinogenic effects of some synthetic antioxidants research on the collection and evaluation of natural antioxidants have a growing interest. In this work was analyzed the composition and evaluated the antioxidant activity of an oregano species (Lippiaoriganoides H.B.K) that grows wild in the region of Alto Patía, southwestern Colombia. The essential oils were obtained from oregano leaves by steam distillation technique. The chemical composition was analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), identifying the constituent based on their fragmentation patterns and Kovat's indices. The antioxidant activity was evaluated by spectrophotometric methods DPPH* and ABTS*+. The main components were thymol (73.7%), ρ-cymene (10.5%), myrcene(3.1%) and γ-terpinene (2.9%). EC50 values (essential oil concentration that reduces 50% of DPPH* radicals) and TEAC (Trolox equivalent antioxidant activity) for the oregano essential oils (OEO) and BHT were 5.58 and 1.33 mg/mL and 0.33 and 0.68 mg/mL, respectively, indicating that the antioxidant capacity of the OEO is similar to that of BHT, which can be attributed to the synergistic action of its phenolic compounds.The highextraction yieldand content ofthymol inoregano essentialoilof Alto Patíamake this specieshas a highpotentialfor obtainingnatural antioxidants. Devido aos possíveis efeitos carcinogênicos que têm alguns antioxidantes sintéticos, as pesquisas na obtenção e avaliação de antioxidantes naturais têm um crescente interesse. Neste trabalho foi analisada a composição e a capacidade antioxidante de uma espécie de orégano (Lippiaoriganoides H.B.K) que cresce em forma silvestre na região de Alto Patía ao sudoeste da Colômbia. O óleo essencial das folhas de orégano (OEO),foi extraído pela técnica de arraste com vapor. A composição química foi analisada por cromatografia gasosa acoplada a espectrometria de massas (GC-MS), os compostos foram identificados baseado nos patrões de fragmentação e seus índices de retenção de Kovat’s. A atividade antioxidante foi avaliada mediante os métodos espectrofotométricos de DPPH* y ABTS*+. Os principais componentes foram timol (73,7%), ρ-cimeno (10,5%), mirceno (3,1%) y γ-terpineno (2,9%). Os valores de EC50 (concentração do óleo essencial que reduz o 50% de radicais DPPH*) e de TEAC (atividade antioxidante equivalente ao Trolox) para o OEO e para o BHT foram 5,58y 1,33mg/mL e 0,33 e 0,68 mg/mL respectivamente, isto indica que a capacidade antioxidante do OEO é similar ao do BHT, que pode se atribuir a ação sinérgica dos compostos fenólicos. O alto rendimento de extração e conteúdo de timol no óleo essencial de orégano do Alto Patía fazem desta espécie, um potencial para a obtenção de antioxidantes naturais.

En este estudio se midió el rendimiento de aceite y la composición de ácidos grasos presentes en semillas de las frutas andinas tropicales: lulo de la variedad castilla (Solanum quitoense), mora de la variedad castilla (Rubus glaucus) y maracuyá (Passiflora edulis). La extracción se hizo con solventes en un extractor Soxhlet utilizando éter etílico al 99.8% de pureza y punto de ebullición 40 - 60 °C. Para identificar los ácidos grasos se empleó cromatografía de gases con detector FID (GC-FID). Los rendimientos en aceite fueron de 8.5% para lulo, 12.2% para mora y 21.2% para maracuyá. Los ácidos grasos encontrados en semillas de lulo fueron palmítico (15.6%) y linoléico (58.1%); en semillas de mora linoléico (50.1%) y linolénico (25.1%) y en las de maracuyá palmítico (15.44%), oleico (15.47%) y linoléico (63.1%). El contenido graso de las semillas evaluadas evidenció su potencial como materia prima oleaginosa y por sus contenidos de ácidos grasos se pueden considerar una fuente importante de componentes para las industrias alimentaria, farmacéutica y cosmética. The objective of the study was to determine yield in oil and composition in the fatty acids present in three different seeds from Andean fruits: Lulo castilla variety (Solanum quitoense); blackberry castilla variety (Rubus glaucus), and the passion fruit or maracuya (Passiflora edulis). The extraction was carried out by solvent extraction method with a Soxhlet extractor using ethyl ether as solvent at 99.8% to purity and boiling point of 40 - 60 ° C. To identify the fatty acids gas chromatography with FID detector (GC-FID) was used. Oil yields were obtained from 8.5% for lulo, 12.2% for blackberry and 21.2% for maracuya. The fatty acids found were the follow: In seeds of lulo were found palmitic acid 15.6% and linoleic acid 58.1%; in seeds of blackberry 50.1% of linoleic acid and linolenic acid 25.1%; in seeds of maracuya, palmitic acid 15.44%, oleic acid 15.47% and linoleic 63.1%. The fat content of the studied seeds evidence their potential as oleaginous raw material and the identification of the previous fatty acids makes them an important source of components for the food, pharmaceutical or cosmetic industry.

