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In Romania most Hungarian-speaking children study in their mother tongue, in Hungarian-language classes. Some of these are organised in 'mixed schools', where parallel Hungarian and Romanian classes coexist in the same institution. Although these institutions seem a good solution for inter-ethnic coexistence, no systematic research has been conducted on their internal language policy and language practices yet. The aim of the paper is to examine the language policy of these institutions, by focusing on the language of two top-down elements of the linguistic landscape, school inscriptions and internal signs of rooms. The study argues that three language strategies can be distinguished: asymmetry, symmetry and quasi-asymmetry, which are influenced by the institutional characteristics of the school. Furthermore, the paper offers possibilities for applying its findings in different contexts and situations. By drawing attention to the limits of formal language policy, it argues that depending on the structural context they find themselves in, actors can openly contest or reinterpret even seemingly clear legal regulations, negotiating their applicability according to the dominant language hierarchies and ideologies they adhere to. Additionally, the paper provides insights concerning two methodological dilemmas in linguistic landscape research, namely, representativity and lack of explanatory depth of quantitative analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Papers of Hungarian Studies / Hungarologiai Kozlemenyek is the property of Faculty of Philosophy, University of Novi Sad and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

There is a sizable Hungarian minority living in Romania, who have the right to learn in their mother-tongue. While most Hungarians are enrolled in Hungarian medium education, there is a small number of families who opt for mainstream Romanian monolingual schools. According to the Law, the latter group can choose to learn Hungarian in an optional manner, but there is no usable curriculum for this kind of education. Given the absence of top-down regulation, without centralized pressure on choosing how to teach, teachers could become real classroom decision-makers; nevertheless, they fail to do so. More exactly, as they emphasize solely the symbolic values of the minority language, they unintendedly reinforce the asymmetry between the majority Romanian and minority Hungarian languages, implicitly legitimizing the dominant languages ideology promoted by the more powerful institutional actors and the policy environment itself. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Matica Srpska Journal of Philology & Linguistics / Zbornik Matice Srpske za Filologiju i Lingvistiku is the property of Matica srpska and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of International Journal of Early Childhood is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The present study aims to determine the role of the Hungarian language in European polyglot dictionaries in the 16th and 17th centuries and thus to establish its position within the group of European languages. The study is based on earlier findings by Gabriele Stein (1989) concerning the role of English in 16th-century multilingual wordlists, and it addresses two questions: 1) How often was the Hungarian language included in polyglots compared to other European languages? 2) Did Hungarian hold a similar position to other vernaculars in the dictionaries considered? It was examined which languages were included in the polyglots published during the period under discussion and how many times each vernacular appeared in a dictionary. Moreover, the contents of selected dictionaries were analysed. Results indicate that Hungarian played an important, though not key role in European polyglot dictionaries of the 16th and 17th centuries and that its position among other European languages was not marginal at the time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This year marks the 325th anniversary of the signing of the Peace of Sremski Karlovci (January 26, 1699). The peace was a fateful historical event, for it ended decades of continuous civil war in the Kingdom of Hungary, concluded the wars against the Turks begun in 1683, and finally confirmed the liberation of Hungary from Turkish slavery. In the Hungarian language, this peace treaty is traditionally called the Peace of Karlóca. Based on primary historical sources (medieval charters, 16th, 17th and 18th-century geographical maps, and descriptive statistics from the 19th century), I prove in the article that the correct name is Peace of Karom. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Etnolingwistyka is the property of Maria Curie-Sklodowska University in Lublin and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article discusses the translations of Dante's Divina Commedia into Hungarian, focusing on Ádám Nádasdy's translation published in 2016. It mentions that the first Hungarian translations of Dante's work were published in the mid-19th century, with Mihály Babits' version being the most popular. Throughout the 20th century, several other translations were published, but in anthologies or incomplete forms. Nádasdy's translation, in unrhymed iambic pentameter, is presented as the latest and is analyzed in the article. The article also highlights the presence of Dante's works in Hungarian education and the ongoing activities of the Hungarian Dante Society. [Extracted from the article]

Richard Taruskin describes the German choral movement as the hotbed of German nationalist unification, the musical precursor of a new nation-building ideology. However, the Liedertafel movement did not stop in Germany, but spread to the whole of Europe, practically without exception the founding of choirs had a national-political dimension, including Hungary. It is interesting to examine how nationalism overtones could take hold in the multiethnical Hungary, especially in the German-dominated cities. Sopron is an excellent case study, since this town, which lies in the western corner of the country, bordering Austria, had a large part of German population, and as a consequence had a German theatre and German speaking press. Christian Altdörfer, the choirmaster of the Lutheran church and founder of the Dalfüzér/Liederkranz, came from Württemberg to set up a singing group in the 1840s that sang in both German and Hungarian. This situation gives us an opportunity to examine how the association saw itself and how others saw it, and in doing so to highlight what national identity meant in mid-19th-century Hungary.

