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This book discusses contemporary standards of legal safeguards in the area of bulk electronic surveillance from the perspective of the European legal model. Bulk, or untargeted, surveillance, although traditionally associated with the interception of electronic communications, is increasingly used as a convenient tool for collecting information on large groups of society. The collection of redundant information, which is intrinsic to bulk surveillance, is no longer a side effect but an important objective of the use of bulk powers. As a result, untargeted surveillance is everywhere increasingly being implemented, and without any clear link to state security or crime-fighting objectives. This work examines the origins of untargeted measures, explores their mechanics and key concepts, and defines what distinguishes them from other forms of surveillance. The various elements of the legal safeguards in place, which are fundamental to protecting individuals from the risks of abuse of power, are analysed in detail. The book discusses not only the different standards of legal safeguards, but also gives examples of their implementation in individual European countries. It also examines the relationship between the development of the global data market and untargeted surveillance powers, in particular in the context of the risks associated with algorithmic surveillance, client-side scanning, the privatisation of surveillance – or surveillance as a service – and the increasingly widespread use of preventive content filtering mechanisms. The book will be a valuable resource for academics and researchers working in the areas of law, international relations, public policy, engineering and sociology. It will also appeal to professionals dealing with various aspects of the use of surveillance measures, such as experts, members of the legislature and law enforcement agencies.Chapter 1 of this book is freely available as a downloadable Open Access PDF at http://www.taylorfrancis.com under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives (CC-BY-NC-ND) 4.0 license.

This book provides a detailed critical analysis of the jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights on domestic abuse. Such abuse affects vast numbers of people throughout all nations of the world. Although it was not until 2007 that domestic abuse was considered substantively by the European Court of Human Rights, it has now been established that such abuse can constitute a violation of the right to life under Article 2 of the European Convention on Human Rights; the right to be free from torture or inhuman or degrading treatment under Article 3; the right to respect for private and family life under Article 8; and the prohibition of discrimination under Article 14. The book analyses how conceptualisations of domestic abuse in the Court's jurisprudence have evolved, for example, in relation to a more consistent use of Article 3 in such cases, a recognition of coercive control, and the framing of domestic abuse as gender-based discrimination. It also explores the development of the Court's understanding of domestic abuse, for example, as regards to how the ‘Osman test'should be applied in this context. Additionally, the book discusses the Court's approach to issues such as cyber violence and child contact in the context of domestic abuse. The book will appeal to academics and researchers from a wide variety of disciplines, such as criminal law, criminology, social policy, human rights, family law, gender studies and sociology, as well as practitioners and those in the voluntary sector who are working in the area of combating domestic abuse. The book could also be used beneficially on courses at both undergraduate and postgraduate levels which incorporate the topic of domestic abuse.

Blackstone's Guide to the Human Rights Act 1998 provides clear, concise coverage of the operation and application of the Human Rights Act 1998, including the development of human rights jurisprudence in the domestic courts and in Strasbourg. It also sets out the recent erosion of the universal applicability of the remedies in the Human Rights Act by the Illegal Migration Act 2023 and other recent changes to the statutory scheme such as the amendment to the limitation period for claims involving the armed forces. The Guide considers the case law of the European Court of Human Rights and the impact of Convention rights in landmark domestic judgments across a wide range of areas, including terrorism, privacy, discrimination, and criminal law. It explains the interpretive techniques employed by the courts to read legislation compatibly with Convention rights and the jurisdiction to declare legislation incompatible with Convention rights. Finally, the last chapter sets out how to make an application to the Strasbourg Court and sets out in detail how that court works. The new edition of this popular Guide considers the key developments since the publication of the previous edition 9 years ago. It sets out recent reviews of the Human Rights Act and puts the threats to the Act, especially the Bill of Rights, in the context of the recent history of human rights in the UK. It also considers significant developments in the law relating to the extra-territorial reach and applicability of the Convention under Article 1 ECHR, following Al Skeini, Georgia v Russia, Guzelyurtlu, Hanan and HF. The book contains an up to date copy of the Human Rights Act 1998, and the text of the rights in the European Convention on Human Rights which are now a central part of UK law. The Blackstone's Guide series delivers concise and accessible books covering the latest legislative changes and amendments. Published soon after enactment, they offer expert commentary by leading names on the scope, extent and effects of the legislation, plus a full copy of the Act itself. They offer a cost-effective solution to key information needs and are the perfect companion for any practitioner needing to get up to speed with the latest changes.

This unique book, formed as a series of essays in honour of the memory of Paul Heim CMG, the founder of Lincoln's Inn European Group, focusses on the building of bridges between individuals and institutions in European, international, and human rights law. The book features contributions from some of the foremost current or former European and international judges; leading practitioners and officials, each with links to Lincoln's Inn, and former recipients of Lincoln's Inn's dedicated scholarship programmes.The approachable style of the book makes it readily accessible for a wide range of readers including legal scholars, practitioners, students, and those with a general interest in the application of the law and justice in today's interconnected world. Each contribution provides personal reflections and expertise on selected aspects of European and human rights law, and the personal, professional, and technical bridges involved in their development and maintenance, together with insights into their future. The book provides multi-level perspectives on the Court of Justice of the European Union, the EFTA Court, the European Court of Human Rights, and the International Criminal Court, and the interaction of their jurisprudence with domestic law and between themselves, alongside our ever-evolving societies.

