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The generation efficiency of data products depends on both the computational efficiency and the startup efficiency of algorithms. In meteorological operations, algorithms are typically data-driven, meaning they are initiated immediately upon data arrival to accelerate the generation time of data products. Therefore, data-driven meteorological services urgently require an efficient task scheduling framework to achieve the goal of starting and running algorithms as soon as data arrive, and to improve the generation efficiency of meteorological data products. CMA Big Data and Cloud Platform, referred to as Tianqing and led by National Meteorological Information Center, began nationwide business operations in December 2021. The data processing line (DPL), as the core function of Tianqing, enables the unified management and centralized scheduling of meteorological algorithms. DPL has established various task scheduling capabilities, including timer-triggered scheduling, sequential scheduling, data-arrival scheduling, and manual scheduling. Among these methods, data-arrival scheduling based on data reporting status enables the algorithm to start immediately after data reporting, greatly improving the startup time of meteorological algorithms and the generation time of meteorological data products.Core functions of data-arrival scheduling include data state awareness components, task scheduling execution components, task scheduling post-processing components, and configuration management. Among these components, the data state perception component realizes real-time analysis of the reporting status of various meteorological data in the sky engine, and sends scheduling messages to the task scheduling execution component when the data reporting rate meets scheduling requirements. The task scheduling execution component combines the necessary resource information for the algorithm and computing nodes optimization, generates task scheduling instructions, and implements algorithm startup execution. The post-processing phase of task scheduling includes gathering and updating algorithm execution status, calculation node status, and sending of alarm information for algorithm execution abnormalities. Configuration management supports configuring data-aware scheduling parameters on the front-end page.Real-time analysis of data status and scheduling enables efficient task scheduling that starts and runs the algorithm as soon as data are reported. The scheduling delay is significantly reduced, compared to the original schedule, from 3784 ms to 11 ms. Data-arrival scheduling, as the core capability of CMA Big Data and Cloud Platform, is deployed and operated in real-time in provinces and regions. Currently, the system supports the efficient scheduling of 19 core business algorithms at the national level, with a total of approximately 6.67×105 daily scheduling tasks and an average scheduling delay of 31 ms. Efficient scheduling is achieved with 14 algorithms supported at the provincial level, encompassing a total of approximately 8×104 daily scheduling times and an average scheduling delay of 156 ms. In addition, data aware scheduling achieves seamless integration of upstream and downstream algorithms in meteorological services, providing a solution to eliminate the problem of disconnection between meteorological services and improve collaboration between meteorological services.

To process the high-density and high-frequency mass data generated by ground automatic weather stations, a real-time stream processing system based on Storm is designed and implemented in the Meteorological Big Data Cloud Platform (Tianqing). It leverages the advantages of large-scale parallel computing to enhance processing speed. For BUFR messages, a Storm topology is designed to process the standardized BUFR format data transmitted by RabbitMQ directly on the service, reducing the intermediate steps from transmission to processing of observations. In the spout design, the manual confirmation mode of RabbitMQ messages is adopted to ensure that each message is effectively processed. In the decoding process, bolt is anchored to the spout using message identification (ID) to ensure reliable processing of each message. Format and time checks are performed during data decoding to filter out abnormal data. A batch timing monitoring strategy is applied to address the issue of data ingestion loss caused by port occupancy during extensive monitoring data transmission. A startup strategy with a configurable number of spout and bolt is designed for quick optimization and adjustment based on system resources. During cluster deployment, some resources are reserved to enable automatic task migration without disrupting business operations in case of node corruption within the cluster. System design involves automatically reconnecting message queues and databases to enhance system stability and enable self-healing capabilities. Application results show that the service efficiency of 2442 national stations has decreased from 175 s with CIMISS to 78 s with Tianqing. Additionally, the service efficiency of hourly data from over 60000 regional stations has decreased from 5 min with CIMISS to 2 min with Tianqing. After switching the data source of the ART (analysis of real time) system to Tianqing, the number of stations that can be retrieved simultaneously is doubled compared to CIMISS. It can effectively improve the quality of ART live products while keeping other conditions unchanged. By implementing specialized stream processing, it can effectively handle various business scenarios where data access process of the provincial Tianqing ground automatic weather stations differ from that of other provinces. It enables the provincial Tianqing to quickly process nationwide data from ground automatic weather stations. In December 2021, Storm-based stream processing is implemented in the national and provincial meteorological information departments alongside Tianqing. It has been running smoothly over two years, delivering reliable ground automatic weather station data to users, including MICAPS4, SWAN2.0, ART systems and others.