Like a message in a bottle, How Is Critical Economic Theory Possible? originally written in the late 1960s in Hungarian, has recently arrived on the shores of critical theory in the form of an English translation. As a critique of Marx's economic determinism, the authors aim to set Marxist thinking on a more realistic path. This article looks first, at what the authors think are flawed premises in Marx's work. Second, I sketch the contemporary economic context of a global digital economy to point at issues a critical economic theory inevitably has to contend with today to prove its relevance. Finally, I argue that Maria Márkus's ideas of a politicisation of needs and civil/decent society make a significant contribution to a potential answer to How Is Critical Economic Theory Possible? and also advance the idea of a mixed economy with the goal to sustain an economic order that allows a maximum of economic and political freedom while simultaneously reducing economic and political inequalities to a minimum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Papers of Hungarian Studies / Hungarologiai Kozlemenyek is the property of Faculty of Philosophy, University of Novi Sad and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Papers of Hungarian Studies / Hungarologiai Kozlemenyek is the property of Faculty of Philosophy, University of Novi Sad and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Papers of Hungarian Studies / Hungarologiai Kozlemenyek is the property of Faculty of Philosophy, University of Novi Sad and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article explores Yugoslav education policy in Vojvodina (Serbia), one of the most multilingual regions of the country, which was implemented in the period between the 1960s and 1980s through the school subject the 'Language of social environment' (LSE). Based on archival and field research, this case study is devoted to the school subject Hungarian as LSE intended for students whose L1 was Serbo-Croatian. The article addresses the discourses of policy makers who advocated for the introduction of LSE and how former students and teachers remember the school subject, which was abolished in the 1990s. The analysis shows that LSE was based on the values of societal multilingualism for all members of society and in line with a 'language-as-resource' orientation to language planning and policy, both as an etic concept at top-down policy level and as an emic concept at local level where nostalgic memories and bottom-up initiatives for its reintroduction emerged. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Tanulmanyok is the property of Faculty of Philosophy, University of Novi Sad and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Applied Linguistics / Taikomoji Kalbotyra is the property of Vilnius University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Focusing on the Hungarian diaspora in Sydney, Australia, this paper finds that the key to preserving the Hungarian identity of emigrants and their descendants is maintaining and cultivating Hungarian traditions. Some institutions and organizations, such as Hungarian schools and the Hungarian Scout Association in Exteris, can help in this regard. To examine this topic, I conducted a pilot study asking the following questions: (1) What are the main elements of Hungarian identity in the diaspora? and (2) What is the main role that Hungarian scouts and other organizations play in preserving Hungarian identity? In the first part of the research, the most prominent people of the Hungarian diaspora in Sydney, Australia were interviewed. The interviews showed that Hungarian scouting plays a crucial role in the survival of Hungarian culture and community, which was reflected linguistically too. Subsequently, I conducted a questionnaire survey, whose results also confirmed that scouting is both an element of and a tool for Hungarian identity construction. Some key elements of identity, according to the respondents—language, culture, holidays, and community—are clearly included in scouting. The results also suggest that support for Hungarian emigrant organizations can be an effective way to maintain national identity. constantinovits.kinga.katalin@hallgato.ppke.hu

This article documents the publications of Martin Luther's writings in the Hungarian language. Luther's publications first reached Hungary in 1521, but nothing was translated into Hungarian for another fifteen years. Six of Luther's hymns were his first works to appear in Hungarian in 1536, while the Small Catechism was translated in 1550. In 1562 a Hungarian Bible was printed that was greatly inspired by the Luther Bible. Six volumes of Luther's works in Hungarian were published in the early twentieth century. The text selected for translation were largely polemical works against Catholicism along with a few that attacked Luther's Protestant foes. After World War I, several of Luther's edifying and exegetical works began to be translated. After the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989, Hungary's Martin Luther Bund has created broad scholarly interest in Luther's works through a series of short translations, as well as conferences and reading retreats. This renewed interest has led to the twenty-first century's Luther válogatott művei (LVM), which is the first attempt to create a translation of Luther's Works in Hungarian with a robust and balanced choice of texts. This edition aims to uphold the highest scholarly standards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper discusses for the first time the toponyms occurring in the spontaneous speech of Hungarians living in the bilingual regions of Vojvodina (Serbia) and Prekmurje (Slovenia). The author aims to reveal the patterns and general trends in the use of Hungarian and Slavic forms of toponyms in the speech of informants of two contact regions. Another task is to outline the features of morphological adaptation of borrowed