What does compliance with judgments of the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) look like in states on the spectrum of democratisation? This work provides an in-depth investigation of three such states—Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia— in the wider context of the growing'implementation crisis'in Europe, and does so through a combined lens of theoretical insights and rich empirical data. The book offers a detailed analysis of the domestic contexts varying from democratising to increasingly authoritarian tendencies, which shape the states'compliance behaviour, and discusses why and how such states comply with human rights judgments. It puts particular focus on ‘contested'compliance as a new form of compliance behaviour involving states'acting in ‘bad faith'and argues for a revival of the concept of partial compliance. The wider impact that ECtHR judgments have in states on the spectrum of democratisation is also explored.

Forde examines the effectiveness of the human rights system of the Council of Europe (CoE) in conflict-affected regions and advances a novel approach to understanding how the European Convention on Human Rights can better serve the 10+ million rights-holders living in so-called human rights'grey zones'. Building on the premise that nowhere in Europe should be deprived of access to Europe's human rights architecture, Forde argues that areas of conflict give rise to a collective public order imperative on Member States to seek maximal effectiveness of the CoE human rights system. Despite Kosovo's sui generis status, much of the CoE's experience of engagement with Kosovo could inspire more proactive efforts in relation to other areas of conflict. This book advocates a judicious engagement of the CoE's unique assets and acquis in affected regions based on the collective responsibility of Member States and the normative will of the Secretary General.

This edited book explores how requests and complaints by prisoners are being dealt with by prison governors/administrations or independent bodies (such as complaint commissions), in different parts of Europe. It asks who complains and why? How are complaints from prisoners being dealt with, from a legal and empirical point of view? How do procedures work and can they be considered effective? Should administrative procedures be exhausted before appealing to a judge? It explores whether such systems comply with international regulation, such as the European Prison Rules, the UN Mandela Rules or the case-law of the ECtHR. It speaks to academics, NGOs and lawyers with an interest in prison law, human rights bodies and prison monitoring bodies.

This open access edited book investigates European social rights in practice from socio-legal perspectives. It brings together fourteen socio-legal scholars, representing Nordic and Western European countries, who analyse different aspects pertaining to European social rights, namely the regulation of social rights, encounters between welfare professionals and citizens, and citizens'mobilisation of social rights. These three different aspects form the structure for the sections in the anthology, each analysing transformations related to regulation, encounters and rights mobilisation. The book contributes to the existing literature as it focuses on interdependent transformations on macro, meso and micro levels which are key for understanding processes and contexts related to European social rights in practice. It speaks particularly to academics in sociology of law and/or regulation.

A deep dive into the mechanics of national human rights institutions and the forces that make or break their success. In the years since World War II, the endeavor to promote human rights has gained momentum and become increasingly important within international relations. Yet these efforts often run into serious problems of enforcement. Many countries formed national human rights institutions (NHRIs) with independent mandates to support and monitor government compliance with international human rights law. Be they commissions, ombudsmen, or tribunals, these institutions vary in their power and impact. For this book, Corina Lacatus surveyed NHRIs in Europe and around the world to determine their effectiveness and explain why some succeed while others fail. The Strength of Our Commitments explores the relationship between the domestic and international support an institution receives and its ability to secure resources, credibility, and tangibly improve human rights conditions. Lacatus shows that NHRIs can be models of resilience, even in the face of opposition from political elites. Although their impact on human rights is difficult to measure, The Strength of Our Commitments shows how NHRIs'strength comes from clearly defined formal powers, strong institutional leadership, and independence from political interference.

This book examines contemporary migratory movements, starting from the European zone, but with an extension to other territorial contexts as well, with research orientation that focuses on the account of the migratory experiences collected in the research activity of the different authors, according to a multidisciplinary dimension. Starting from these key topics, the authors articulated and further developed its reflections through its own experiences at the national and international level, taking root within the current scientific debate on migration. The interdisciplinary approach and the different and innovative ways of analysing in depth the thematic contents of the migration phenomenon have made it possible to identify some key research questions. The relative answers find space in the articulated and complex system of contributions that is developed within this book and in particular in the three thematic parts into which it is divided. The first one deals with the theme of migration confronted with issues related to the'right to the city'and the'right to housing'; the second one deals with issues related to human rights; finally, the third one focuses on the different narratives of migrants'life experiences and aspects related to the linguistic representation of the urban space.

Profesor Krzysztof Skotnicki jest cenionym i uznanym znawcą prawa konstytucyjnego, autorem licznych publikacji, nauczycielem akademickim, wychowawcą wielu pokoleń prawników. W roku 2023 mieliśmy zaszczyt i przyjemność świętować rocznicę siedemdziesięciolecia urodzin Pana Profesora. Święto to stało się okazją do uhonorowania Pana Profesora, czego wyrazem jest niniejsza publikacja. Księga dedykowana Panu Profesorowi, przygotowana została przez przyjaciół i współpracowników z polskich i zagranicznych ośrodków badawczych. Składa się z dwóch tomów, a ich struktura podyktowana została różnorodnością tematyczną tekstów nadesłanych przez ponad stu autorów. Artykuły poświęcone zostały podstawowym instytucjom ustrojowym i ich organom, demokracji, wolności, prawom człowieka i obywatela, prawu wyborczemu oraz sądownictwu. Odrębny rozdział stanowią teksty zagranicznych przyjaciół Pana Profesora opublikowane, w znacznej części, w ojczystym języku autorów. Życzymy Panu Profesorowi dalszych sukcesów!

