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Objectives: Given the close relationship between sleep-wake disturbances and depression, an in-depth investigation of such a relationship is imperative. The present study aims at elucidating the relationship between various sleep-wake disturbances and depression in older adults and at examining the influence of co-occurring anxiety on such associations.Method: A community-based survey using the cohort from the Yilan Study in Taiwan was conducted from August 2013 to November 2016. Adults aged 65 and older were randomly selected to participate in the study. The Hospital Depression and Anxiety Scale was used to measure clinical depressive and anxiety symptoms. Insomnia and daytime sleepiness were defined through the Athens Insomnia Scale and the Epworth Sleepiness Scale, respectively. Furthermore, the use of hypnotics, subjective sleep duration and sleep-wake scheduling were evaluated. Their relationship with depression was examined through logistic regression analyses.Results: There were 2620 participants surveyed and 247 (9.4%) had depression. Before controlling for anxiety, insomnia (OR: 1.78, 95% CI: 1.23-2.55), daytime sleepiness (OR: 1.79, 95% CI: 1.27-2.53), and long sleepers (OR: 1.77, 95% CI: 1.24-2.53) have a higher likelihood for depression in the multivariable regression analysis. However, when including anxiety into the multivariable regression model, only those with daytime sleepiness and long sleepers had an elevated risk for depression. Therefore, the association between insomnia and depression turned to be statistically non-significant.Conclusion: In older adults, various sleep-wake disturbances differ in their relationship with depression. In addition, daytime sleepiness and long sleep duration were mostly characteristic of depression when co-occurring anxiety was considered.

This study examines the impact of relationship investment on relationship quality in dental technology. In addition, it explores the moderating effects between relationship investment and relationship quality by using customer attachment to different dentists' styles. The study collects 202 questionnaires from dentists in Taiwan. This study uses hierarchy regression analysis to test hypotheses. The empirical results show that 1) relationship investment has a significantly positive effect on relationship quality; and 2) that customer attachment has a moderating effect on relationship investment and relationship quality. Both attachment anxiety and attachment avoidance have significantly negative effects on relationship quality. However, only attachment anxiety has a significantly moderating effect on relationship investment and relationship quality. Keywords: Relationship Investment, Relationship Quality, Dental Technology, Attachment Style To cite this document: Hui-Chen Chang, Lin-Ju Cheng, Yi-Ching Tsai, and Hung-Chun Lai, "The Relationship between Relationship Investment, Relationship Quality, and Attachment Styles", Contemporary Management Research, Vol.14, No.1, pp. 3-20, 2018. Permanent link to this document: http://dx.doi.org/10.7903/cmr.18017

A series of 1 at. Al-doped ZnO (AZO) films were deposited onto glass substrates by a spray pyrolysis technique. We find that the observed blue shift in the optical bandgap of 1 AZO films is dominated by the Burstein Moss effect. The Fermi level for an 807 nm thick AZO film rose by some 0.16 eV with respect to the edge of the conduction band. By controlling the film thickness, all AZO films exhibit the same lattice strain values. The influence of strain-induced bandgap shift was excluded by selecting films with nearly the same level of bandgap volume-deformation potentials, and the differences in out-plain strain and in-plain stress remained effectively constant. © 2012 American Institute of Physics.

Narrowing of the electronic bandgap of ZnO by doping with cadmium opens up further potential uses of the material for photocatalytic applications. However, the mechanism of this important bandgap modification is still unclear. This letter demonstrates that for doped materials, the Fermi level resides within the bandgap in the bulk but lies above the conduction band minimum at the surface of the material, thus producing downward band bending and electron accumulation in the near surface region. © 2012 American Institute of Physics.

This thesis reports the study of metal oxide semiconductors for the application of photoelectrochemical water splitting with a particular emphasis on both anion and cation-doped zinc oxides. A study of the mechanisms of visible light absorption in both anion and cation-doped ZnO semiconductors, the potentials of metal oxide materials modified by impurities as one of the ideal photocatalysts in harvesting solar light has been explored. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and UV-Vis spectroscopes have been performed to establish the electronic structures of anion and cation-doped ZnO. Aluminium impurities in ZnO thin films reveal the relationship between the bandgap broadening and the so-called Burstein Moss effect. Both cadmium and sulphur dopants were incorporated in ZnO either as powders by the solid state synthesis or as thin films by spray pyrolysis technique. Cadmium and sulphur dopants demonstrate effective electronic bandgap reduction and an increasing absorption of visible light. Furthermore, the incorporation of cadmium and sulphur in ZnO were prepared as photoanodes and evaluated in a custom-built photoelectrochemical workstation for the measurement of photon energy conversion efficiencies.

Background Prokaryotic microbes, the most abundant organisms in the ocean, are remarkably diverse. Despite numerous studies of marine prokaryotes, the zonation of their communities in pelagic zones has been poorly delineated. By exploiting the persistent stratification of the South China Sea (SCS), we performed a 2-year, large spatial scale (10, 100, 1000, and 3000 m) survey, which included a pilot study in 2006 and comprehensive sampling in 2007, to investigate the biological zonation of bacteria and archaea using 16S rRNA tag and shotgun metagenome sequencing. Results Alphaproteobacteria dominated the bacterial community in the surface SCS, where the abundance of Betaproteobacteria was seemingly associated with climatic activity. Gammaproteobacteria thrived in the deep SCS, where a noticeable amount of Cyanobacteria were also detected. Marine Groups II and III Euryarchaeota were predominant in the archaeal communities in the surface and deep SCS, respectively. Bacterial diversity was higher than archaeal diversity at all sampling depths in the SCS, and peaked at mid-depths, agreeing with the diversity pattern found in global water columns. Metagenomic analysis not only showed differential %GC values and genome sizes between the surface and deep SCS, but also demonstrated depth-dependent metabolic potentials, such as cobalamin biosynthesis at 10 m, osmoregulation at 100 m, signal transduction at 1000 m, and plasmid and phage replication at 3000 m. When compared with other oceans, urease at 10 m and both exonuclease and permease at 3000 m were more abundant in the SCS. Finally, enriched genes associated with nutrient assimilation in the sea surface and transposase in the deep-sea metagenomes exemplified the functional zonation in global oceans. Conclusions Prokaryotic communities in the SCS stratified with depth, with maximal bacterial diversity at mid-depth, in accordance with global water columns. The SCS had functional zonation among depths and endemically enriched metabolic potentials at the study site, in contrast to other oceans. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-015-1434-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.