place names to the case system of the Hungarian language (cases expressing direction and location). The data for the study was collected from 2012 to 2019 during the author’s field research, specifically by conducting semistructured interviews with informants. It is stated that the interlocutors use both Hungarian and Slavic toponyms in their spontaneous speech. We can often find variability: in the speech of one informant, both options may occur. The use of the Slavic form of a toponym is accompanied by metalinguistic comments, explaining the choice of this form in the narrative. The comments can be brief or more detailed. Both Hungarian and Slavic toponyms are used mainly with external local cases (supersessive, sublative, delative). However, there are cases of interference with Slavic languages, when Hungarian variants of toponyms, as well as borrowed toponyms from Slavic languages, are used in internal local cases (equivalents of Slavic case constructions), but this is less common. In broad terms, there’s a lot of uniformity regarding the use of toponyms in the speech of the respondents from Vojvodina and Prekmurje. It now is planned to verify whether similar processes occur in the speech of Hungarians living in other bordering countries (both Slavic and non-Slavic), to build a more comprehensive typology. Slavic forms of toponyms should be included in the Termini dictionary which lists borrowings in the speech of Hungarian diaspora.

Previous research has uncovered that, despite the omnipresence of focus in utterances, children typically do not compute the exhaustivity inference associated with cleft(-like) syntactic focus constructions at adult-like levels before 7 years of age. Children's comparable limitations with lexically triggered scalar implicatures, inferences with an essentially identical logical structure, have been argued to stem not from the lack of their competence to compute the implicature itself, but from their immature contextualization abilities to identify relevant scalar alternatives. We address the question whether the same extraneous factor may underlie preschooler's difficulties with focus exhaustification in a comprehension study of 5- to 6-year-old Hungarian children which investigated the effect of contextual cues on their focus interpretation. It was found that while the presence of an explicit Question Under Discussion significantly raises children's accuracy in identifying the focus and its alternatives (sub-experiment 1), it fails to induce a similar increase in the proportion of exhaustive interpretations (sub-experiment 2). These results indicate that, in contrast to the case of scalar implicatures, children's low rate of exhaustification of focus reflects a deeper, less context-dependent difference from adult-like comprehension, possibly rooted in the linguistic representation of focus exhaustivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, I am focusing on the possible existence of resyllabification (linking) in the Hungarian language by looking for acoustic cues. Twenty-one Hungarian sentences have been read out loud by thirteen native speakers of the language. Following the method presented by Fougeron et al. (2003), the duration of the possibly resyllabified, word-ending consonants (derived onsets) has been measured and compared with the duration of word-initial consonants (canonical onsets), without possible resyllabification. The results of this study show the possible occurrence of linking in Hungarian (the phenomenon appeared in the 30,77-69,23% of the possible cases), regardless of the word types the analyzed contexts contain. On the other hand, it has been demonstrated that resyllabification is more frequent in the comment (at the end) of a sentence than in the topic (sentence-initial position). However, further investigations should be carried out in this field in the future, in particular, a prosodic analysis (based on intonation and stress) could shed light on more obvious patterns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study treats with the development of the Institute of History within the Faculty of Arts of the Attila József University of Szeged (later and nowadays the University of Szeged), consisting originally of six history departments (later eight) dealing with different historical periods. The Institute of History was established in 1997 after its operational and organizational rules had been accepted. The governing body is the Council of the Institute, with two members of each department and the representatives of the students. The chosen and appointed Head of the Institute – at first the author of this article between 1997–2000 and later others – directs and coordinates the teaching and research activities of the Institute with the help of the Council. The Institute of History operates a Hungarian language journal (Acta Historica) and a foreign language yearbook (Chronica). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Türkologiya is the property of Presidium of the National Academy of Sciences of Azerbaijan and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Focusing on the Hungarian diaspora in Sydney, Australia, this paper finds that the key to preserving the Hungarian identity of emigrants and their descendants is maintaining and cultivating Hungarian traditions. Some institutions and organizations, such as Hungarian schools and the Hungarian Scout Association in Exteris, can help in this regard. To examine this topic, I conducted a pilot study asking the following questions: (1) What are the main elements of Hungarian identity in the diaspora? and (2) What is the main role that Hungarian scouts and other organizations play in preserving Hungarian identity? In the first part of the research, the most prominent people of the Hungarian diaspora in Sydney, Australia were interviewed. The interviews showed that Hungarian scouting plays a crucial role in the survival of Hungarian culture and