It is beyond question that States have positive obligations under the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) to prevent and address harm and risks of harm. However, given the difficulties of determining and delimiting the role of the State, the conditions under which positive obligations may apply can be unclear. The search for balance between intrusion and restraint by the State—between protection and freedom from interference—further complicates the question of state responsibility for breach of positive obligations. Vladislava Stoyanova directly addresses these challenges in Positive Obligations under the European Convention on Human Rights. By systematising the case law of the European Court of Human Rights, the book provides key insights into the elements crucial for ascertaining state responsibility for omissions - state knowledge, causation, and reasonableness. It outlines different kinds of positive human rights obligations and identifies the circumstances under which they can be breached. Stoyanova reflects upon what is at stake for political communities when the triggering, content, and scope of positive obligations has been determined. She offers serious evaluation of the dangers of ECHR obligations whose scope might be too expansive or intrusive, as well as the conceptual hurdles of applying positive human rights obligations extraterritorially. The definitive resource on ECHR positive obligations, this book is essential reading for academics, legal practitioners, and policymakers working across the diverse fields in which positive human rights obligations may apply. This is an open access title available under the terms of a CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International licence. It is free to read at Oxford Scholarship Online and offered as a free PDF download from OUP and selected open access locations.

Although the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) mentions taxation only once – and in a context that, rather than conferring rights, limits their application – references to public prerogatives pertinent to taxation are present in several of the ECHR's articles, giving rise to an implied normative framework that has influenced the tax jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR). Especially given the enormous impact of the famous Yukos cases, the ECtHR has made it abundantly clear that tax policies of State Signatories must be regularly stress-tested against the requirements of the Convention. This book is the first to critically analyse over 500 of the ECtHR's important ‘tax cases', which create a human rights code of conduct for ECHR State Signatories in matters involving taxation. Adopting a method by which relevant articles of the ECHR are each addressed by a detailed analysis of successful and non-successful tax cases flowing from it, the book provides the following invaluable knowledge base and guidance on the ECHR's relevance to taxation: the ECHR's legal concept ‘margin of appreciation'and the ECtHR's supervisory jurisdiction in taxation matters; the legal avenues to impugn tax measures on the basis of Article 1 of Protocol 1 ECHR and other Articles of the ECHR; the lines of defence hampering judicial activism in the tax arena; the concept of ‘emergency'in tax policy; the effects of tax penalty classification and retrospectivity; the right to a fair trial in tax disputes; and the extent tax policy may hamper the right to privacy and other fundamental human rights. In its elaboration of the nexus between taxation and human rights, this book contributes a crucial element to the ongoing debate focusing on the tax-related jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights. With its practice-oriented tax policy rulebook drawn from the judgments of the ECtHR, tax practitioners and in-house counsel will approach any case with full awareness of its human rights implications and constitutional consequences.

In clear and concise words, this Handbook offers a comprehensive and up-to-date overview of the European Convention and the European Court of Human Rights and its case-law. Numerous cross-references guide the reader through the various topics. Various summaries condense the different principles of the Court's case-law. The Handbook has been written largely for practitioners such as lawyers, judges and persons in administrative functions, but will also be invaluable to university teachers and academic researchers. Meticulously compiled, authoritative and practical, it is a must-have resource for anyone concerned with the protection of human rights in Europe. The author served as a Judge at the Court for nine years, three of them as Section President. He is a retired Professor for International and European Law at the University of Zurich in Switzerland. With a Foreword by Judge Robert Spano, President of the European Court of Human Rights.

One of the constitutional obligations of states is the defence of human rights. Such state activities encompass providing free pre-litigation legal aid. In search for solutions allowing to improve Polish model, the authors employed a comparative method. As a result, they analysed solutions adopted in international law, Sweden, Ukraine, and the United Kingdom.Swedish law is an example of a system with a rich legislative history in the area of free legal aid and contemporary solutions based on the model of legal aid with a “discount”. The choice of Ukraine was based on the fact that its regulations are very modern, elastic and put to the ultimate test of war. The United Kingdom was chosen as an example of a country with a common law system, where pre-litigation-free legal aid has its unique form based on grant financing.In the summary of the book, the authors strive for presenting the proposal of a model of free pre-litigation legal aid for the polish legal system based on the experience of compared legal systems.

Les droits de l'homme, détachés de toute morale transcendante, ont évolué en Europe vers l'instauration d'un ordre moral renversé. Pourquoi renversé? Parce que si pendant mille ans d'histoire européenne, la morale émanait d'une vérité transcendante, venant donc d'en haut, depuis la deuxième moitié du XXe siècle émerge un nouvel ordre moral venant d'en bas. En effet, la morale est aujourd'hui dictée par l'Individu revendiquant toujours plus de droits, au détriment des droits humains tels qu'ils étaient conçus à l'origine. Sur ce sujet souvent monopolisé par les débats idéologiques, l'analyse objective menée par l'auteur met en évidence les origines et les mécanismes des mutations sociétales en cours, tout en montrant les risques qui en découlent.

This innovative book explores the complex interplay between intellectual property for biotechnological innovations and human rights. Examining the clash between the drive to incentivise innovations that can fulfil human needs and the desire to grant global access to healthcare technologies, it presents thoughtful solutions to the challenges of protecting the human rights of all parties impacted by biotechnological patents and other relevant IP rights.After laying out the essential biotechnological innovations of the last 40 years, the authors conduct an in-depth analysis of European exclusive rights relating to biotechnology and healthcare, with particular attention to five key European jurisdictions - France, Germany, Italy, Poland and the UK. Delving into complex legal and ethical disputes over the rights to privacy, integrity, autonomy, health and science, the book argues for a more balanced patent system, protecting both human rights and intellectual property.This book will be a thought-provoking read for legal scholars, practitioners and policy-makers in the fields of biotechnology, pharmaceutical law, human rights law and intellectual property law. With its in-depth discussion of cutting-edge advances in biotechnology and the laws related to it, it will also prove enlightening for scholars and students interested in engaging with the field for the first time.