With the advancement of meteorological services, various product processing systems and supporting data management systems have been developed for different business systems. However, this has led to the problem of system non-intensification. The lack of intensification in meteorological services can result in inconsistent data standards and make the operation and maintenance more challenging, which can lead to significant waste in investment due to duplicate data storage and inconsistent data caused by untimely synchronization. Moreover, the lack of information and technology hinders the integration of upstream and downstream businesses.The intensive development of meteorological business systems and the reform of "cloud+end" technology system are important measures to achieve high-quality development of meteorological business. China Meteorological Administration proposed to build a "cloud+end" technology system in 2020. CMA Big Data and Cloud Platform serves as the cloud, while the meteorological business system is the end, clarifying the positioning of CMA Big Data and Cloud Platform as a key foundational technology platform. The data processing line (DPL) is an intensive environment for meteorological algorithms. It addresses business needs such as efficient and stable processing of data products, data sharing and collaboration among business systems, and efficient and intensive business applications. To achieve this goal, algorithm libraries and task control functions are established by utilizing technologies such as integrated digital and computing, efficient task scheduling, visual process arrangement, and containers. The algorithm library facilitates the standardization, unified management and sharing of algorithms. Task control supports multiple scheduling strategies with high reliability and fault tolerance, enabling efficient and stable scheduling operations for algorithms. All functions mentioned above are in the form of interfaces for the application frontend. At the same time, based on the meteorological business comprehensive monitoring system (referred to as Tianjing) enables automatic collection of algorithm operation status and detection of abnormal alarms. Since its operation in 2021, the processing assembly line has facilitated the real-time operation of 202 business systems nationwide, resulting in a performance improvement of 1-10 times and a significant increase in efficiency. It plays an important supporting role in improving the operational efficiency of business systems, enhancing their collaboration, accelerating the process of "cloud+end" business technology system reform, and promoting the intensive development of meteorological business.

Traditional Chinese medicine contains arsenic (As), which in the natural environment accumulates in plants during the growth of Chinese medicinal materials; there are mineral medicines containing As in Chinese patent medicine such as As4S4, As2S3, etc. Due to the toxicity of As-containing compounds and its role in inflammation and treatment of cancers such as leukemia, it is necessary to analyze the chemical form of As. A comprehensive investigation of the compound forms of heavy metals rather than the simple total amount of elements will lay the foundation for the scientific and objective evaluation of the safety of heavy metals. This article summarizes the speciation of As in bulk Chinese medicinal materials and Chinese patent medicines in recent years, and reviews the main research methods of As speciation analysis. The separation and detection combined analysis method focuses on the high-performance liquid chromatography-plasma mass spectrometry and high-performance liquid chromatography-hydride generation-atomic fluorescence spectroscopy, etc. Taking the advanced synchrotron radiation source as the research platform, the use of X-ray near edge absorption fine structure spectrum and micro-area X-ray fluorescence analysis as a microscopic analysis technique supports direct analysis of the As speciation in situ. It is the most promising morphological analysis method.

The absorption, distribution, and transport trends of organic and inorganic arsenic (As) in honesuckle (Lonicera japonica) were studied using synchrotron X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (μ-XRF). The root, stem, and leaf samples were analyzed by μ-XRF, proving that in the presence of dimethyl arsenate acid, a small amount of As accumulated in local areas of the epidermis and cortex of roots, while most of As migrated to the upper plant through the middle vascular column. After reaching the stem, As was mainly distributed in the outer skin, indicating that the root and stem of L. japonica blocked the transport of As in the plant. In the presence of As(iii), A large amount of As accumulated in the epidermis and cortex of the root, reducing its further transport from the plant roots. Once As entered the stem of L. japonica from the root, it achieved a strong transport capacity, thus causing severe harm to plants. The element correlation analysis revealed that As in L. japonica had the strongest correlation with Cu and Zn elements, for the future research on the influence of As pollution on plants, the interference based on the above two elements can be considered.