community, which was reflected linguistically too. Subsequently, I conducted a questionnaire survey, whose results also confirmed that scouting is both an element of and a tool for Hungarian identity construction. Some key elements of identity, according to the respondents--language, culture, holidays, and community--are clearly included in scouting. The results also suggest that support for Hungarian emigrant organizations can be an effective way to maintain national identity. constantinovits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ferenc Kazinczy worked as an inspector between 1786-1791, and from 1788 onward, he became the editor of the first Hungarian literary periodical Magyar Museum. The two careers developed in parallel, so it is worth analyzing them in this context, with special regard to his view on the Hungarian language. First and foremost, this study is concerned with how the consequences of the Language Edict of King Joseph II, and the change in the linguistic standard affected the inspector and editor programs of Kazinczy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Selice Romani has developed phonemic vowel length due to long-term bilingualism of the speakers in Hungarian. The present paper aims to provide a basic descriptive account of both the synchronic (phonological, phonotactic, and morphophonological) aspects of vowel length and its development in this Romani variety. The major source of long vowels in the pre-Hungarian compartment was pretonic substitutive lengthening through contact-induced phonemicization of pre-existing allophonic variation. The subsequent contact-induced stress fixation licensed the hypoanalysis of vowel length as a lexical property of morphemes and analogical extension of long vowels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the most important NLP tasks for the industry today is to produce an extract from longer text documents. This task is one of the hottest topics for the researchers and they have created some solutions for English. There are two types of the text summarization called extractive and abstractive. The goal of the first task is to find the relevant sentences from the text, while the second one should generate the extraction based on the original text. In this research I have built the first solutions for Hungarian text summarization systems both for extractive and abstractive subtasks. Different kinds of neural transformer-based methods were used and evaluated. I present in this publication the first Hungarian abstractive summarization tool based on mBART and mT5 models, which gained state-ofthe-art results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The 20th century witnessed two Chinese translation booms of the Hungarian writer Mór Jókai's work. In order to have a better understanding of Jókai in China, this paper focuses on the Chinese translation of Jókai's work, providing an overview of its history, and offers insights into the socio-cultural context of the translation, the features of Jókai's writing highlighted in translation, and the Chinese understanding of his literary world. It will be shown that the Chinese translation of Jókai's work in the 20th century was almost always dominated by political discourse: in the early 20th century it was "the literature of marginalized nationalities," and in the second half of the century "the literature of socialist countries." While the readers in the earlier period inserted modern China's national consciousness into their interpretation of the writer, who therefore appeared as strangely familiar to them, the readers in the later period were under the influence of socialist ideology, thus distinguishing themselves from the writer, who was regarded as a bourgeois novelist. For the latter, they not only constantly warned themselves of his idealist parochialism but also thought of him as a tragic Rousseau/Owen-style utopian. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction. Compounding is one of the leading ways to update vocabulary. A compound word is the result of combining two or more meanings at the lexical-semantic, word-formation, syntactic levels, which determines versatile approaches to its study, including comparative-historical. The purpose of the research is a comparative historical study of compound adjectives of the Erzya and Hungarian languages. It can be achieved by considering the formation patterns of compound adjectives; analysis of compound adjectives in Erzya and Hungarian; identifying the types of relationships between the components of a compound word; statistical calculations. Materials and Methods. The material for analysis was formed by the method of continuous sampling from bilingual dictionaries: Erzya-Russian and Hungarian-Russian. It used the methods for determining the genetic affiliation of language data, establishing a system of correspondences and anomalies in the compared languages; spatial localization of linguistic phenomena. Research and Discussion. Compounding in the Erzya and Hungarian languages are divided into two large groups: 1) formed on the basis of a compositional connection and 2) created on the basis of a subordinate connection between components. As the study showed, complex adjectives of the subordinate type in the Erzya language are few in number, while in the Hungarian language they constitute the majority. This group includes words with the first part – an adjective, a noun, a numeral. Compound adjectives of a compositional type, prevailing in the Erzya language, can be formed as a result of the merger of two proper adjectives, two derived adjectives, repetition of derived adjectives. In the Hungarian language, the share of complex adjectives of the compositional type is small. Among them there are the ones paired and formed by the type of twin words. Conclusion. The results of the study indicate that the formation of complex adjectives in the Hungarian and Erzya languages is an active process.

