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Compared with adults, cardiac emergencies are infrequent in children and clinical presentation is often quite variable. In adults, cardiac emergencies are most commonly related to complications of coronary artery disease; however, in pediatric cases, the coronaries are only rarely the underlying problem. Pediatric cardiac emergencies comprise a range of pathology including but not limited to undiagnosed congenital heart disease in the infant; complications of palliated congenital heart disease in children; arrhythmias related to underlying cardiac pathology in the teenager and acquired heart disease. The emergency room physician and pediatric intensivist will usually be the first and second lines of care for pediatric cardiac emergencies and thus it is imperative that they have knowledge of the diverse presentations of cardiac disease in order to increase the likelihood of delivering early appropriate therapy and referral. The objective of this review is to outline cardiac emergencies in the pediatric population and contrast the presentation with adults.

We present a novel approach to XML data integration which allows a biologist to select data from a large XML file repository, add it to a genome map, and produce a mapping mashup showing integrated data in map context. This approach can be used to produce contextual views of arbitrary XML data which relates to objects shown on a map. A biologist using BioXMash searches in XML tags, and is guided by XML path data availability, shown as the number of values reachable via a path, in both global, genome-wide, and local, per-gene, context. Then she examines sample values in an area of interest on the map. If required, the resulting data is dumped to files, for subsequent analysis.

Abstract Background TreeBASE, the only data repository for phylogenetic studies, is not being used effectively since it does not meet the taxonomic data retrieval requirements of the systematics community. We show, through an examination of the queries performed on TreeBASE, that data retrieval using taxon names is unsatisfactory. Results We report on a new wrapper supporting taxon queries on TreeBASE by utilising a Taxonomy and Classification Database (TCl-Db) we created. TCl-Db holds merged and consolidated taxonomic names from multiple data sources and can be used to translate hierarchical, vernacular and synonym queries into specific query terms in TreeBASE. The query expansion supported by TCl-Db shows very significant information retrieval quality improvement. The wrapper can be accessed at the URL http://spira.zoology.gla.ac.uk/app/tbasewrapper.php The methodology we developed is scalable and can be applied to new data, as those become available in the future. Conclusion Significantly improved data retrieval quality is shown for all queries, and additional flexibility is achieved via user-driven taxonomy selection.

Efforts to unveil the structure of the local interstellar medium and its recent star-formation history have spanned the past 70 years (refs.  1-6 ). Recent studies using precise data from space astrometry missions have revealed nearby, newly formed star clusters with connected origins 7-12 . Nonetheless, mapping young clusters across the entire sky back to their natal regions has been hindered by a lack of clusters with precise radial-velocity data. Here we show that 155 out of 272 (57%) high-quality young clusters 13,14 within 1 kiloparsec of the Sun arise from three distinct spatial volumes. This conclusion is based on the analysis of data from the third Gaia release 15 and other large-scale spectroscopic surveys. At present, dispersed throughout the solar neighbourhood, their past positions more than 30 million years ago reveal that these families of clusters each formed in one of three compact, massive star-forming complexes. One of these families includes all of the young clusters near the Sun-the Taurus and Scorpius-Centaurus star-forming complexes 16,17 . We estimate that more than 200 supernovae were produced from these families and argue that these clustered supernovae produced both the Local Bubble 18 and the largest nearby supershell GSH 238+00+09 (ref.  19 ), both of which are clearly visible in modern three-dimensional dust maps 20-22 ., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Limited.)

Expansive Arp2/3 actin networks and contractile actomyosin networks can be spatially and temporally segregated within the cell, but the networks also interact closely at various sites, including adherens junctions. However, molecular mechanisms coordinating these interactions remain unclear. We found that the SCAR/WAVE complex, an Arp2/3 activator, is enriched at adherens junctions of the leading edge actomyosin cable during Drosophila dorsal closure. Myosin activators were both necessary and sufficient for SCAR/WAVE accumulation at leading edge junctions. The same myosin activators were previously shown to recruit the cytohesin Arf-GEF Steppke to these sites, and mammalian studies have linked Arf small G protein signaling to SCAR/WAVE activation. During dorsal closure, we find that Steppke is required for SCAR/WAVE enrichment at the actomyosin-linked junctions. Arp2/3 also localizes to adherens junctions of the leading edge cable. We propose that junctional actomyosin activity acts through Steppke to recruit SCAR/WAVE and Arp2/3 for regulation of the leading edge supracellular actomyosin cable during dorsal closure.