This book imagines how Europe might re-organise and re-group after the COVID-19 crisis by assessing its effectiveness when responding to it. For this purpose, it directs its focus on: i) sovereignty challenges; ii) technological challenges and iii) governance challenges. These three challenges do not present hermetic legal problems, they intersect and connect on many levels. The book shows this by examining the relationship between public and private power, and illustrating how the rise of technocratic authority is deeply connected to the choice of technological solutions. It illustrates how constitutional decisions taken during states of emergency give rise to private governance challenges related to cybersecurity and data protection. Experts from the fields of EU governance, data protection, and technology explore these questions to provide answers to how the EU might develop in the future.

In Malone v. UK (Plenary 1984), the right to an effective domestic remedy in the European Convention on Human Rights Article 13 was famously described as one of the most obscure clauses in the Convention. Since then, the European Court of Human Rights has reinforced the scope and application of the right. Through an analysis of virtually all of the Court's judgments concerning Article 13, the book exhaustively accounts for the development and current scope and content of the right. The book also provides normative recommendations on how the Court could further develop the right, most notably how it could be a tool to regulate the relationship between domestic and international protection of human rights. In doing so, the book situates itself within larger debates on the enforcement of the entire Convention such as the principle of subsidiarity and the procedural turn in the Court's case law.

This authoritative commentary drafted by scholars of the Academic Network on the European Social Charter and Social Rights (ANESC) is aimed at academic researchers studying social and economic rights in Europe and legal practitioners, civil society organisations, trade unions and state representatives engaging with the procedures of the European Committee of Social Rights. The text is composed of contributions from a large number of experts, bringing together senior and young scholars across different countries and legal traditions with expertise in social and economic rights and a commitment to enhancing the European system for regulating these rights. The commentary offers 106 chapters, organised into eight volumes, some of which are focused on the substantive obligations of State Parties to the European Social Charter and the practice of the European Committee of Social Rights and others on the procedures that state representatives, international bodies and applicants must follow to engage with the Charter system. Volume 1, entitled Cross-Cutting Themes, provides readers with descriptive and analytical accounts of the birth and evolution of the Charter system, the rules governing its interactions with domestic authorities, a number of thematic areas and concepts that elucidate the spirit of the treaty, and the differences and synergies between the European Social Charter and other European and international regulatory frameworks. This volume lays the groundwork for the article-by-article commentary on the European Social Charter that will be presented in the subsequent seven volumes, providing crucial context and highlighting the conceptual and operational links between the various Charter provisions. This first volume is edited by Stefano Angeleri (Queen's University Belfast) and Carole Nivard (Université de Rouen).

In this new and burgeoning field in legal and human rights thought, this edited collection explores, by reference to applied philosophy and case law, how the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) has developed and presented a right to personal identity, largely through interpretation of Article 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights. Divided into three parts, the collection interrogates: firstly, the construction of personal identity rights at the ECtHR; secondly, whose identity rights are protected; and thirdly, the limits of identity rights. The collection is the first in the Routledge Studies in Law and Humanity series. Contributions from nine leading and emerging legal scholars from the UK, Ireland and continental Europe explore how the right has developed, rights to identity and marriage, LGBTI+, persons with disabilities, religious and cultural issues and critical perspectives on the social construction and framing of the right. The collection is primarily aimed at scholars and advanced students, particularly of human rights law and its theory, Jurisprudence and Philosophy of Law, and those interested in ECtHR jurisprudence, and those interested in the connection between theories of inclusion, belonging and rights, including human rights lawyers.

Both global and regional human rights treaties have established international institutions offering recourse if a State party fails to comply with its obligations under the treaty. Many of these institutions have jurisdiction to consider complaints brought by individuals claiming that a State party has violated the rights enumerated in the treaty. However, these same institutions appear no longer merely to confine themselves to considering individual petitions. Due to the growing number of complaints, they have become increasingly preoccupied with managing their workload. The present volume focuses attention on two international institutions, one regional (the European Commission on Human Rights), and one global (the Human Rights Committee). It thoroughly examines the admissibility conditions of both the Commission and the Court by means of their case law and discusses possible changes which might reduce this case load. Chapter 2 discusses the procedural aspects of both systems, in particular, the division of labour and the various stages of the proceedings. Chapters 3-9 explore the case law of both organs concerning admissibility conditions, and such topics as competence ratione personae (including standing, the victim requirement and State responsibility), competence ratione temporis, competence ratione materiae, inadmissibility pendente lite and the exhaustion of local remedies.

This is a concise and accessible introduction to fundamental rights in Europe from the perspectives of history, theory and an analysis of European jurisprudence. Taking a multidisciplinary approach, the book equips readers with the tools to understand the foundations and the functioning of this complex and multi-layered topic.Key Features:A combination of historical and philosophical approaches with analysis of significant legal casesA multidisciplinary outlook, in contrast to the strict legal approach of most textbooks on the subjectA European perspective which refers throughout to central European values such as freedom, equality, solidarity and dignityA specific focus on fundamental rights, which have received less attention in the fields of legal history and theory in comparison to human rightsThis textbook will be an important resource for both undergraduate and postgraduate students in law, philosophy and political science. It will be particularly useful to those studying the law of fundamental rights or human rights as a complement to more traditional legal approaches.