Das Werk „Demonstratio“ („Beweis, dass die Sprache der Ungarn und Lappen dieselbe ist“) des ungarischen Jesuiten Joannes (János) Sajnovics ist ein Klassiker der finno-ugrischen Sprachwissenschaft. Sajnovics war ein Astronom ohne Erfahrung in vergleichenden Sprachstudien, als er in den Jahren 1768–69 an einer astronomischen Expedition in der Finnmark teilnahm. Erst als er in Nordnorwegen ankam, begann er scheinbar unvorbereitet mit seiner Untersuchung. Im Winter 1769/70 war er in Kopenhagen. Während dieses Aufenthalts hatte Sajnovics Kontakt zu Mitgliedern der Königlich Dänischen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften, wo er seine Theorie vorstellte. Seine bahnbrechende „Demonstratio“ wurde in zwei Ausgaben gedruckt, die erste 1770 in Kopenhagen und die nächste im folgenden Jahr in Trnava. Eine genaue Lektüre der ersten Ausgabe zeigt, dass die innovative Methodik von Sajnovics fast ausschließlich auf skandinavischer Forschungsliteratur basierte. Hinweise auf mitteleuropäische Gelehrte und ihre Theorien durchziehen die zweite überarbeitete Auflage der Demonstratio, die jedoch erst nach der Rückkehr von Sajnovics und seinem Mentor Maximilian Hell in das Habsburgerreich gemacht wurde.

Emigration has been a crucial experience for the inhabitants of the Italian Friuli region, at least since the 13th century when Friulian peddlers started journeying from country to country. When it grew into a mass phenomenon in the 19th century, an increasing number of Friulian workers arrived in Hungary, and were involved in industrial activities as both entrepreneurs and employed labour. They gained a leading role in the Hungarian meat industry with the establishment of salami factories that created the conditions for the spread of a new product, the salami. In Debrecen, two Friulian families pursued this activity with numerous Friulian workers and one of them, the Vidoni company, became the third-largest salami factory in Hungary. The activities of the Friulian factories are considerable not only for Hungarian industrial history, but also because they shed light on the migratory processes and broaden the horizon of historical knowledge on Hungarian-Italian relations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bible concordances lead Bible readers with rendering words and phrases of the Holy Bible in alphabetical listings and show where the terms occur throughout all books of Scripture. With cross-references for verses, concordances make it easy to understand the meaning of terms and the context in which those words are used. In Hungarian Bible studies several translations of the Bible are available (also online) and some of the contemporary translations are provided with on-the-fly concordances. Online versions of the Bible translations can easily build KWIC-concordances but not in an equal way. The study shows different approaches to online Bible concordance of the Hungarian translations to be found online and also tries to illustrate bottlenecks of concordance making on the off-line concordance being built to the so called ÚRK Bible (Újonnan Revideált Biblia – Newly Revised Bible). The obstacles in this concordance are connected with terminological and lexicographic approaches as this concordance is based on translations of the keywords of the ESV Bible Concordance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hunglish is a term for Hungarian native speakers' English pronunciation. It is a well recognisable and quite homogeneous accent, which is thoroughly described in the literature of second language acquisition. However, this paper proposes that Hungarian speakers living in Romania use a phonologically different Hunglish compared to those living in Hungary. The study is built on direct speech recordings made with 30 Hungarian speakers descending from various parts of Transylvania. Their accent is confronted with the pronunciation of 15 speakers from Hungary, who participated in the same reading experiment. Results indicate that the English pronunciation of the two groups mostly share the same phonetic and phonological features. Only a few persistent phonological differences can be identified; for instance, English open back vowels [ʌ, ɒ, ɑ] are replaced with Hungarian [ɒ] by the Transylvanian informants, and with [a] by the speakers from Hungary; Transylvanian informants preserve more English schwas and diphthongs due to their L2 Romanian, etc. The differences basically originate in the fact that Transylvanian speakers' interlanguage is much more heterogeneous