Prisoners' access to healthcare should mirror that of the general public, but is adversely affected by challenges in recruiting nurses to work in custodial settings, potentially impacting on prisoner well-being. To address this issue prison-based insight-days have been developed jointly by one university and prison to positively influence students' views of undertaking placements in custodial settings because nurses are known to subsequently seek employment in areas where they have had positive student placements. A phenomenological investigation explored student nurses' lived experiences of prison-based insight-days. Questionnaires and interviews were used to gather qualitative data about students' feelings both prior to and following the insight-day (n = 17). All data was thematically analysed resulting in four themes: pre-placement curiosity, escalating admission anxiety, calming down inside and post-placement decision making. The empirical findings showed that first-hand exposure to prisoners, and to the realities of a working prison, were crucial factors in dispelling stereotypes and addressing negative preconceptions of prison healthcare environments, as students could find prison placements unexpectedly appealing. Drawing on the findings, this paper recommends that facilitating prison insight-days within custodial settings may be one way to encourage students to undertake prison placements., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors have no financial relationships with other people or organisations that could inappropriately influence or bias this work., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Background: Healthcare quality measures are metrics that quantify medical outcomes. There is a need for performance indicators in the diagnosis of melanocytic neoplasms. We sought to determine whether the atypical to malignant diagnosis ratio (AMR) and benign to malignant diagnosis ratio (BMR) could identify differences between practitioners within a group as well as individual diagnostic drift., Methods: Diagnoses of melanocytic neoplasms from 2013 and 2014 by two dermatopathologists were prospectively subclassified as benign, atypical or malignant and reported on a monthly basis to the pathologists. Case diagnoses of melanocytic neoplasms from 2012 and 2009 were retrospectively subclassified as benign, atypical or malignant for comparison., Results: A total of 33,169 cases were used in this study. Interpathologist AMR and BMR were significantly different. One pathologist demonstrated a significant increase in AMR over time., Conclusion: AMR and BMR metrics are potential performance indicators that can measure pathologist uncertainty, identify diagnostic drift and provide a surrogate measure of the relative risk level of laboratory patient populations. If applied to multiple laboratories, AMR and BMR metrics could help inform physicians' choice of dermatopathology laboratory and provide a method for comparative analysis between laboratories., (© 2015 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Through careful clinicopathologic correlation, we identified 37 metastatic melanomas in the skin, all of which had intraepidermal components. These were compared with 43 microscopically similar primary melanomas with a predetermined panel of immunostains in general use in surgical pathology, including bcl-2 protein, mutant p53 protein, Ki-67 (MIB-1), proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), alpha-isoform actin, and CD117 (c-kit protein). There was no significant difference in bcl-2 or alpha-isoform actin staining patterns of primary vs secondary cutaneous melanomas. The expression of Ki-67 generally was higher in metastatic melanomas than in primary lesions, and the same was true of mutant p53 protein labeling; however, some overlap was observed. CD117 staining was retained in 65% of metastatic melanomas (24/37) when they originated from ocular primary tumors; nevertheless, that marker was lost in virtually all of the other metastatic melanocytic neoplasms, whereas primary melanomas demonstrated consistent reactivity for c-kit protein. Although they are not definitive, these trends in immunoreactivity could facilitate the process of distinguishing the multiple primary melanoma syndrome from melanomatous metastases to the skin. That undertaking is best approached with circumspection, because clinicopathologic discriminators for this diagnostic separation are still imperfect.

Glutaric acidemia type I (GA-I) is an autosomal recessive disorder of amino acid metabolism resulting from a deficiency of glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase (GCDH). Patients accumulate glutaric acid (GA) and 3-OH glutaric acid (3-OHGA) in their blood, urine and CSF. Clinically, GA-I is characterized by macrocephaly, progressive dystonia and dyskinesia. Degeneration of the caudate and putamen of the basal ganglia, widening of the Sylvian fissures, fronto-temporal atrophy and severe spongiform change in the white matter are also commonly observed. In this report we describe the phenotype of a mouse model of GA-I generated via targeted deletion of the Gcdh gene in embryonic stem cells. The Gcdh-/- mice have a biochemical phenotype very similar to human GA-I patients, including elevations of GA and 3-OHGA at levels similar to those seen in GA-I patients. The affected mice have a mild motor deficit but do not develop the progressive dystonia seen in human patients. Pathologically, the Gcdh-/- mice have a diffuse spongiform myelinopathy similar to that seen in GA-I patients. However, unlike in human patients, there is no evidence of neuron loss or astrogliosis in the striatum. Subjecting the Gcdh-/- mice to a metabolic stress, which often precipitates an encephalopathic crisis and the development of dystonia in GA-I patients, failed to have any neurologic effect on the mice. We hypothesize that the lack of similarity in regards to the neurologic phenotype and striatal pathology of GA-I patients, as compared with the Gcdh-/- mice, is due to intrinsic differences between the striata of mice and men.