This book explores how the European Convention on Human Rights operates and influences on the global stage.The ECHR and its interpretation by the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) considerably echo in and outside Europe. To what degree has that influence translated into its norms, doctrines and methods of interpretation being exported into equivalent systems which also enact the protection of fundamental rights? This book answers that question by exploring the judicial dialogue of the ECHR system with comparable legal orders. Through a horizontal and multifaceted study of regional and global systems, the book identifies the impact of the ECHR within the confines of their jurisprudence to provide scholars in the field of international human rights law with an essential text. Discussing the extent to which the ECHR penetrates into the judicial production of the most affected legal systems, the book mostly focuses on the case law of the Court of Justice of the European Union, the Inter-American Court of Human Rights and the UN Human Rights Committee. It also investigates whether there is room for cross-fertilisation between them and finally, moves on to explore the legal consequences of the interplay of these mechanisms with the ECtHR and what it means for the overall functioning of international human rights law.

A key manual for human rights education and litigation in sport, in particular before the European Court of Human Rights. This essential book describes the scope and limits of the European Court of Human Rights'role in resolving human rights disputes in sport, drawing on its own case law and other jurisdictions, notably the United States. It covers all aspects of the actual and potential application of human rights in sport as they relate to athletes, players, clubs and supporters. All those interested in the link between human rights education, strategic litigation and sport will find in this indispensable handbook the first comprehensive and explained summaries of the Court's case law in this area.

An indispensable guide for university students, government officials and legal practitioners alike.The European Convention on Human Rights – Principles and law is the essential handbook for university students, government officials, lawyers and human rights advocates seeking a comprehensive and concise account of the case law generated under the European Convention on Human Rights. Written by experts on the Convention, it:• cites nearly 1 500 cases, providing links to each case in the HUDOC database;• identifies key challenges and current legal developments;• provides suggestions for further reading on contentious issues;• is a companion text to Council of Europe's book The individual application under the European Convention on Human Rights – Procedural guide by Linos-Alexandre Sicilianos and Maria-Andriani Kostopoulou.

Within the framework of the human rights treaty system of the European Social Charter, the collective complaints procedure was created in 1995 as an optional quasi-jurisdictional monitoring mechanism specific for the protection of social rights. In recent years, the importance and use of this procedure has increased considerably, in the context of a number of serious economic and social crises which are impacting negatively on the effective enjoyment of social rights in Europe. The present monograph explores and clarifies the specific features of the collective complaints procedure, intended as a sui generis instrument for the protection of social rights in the light of its evolutive application by the European Committee of Social Rights (the monitoring body of the European Social Charter) and its real impact on the state and conditions of social rights in the European countries concerned. The analysis particularly dwells on the collective nature of the mechanism, and its implications from the standpoint of the admissibility of complaints, on the adversarial character of the procedure and on the particularities of the follow-up to findings of violation adopted by the European Committee of Social Rights (ECSR). The crucial issues concerning the legal value and effects of the ECSR's decisions on the merits of collective complaints, on the one hand, and the effectiveness of the collective complaints procedure as a means for the protection of social rights, on the other hand, are also addressed. Lastly, the book proposes some reflections on the supposed limitations on the effectiveness of a procedure which is conceived to deal not with individual situations of human rights violations but with violations characterized by elements of'collective importance'for many subjects.

This volume tells the story of the Helsinki Process from the immediate post-war period through the signing of the Helsinki Final Act in 1975 to the collapse of the Soviet empire and up to the present day. Treating it as a single narrative in the search for a just and stable order in Europe adds significantly to the copious but mostly narrowly focused academic literature on the subject.Divided into 26 chapters, it can also serve as a handy reference book for different phases of the story. Chapter 22 examines the continuing debate over whether the West is responsible for the breakdown of relations with Russia and why the Helsinki Process failed to avert it. Chapter 26 asks whether the remarkable multilateral diplomacy that produced the Final Act could be replicated in other troubled areas today. It then offers 12 lessons that may be drawn from that experience.Defrosting the Cold War and Beyond: An Introduction to the Helsinki Process, 1954–2022 will help students and others understand the long arc of the Helsinki process, its place in European history and its continuing relevance today. Drawing on the first-hand experience of the author and other sources, the book corrects common errors and identifies some of the key people involved.

Olympic Education is tasked by both Olympism (Olympic Movement's underlying philosophy) and the United Nations to educate on human rights. This study explores how present this call is in contemporary European Olympic Education. National Olympic Education programmes from twelve countries are examined and compared: Armenia, Austria, Belarus, Croatia, Hungary, Israel, Germany, Lithuania, Portugal, Russia, Slovenia, and Spain. Responses by individuals with NOAs'leadership positions to a semi-standardized research questionnaire as well as written information by NOAs on implemented national Olympic Education programmes, collected during February-May 2021, are subjected to a content analysis. Results indicate that human rights are explicitly and implicitly included as an educational theme in contemporary Olympic Education programmes. Parallels between human rights education and Olympic Education can be drawn.

This book looks at how the European Court of Human Rights has addressed the question of immigration. As immigration in Europe has increased, so has its criminalisation. This is a multi-faceted phenomenon, with criminal justice and harsh use of immigration measures becoming more and more entwined. This book asks: how has the European Court of Human Rights responded? Drawing on case law from across the spectrum of rights, it will show how effective it has been in countering detention and deportation, if at all. This makes an original contribution to growing focus on'crimmigration'.

This collection offers the reader an exposition and critical analysis of certain human rights, such as the right to information and to personality. Some human rights issues of legal and also of political significance, including the protection of human rights pending the settlement of related political issues, are also examined. There is an emphasis on novel or debatable aspects which have hitherto been insufficiently explored, such as the scope of civil servants'freedom of speech, the expulsion of settlers from occupied territories, and whether the test of state responsibility for violations of human rights is objective or subjective. Most of the topics are examined in the context of the European Convention on Human Rights and, where relevant, reference is made to U.S. Supreme Court case law and international law. The book is intended for lawyers having a special interest in human rights.