Con el objeto de evaluar tratamientos alternativos para el manejo de tizón tardío de la papa causada por Phytophthora infestans, se estudió la respuesta de sensibilidad in vitro del patógeno al bioinsumo de fique (Furcraea gigantea Vent), comparándolo con los productos comerciales Ridomil-Gold® y Curzate®. Para esto, se utilizó un diseño irrestrictamente al azar con arreglo factorial, en donde el factor A correspondió a los tratamientos antes nombrados y el factor B a las concentraciones: 10, 100, 1.000, 10.000, 100.000 µg.mL-1 adicionadas al medio de cultivo. La sensibilidad del aislamiento se evaluó mediante la escala de Shattock y se calculó la concentración efectiva cincuenta (EC50). Los resultados mostraron diferencias significativas (P

El objetivo del presente estudio fue determinar el nivel máximo de sustitución de la harina de trigo con harina de papa parda pastusa (Solanum tuberosum), como una alternativa para la elaboración de productos de panadería. Se utilizó un diseño experimental completamente al azar, donde se evaluaron las variables de respuesta: color, sabor, y textura. Se utilizó el análisis de varianza para encontrar diferencias significativas entre el producto obtenido con harina de papa y el producto con 100% harina de trigo. No se encontraron diferencias estadísticas significativas en el color, sabor y textura entre los panes al 10,20 y 30 % de sustitución. Sin embargo en la prueba de aceptación el pan al 20% evidencia que tiene una buena aceptación y podría ser utilizado comercialmente. The objective of the study was to determine the maximum level of substitution of wheat flour by parda pastusa potato (Solanum tuberosum) flour, as an alternative in the production of bakery products. The experimental design completely at random was carried out, where the variable of response: color flavor and texture were tested. After each experiment, the analysis of variance was used to find some significative differences between the obtained product with potato flour and a product made 100% wheat flour. No significant statistical difference was in the color, flavor and texture among the breads to the 10, 20 and 30% substitution, in the test of acceptance the bread to 20% it evidences that has a good acceptance and it could be used commercially. O objetivo do presente estudo foi determinar o nível máximo de substituição da farinha de trigo com farinha de batata parda pastusa (Solanum tuberosum), como uma alternativa para a elaboração de produtos de padaria. Foi utilizado um desenho experimental completamente ao azar, onde se avaliaram as variáveis de resposta: cor, sabor, e textura. Utilizou se a análise da variância para encontrar diferencia significativas entre o produto obtido com farinha de batata e o produto com 100% farinha de trigo. Não se encontraram diferencias estadísticas significativas na cor, sabor e textura entre os pães ao 10, 20 e 30% de substituição. No entanto na prova de aceitação o p%o ao 20% evidencia que tem uma boa aceitação e poderia ser utilizado comercialmente.

La actividad minera en Colombia representa un sector importante dentro de la economía nacional. En el 2006 este sector aportó ingresos de $1.17 billones y sus exportaciones ascendieron a $5.000 millones dólares, representando el 21% de las exportaciones totales del país [1]. Siendo las principales explotaciones: el carbón en el Cesar y la Guajira, ferroníquel en Cerromatoso Córdoba, Oro en Antioquia, Esmeraldas en Boyacá. Risaralda se encuentra en el depósito mineral Cañón del rio Cauca, con blanco de exploración para la inversión extranjera Oro, Cobre, Plomo y Zinc [2]., Pregrado, Químico