Arsenic (As) accumulated in genuine medicinal materials will not only deteriorate the original medicinal properties of the medicinal materials but also harm the eater’s body. In this study, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) technology was used to investigate the total As content of honeysuckle in four regions, namely Fengqiu, Henan, Xinmi, Shandong, and Julu, Hebei, as well as the speciation and content of As in the roots, stems, and leaves of honeysuckle. This research shows that the total As content of honeysuckle in the four regions was 0.25–0.3 mg/kg. At 1.5 mol/L H3PO4, 200 W, we performed ultrasonic extraction for 30 min at 60°C and adopted high performance liquid chromatography-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (HPLC-ICP-MS) to analyze the As speciation of honeysuckle plants. The soil As speciation mainly exists in the form of As(v). In the medicinal part of honeysuckle, the amount of different As speciation is ranked in the descending order as As(v) > As(iii) > dimethyl As acid > monomethyl As acid > AsC. As(v) is the main speciation, accounting for 64.5% of the total, followed by the most toxic As(iii), which is 18.8%. As(v) absorbed by the root system of honeysuckle from the soil tends to transform to As(iii) when transported upwards, and the transformation process mainly occurs in the roots.

The structures of lipids are diverse, and thus, lipids show various biological functions. Systematic determination of lipids in organisms has always been a concern. In this paper, a methodology on the matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI MS), with titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs) as the matrix, was studied for lipid determination. The results showed that the following conditions were preferable in the determination of small-molecule lipids (such as hypoxanthine, guanosine, uridine, and cytidine), lipid standards (such as GC, GM, TG, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylcholine, and ceramide), and mixed lipids (extracted from brain homogenate with methanol alone and with the B&D method): TiO2 NPs as the matrix, absolute ethanol as the solvent, 1 mg of TiO2 NPs dispersed in 1 mL of absolute ethanol as the matrix solution, NaCl as the ionization reagent, and positive mass spectrometry (MS) as the mode. Modified TiO2 NP as a new matrix for MALDI MS will be a future research direction; in addition, the characteristics of TiO2 NPs make it a potential matrix for imaging MS.

Background: The rationale for the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the production of amyloid-beta (Aβ) and its resultant toxic effects. Purpose: In this work, rats with AD were used as models to assess the modulatory effects of tanshinone IIA (tan IIA) in alleviating cognitive impairment, oxidative damage, inflammation and apoptosis. Materials and Methods: Aβ1–42 was injected bilaterally in the hippocampus to establish an AD rat model. The effects of tan II A on the learning and memory capacities of AD rats were detected by ethological experiments. Tan IIA's anti-inflammatory and antioxidant capacities were examined in this study using biochemical and immunohistochemical methods on rat hippocampus tissues. Results: The experimental data showed that the cognitive ability of rats could be significantly improved by tan IIA. Furthermore, fewer injured neuron apoptosis was demonstrated in the tan IIA rats than in the AD group. More importantly, on the one hand, we discovered that the tan IIA group had considerably lower levels of interleukin 1 beta, tumour necrosis factor-alpha and inducible nitric oxide synthase. On the other hand, tan IIA was discovered to prevent oxidative stress by raising glutathione and superoxide dismutase activity and lowering malondialdehyde, protein carbonyl and 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine levels. Conclusion: Tan IIA can alleviate cognitive impairment and neuronal cell damage by inhibiting oxidative stress and inflammatory responses during AD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ginkgolide B (GB) and Puerarin (Pue) are active pharmaceutical ingredients for the treatment of Parkinson’s disease (PD); however, both are poorly water-soluble, which limits their bioavailability. The present study used the niosome vesicle encapsulation technique to prepare a novel GB composite drug. The conditions for GB–Pue niosomal complex preparation were as follows: a hydration temperature of 60°C, a hydrophilic–lipophilic balance of 10.5, a drug–carrier mass ratio of 8:100, and a surfactant–cholesterol mass ratio of 1.5:1. The niosomal complex suspension was uniformly distributed and milky white in color, with no stratification over a duration of 1 month. It had an average particle size of 187.3 nm, a particle-size distribution of 0.237, a GB encapsulation efficiency (EE) of 68.2%, a GB drug-loading rate of 90.1%, a Pue EE of 40.5%, and a Pue drug-loading rate of 83.3%. The optimal storage temperature for the niosomal complex suspension was 4°C. Following an intravenous injection of the niosomal complex suspension into the rat tail, the area under the curve (AUC) from 0 to 4 h was 54.1 h µg mL−1, with a mean residence time (MRT) of 0.96 h, a distribution half-life (T1/2α) of 0.195 h, and a total clearance of 0.003 L h−1 kg−1. The AUC and MRT of the composite prescription were 1.1- and 1.4-times those of the commercial injection, respectively, showing significantly increased sustained release and bioavailability. Moreover, the distribution of GB in the brain tissue was 1.8-times that of the commercial injection. In conclusion, the novel GB niosomal composite drug, with excellent stability, improved pharmacokinetics, and brain tissue distribution, demonstrates great potential for the delivery of GB and Pue for PD therapeutics.