The purpose of the study was to determine if immunization with a recombinant protein (rC7) of Cryptosporidium parvum would induce immune bovine colostrum that protected calves against cryptosporidiosis following oral challenge with C. parvum oocysts. Late gestation Holstein cows with low titers of antibody to the p23 antigen of C. parvum were immunized three times with 300 microg affinity purified rC7 C. parvum recombinant protein (immune cows), or left nonimmunized (control cows). Colostrum was obtained from each cow in both groups and partitioned into identical aliquots of pooled immune colostrum or pooled control colostrum. Twelve calves obtained at birth received either immune or control colostrum within the first 2 h, and again at 12 and 24 h of age. Each calf was challenged orally with 10(7) C. parvum oocysts at 12 h of age and monitored for signs of cryptosporidiosis. All six calves administered pooled control colostrum developed severe diarrhea (mean total fecal volume = 8447+/-5600 ml) and shed an average of 1.87+/-1.66 x 10(12) C. parvum oocysts. None of the six calves administered pooled immune colostrum developed diarrhea (mean total fecal volume = 740+/-750 ml, p < 0.05), and shed significantly fewer oocysts (3.05+/-2.26 x 10(9), p < 0.05). The absence of diarrhea and 2.79 log10 (99.8%) reduction in oocyst excretion indicates that immune bovine colostrum induced by immunization with C. parvum recombinant protein rC7 provided substantial protection against cryptosporidiosis in neonatal calves.

Holding power was determined for various orthopedic screws in bones of calves. Holding power was defined as maximal tensile force required to remove a screw divided by thickness of bone engaged by the screw (kN/mm). Comparative pull-out tests were performed, using pairs of large metacarpal or metatarsal bones from calves aged 3 to 14 days. Comparisons were made of the holding power of 6.5-mm fully threaded cancellous screws and 5.5-mm cortical screws in the proximal and distal metaphyses, and of 4.5-mm and 5.5-mm cortical screws in the diaphysis. Sixteen repetitions of each comparative trial were performed. There was no statistically significant difference in the holding power of 4.5- and 5.5-mm cortical screws in the diaphysis. There was no significant difference in the holding power of 5.5-mm cortical and 6.5-mm fully threaded cancellous screws in the proximal metaphysis. In the distal metaphysis, 6.5-mm fully threaded cancellous screws had significantly (P < 0.001) greater holding power than did 5.5-mm cortical screws. There was no significant difference between the mean holding power of 5.5-mm cortical screws in the proximal metaphysis and 5.5-mm cortical screws in the distal metaphysis. There was significantly (P < 0.01) greater mean holding power of 6.5-mm cortical, fully threaded cancellous screws in the distal metaphysis, compared with the proximal metaphysis.

Samples of serum and urine were obtained simultaneously from 56 healthy lactating cows to determine ranges of fractional excretion (FE) of calcium (Ca), phosphate (PO4), magnesium (Mg), sodium (Na), potassium (K), and chloride (Cl). Samples were obtained at 3 stages of lactation: period 1 = 1 to 7 days, 2 = 83 to 112 days, and 3 = 175 to 197 days. The FE of electrolytes were significantly different among periods 1, 2, and 3 for Ca (P less than 0.001), PO4 (P less than 0.025) and Mg (P less than 0.025), but were not significantly different for Na, K, and Cl. Least squares mean FE of Ca was lowest in period 1 and not significantly different for periods 2 and 3, whereas mean FE values for PO4 and Mg were highest in period 2 and not significantly different for periods 1 and 3. The mean FE values of Na, K, and Cl did not change with stage of lactation. Age and category of milk production (high, medium, and low) did not influence the FE values of the electrolytes.