than that of Hungarians', i.e. Transylvanians speak a substandard version of Hungarian as L1, they speak a Transylvanian dialect, they speak Romanian at high level as L2, and they usually speak further foreign languages as well beyond English; these varieties all affect their foreign accent. The paper takes account of the most important characteristics of Transylvanian Hunglish, with a synchronic phono-logical analysis, and a contrastive analysis with the general phonological properties of Hunglish found in the literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hungarian displays a characteristic syntax, that within the generative approach was called non-configurational. For this reason its description is at least unusual, and it cannot be taught with the same formal concepts used for most of the other European languages. Functional approaches, with Functional Discourse Grammar among them, seem to be especially useful in both describing and teaching Hungarian, because they allow the interplay between pragmatics, syntax and semantics. This article sets the most important traditional assumptions about Hungarian syntax within the functional approach, concentrating on issues with word order. It is suggested that the so-called post-verbal field is very important. The central claim is that in a Hungarian sentence not only is the context of the expression recognized, given by the Topic and a possible Focus of communication, but also a distinct target of our discourse: a constituent signalling what we are speaking of that facilitates the making of the sentence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although the name of Ferenc Hunyadi is known in Hungarian literary history mainly for his Hungarian-language historical song about the peril of Troy, there also exist more than five thousand lines of Latin poetry by him which have not been collected or published since the 16th century. Another eleven of his poems are known from a manuscript written by a Unitarian pastor in the early 17th century. A further, one-distich poem was recorded by István Szamosközy. The date of composition of his poems in manuscript can be placed roughly between the end of 1586 and 1599. In addition to these, there is also a manuscript kept in Oxford in which Hunyadi gives prescriptions for febrile diseases. As a starting point for further research, this paper summarises what is currently known about Hunyadi and his works. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the exponential growth in the number of documents on the Web, accessing the salient information relevant to a user need is gaining importance, which increases the popularity of text summarization. Recent progress in deep learning shifted the research in text summarization from extractive methods towards more abstractive approaches. The research and the available resources remain mostly limited to the English language, which prevents progress in other languages. There is need in low-resourced languages for gathering large-scale resources suitable for such tasks. In this study, we release two large-scale datasets (TR-News and HU-News) that can serve as benchmarks in the abstractive summarization task for Turkish and Hungarian. The datasets are primarily compiled for text summarization, but are also suitable for other tasks such as topic classification, title generation, and key phrase extraction. Morphology is important for these agglutinative languages since meaning is carried mostly within the morphemes of the words. We utilize these morphological properties for tokenization to retain the semantic information and reduce the vocabulary sparsity introduced by the agglutinative nature of these languages. Using the datasets compiled, we propose linguistically-oriented tokenization methods (SeparateSuffix and CombinedSuffix) and evaluate them on the state-of-the-art abstractive summarization models. The SeparateSuffix method achieves the highest ROUGE-1 score on the TR-News dataset and provides promising results on the HU-News dataset. In another experiment, we show that the multilingual cased BERT model outperforms monolingual BERT models for both languages and reaches the highest ROUGE-1 score on the HU-News dataset. Lastly, we provide qualitative analysis of the generated summaries on the TR-News dataset. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Comprehensive Aphasia Test (CAT) has recently been adapted to a number of languages – including Hungarian – by an international network of multidisciplinary aphasia researchers, the Collaboration of Aphasia Trialists. In Hungarian, to date, there is no standardised test to assess people with aphasia (PWA). The aim of this paper was to evaluate psychometric properties of the Hungarian adaptation of the CAT (CAT-H) by assessing internal consistency, reliability, and validity of the test. In addition, we reiterate main challenges of the adaptation – so far only published in Hungarian – and present the main characteristics of the CAT-H. One hundred PWA, mostly with unilateral, left hemisphere stroke, and 34 healthy control participants completed the CAT-H which consists of two parts: A Cognitive Screening Test (CST) and a Language Battery (LB). Our analysis included (1) comparison of performance between PWA and control participants in all subtests; (2) assessment of inter-rater and test–retest reliability in a small group of PWA (N = 10 and N = 9, respectively) using intra-class correlation coefficients (ICCs); (3) assessment of construct validity by performing principal component analysis (PCA) on subtests of the CST and subtests of the LB in the aphasia group; (4) assessment of concurrent validity by calculating Spearman rank correlation coefficients between subtests of the CAT-H and subtests of the Western Aphasia Battery (WAB; N = 59) and the Test for the Reception of Grammar-Hungarian (TROG-H; N = 35). Our results show that the CAT-H has good-to-excellent psychometric properties. It is able to differentiate between aphasic and non-aphasic performance and it demonstrates strong internal consistency. Moderate to high ICCs suggest good-to-excellent inter-rater and test–retest reliability for most subtests of the LB. Consistent with the English CAT, the PCA identified one component in the CST and three components in the LB. High correlations between subtests of the CAT-H and subtests of the WAB and the TROG-H suggest satisfying concurrent validity for the CAT-H. Comparable psychometric properties of the CAT-H and the original version of the CAT suggest that the Hungarian language and cultural adaptation was successful. We believe that the CAT-H will be a unique resource for rehabilitation professionals and aphasia researchers in aphasia assessment in Hungary. In addition, together with adaptations in other languages, it may provide a unique tool for cross-linguistic aphasia assessment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to give an overview of the use of Hungarian language in dental education in Romania. The first part briefly describes the dental aspects of the first Hungarian-language Transylvanian medical book. The second part presents the history of dental education in Transylvania, from the very beginning till now, especially concentrating on the usage of Hungarian language. The university-level dental education began in 1890 at the Royal Hungarian Francis Joseph University of Sciences in Kolozsvár (Cluj-Napoca) as an optional discipline for medical students. Between 1913–1919 and 1940–1945 in Kolozsvár (Cluj-Napoca), the university provided undergraduate and postgraduate dental training in Hungarian; however, it was moved to Szeged between 1921–1940. After several name changes, it became Bolyai University of Sciences, and in 1945, its Faculty of Medicine, with Hungarian teaching language, was transferred to Marosvásárhely (Tirgu-Mures). Here, following the educational reform in 1948, it became the Institute of Medicine and Pharmacy of Marosvásárhely (Tirgu-Mures), and the Faculty of Dentistry was first established, and then, ceased to exist between 1951 and 1960. in 1962, dental training in Hungarian was replaced by bilingual education: the lectures were in Hungarian and Romanian, but practical activities were held only in Romanian. With regards to the teaching language, the situation remains even in the present; however, in the meantime, after a change of regime in Romania, the university was merged with another one, which resulted in several name changes. In 2014, a dental education in English was introduced, resulting in all teaching activities being held in English. Here, we are presenting our individual thoughts on importance of the education using the mother tongue and the preservation of the Hungarian dental terminology, as well as the impact of Romanian and English expressions. In summary, the only place in Romania where (theoretical) dental education is provided in Hungarian language, is in the Faculty of Dental Medicine at the George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology of Targu-Mures.

