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Introduction: Due to demographic changes in fertility and mortality, it is predicted that in 2050 the proportion of the world population aged 60 and over will increase from 11% to 22%. Objective: To analyze the effects of high-intensity interval training in healthy older adults. Material and method: A bibliographic search was carried out in the following Pubmed, Scielo and ScienceDirect databases, using the Boolean terms High-intensity interval excercise OR High-intensity interval training OR high intensity interval activity AND aged OR older adult OR elderly. The PICoR strategy was used to define eligibility criteria (P) Healthy Older Adults, (I) Use High Intensity Interval Training (HIIT), (C) be subjected to evaluation using the PEDRO scale and obtain a score equal to or greater than 6 points, (O) effect of high-intensity interval training in Adults Healthy elderly (S) studies with control groups or other interventions, published between the years 2016 to 2021. Results: 1.516 articles were identified, but only those that met the inclusion criteria (7 studies) were included. Significant improvements in sleep quality, fatigue, and body composition were obtained by combining HIIT training with nutritional support. Other improvements were obtained in strength, anabolic hormones, blood lipids, VO2max, exercise tolerance, and systolic BP using only HIIT training. Conclusion: The adapted HIIT training is applicable to healthy older adults and causes significant improvements in this age group.

La prevalencia de la obesidad ha ido en un acelerado aumento en todo el mundo convirtiéndose en una de las preocupaciones de salud pública más desafiantes del siglo XXI. La escuela constituye uno de los lugares más favorables a la hora de orientar la conducta del niño mediante estilos de vida saludables, debido al gran número de horas que los estudiantes permanecen en ella y la cantidad de años de su formación académica. El objetivo fue determinar qué tipo de intervención escolar presenta mayores beneficios en la reducción de los índices de obesidad en escolares entre 6 a 12 años. Se revisaron artículos publicados entre los años 2014 y 2020 en las siguientes bases de datos: Sciencedirect, Scielo y Pubmed, utilizando para ello las recomendaciones de la guía PRISMA. Se contabilizaron 656 artículos, tras la eliminación de la lectura de resúmenes (615), lectura de texto completo (41) donde solo 6 cumplieron con los criterios de inclusión. Se concluye que los programas de intervención analizados de carácter multimodal, principalmente donde se incluía la actividad física y hábitos alimenticios, son los más efectivos para la reducción de la obesidad en niños entre 6 y 12 años. Palabras clave: Obesidad; Niños; Escuela; Programas Abstract. The prevalence of obesity has been increasing rapidly throughout the world, becoming one of the most challenging public health concerns of the 21st century. The school is one of the most favorable places when it comes to guiding the child's behavior through healthy lifestyles, due to the large number of hours that students remain in it and the number of years of their academic training. The objective was to determine what type of school intervention has the greatest benefits in reducing obesity rates in schoolchildren between 6 and 12 years of age. Articles published between 2014 and 2020 in the following databases were reviewed: Sciencedirect, Scielo and Pubmed, using the recommendations of the PRISMA guide. 656 articles were counted, after the elimination of abstract reading (615), full text reading (41) where only 6 met the inclusion criteria. It is concluded that the multimodal intervention programs analyzed, mainly where physical activity and eating habits were included, are the most effective for reducing obesity in children between 6 and 12 years of age. Key Words: Obesity, Child; School; Program.

Objetivo: Analizar las características antropométricas de futbolistas profesionales del club deportivo Ñublense divididos de acuerdo a la posición que ocupan en el campo de juego. Método: Participaron ciento cincuenta y ocho (n=158) jugadores profesionales de Futbol divididos en Arqueros (AR) Defensas (DEF) Volantes (VOL) y Delanteros (DEL), todos pertenecientes al Club Deportivo Ñublense de la ciudad de Chillan, Chile. Se realizó una valoración de la composición corporal utilizando el fraccionamiento en 5 componentes, somatotipo, índice de masa corporal, suma de seis pliegues cutáneos y la relación músculo-óseo, siguiendo el protocolo de la International Society for the Advancements of Kinanthropometry (ISAK). Resultados: En cuanto a la composición corporal se obtuvieron valores porcentuales de Masa Adiposa=21.7%, Masa Muscular=48.9%, Masa Residual=12.4%, Masa Osea=11.4% y Masa Piel=5.2%. En relación al somatotipo se obtuvo una clasificación mesomorfico balanceado con valores medios 2.5-5.4-2.1. Conclusión: Los jugadores profesionales del club de futbol Ñublense de acuerdo a la posición que ocupan en el terreno de juego, presentan un somatotipo similar al de otros futbolistas nacionales e internacionales, donde predomina el componente mesomórfico balanceado. Sin embargo, se observa una elevación de los porcentajes de masa adiposa (MA) y una menor talla, en comparación a futbolistas internacionales, lo que pueden determinar claras diferencias en el rendimiento respecto a las posiciones de juego en situaciones competitivas. Abstract. Objective: Analyze the anthropometric characteristics of Chilean professional soccer players divided according to the position they occupy in the field of play. Method: One hundred and fifty-eight (n = 158) professional soccer players divided into Archers (AR) Defenses (DEF) Volantes (VOL) and Forwards (FOR), with average Age values (24.2 ±4.76 years, body mass 75.0±7.28 kg and height 175.7±6.32 cm.), All belonging to the Ñublense Sports Club of the city of Chillan, Chile. An assessment of the body composition was made using the 5 component fractionation, somatotype, body mass index, sum of six skinfolds and the muscle-bone relationship, following the protocol of the International Society for the Advancements of Kinanthropometry. Results: Regarding body composition, mean values of Adipose Mass = 21.7%, Muscular Mass = 48.9%, Residual Mass = 12.4%, Bone Mass = 11.4% and Skin Mass = 5.2% were obtained. In relation to the somatotype, a balanced mesomorphic classification was obtained with mean values 2.5 - 5.4 - 2.1. Conclusion: According to the position they occupy on the pitch, the professional players of the Ñublense soccer club present a somatotype similar to that of other national and international soccer players, where the balanced mesomorphic component predominates. However, there is an increase in the percentages of adipose mass (AM) and a smaller stature, compared to international soccer players, which can determine clear differences in performance with respect to playing positions in competitive situations.