Quiet Diplomacy in Action is the first comprehensive account of the work of Max van der Stoel as High Commissioner on National Minorities for the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE). Because Van der Stoel worked discreetly, until now very little has been written about his activities. This book takes the reader behind the scenes to explain why the post of High Commissioner was created, what his mandate is, how he worked in practice, and what recurrent themes and issues he encountered. Quiet Diplomacy in Action also gives a detailed summary of the High Commissioner's activities in the more than fifteen countries that he was involved with between 1993 and 2001. Major documents relating to national minorities in the OSCE context are included in an annex. As Michael Ignatieff writes in the Foreword: `Everyone talks about conflict prevention. One of the few senior figures that actually does it is the OSCE High Commissioner on National Minorities'. This book, written in co-operation with Mr. Van der Stoel, gives a unique insight into conflict prevention, minority rights, and the challenge of resolving inter-ethnic tensions. It should be considered a primary resource for all those interested in these subjects.

Die Europäische Konvention zum Schutze der Menschenrechte und Grundfreiheiten (EMRK) schützt in Artikel 8 das Privat- und Familienleben. Wie in zahlreichen anderen Rechtsgebieten hat diese Bestimmung auch für das Ausländerrecht zentrale und prägende Bedeutung erlangt. In diesem Sinne anerkennen die Konventionsorgane seit den Anfängen ihrer Rechtsprechung, daß die EMRK den Staaten zwar die Freiheit läßt, über Einreise und Aufenthalt von Ausländerinnen und Ausländern frei zu entscheiden, daß dieser Freiheit aber durch Artikel 8 EMRK gewisse Grenzen gesetzt werden. Das weitgehende Fehlen klarer Rechtsprechungslinien sowie die einzelfallorientierte Entscheidpraxis haben indes dazu geführt, daß die Art und Weise der Grenzziehung unklar ist. Dieser Umstand ist nicht nur der Rechtssicherheit in höchstem Maße abträglich, sondern hat auch dazu geführt, daß den innerstaatlichen Gerichten verläßliche Leitlinien für die Handhabung von Artikel 8 EMRK in fremdenrechtlichen Fällen fehlen. Auf der Grundlage einer rechtsvergleichenden Darstellung der fremdenrechtlichen Entscheidpraxis zu Artikel 8 EMRK - der Konventionsorgane, des schweizerischen Bundesgerichtes, der österreichischen Gerichtshöfe des öffentlichen Rechtes sowie des französischen Conseil d'État - unterzieht die Autorin die bisherige Rechtsprechung einer eingehenden und kritischen Analyse. Aus den Erkenntnissen dieser Untersuchung werden schließlich Leitlinien für eine dogmatisch-methodisch kohärente, den verschiedenen Interessen und Konstellationen gerechter werdende und die Möglichkeiten von Art. 8 EMRK ausschöpfende Entscheidfindung erarbeitet.

This volume conducts an in-depth analysis of the ECtHR's case law in the area of migration and asylum, exploring the role of the Court in this area of law. Each chapter deals with the case law on one specific ECHR article that is relevant for migrants, asylum seekers and refugees. In addition, the volume is enriched by two additional studies which deal with issues that are treated in a transversal manner, namely vulnerability and the margin of appreciation. The volume systematises the case law on aliens'rights under the ECHR, offering readers the chance to familiarise themselves with or gain deeper insight into the main principles the Strasbourg court applies in its case law regarding aliens.

The European Convention on Human Rights is now crucial to decisions to be taken by the military and their political leaders in ‘hard power'situations – that is, classical international and non-international armed conflict, belligerent occupation, peacekeeping and peace-enforcing and anti-terrorism and anti-piracy operations, but also hybrid warfare, cyber-attack and targeted assassination. Guidance is needed, therefore, on how Convention law relates to these decisions. That guidance is precisely what this book aims to offer. It focuses primarily on States'accountability under the Convention, but also shows that human rights law, used creatively, can actually help States achieve their objectives.

It is commonly believed that, in the police practices of arrest without judicial warrant and detention without charge, England and Turkey stand at opposite ends of the compliance spectrum among nations signatory to the European Convention on Human Rights. This is the first book to examine the extent to which such belief is warranted. Beginning with a detailed comparison of the arrest and detention standards set by the Convention and the corresponding provisions of Turkish and English law, the author then proceeds to investigate actual police practice in both countries. He reviews and analyzes the existing research in England and Wales on how the status of suspects in practice compares with the status of suspects in law. To determine this in Turkey, where no such research existed before this book, he offers the results of his own field work in 21 Turkish police stations and three gendarmeries in various cities and towns, as well as in two Turkish anti-terrorist departments. This is the first publication of any research into how Turkish police apply law to practice. He goes on to examine the adequacy and effectiveness of remedies in both countries, and to make recommendations, not only for reform in England and Turkey, but to the Convention organs with respect to gaps and weaknesses in their case law. For criminal justice and law enforcement authorities, this is a valuable guide to ensuring compliance with the extensive and developed standards established by the case law of the Convention, and to handling allegations of breaches of the Convention by the police. In addition, Arrest and Detention Powers in Turkish and English Law and Practice in the Light of the European Convention on Human Rights is a penetrating analysis of `law in books'versus `law in action', and as such has relevance to anyone concerned with the enforcement of human rights law.