Four consecutive 6-hour urine sample collections were performed on 7 healthy adult Holstein cows fed a diet of coastal Bermuda hay with ad libitum water consumption. Urine (via indwelling urinary catheter) and venous blood samples were collected at 6, 12, 18, and 24 hours. Total 24-hour urine production for the 7 cows ranged from 4,515 to 7,130 ml/d (mean +/- SD, 5,633 +/- 946 ml/d) or 0.02 to 0.04 ml/kg of body weight/d (mean +/- SD, 0.03 +/- 0.007 ml/kg/d). Renal clearance (C) of creatinine (Cr), sodium (Na), calcium (Ca), and magnesium (Mg) varied significantly (P less than 0.05) among individuals, but did not vary significantly among the four 6-hour collection periods. Clearance of chloride (Cl) and phosphorous (P) did not vary significantly either among individuals or among the four 6-hour periods. Clearance of potassium (K) varied significantly (P less than 0.05) among individuals and among the four-6-hour periods. Creatinine clearance was significantly (P less than 0.01) correlated with C(Cl), C(Ca), C(P), and C(Mg) when all data were considered. Significant (P less than 0.05) correlations were also found between C(Cl) and C(K), C(Ca), C(P), and C(Mg); between C(Ca) and C(P) and C(Mg); and between C(P) and C(Mg). Fractional excretion (FE) of Na, K, Cl, Ca, P, and Mg did not vary significantly among the four 6-hour periods. Fractional excretion of Na, Ca, and Mg (P less than 0.01) and K and P (P less than 0.05) varied significantly within individuals among the 6-hour periods.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Behavioral effects of high-peak-power microwave pulses on Wistar rats were studied by operant schedules. Each of twelve rats that had been trained to press a lever to receive food pellets was assigned randomly in groups of four to three different schedules of reinforcement: fixed-ratio (FR), variable-interval (VI), and differential-reinforcement-of-low-rates (DRL). After achieving a steady baseline performance, each animal was exposed for 10 min to 1.25-GHz microwave radiation at 1-MW peak-power (10-microseconds pulse width). Each pulse produced a peak whole-body SA and SAR of 2.1 J/kg and 0.21 MW/kg. Total doses (SAs) were set to 0.50, 1.5, 4.5, and 14 kJ/kg by adjusting the pulse-repetition rate. The corresponding time-averaged whole-body SARs were 0.84, 2.5, 7.6, and 23 W/kg. A microwave-transparent animal holder was used to keep the animal's body axis parallel to the E-field. Exposures at the highest dose caused an average colonic temperature rise of 2.5 degrees C and these animals failed to respond at all for about 13 minutes after the exposure. Their colonic temperatures had decreased to 1.1 degrees C, or less, above their pre-exposure (normal) temperature level when they began to respond. The FR and VI animals failed to reach their baseline levels of performance thereafter, while those on the DRL schedule displayed variable effects. No behavioral effects were found at the lower dose levels. It is concluded that the behavioral perturbations produced by pulsed microwave irradiation were thermal in nature.

Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) was isolated from buffy coat cells of a 10-day-old calf with signs of cerebellar disease--ataxia, hypermetria, and intention head tremor. The tentative diagnosis was BVDV-induced cerebellar hypoplasia. At necropsy, gross lesions were not identified. Histologic findings suggested BVDV-induced diffuse hypomyelination throughout the CNS, as reported in the United Kingdom and The Netherlands.

This study was undertaken to determine the effects of 2,450-MHz microwave irradiation on thermoregulation, metabolism, and cardiovascular function of rats. Young adult male animals (430 g) were exposed for 30 min to 2,450-MHz microwaves in a cavity at absorbed dose rates of 0, 4.5, 6.5, or 11.1 mW/G. For animals of the size used in this study, these dose rates represent absorption of energy at the rate of 27.7, 40.1, and 68.2 cal/min, respectively. For a period of 5 h following exposure, measurements were made of colonic temperature, skin temperature, oxygen consumption, carbon dioxide production, respiratory quotient, and heart rate. Rats that received 27.7 cal/min for 30 min exhibited an initial transient increase in colonic and skin temperatures but no alterations in other functions. The group irradiated at 40.1 cal/min had greater elevations in colonic and skin temperatures immediately after exposure, followed by overcompensation and lower than normal colonic temperatures for about 3 h. The metabolic rate was depressed in this group for 3 h. Bradycardia developed within 20 min after exposure and persisted for about 3 h. The group of rats that received 68.2 cal/min for 30 min had responses similar to those of the 40.1 cal/min group, but the changes were more severe and lasted longer. In addition, a number of transient abnormalities were noted in the ECG tracings of rats that had received the highest dose, including irregular rhythms and incomplete heart block. The physiological changes observed in this study can be attributed to the heating induced by irradiation.

A brief burst of x-rays elicited flight activity in moths placed in a darkened x-ray exposure room. Wing-beat activity was recorded as an index of this behavior. Wing-beat activity could be initiated in resting moths or amplitude augmented in active moths by x-ray dose rates of 0.01 to 1.5 roentgens per second, with a latency of less than 1 second after onset of exposure.