El estudio tuvo como objetivo analizar las diferencias en el desarrollo infantil en las dimensiones de motricidad, lenguaje, cognición y estado socioemocional en escolares de cinco y seis años pertenecientes a una escuela rural y otra urbana de la región del Biobío en Chile. El estudio fue observacional de corte transversal, con características descriptivas y analíticas. La muestra fue compuesta por 28 escolares de ambos sexos, distribuidos en siete niñas y siete niños de una zona rural (5.7±0.5 años) y siete niñas y siete niños de una zona urbana (5.6±0.6 años), seleccionada de forma no probabilística por conveniencia. Se evaluó el desarrollo infantil por medio del Test de Aprendizaje del Desarrollo Infantil (TADI). Los resultados muestran que existen diferencias significativas en los puntajes promedio de las dimensiones motriz y cognitiva (p˂0.05), con mejores resultados en los escolares de la zona rural. No hubo diferencias significativas en las dimensiones de lenguaje y estado socioemocional (p˃0.05), además se evidencia una relación positiva directa entre las dimensiones motriz y socioemocional para la zona urbana (p˂0.05). Se concluye que existen diferencias significativas en el desarrollo infantil entre los escolares pertenecientes a la zona rural y a la zona urbana, específicamente en las dimensiones motriz y cognitiva, con mejores resultados para los escolares de la zona rural. Abstract. The objective of the study was to analyze the differences in child development in the dimensions of motor skills, language, cognition, and socio-emotional state in five- and six-year-old school children belonging to a rural and an urban school in the Biobío region of Chile. The study was cross-sectional observational, with descriptive and analytical characteristics. The sample consisted of 28 school children of both sexes, seven girls and seven boys from rural areas (5.7 ± 0.5 years) and seven girls and seven boys from urban areas (5.6 ± 0.6 years) selected in a non-probabilistic way for convenience. Child development was assessed through the Child Development Learning Test (TADI). The results show that there are significant differences in the average scores of the motor and cognitive dimensions (p˂0.05), with better results in school children in rural areas. There were no significant differences in the dimensions of language and socio-emotional state (p˃0.05), in addition there was a direct positive relationship between the motor and socioemotional dimensions for the urban area (p˂0.05). Therefore, it is concluded that there are significant differences in child development between school children belonging to rural and urban areas, specifically in the motor and cognitive dimensions, with better results for school children in rural areas.