The European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) has evolved from an international agreement into an highly integrated legal community with an ever more pervasive effect on domestic law and individuals. The supranational authority of the European Court of Human Rights bypasses the nation state in a growing number of other areas. Understanding the evolution of the ECHR and its Court may help in explaining and contextualising growing resistance against the Court, and in developing possible responses. Examining the Convention system through the prism of supranationality, Cedric Marti offers a fresh, comprehensive and interdisciplinary perspective on the expanding adjudicatory powers of the Court, including law-making. Marti addresses the growing literature of institutional studies on human rights enforcement to ascertain the particularities of the ECHR and its relationship to domestic legal systems. This study will be of great value to both scholars of international law and human rights practitioners.

Rechtsvergleichende Argumentation ist in den Urteilsbegründungen des EGMR gängige Praxis – mit dem europäischen Konsens hat der Gerichtshof sogar eine eigene Rechtsfigur für die rechtsvergleichende Auslegung und Anwendung der EMRK etabliert. Diese Arbeit fragt nach der Rolle internationalen Soft Laws in diesem Zusammenhang. Im Wege einer umfangreichen empirischen Urteilsuntersuchung ermittelt sie am Beispiel rechtsunverbindlicher Europaratsdokumente, in welchen Anwendungsbereichen und methodischen Zusammenhängen der EGMR Soft Law berücksichtigt, und welchen Stellenwert es hier jeweils einnimmt. Dabei wird vor allem dessen Bedeutung bei der Ermittlung eines europäischen Konsenses in den Blick genommen. Anschließend ordnet die Autorin die Rechtsfigur des europäischen Konsenses in die Grundlagen rechtsvergleichender Methodik ein und unterbreitet unter Berücksichtigung der im Rahmen der empirischen Untersuchung gewonnenen Erkenntnisse Vorschläge für eine strukturierte Konsens-Ermittlung.

The years of 2019 and 2020 offered the opportunity to commemorate four anniversaries: On 4 November 2020, it was 70 years ago that the ECHR, was signed. Ten years later, the ECtHR began its work. The Council of Europe had its 70th anniversary on 5 May 2019. Finally, the European Commission for Democracy through Law (Venice Commission) established in 1990, could celebrate its 30th birthday. These jubilees offer a good reason to take a look at how these institutions have contributed to making human rights and the rule of law a matter of common interest in Europe, and what their present condition is. This volume contains the contributions on this topic held at the Walter-Hallstein Symposium on 5 and 6 March 2020. With contributions by Veronika Bílková, Thomas Giegerich, Rainer Hofmann, Stefan Kadelbach, Wilfried Loth, Angelika Nußberger, Paulo Pinto de Albuquerque and Stefanie Schmahl.

This insightful book considers how the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR) is faced with numerous challenges which emanate from authoritarian and populist tendencies arising across its member states. It argues that it is now time to reassess how the ECHR responds to such challenges to the protection of human rights in the light of its historical origins.Written by a group of established and emerging experts from diverse backgrounds, this book offers a fresh perspective on the questions and challenges facing the ECHR, bringing together different, and thus far isolated, strands of academic and political debate. Contributions combine historiographical insights with explorations of the current and pressing need for the ECHR to find a role for itself, especially in an environment where there is increased scepticism towards the idea of human rights protection. In particular, the critical conception of the Convention as an'alarm bell mechanism'is examined and assessed in relation to its original goal to prevent authoritarian backsliding.The European Court of Human Rights: Current Challenges in Historical Perspective will be an important source of reference to academic researchers and students with an interest in human rights, international law and the law and politics of international organisations. It will also appeal to policymakers and legal practitioners due to its examination of pertinent legal and political issues that challenge international organisations.

Examining the relationship between humanitarianism, human rights, and security in the governance of borders and migration, this book analyses the case of the European Border and Coast Guard Agency (Frontex), challenging the common assumption that humanitarianism and human rights provide a critical basis for countering securitisation. Arguing that these are not three opposing discourses and modes of governing, the author contributes to a deeper understanding of their connections and combined effects in border governance. Drawing on ethnographic fieldwork, interviews, and document analysis, the book offers three perspectives on Frontex's changing relationship to humanitarianism and human rights. In doing so, it provides a multifaceted account of Frontex and its gradual appropriation of what are often considered pro-migrant discourses. Combining organisational sociology with a Foucauldian analysis, the book speaks to ongoing debates on continuity and change in the security field and provides insights into studying security organisations more generally.Drawing on insights from Critical Migration and Border Studies, Critical Security Studies, Critical Humanitarianism and Human Rights Studies, and Organisational Sociology, the book will generate interest to multiple disciplines, including Sociology, International Relations, Politics, Anthropology, European Studies, and Geography.

TWO-VOLUME SET Viewing the Strait of Dover through the lens of photography theory Imagine a world in which each individual has a fundamental right to be reborn. This idle dream haunts Hilde Van Gelder's associative travelogue that takes Allan Sekula's sequence Deep Six / Passer au bleu (1996/1998) as a touchstone for a dialogue with more recent artworks zooming in on the borderscape near the Channel Tunnel, such as those by Sylvain George and Bruno Serralongue. Combining ethnography, visual materials, political philosophy, cultural geography, and critical analysis, Ground Sea proceeds through an innovative methodological approach. Inspired by the meandering writings of W.G. Sebald, Javier Marías, and Roland Barthes, Van Gelder develops a style both interdisciplinary and personal. Resolutely opting for an aquatic perspective, Ground Sea offers a powerful meditation on the indifference of an increasingly divided European Union with regard to considerable numbers of persons on the move, who find themselves stranded close to Calais. The contested Strait of Dover becomes a microcosm where our present global challenges of migration, climate change, human rights, and neoliberal surveillance technology converge. Read more on the book's dedicated website: www.groundsea.be This publication is GPRC-labeled (Guaranteed Peer-Reviewed Content). Ebook available in Open Access.