In our presentation we will examine the diversity of linguistic attitudes of Hungarian speakers in Romania. Although there are several definitions for this concept from psychology and linguistics, linguistic attitudes are generally understood as the value judgments and attitudes that individuals form on the basis of their language socialization, language use and learning experience, in relation to languages, language varieties and language expressions. In our present research, we wanted to find out the speakers' value judgments about the phenomenon of using Romanian and/or English loanwords in their everyday Hungarian communication. In our research paradigm we adopted a case-oriented, inductive, data-focused research towards which we applied a mixed approach: the data was collected through a questionnaire, then the focus group discussion highlighted the criteria respondents used in their value judgment, as well as their opinions about loanwords adopted from the two languages. The conversations also indirectly shed light on the way in which a minority community relates to the languages active in its linguistic environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Audiovisual translation (AVT), albeit originated back in the early 20th century, only started gaining in popularity in the past decades, and poses unique challenges compared to traditional translation. Not only does the translator have to face the limitation placed by the time and length constraints and the lip movement of the characters, but beside verbal elements, also non-verbal ones (sounds, music, images, etc.) define the target-language text. This characteristic of movies makes the task of translating realia, or culture-specific notions, rather hard. The translator can - and has to - choose from a wide range of translation methods that can be placed somewhere on a spectrum between two main trends: domestication or foreignisation, opting for either bringing the target language (TL) text closer to the target culture (TC), or preserve it to some extent in the source culture (SC). The goals of the present paper are twofold. On the one hand, it intends to support the validity of a taxonomy adjusted specifically for the translation of realia in AVT in a previous study, which allows the measure of domestication or foreignisation to be expressed in numbers. On the other hand, it provides a case study of a Hungarian film trilogy and its English subtitles with the aim of discovering a shift in trends towards foreignisation over time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Papers of Hungarian Studies / Hungarologiai Kozlemenyek is the property of Faculty of Philosophy, University of Novi Sad and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Educatia 21 is the property of Babes-Bolyai University, Faculty of Psychology & Educational Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The oldest known Hungarian language monument called Funeral Sermon and Prayer (Halotti beszéd és könyörgés) has earned exceptional respect in the field of Hungarian culture and historiography, and a wider team of authors has sought to analyze and interpret it, however, the source bypassed the attention of the Slovak historical community. Funeral speeches in the European area at the time of the 12th century were still rare also in Latin, not only in the national languages. The central motif was based on the findings of Chapter 3 of the Book of Genesis, where God forbade Adam and Eve to eat the fruit of the tree in the middle of the garden. Because they broke their promise, they brought death to the human race. In addition to God, the Devil, Adam and Eve, the figures of the Virgin Mary, St. Peter, the Archangel Michael, the angels and Abraham, Isaac and Jacob were also mentioned. From the New Testament writings, there is also an allusion to the Gospel according to Matthew. The topic contains a transcript and a Slovak translation not only of the Hungarian version, but of the Latin original too, from which it follows that the original author also operated with references to the work of the Prophet Ezekiel or the work of St. Paul. The Funeral Sermon and Prayer is at least unique from the point of view of medieval Hungary, because expansion of funeral speeches and their publication was more common in the period from the 16th to the 18th century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Nordlit is the property of Universitetet i Tromsoe and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Introduction. Word building is used to form integral complex words on the basis of two or more simple ones. The initial base can be a group of equal lexical units or a phrase. There are many derivational types of composites, the study of which allows us to trace what trends are manifested in the modern word building system of the language. Topical comparative research in this area contributes to the replenishment of the theoretical base and makes a significant contribution to teaching methods. Within the framework of this article, the following tasks are solved: to establish derivational connections of complex words, to classify composites in the Erzia and Hungarian languages, to identify ways of word formation of complex nouns and the degree of their productivity, to carry out a comparative analysis of derivational formants in Erzia and Hungarian. Materials and Methods. The material for the research was bilingual dictionaries: Erzia-Russian and Hungarian-Russian. The author used a descriptive method, methods of synchronous analysis, formal semantic and component analysis, historical-comparative and comparative-comparative methods, as well as quantitative analysis. Results and Discussion. As a result of the analysis of a continuous sampling from the dictionaries, it was found that the share of compound nouns with a compositional connection in both languages is within 20% of the total number of compound nouns. This means that the creation of composites is less productive than the formation of words with a subordinate link. In most cases, the first component in the examples under consideration is a noun, the history of which can be easily traced, in particular by derivational suffixes. In rare cases, the components of a compound word have lost their meaning. Conclusion. The intensity of the use of word building methods in the modern Erzia and Hungarian languages allow the production of words with a complex structure. The increase of the interest in comparative research indicate the need to study this phenomenon from a historical-comparative standpoint.