Abstract Background Xylanase is one of the most extensively used biocatalysts for biomass degradation. However, its low catalytic efficiency and poor thermostability limit its applications. Therefore, improving the properties of xylanases to enable synergistic degradation of lignocellulosic biomass with cellulase is of considerable significance in the field of bioenergy. Results Using fragment replacement, we improved the catalytic performance and thermostability of a GH10 xylanase, XylE. Of the ten hybrid enzymes obtained, seven showed xylanase activity. Substitution of fragments, M3, M6, M9, and their combinations enhanced the catalytic efficiency (by 2.4- to fourfold) as well as the specific activity (by 1.2- to 3.3-fold) of XylE. The hybrids, XylE-M3, XylE-M3/M6, XylE-M3/M9, and XylE-M3/M6/M9, showed enhanced thermostability, as observed by the increase in the T 50 (3–4.7 °C) and T m (1.1–4.7 °C), and extended t 1/2 (by 1.8–2.3 h). In addition, the synergistic effect of the mutant xylanase and cellulase on the degradation of mulberry bark showed that treatment with both XylE-M3/M6 and cellulase exhibited the highest synergistic effect. In this case, the degree of synergy reached 1.3, and the reducing sugar production and dry matter reduction increased by 148% and 185%, respectively, compared to treatment with only cellulase. Conclusions This study provides a successful strategy to improve the catalytic properties and thermostability of enzymes. We identified several xylanase candidates for applications in bioenergy and biorefinery. Synergistic degradation experiments elucidated a possible mechanism of cellulase inhibition by xylan and xylo-oligomers.

The disposal of residues while manufacturing Chinese medicine has always been an issue that concerns pharmaceutical factories. Phanerochaete chrysosporium was inoculated into the residues of Magnolia officinalis for solid-phase fermentation to enzymatically hydrolyze the lignin in the residues and thus to improve the efficiency of removal of the copper ions from residues for the utilization of residues from Chinese medicine. With the increase in activities of lignin-degrading enzymes, especially during the fermentation days 6 to 9, the removal rate of copper ions using M. officinalis residues increased dramatically. The rate of removal reached the maximum on the 14th day and was 3.15 times higher than the initial value. The rate of adsorption of copper ions on the fermentation-modified M. officinalis residues followed the pseudo-second-order kinetics. The adsorption isotherms were consistent with the Freundlich models. The adsorption enthalpy was positive, indicating that it was endothermic and elevation in temperature was favorable to this adsorption process. The adsorption free energy was negative, implying the spontaneity of the process. The copper ions adsorbed could be effectively recovered using 0.2 M hydrochloric acid solution. After five successive cycles of adsorption-regeneration, the fermentation-modified M. officinalis residues exhibited a stable adsorption capacity and greater reusability. The M. officinalis residues fermented with P. chrysosporium are low-cost and environmentally friendly copper ions adsorbent, and this preparation technique realizes the optimum utilization of Chinese medicine residues.

In this study, we introduce a method to formulate Ginkgolide B lipid microemulsion (GB-LM). We have assessed its general characteristics and pharmacokinetics in animals. Soybean oil (10.0%) and oleic acid (2.4%) were chosen as the oil phase, refined egg yolk lecithin (PC98T) (1.8%) as the surfactant, and glycerol (2.25%) as the co-surfactant. The optimized formulation process resulted in particles with average diameter of 185.9 ± 52.5 nm and the zeta potential of −19.8 ± 1.3 mV. The GB-LM remained steady for three months at room temperature. Giving each dose of 4 mg/kg to rats through the vein, a clearance rate of CL (L/h): 2.594 and C max (ng/mL) was achieved: 353.8 through pharmacokinetic analysis and statistical analysis. The AUC of GB-LM was about 1.57-fold higher than that of the products available in the market. In addition, brain tissue distribution studies show that after 0.5 h administration of GB, the concentration of GB in brain tissue can reach its maximum, and then significantly decrease after 2 hours. Therefore, the improved formulation of GB-LM shows encouraging results compared with present products in several features.