Die Individualsanktionen des Sicherheitsrates der Vereinten Nationen stehen schon seit Jahren in der Kritik, insbesondere wegen der schweren Grundrechtseingriffe und den damit einhergehenden Beschränkungen der Verfahrensrechte der Betroffenen. Die vorliegende Publikation befasst sich mit dem Verhältnis dieser Sanktionen zu den prozessualen Gewährleistungen der EMRK, da sich zuletzt der EGMR intensiv mit ihnen befassen musste. Die Pflichtenkollision, die sich für die Mitgliedstaaten aus der Umsetzung der Sanktionen und der Bindung an die EMRK ergibt, wird umfassend untersucht und auf der Grundlage des Subsidiaritätsgrundsatzes eine Lösung für die Einrichtung einer gerichtlichen Kontrolle der nationalen Umsetzungsakte dieser Sanktionen erarbeitet. Dabei wird die Rechtsprechung des EGMR und die Rolle des Art. 103 UN-Charta kritisch hinterfragt.

Die Gesellschaften Europas, in denen wir heute ­leben, werden zunehmend komplex. Ethnische, religiöse und kulturelle Konflikte durchziehen sie und machen eine Suche nach neuen Entwürfen des Zusammenlebens erforderlich. Will eine Gesellschaft kulturelle Vielfalt und Persönlichkeitsrechte unter ­einen Hut bringen, das zeigt Cinzia Sciuto in ihrem Buch, muss sie zwischen Staat und Religion unterscheiden. Sie muss laizistisch sein. Laizität ermöglicht den diversen Spielarten von Religionen und Weltsichten erst, in einer pluralistischen Gesellschaft nebeneinander zu existieren. Sie garantiert auf der einen Seite die Religionsfreiheit, gleichzeitig legt sie jedoch Prinzipien fest, von denen nicht abgewichen werden darf, auch nicht im Namen irgend­einer Gottheit. Laizität ist die vorpolitische Voraus­setzung für ein ziviles Zusammenleben in einer komplexen Gesellschaft, in dem die Freiheiten und Menschenrechte von allen respektiert werden. Dieser politische Essay in der Art wie die von Carolin Emcke oder Hamed Abdel-Samad zeigt die problematische Kehrseite des Multikulturalismus. Wo Anerkennung und Respekt für die Identitäten der diversen ethnischen, religiösen und kulturellen Bestandteile einer Gesellschaft eingefordert werden, läuft man Gefahr zu vergessen, dass jeder Einzelne Träger seiner subjektiven Rechte ist und keine Gruppenzugehörigkeit diese ihm streitig machen kann. Cinzia Sciuto stellt die Prioritäten wieder auf die Füße: Das Individuum ist Träger von Identitäten und Zugehörigkeiten, anstatt dass es von seiner Zugehörigkeit definiert wird.

Treinta años sin Muro. Una nueva Europa en la historia de la Democracia y de los Derechos Humanos, es el resultado del Congreso Internacional que, con el objeto de analizar el impacto histórico, político, jurídico e institucional del final de la división de Alemania y de Europa, se celebró en el Salón de Grados de la Facultad de Ciencias Jurídicas y Sociales de la Universidad Rey Juan Carlos el pasado 21 de noviembre de 2019 con el patrocinio de su Vicerrectorado de Extensión Universitaria y su Oficina de Derechos Humanos y el respaldo y la participación siempre generosas del Centro de Estudios Superiores de la Defensa Nacional. Las ponencias entonces presentadas se reúnen hoy para ofrecer una perspectiva de un proceso histórico que representó la superación de la división de Alemania y de Europa y el comienzo de una nueva etapa en la historia de un continente que el 8 de mayo de 2020 cumplirá 75 años en paz entre todos sus Estados.

Seit 1959 sichert der Europäische Gerichtshof für Menschenrechte die Beachtung und Anwendung der Europäischen Konvention zum Schutze der Menschenrechte und Grundfreiheiten in den Vertragsstaaten. Der Umfang der Pflicht eines Staates, in Fällen, in denen er Partei ist, das endgültige Urteil des Gerichtshofs zu befolgen, ist jedoch bis heute noch nicht vollständig bestimmt. Auch in Deutschland ist die Problematik in den vergangenen Jahren zu Unrecht wenig diskutiert worden und daher kaum erforscht. An dieser Stelle setzt der Verfasser an und zeigt anhand von sechs strafverfahrensrechtlich relevanten Entscheidungen des EGMR gegen die Bundesrepublik Deutschland, wie in der Vergangenheit bis in die heutige Zeit in Deutschland reagiert worden ist. Dabei werden alle drei Staatsgewalten und auch die Resonanz innerhalb der Literatur berücksichtigt, wenngleich der Schwerpunkt auf der Rechtsprechung liegt. So entsteht erstmalig ein detaillierter Überblick über das Verhältnis der deutschen Praxis zu den Straßburger Instanzen. Darüber hinaus nimmt der Verfasser einen Vergleich der Problematik in Deutschland und in der Schweiz vor. Olaf Kieschke weist nach, dass der deutsche Gesetzgeber und die höchstrichterliche Rechtsprechung in den letzten Jahren zunehmend die Praxis des EGMR berücksichtigen, auch wenn dies nicht immer kritiklos hingenommen werden kann. Von den Untergerichten wird die Straßburger Rechtsprechung jedoch viel zu oft vernachlässigt.