El rendimiento físico se ha asociado con diferentes variantes genéticas. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar la asociación entre características dermatoglíficas y los genotipos ACTN3 y ECA. La muestra la constituyen 82 seleccionados nacionales de diferentes modalidades deportivas de Brasil, Japón y Chile. Los marcadores ACTN3 y ECA se obtuvieron a través de una muestra de saliva y se analizaron mediante el empleo de cadena de la polimerasa en tiempo real a partir del iQ5ThermalCycler, BioRad, mientras que para la configuración dermatoglifica se utilizó un lector de huella digital Verifier® 320 LC 2.0. Estos deportistas fueron clasificados en grupos de acuerdo a la configuración de sus patrones dermatoglíficos (A, L, W, D10 y SQTL) en los siguientes grupos: aeróbicos (n= 27); anaeróbicos (n= 55). En cuanto a la frecuencia de aparición de polimorfismos, para ambos grupos predomina el genotipo RX 48,0% y 49,1% de ACTN3, y DI 68,0% y 41,3% para ECA, en los grupos aeróbico y anaeróbico respectivamente. En el grupo aeróbico se observa una asociación muy alta entre ACTN3 con presilla, verticilo y D10 (r=0,90), en el grupo anaeróbico solo observa asociación alta en presilla (r=0,77), para el gen ECA se observan asociaciones moderadas entre presilla, verticilo y D10 (r=0,45), en el grupo aeróbico. Conclusión: Las características dermatoglíficas pueden estar asociados con la variante alélica del gen ACTN3 (RR) y ECA (DI), para perfiles deportivos de carácter anaeróbico. Abstract. Physical performance has been associated with different genetic variants. The objective of this study was to determine the association between dermatoglyphic characteristics and the ACTN3 and ECA genotypes. The sample is established by 82 national teams from different sports modalities in Brazil, Japan and Chile. The ACTN3 and ECA markers were obtained through a saliva sample and was analyzed using the polymerase chain in real time from the iQ5ThermalCycler, BioRad, while a Verifier® 320 LC fingerprint reader was used for the dermatoglyphic configuration. These athletes were classified into groups according to the configuration of their dermatoglyphic patterns (A, L, W, D10 and SQTL) in the following groups: aerobics (n = 27); anaerobic (n = 55). Regarding the frequency in the appearance of polymorphisms, the RX genotype 48.0% and 49.1% of ACTN3 predominated for both groups and DI 68.0% and 41.3% for ACE, in the aerobic and anaerobic groups respectively. In the aerobic group a very high association is observed between ACTN3 with a clip, verticil and D10 (r = 0.90), in the anaerobic group only a high association was observed in the clip (r = 0.77), for the ACE gene they are observed moderate associations between clip, verticil and D10 (r = 0.45), in the aerobic group. Conclusion: Dermatoglyphic characteristics may be associated with the allelic variant of the ACTN3 (RR) and RCT (DI) gene, for sports profiles of an anaerobic nature.

Introduction: The effect of two physical training methods on older adults should be investigated in greater depth and its results shared with the community. Objective: To determine the effects of two types of physical training on the functional features associated with the cognitive state and the effect on a physiological mediator of growth hormone (IGF-1) in older women. Material and Methods: Quasi-experimental study that included 12 weeks of training in two groups divided into resistance and aerobic training. The study included a population of 113 women aged 69.39 ± 6.48 years from Talcahuano, Chile. All participants were randomly assigned to either group. The MINIMENTAL test was used to examine the executive functions of cognitive state and blood concentration of IGF-1, which was also used to examine neurotrophic factors. For the assessment of physical condition, an indirect test was used for the maximum mass displaced in one repetition (1RM) by the limbs and the TM6 test to estimate maximal oxygen consumption. Results: Significant differences between the groups with respect to the total score obtained in the MINIMENTAL test (EG1 = 28.13 ± 2.26, EG2 = 28.57 ± 1.83 and CG = 23.47 ± 2.80, ANOVA, p = 0.000) were observed. A post hoc analysis revealed no significant differences when examining executive functions individually between groups (Bonferroni, p &gt, 0.05). An increase in the neurotrophic factor IGF-1 was also recorded in the training groups (EG1 p = 0.014 and EG2 p = 0.005). The pre- and post-test showed large differences in magnitude in the resistance training group (ES = 0.9, 20.41% change). Conclusion: Both workouts produce an overall improvement in the functions associated with cognitive status and increase blood concentrations of IGF-1 in older adults.

The aim of this study was to determine the effects of a muscular strength programme on the levels of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and cognitive status in elder women with mild cognitive impairment who lived in areas of high air pollution. A total of 157 women participated in the study, distributed in four groups: Active/Clean (AC n = 38) and Active/Pollution (AP n = 37), who carried out a progressive resistance training programme for 24 months, and Sedentary/Clean (SC n = 40) and Sedentary/Pollution (SP n = 42). Maximum strength in the upper and lower limbs (1RM), cognition (Mini-Mental Scale Examination (MMSE)) and blood IGF-1 were evaluated. At the beginning of the intervention, there were no differences between the groups in the assessed variables. The active groups which carried out the resistance training programme (AC and AP), registered better results in IGF-1 than the sedentary groups. These differences were statistically significant in AC vs. SC (p &lt, 0.01) and AP vs. SC (p &lt, 0.05). Regarding MMSE, group AC registered the highest score increases (+8.2%) (significantly better than the other groups), while group SP worsened (&minus, 7%) significantly compared to the other three groups. In conclusion, resistance training had a positive effect on IGF-1, while sedentary behaviour and air pollution had a negative effect on cognitive status.