The main purpose of our study is to optimize the formulation for Ginkgolide B (GB) solid dispersion in order to improve its dissolution in water. For the preparation of GB solid dispersion, we use a solvent method. The optimized formulation consists of GB : PVPK30 = 1:10, PVPK30 as the carrier, and ethanol : dichloromethane = 1:1 as the solvent. They were treated ultrasonically for 10 min at 60°C. The results from scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and particle size analysis show that the morphological appearance of GB changed significantly in solid dispersion. The original crystal form of GB no longer existed, but it was uniformly dispersed within PVPK30 in a non-crystalline form. It is probably because the -C=O in GB forms hydrogen bonds with the -OH of PVPK30 or urea; this produces a nice solid dispersion and significantly improves the dissolution of GB in water. When GB is in a solid dispersion system, GB’s dissolution in water could be enhanced from 30% to 80%. Furthermore, it may even be produced as a solid agent.

As carbon nanotube buckypaper composites have a good interfacial properties, conductivity, and thermal conductivity, they can be used for whole-life health monitoring of composite materials. In this paper, carbon nanotube buckypaper and its sensors have been prepared. Meanwhile, composites samples with the buckypaper sensors at different positions were obtained. Tensile loading and unloading tests were performed. By analyzing changes in the buckypaper resistance change rate and composite strain, a strain-sensing coefficient was obtained to clarify the synergistic deformation of composite materials. The results of this study demonstrate that buckypaper sensor can be used to monitor the tensile fatigue damage of composites.

In this study, we investigate the production of hypolipidemic agents in the form of Acipimox sustained-release tablets, using a wet pelleting process. The purpose of this research is to reduce the total intake time for patients and to lower the initial dose in such that the adverse reactions could be reduced. This study adopts the single-factor method and orthogonal experiments by using hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC K15M) as the main sustained-release prescription composition. The final prescription is Acipimox 20%, HPMC K15M 26.67%, sodium carboxymethyl cellulose 30%, polyethylene glycol (PEG 6000) 1%, ethyl cellulose 16.6%, lactose 4.67% and magnesium stearate 1%. The dissolution of tablets reached 85.88% in 8 h. The difference in the weight, hardness and friability of the tables met the requirements in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia; to test the stability, a temperature and illumination accelerated test method was used, the results indicate that the Acipimox sustained-release tablets should be sealed and stored in a dark, cool area. A preliminary study on the tablets’ releasing mechanism showed that their release curve fitted the Higuchi model (the formula is Mt/M∞ = 31.137 t1/2–3.605 (R2 = 0.9903)). The Acipimox tablets’ release principle is dominated by the diffusion mechanism.

Network security assessment helps to grasp the current and future risks of the network information system clearly,and gives corresponding security suggestions and countermeasures.Model of network security assessment and analysis is an important research direction and content,for which there is no review to give a comprehensive summary or analysis.A review of common network security evaluation and analysis model was given.The model that focus on attack was introduced,such as the attack tree,attack graph and kill chain,then the model that focus on network defense or offensive and defensive interaction was explained,such as attack surface,cyber epidemic model,Petri nets and automation machine,giving introduction to the basic concept,application field,modeling analysis process,advantages and disadvantages of the models.Then,typical examples were given to illustrate the application of the models in network defense technology evaluation and analysis.

China is the largest producer and exporter of royal jelly in the world. The high production of royal jelly in China is mainly attributed to a high royal jelly-producing lineage of honeybees (Apis mellifera) (HRJB). However, few studies have been conducted on the genetic characterization of HRJB. In this study, the mitochondrial DNA intergenic region between cytochrome oxidase I and II (COI-COII) and the mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase subunit 2 sequences (ND2) were determined for 90 HRJB colonies, collected from the regions of China where HRJB originated, and 25 unimproved A. m. ligustica colonies from China. COI-COII sequence analysis revealed two mitotypes (C1 and C2d) in HRJB colonies and one mitotype (C1) in unimproved A. m. ligustica colonies. The main mitotype (C1) in HRJB accounted for 93% of the colonies. Based on ND2 sequences, four and two mitotypes were found in HRJB and unimproved A. m. ligustica colonies, respectively. Sequence alignment showed that nucleotides in three positions of the ND2 sequence were different between the main mitotype of HRJB and that of unimproved A. m. ligustica. Our study suggested that HRJB was bred from A. m. ligustica and possibly had genetic characteristics different from unimproved A. m. ligustica.