espanolIntroduccion: actualmente, el ejercicio fisico practicado de manera regular es la mejor herramienta disponible para fomentar el bienestar de las personas y una mejor salud. Objetivo: el objetivo del estudio fue determinar el nivel de condicion fisica y el estado nutricional, asi como la relacion entre estos, en estudiantes de ensenanza basica de la ciudad de Chillan. Metodos: el estudio es de tipo descriptivo, de corte transversal y relacional. Participaron 2500 estudiantes. Para evaluar la condicion fisica se utilizaron los siguientes test: Wells y Dillons (flexibilidad), Sargent Test (potencia miembros inferiores), Test de 1 Milla de la AAPHARD (capacidad aerobica) y Abdominales en 30 segundos (capacidad muscular localizada). Resultados: al comparar por sexos, los hombres presentaron diferencias estadisticas significativas en las variables fisicas de capacidad aerobica (p = 0,00), abdominales (p = 0,00) y salto (p = 0,00); solo en el caso de la flexibilidad las mujeres presentaron mejores resultados (p = 0,01). Al relacionar el IMC con la capacidad fisica se observa una relacion negativa en ambos sexos, es decir: a mayor IMC, menor es la cantidad de abdominales realizados (r = -0,032; r = -0,084, mujeres y hombres, respectivamente) y la capacidad aerobica (r = -0,063 y r = -0,023, mujeres y hombres, respectivamente). En flexibilidad y salto se observa una correlacion positiva, aunque esta es insignificante. Conclusion: los hombres y las mujeres con normopeso presentan una mejor condicion fisica en comparacion con quienes presentan sobrepeso u obesidad. En cuanto al sexo, los hombres presentan una mejor condicion fisica salvo en la prueba de flexibilidad, donde las mujeres presentan los mejores resultados. Ademas, se observa una relacion negativa en ambos sexos entre la condicion fisica y la composicion corporal, donde un IMC elevado se traduce en un bajo nivel de rendimiento fisico. EnglishIntroduction: currently, regular physical exercise is the best tool available to promote people’s well-being and improve their health. Objective: the objective of the study was to determine the level of physical condition and nutritional status, as well as the relationship between them, in elementary school students in the city of Chillan. Methods: the study is of the descriptive, cross-sectional, relational type. A total of 2500 students participated. To evaluate physical condition, the followingtests were used: Wells and Dillons (flexibility), Sargent Test (lower limb power), AAPHARD’s 1-Mile Test (cardiorespiratory resistance), and Sit-ups in 30 seconds (localized muscular resistance). Results: when comparing by sex, men presented significant statistical differences in the physical variables of aerobic capacity (p = 0.00), situps (p = 0.00) and jumping (p = 0.00); only in the case of flexibility did women present better results (p = 0.01). When relating BMI to physical capacity a negative relationship is observed in both sexes—that is, the higher the BMI, the lower the amount of sit-ups (r = -0.032; r = -0.084, women and men, respectively) and aerobic capacity (r = -0.063 and r = -0.023, women and men, respectively). In flexibility and jump a positive though negligible correlation was observed. Conclusion: normal-weight men and women have a better physical condition as compared to those with overweight or obesity. As for sex, men have a better physical condition except for the flexibility test, where women obtain the best results. In addition, a negative relationship is observed in both sexes between physical condition and body composition, where a high BMI results in a low level of physical performance.

Introducción: Chile en las últimas décadas ha experimentado un cambio en su perfil epidemiológico nutricional, pasando de una situación caracterizada por una elevada prevalencia de desnutrición y enfermedades infecciosas/parasitarias a otro completamente distinto, en donde las enfermedades crónicas y degenerativas presentan una elevada prevalencia.Objetivo: el objetivo del estudio es elaborar tablas de referencia de aspectos antropométricos y de condición física en estudiantes varones de 10 a 14 años de la ciudad de Chillán.Método: estudio descriptivo de corte transversal. La muestra se compone de 1250 varones con edades entre los 10 y 14 años. Para la confección de las tablas de referencia se utilizó estadística descriptiva y estas fueron divididas en cinco clasificaciones desde muy malo, malo, media, bueno y muy bueno, teniendo como parámetro la edad.Resultados: observamos niveles importantes de sobrepeso que se asociaron con bajo desempeño físico, lo que plantea la urgencia de realizar un seguimiento en el tiempo con herramientas de fácil aplicación como la presente batería; con el fin de detectar a tiempo a los niños que tienen bajos niveles de condición física y tomar medidas orientadas a estimular o mejorar la capacidad física como factores protectores de promoción de la salud y como ayuda en la prevención de enfermedades crónicas relacionadas con el sobrepeso u obesidad.Conclusión: en este trabajo se han establecido valores de referencia para posteriores estudios en cuanto a la condición física orientada a la salud en estudiantes varones de 10 a 14 años de la ciudad de Chillán, que permitirán evaluar e interpretar correctamente la condición física orientada a la salud de este grupo etario.